Designation: A 494/A494M – 00 An American National Standard

Standard Specification for

Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 494/A494M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope E 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-

1.1 This specification covers nickel, nickel-copper, nickel- Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,
copper-silicon, nickel-molybdenum, nickel-chromium, and Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys6
nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy castings for corrosion- 2.2 Military Standards:8
resistant service. NAVSEA T9074–AS-GIB-010/271 Requirements for Non-
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units destructive Testing Methods
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the NAVSEA S9074–AR-GIB-010/2718 Requirements for Fab-
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each rication Welding and Inspection, and Casting Inspection
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must and Repair for Machinery, Piping, and Pressure Vessels
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
3. Terminology
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
cation. Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to 3.1 Definitions:
Specification A 494 and SI units for material ordered to 3.1.1 master heat—a single furnace charge of refined alloy
Specification A 494M. which may either be poured directly into castings or into remelt
alloy for individual melts.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.2 melts—a single furnace charge poured into castings.
2.1 ASTM Standards: When master heats are used to prepare melts, a melt analysis
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing shall be reported.
of Steel Products2
4. General Conditions for Delivery
A 488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-
fications of Procedures and Personnel3 4.1 Material furnished to this specification shall conform to
A 732/A732M Specification for Castings, Investment, Car- the requirements of Specification A 781/A 781M, including
bon and Low–Alloy Steel for General Application, and any supplementary requirements that are indicated in the
Cobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated Temperatures3 purchase order. Failure to comply with the general require-
A 781/A781M Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, ments of Specification A 781/A 781M constitutes nonconfor-
Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use3 mance with this specification. In case of conflict between the
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials4 requirements of this specification and Specification A 781/
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to A 781M, this specification shall prevail.
Determine Conformance with Specifications5 5. Ordering Information
E 30 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel, Cast
Iron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron6 5.1 Orders for castings to this specification should include
E 38 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Nickel-Chromium the following information:
and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys7 5.1.1 Quantity, in pieces, and
E 76 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Nickel-Copper 5.1.2 Grade designation (Table 1) and class (Table 2).
Alloys6 5.2 The purchaser shall specify any of the following infor-
mation required to describe adequately the desired material:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
5.2.1 Heat treat condition (see 6.1 and 6.2),
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 5.2.2 Repair welding (see 11)
A01.18 on Castings. 5.2.3 Source inspection requirements, if any (see Specifica-
Current edition approved Mar. 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally tion A 781/A 781M),
published as B 332 – 58 T. Redesignated as A 494 in 1963. Last previous edition
A 494/A 494M – 99.
5.2.4 Marking-for-identification requirements, if any (see
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. 13.1), and
3
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02. 5.2.5 Supplementary requirements desired, including the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
6 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05. Available from DODSSP, Building 4/Section D, 700 Robbins Avenue Phila-
7
Discontinued, see 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05. delphia, PA 19111–5098

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 A 494/A494M
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements

TABLE 2 Heat Treat Requirements

Grade Heat Treatment

CZ-100, M-35-1, M-35-2, CY-40 Class 1, M-30H, M-30C, As cast
M-25S Class 1, CY5SnBiM
M-25S, Class 2A Load into furnace at 600°F [315°C] maximum. Heat to 1600°F [870°C] and hold
for 1 h plus an additional 30 min for each ½ in. [13 mm] of cross section over 1
in.B Cool to 1300°F [705°C]C and hold at temperature for 30 min then quench in
oil to room temperature.
M-25S, Class 3 Load into furnace at 600°F [315°C] maximum. Heat slowly to 1100°F [605°C] and
hold to develop maximum hardness. Furnace or air cool to room temperature.
N-12MV, N-7M Heat to 2000°F [1095°C] minimum, hold for sufficient time to heat castings to
temperature, quench in water or rapid cool by other means.
CW-12MW, CW-6M, CW-6MC, CW-2M Heat to 2150°F [1175°C] minimum, hold for sufficient time to heat castings to
temperature, quench in water or rapid cool by other means.
CY-40, Class 2 Heat to 1900°F [1040°C] minimum, hold for sufficient time to heat castings to
temperature, quench in water or rapid cool by other means.
CX2MW (N26022) Heat to 2200°F [1205°C] minimum, hold for sufficient time to heat castings to
temperature, quench in water or rapid air cool by other means.
CU5MCuC (N28820) Heat to 2100°F [1150°C] minimum, hold for sufficient time to heat castings to
temperature, quench in water. Stabilize at 1725–1815°F [940–990°C], hold for
sufficient time to heat castings to temperature, quench in water or rapid cool by
other means.
A
M-25S, while machinable in the “as cast” condition, is capable of being solution treated for improved machinability. It may be subsequently age hardened to the
hardness specified in Table 3 and finished machined or ground.
B
For cross sections over 6 in. [125 mm] it may be necessary to increase the hold time if maximum softness is desired.
C
For maximum softness and the least variation in hardness levels, castings should be transferred from an oven at 1600°F [870°C] to a second oven at 1300°F [705°C].

standards of acceptance. requirements prescribed in Table 1.

7.2 An analysis of each master heat shall be made by the
6. Heat Treatment
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
6.1 Castings shall be heat treated in accordance with the specified in Table 1. The analysis shall be made from a
requirements in Table 2. representative sample taken during the pouring of the master
NOTE 1—Proper heat treatment of these alloys is usually necessary to heat. Chemical composition shall be reported to the purchaser
enhance corrosion resistance and, in some cases, to meet mechanical or his representative.
properties. Minimum heat treat temperatures are specified; however, it is 7.3 Test Methods E 76 or Test Methods E 354 shall be used
sometimes necessary to heat treat at higher temperatures, hold for some for referee purposes. Test Methods E 30 or Methods E 38 shall
minimum time at temperature, and then rapidly cool the castings in order be used if Test Methods E 76 or Test Methods E 354 do not
to enhance the corrosion resistance and meet mechanical properties.
include a method for some element present in the material.
6.2 When Class 1 is specified, grades CY40 and M-25S
8. Tensile Properties
shall be supplied in the as-cast condition. When Class 2 is
specified, grades CY40 and M-25S shall be supplied in the 8.1 One tension test shall be made from each master heat
solution-treated condition. When Class 3 is specified, grade except for grades M-25S and CY5SnBiM when the master heat
M-25S shall be supplied in the age-hardened condition. is used to pour the castings. One tension test shall be made
from each melt except for grades M-25S and CY5SnBiM. Test
7. Chemical Composition results shall conform to the tensile requirements specified in
7.1 These alloys shall conform to the chemical composition Table 3. Test bars shall be poured in special blocks from the

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 A 494/A494M
TABLE 3 Mechanical Properties
CZ- M-35-1 M-35-2 M-30H M-25S M-30C N-12MV N-7M CY-40 CW- CW-6M CW-2M CW- CY5SnBiM CX2MW CU5MCuC
100 12MW 6MC (N26022) (N28820)
Tensile strength, 50 000 65 000 65 000 100 00 ... 65 000 76 000 76 000 70 000 72 000 72 000 72 000 70 000 ... 80 000 75 000
min, psi [MPa] [345] [450] [450] [690] [450] [525] [525] [485] [495] [495] [495] [485] [550] [520]
Yield strength, 18 000 25 000 30 000 60 000 ... 32 500 40 000 40 000 28 000 40 000 40 000 40 000 40 000 ... 45 000 35 000
min, psi [MPa] [125] [170] [205] [415] [225] [275] [275] [195] [275] [275] [275] [275] [280] [240]
Elongation in 2 in. 10.0 25.0 25.0 10.0 ... 25.0 6.0 20.0 30.0 4.0 25.0 20.0 25.0 ... 30.0 20.0
[50 mm],A min, %
B
Hardness HB ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
When ICI test bars are used in tensile testing as provided for in Specification A 732/A 732M, the gage length to reduced section diameter ratio shall be 4 to 1.
B
300 HB minimum for the age hardened condition.

same heat as the castings represented. actual wall thickness, or 1 in. [25 mm], whichever is smaller,
8.2 The bar from which the test specimen is taken shall be or when the extent of the cavity exceeds approximately 10
heat treated in production furnaces to the same procedure as the in.2[65 cm2]. All other weld repairs shall be considered minor.
castings it represents. If the castings are not heat treated, the Major and minor weld repairs shall be subject to the same
bar used for the test specimen must not be heat treated. quality standards as are used to inspect the castings.
8.3 Test specimens may be cut from castings, at the produc- 11.3 Castings of M-30H, M-25S, and CY5SnBiM may not
er’s option, instead of from test bars. be weld repaired.
8.4 When castings are produced by methods other than 11.4 Grades N-12MV, N-7M, CW-12MW, CW-6M, CW-
investment process, tension test coupons shall be machined to 2M, and CX2MW may require post weld heat treatment after
the form and dimension shown in Fig. 8 of, and tested in major weld repairs. If post weld heat treatment is required, it
accordance with, Test Methods E 8. must be specified along with the grade. If required, it shall be
8.4.1 When castings are produced by the investment pro- performed in accordance with Section 6.
cess, test specimens in accordance with Specification A 732/ 11.5 For grade CU5MCuC, the composition of the depos-
A 732M shall be used for measurement of tensile properties. ited weld metal shall be similar to that of AWS A5.14 ER
8.5 If any specimen shows defective machining or develops NiCrMo-3 (UNS N06625) or AWS A5.11 E NiCrMo-3
flaws, it may be discarded and another substituted from the (UNS W86112).
same heats.
8.6 To determine conformance with the tension test require- 12. Rejection and Rehearing
ments, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded 12.1 Samples that represent rejected material shall be pre-
in accordance with Practice E 29 to the nearest 500 psi [3.5 served for two weeks from the date of transmission of the
MPa] for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest 1 % for rejection report. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the
elongation and reduction of area. tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within
that time.
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
9.1 Critical surfaces of all castings intended for corrosion- 13. Product Marking
resistant service shall be cleaned. Cleaning may be accom- 13.1 Castings shall be marked for the material identification
plished by blasting with clean sand or metallic corrosion- with the ASTM specification designation (A 494/A 494M) and
resistant shot or by other approved methods. grade symbol, that is, CY-40. The manufacturer’s name or
identification mark and the pattern number shall be cast or
10. Quality stamped on all castings except those of such small size as to
10.1 The castings shall not be peened, plugged or impreg- make such marking impractical. To minimize small defects
nated to stop leaks. caused by dislodged particles of molding sand, the number of
10.2 Internal chills and chaplets may be used in the manu- cast identification marks shall be minimized. The marking of
facture of castings. However, the chills, chaplets and affected heat numbers on individual castings shall be agreed upon by
cast material must be completely removed. the manufacturer and the purchaser. Markings shall be in such
position as not to injure the usefulness of the casting.
11. Repair by Welding 13.1.1 When the castings are too small to mark individually,
11.1 Repairs shall be made by using a welding procedure a symbol traceable to the heat shall be placed on the castings
and operators capable of producing sound welds. The compo- and the required identification then placed on a tag affixed to
sition of deposited weld metal shall be similar to that of the the container in which these castings are shipped.
castings.
11.2 Weld repairs shall be considered major in the case of a 14. Keywords
casting that has leaked on hydrostatic test or when the depth of 14.1 corrosion resistant applications; nickel; nickel alloy
the cavity after preparation for repair exceeds 20 % of the castings; nickel alloys; nickel castings

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 A 494/A494M
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall not apply unless specified in the purchase order. A
list of standard supplementary requirements for use at the option of the purchaser is included in
Specification A 781/A 781M. Those which are ordinarily considered for use with this specification are
given below; others enumerated in Specification A 781/A 781M may be used with this specification
upon agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

S2. Radiographic Examination

S3. Liquid Penetrant Examination
S6. Certification
S10. Hardness Tests
S10.1 When composition M-25S material is ordered with a
hardness maximum or range in the as-cast or solution treated
condition, hardness tests shall be made in accordance with Test
Methods and Definitions A 370. The test location, number of
tests, and hardness values shall be agreed upon between the
manufacturer and purchaser.
S10.1.1 If castings are ordered in the as-cast condition,
hardness determinations shall be made on two different repre-
sentative areas of each casting or coupon selected for test.
S10.1.1.1 By agreement between purchaser and producer,
those as-cast castings which fail to meet the required hardness
may be accepted in the solution annealed and hardened Metric Equivalents
condition if the hardness thus developed meets the hardness in. 1 3 4 12
requirement of the specification. [mm] [25] [75] [100] [305]
S10.1.2 If castings ordered are in the solution-treated con-
dition, two sample castings or two coupons representing the lot NOTE 1—Riser shall be machined off and 1 in. [25 mm] square by 12
shall be heat treated for tests (see S 1.1.2). Hardness determi- in. [305 mm] coupon shall be used for x-weld test. See Fig. 3.
nations shall be made on two different representative areas of FIG. 1 Weld Test Bar (As Cast)
each casting or coupon.
S10.1.3 When hardness tests are made, the specimens shall S22.1.1.5 Deposit alternate series of passes until the double
be at least 1⁄4 in. [6 mm] in thickness and the area to be tested V-groove has been completely filled. After the second series
shall be ground clean before the hardness tests are made. (number 4 pass) a 5⁄32-in. [4-mm] diameter electrode may be
used if desired.
S22. Weldability Test S22.1.1.6 During welding allow each pass to cool, clean,
S22.1 If weldability tests are specified for M-30-C or and examine visually for cracks. The presence of cracks shall
M-35-1, prepare a coupon obtained from a test bar shown in be cause for rejection.
Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 for each lot of composition M-30-C or M-35-1 S22.1.1.7 Upon completion of the welding, cut one section
castings. The weld test to be used shall be agreed upon between approximately 3⁄4 in. [19 mm] long transverse to the weld from
the purchaser and manufacturer. each end and discard.
S22.1.1 Prepare and weld the test bar cast in accordance S22.1.1.8 Polish each end of the remaining center section on
with Fig. 1 in accordance with Fig. 3. a 100/200-grit wheel and etch with concentrated HNO3 or with
S22.1.1.1 Machine the cast skin and unsound metal from Lepito’s etchant. Prepare Lepito’s etchant as follows: (a) 15 g
two adjacent faces of the as-cast specimen, exclude the riser of (NH4) 2SO4 dissolved in 75 cm3 of water; (b) 250 g of
face, and cut the specimen into approximately 6-in. [150-mm] FeCl3(powdered) dissolved in 100 cm3 of HCl; (c) mix
lengths. solutions (a) and (b) and add 30 cm3of HNO3.
S22.1.1.2 Clamp the two 6-in. [150 mm] lengths together to S22.1.1.9 Examine the etched section under low magnifica-
form a double V-joint and weld two passes at a time on tion (5 to 103). The lot represented by the test specimen shall
alternate sides of the specimen using 1⁄8-in. [3-mm] diameter be accepted if it complies with the following crack require-
electrodes that will deposit metal of similar composition of the ments: (a) Three cracks maximum in linear inch of base metal
test pieces. and (b) The length of any crack in the base metal does not
S22.1.1.3 Allow the specimen to cool to room temperature exceed 0.20 in. [5 mm].
between passes, remove all flux, and examine visually for S22.1.1.10 Cracks observed in the weld metal during the
cracks. low-magnification examination shall not be cause for rejection.
S22.1.1.4 The clamps may be removed from the specimen S22.1.1.11 Failure of welded test bars to comply with any of
after the first two weld passes have been completed. the requirements S22.1 through S22.1.1.10 shall result in

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 A 494/A494M

Metric Equivalents
in. ⁄
14 ⁄
38 ⁄
34 11⁄8 23⁄4 31⁄4 6
[mm] [5] [10] [20] [30] [70] [85] [155]

FIG. 2 Weld Test Bar (As Cast)

men may be the same one to be used for the bend specimen.
S22.1.3 Acceptance:
S22.1.3.1 Cracks as tears in the casting in the fusion zone or
heat-affected zone of the macro-specimen shall be cause for
rejection. Cracks originating at the weld bead undercuts, at
weld slag inclusions, or at casting defects shall not be cause for
rejection.
S22.1.3.2 Cracks or other open defects exceeding 1⁄8-in. [3.2
mm] measured in any direction on the convex surface of the
bent specimens shall be cause for rejection, except that cracks
Metric Equivalents
occurring on the corners while testing and cracks originating at
in. ⁄
34 41⁄2 weld bead undercuts shall not be considered.
[mm] [20] [115]

FIG. 3 X-Weld Test S23 U.S. Military Requirements

The following supplementary requirements are intended
rejection of the lot represented. primarily for U.S. military applications and each shall apply
S22.1.2 Prepare and weld the test bar cast in accordance only when individually specified by the purchaser in the
with Fig. 2 as follows: inquiry, contract, or order.
S22.1.2.1 Fill the groove in the block completely with weld S23.1 Supplementary requirement S19 in A 781/A 781M
deposit using manual metallic arc process with 1⁄8-in. [3.2–mm] shall apply.
or 5⁄32-in. [4-mm] diameter electrodes that will deposit metal of S23.2 Nondestructive testing—Nondestructive testing shall
similar composition of the test piece. be conducted in accordance with S9074–AR-GIB-010/278, or
S22.1.2.2 Remove one 3⁄8-in. [10-mm] thick bend coupon other standard as specified, to the acceptance criteria specified
longitudinally from the welded block by machining, sawing, in the order. Nondestructive test methods shall be in accor-
abrasive cutting, or other suitable means. Make a transverse dance with NAVSEA T9074–AS-GIB-010/271. Frequency of
side bend test of the welded joint in accordance with Practice inspection (each piece or sampling plan) shall be as specified in
A 488/A 488M. the order.
S22.1.2.3 Remove a transverse weld macro-specimen from S23.3 First article testing—The first casting of each type
the welded plate and visually examine for cracks. This speci- and design submitted for inspection shall be the first article

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 A 494/A494M
sample. The first article casting shall be radiographically foundry practices (including type of melting and refining unit,
inspected in accordance with NAVSEA T9074–AS-GIB-010/ molding process, rigging design, location of risers and chills)
271 using the acceptance criteria in S9074–AR-GIB-010/278 used in the first article casting. In the event of change in the
as specified in the order. Mechanical property testing of the foundry practice in the same or subsequent order, the manu-
first article casting including the location, orientation, and facturer shall notify the purchaser and obtain approval of the
number of the specimens and the required mechanical proper- changes. The manufacturer may be required to perform specific
ties shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and the first article tests and examinations to verify that the change will
manufacturer. The manufacturer shall maintain a record of not or has not degraded casting quality.

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if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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