Designation: A 447/A447M – 93 (Reapproved 1998) An American National Standard

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

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Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Specification for

Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class),
for High-Temperature Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 447/A447M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials3

1.1 This specification covers iron-base, heat-resisting alloy E 21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests
castings of the 25 % chromium, 12 % nickel class, intended for of Metallic Materials3
structural elements, containers, and supports in electric fur- 3. General Conditions for Delivery
naces, petroleum still tube supports, and for similar applica-
tions up to 2000°F [1095°C]. The purchaser should inform the 3.1 Material furnished to this specification shall conform to
manufacturer when the service temperatures are to exceed the requirements of Specification A 781/A 781M, including
1800°F [980°C]. any supplementary requirements that are indicated in the
1.2 In the absence of significant proportions of elements purchase order. Failure to comply with the general require-
other than those prescribed in Section 4, the two types of alloys ments of Specification A 781/A 781M constitutes nonconfor-
covered by this specification may in general be distinguished as mance with this specification. In case of conflict between the
follows: requirements of this specification and Specification A 781/
1.2.1 Type I—Alloys characterized by relatively low limit- A 781M, this specification shall prevail.
ing creep stress at temperatures between 1500 and 2000°F [815 4. Process
and 1095°C], and relatively high ductility at ordinary tempera-
tures after aging for short periods at temperatures between 4.1 The alloy for the castings shall be made by the electric-
1300 and 1500°F [705 and 815°C]. furnace process or by any other process approved by the
1.2.2 Type II—Alloys having relatively high limiting creep purchaser.
stress but which may develop low ductility at ordinary tem- 5. Heat Treatment
peratures when aged for short periods at temperatures between
1350 and 1500°F [730 and 815°C]. 5.1 Except as otherwise agreed upon between the manufac-
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units turer and the purchaser, the manufacturer shall not be required
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the to heat treat the castings.
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each 6. Chemical Composition
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
6.1 The castings shall conform to the requirements of Table
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
1 as to chemical composition.
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
cation. 7. Sampling
2. Referenced Documents 7.1 Material for the tests specified in Sections 10, 12, and 13
may be taken from separately cast test blocks of a form such as
2.1 ASTM Standards:
that shown in Fig. 1, from another type of test block, from the
A 781/A781M Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy,
castings, or from coupons attached to the castings, as may be
Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use2
A 800/A800M Practice for Steel Castings, Austenitic Alloy, agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof2 7.2 Material for the magnetic permeability test specimen
(Section 11) may be taken, prior to heat treatment, from the
same coupon as the specimen for the tension test after aging;
from suitable specimens cast as parts of separately cast test
1
blocks; or, by agreement between the manufacturer and the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee purchaser, from castings representing the melt.
A01.18 on Castings. 7.3 In the case of castings for unusual or severe service, the
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 1993. Published April 1994. Originally test coupons shall be attached to the castings at convenient
published as B 190 – 44 T. Redesignated as A 447 in 1961. Last previous edition
A 447/A 447M – 87 (1992).
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.

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 A 447/A447M
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements 8. Number of Tests
8.1 The purchaser shall specify not more than two tests. The
Element Composition, %
tests shall be selected from the following list, with the
NiA 10.00–14.00
Cr 23.00–28.00
restriction that not more than one of the tension tests at high
C 0.20–0.45 temperature (that is, 8.1.3 or 8.1.4) may be required:
N, max 0.20 8.1.1 Tension test after aging,
Mn, max 2.50
Si, max 1.75 8.1.2 Magnetic permeability test,
P, max 0.05 8.1.3 Stress-rupture test, and
S, max 0.05 8.1.4 Short-time high-temperature tension test.
Fe and other elements as may be agreed upon between the
manufacturer and the purchaser
9. Retests
A
Commercial nickel usually carries a small amount of cobalt, and within the
usual limits cobalt shall be counted as nickel. 9.1 Mechanical Tests—If any of the specimens first chosen
for any of the mechanical tests agreed upon fail to conform to
the specified requirements, an additional specimen from the
same melt may be tested. This additional specimen shall
conform to the requirements prescribed for the test in question.
9.2 Magnetic Test—If the magnetic permeability of the
specimen first tested does not conform to the requirement
prescribed in 11.1, three additional specimens from the same
melt may be tested. At least two of these shall conform to the
prescribed requirement.
10. Tensile Properties After Aging
10.1 The tensile properties of the material after aging shall
conform to the following requirements:
Type I Type II
Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 80 [550] 80 [550]
Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm], min, % 9 4

10.2 Samples from which the tension specimens are to be

taken shall be heated for 24 h at 1400 6 25°F [760 6 14°C]
and allowed to cool at least down to 400°F [205°C] at rates not
exceeding 200°F [110°C]/h. The tension test specimens shall
be machined from the heat-treated sample, and shall conform
to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 of Test Methods E 8.
10.3 The tension test shall be made in accordance with Test
Methods E 8. The speed of head of the testing machine shall be
so adjusted that the rate of separation of the gage marks on the
test specimen shall not exceed 0.1 in. [3 mm]/min.
11. Magnetic Permeability
11.1 The magnetic permeability of the material shall con-
form to the following requirements:
Magnetic Permeability,
Metric Equivalents max
in. [mm] in. [mm] Type I 1.70
Type II 1.05
⁄
18 [3.2] 31⁄2 [88.9]
⁄
12 [12.7] 4 [101.6] NOTE 1—The magnetic permeability test gives a qualitative indication
11⁄16 [27.0] 41⁄16 [103.2] of the ferrite content for alloys falling within the range of chemical
11⁄2 [38.1] 5 [127.0] composition specified in Section 6, excluding iron and other elements as
3 [76.2] 11 [279.4]
may be agreed upon. When special alloying elements are specified, the
magnetic permeability test is not recommended because its significance
NOTE—Pour through head; cover molten head with powdered charcoal, has not yet been established for such alloys.
coke dust, etc., immediately after pouring, in order to keep head fluid as
long as possible. 11.2 The specimen shall be heated in air to 2000 6 25°F
FIG. 1 Test Block for Tension Test Specimen [1095 6 14°C], held within this range for 24 h, and then
quenched in water. After quenching, all scale and superficial
locations as may be agreed upon between the manufacturer and oxidized metal shall be removed in order to avoid errors that
the purchaser. might arise from the presence of magnetizable oxides formed
7.4 In all cases, it shall be the manufacturer’s duty to during heating.
provide a sufficient number of samples for the specified tests. 11.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
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 A 447/A447M
and the manufacturer, the magnetic permeability shall be shown in Fig. 1 of Test Methods E 8.
determined in accordance with Supplementary Requirement S1 13.3 The specimen in the as-cast condition, that is, without
of Practice A 800/A 800M. any heat treatment after cooling from the casting temperature,
NOTE 2—Where the test method used measures volume percent ferrite, shall be subjected to a short-time tension test during which the
conversion to magnetic permeability may be accomplished using the temperature shall be maintained at 1600 6 10°F [870 6
following requirements: 5.5°C]. The specimen shall be mounted in the testing furnace
Volume, Ferrite, %, Magnetic Permeability, and held within this range of temperature for 1 h, and the test
max max load then applied.
1 1.05
8 1.70 13.4 The test shall be made in accordance with Practice
E 21 except that the speed of head of the testing machine shall
12. Stress-Rupture Test be so adjusted that the rate of separation of the gage marks on
12.1 The following tensile stress shall be sustained for at the test specimen shall not exceed 0.03 in. [0.8 mm]/min.
least 16 h without rupturing the specimen:
Tensile Stress, 14. Defective Test Specimens
ksi [MPa]
Type I 5 [34] 14.1 If any specimen shows defective machining or devel-
Type II 8 [55] ops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen from the
same melt substituted.
12.2 The test specimen shall conform to the dimensions 14.2 If any part of the fracture in any of the specimens
shown in Fig. 1 of Test Methods E 8. subjected to tension tests is more than 3⁄4in. [19.0 mm] from the
12.3 The specimen in the as-cast condition shall be mounted center of the gage length as indicated by gage marks placed on
in the testing machine and held for 1 h at 1600 6 10°F [870 6 the specimen before testing, another specimen may be substi-
5.5°C]. The specimen shall then be subjected to a steady tensile tuted.
load while the temperature over the gage length is maintained
at 1600 6 10°F [870 6 5.5°C] in an air atmosphere. 15. Repair by Welding
13. Short-Time, High-Temperature Tensile Properties 15.1 Weld repairs shall be inspected to the same quality
13.1 The short-time, high-temperature tensile properties standards as are used to inspect the castings.
shall conform to the following requirements: 15.2 When heat treatment is specified, the castings shall be
Tensile Strength, min, ksi Elongation in 2 in. [50 mm], heat treated after welding.
[MPa] min, %
Type I as agreed upon between as agreed upon between
manufacturer and purchaser manufacturer and purchaser 16. Keywords
Type II 20 [140] 8
16.1 steel castings; stainless steel; ausenitic stainless steel;
13.2 The test specimen shall conform to the dimensions high temperature applications

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall not be applied unless specified in the purchase
order. A list of standardized supplementary requirements for use at the option of the purchaser is
included in Specification A 781/A 781M. Those which are ordinarily considered suitable for use with
the specification are given below. Others enumerated in Specification A 781/A 781M may be used
with this specification upon agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.

S5. Examination of Weld Preparation

S8. Marking
S6. Certification

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 A 447/A447M
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. BIBLIOGRAPHY

X1.1 The following selected bibliography is appended for Alloys,” Transactions, TASEA, Am. Soc. Metals, Vol 30, No.
use by those who may be interested in gaining some informa- 4, December 1942, pp. 855–935.
tion about the complex behavior of metals under stress at (6) Gillett, H. W., “Some Things We Do not Know About
elevated temperatures. The bibliography is by no means Creep,” Henry Howe Memorial Lecture presented at a meeting
complete, but will serve as an introduction to the subject. of the Am. Inst. Mining and Metallurgical Engrs., August 1939.
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(1) Brophy, G. R., and Furman, D. E., “The Cyclic (7) Tapsell, H. J., “Creep of Metals,” Humphrey Milford,
Temperature Acceleration of Strain in Heat Resisting Alloys,” Oxford University Press, London (1931).
Transactions, TA-SEA, Am. Soc. Metals, Vol 30, No. 4,
(8) Symposium on Effect of Temperature on the Properties
December 1942, pp. 1115–1138.
(2) Fellows, J. A., Cook, E., and Avery, H. S., “Precision in of Metals, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. and ASTM (1931). (Sym-
Creep Testing,” Metals Technology, METYA, Am. Inst. Mining posium issued as a separate publication, ASTM STP 12,
and Metallurgical Engrs. Technical Publication 1443, Vol 9, ASTTA).
No. 5, August 1942, pp. 1–15. (9) Compilation of Available High-Temperature Creep
(3) Avery, H. S., Cook, E., and Fellows, J. A., “Engineering Characteristics of Metals and Alloys, Joint Research Commit-
Properties of Heat-Resistant Alloys,” Metals Technology , tee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals (Joint
METYA, Am. Inst. Mining and Metallurgical Engrs. Technical Committee of Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. and ASTM), March
Publication 1480, Vol 9, No. 5, August 1942, pp. 1–22. 1938. ( ASTM STP 37, ASTTA).
(4) ASTM Recommended Practice E 22, for Conducting (10) Manjoine, M. J., “New Machines for Creep and Creep-
Long-Time High-Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Ma- Rupture Tests.”(Constant strain-rate tests) Transactions,
terials, 1958 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 3. TASEA, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., February 1945, pp. 111 and
(5) Gow, J. T., and Harder, O. E., “Balancing the Compo- 116.
sition of Cast 25 percent Chromium-12 percent Nickel Type

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