THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES AMONG RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY

QUIRINO, BACNOTAN, LA UNION

CAMPOS, FRANK KHOZMAR

DAOWAG, ANGELICA  

MOHAMED, DUAA OSMAN

MOCSIR, DIABAR  GONTING

College of physical and Respiratory Therapy Department, LORMA Colleges

City of San Fernando, La Union

Bachelor of Science in Respiratory Therapy 

Mr. Maverick Kaypee A. Colet, MASE, PTRP, Mr. Alessandro Arellano,MMHA  RTRP
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………. 1

Framework of the Study …………………………………………………………………………….. 14

CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ………………………………………………………………………….……………...  18

Population and Locale of the Study ……………………………………………..…………….. 19

Data Gathering Tool ……………………………………………………………………………………. 20

Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………………………………..……………………. 20

Treatment of Data ………………………………………………………………..……………………… 22

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 

Respiratory diseases affect the airways and other structures of the lungs as stated by the

World Health Organization, (2019). It is caused by infections, tobacco smoke, environmental

factors such as air pollution, and occupational chemicals such asbestos, silica, and dust.

Occupational chemicals mainly cause Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) in those factory workers and

construction sites workers. The chemicals enters and irritate the nose and passages into the

lungs that is deposited in the airways through the bloodstream. The blood then carry the

substances that is transported to the body that causes infection and airway inflammation that

leads to respiratory diseases

Respiratory Diseases are categorically characterized  into obstructive, restrictive,

infectious, chest and pleural, vascular, and neoplasms. Asthma and Chronic Obstructive

Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are under obstructive lung diseases.  In the study of Walsh (2018),

Asthma is  a reversible disease created by airway inflammation of the airways. The inflammation

causes wheezing, chest pain, breathlessness, and coughing especially at night. The Global

Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines (2021) discussed the appropriate management,

treatment and care that includes oxygen therapy, aerosol therapy, and pharmacological therapy

such as anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, long acting beta2 agonist (LABA), short acting

beta agonist (SABA), methylxanthines, epinephrine, leukotriene modifiers, cromolyn sodium,

ipratropium bromide, nedocromil and anticholinergics. Alli (2021) mentioned that the
 2

prevention of asthma includes avoiding asthma triggers such as allergens, avoiding

smoking cigarettes, second-hand smoking and getting flu vaccinations that  protect against the

flu virus. 

Kacmarek et al. (2020) stated that COPD is an irreversible airway inflammation

characterized by presence of airflow obstruction. The clinical signs and symptoms include

dyspnea, productive cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath. In addition, Additionally, the

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (2022), provides the respiratory

care and treatment protocol, and management of COPD including oxygen therapy, ventilatory

support, pharmacological therapy such as bronchodilators, antimuscarinic drugs,

methylxanthines, anti-inflammatory agents, inhaled corticosteroids, oral glucocorticoids,

phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, antibiotics, and mucolytics. One prevention of COPD is the

avoidance of tobacco exposure in both passive and active measures. A broad program that helps

improve the well-being of individuals that have COPD includes exercise training (6 minute walk),

good nutrition, education of the lung disease, breathing strategies including huff coughing and

pursed lip breathing.

In the study of  Jardins (2019), Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is included in the restrictive

category. ILD can cause scarring of the lungs due to an occupational environment. It can

manifest as weak appearance, bluish discoloration of skin, and productive cough. The

appropriate treatment typically concentrates on physical therapy, oxygen supplementation, and

medication to lessen inflammation and the slow progression of the illness. There are several

preventative measures that are essential to practiced in order to not obtaining ILD. The most

common way is to avoid smoking and even avoid second-hand and third-hand smokers. Also,

using a face mask in an occupational setting must be observed to be able to protect our airways

from getting inhaled the different unwanted chemicals and air pollutants that are extremely
 3

harmful in our respiratory system. Good lifestyle habits such as having a nutritional diet and

exercise regularly can help reduce the risk of having the  ILD.

In the infectious category, Pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis are included.

Pneumonia results from an inflammatory process that primarily affects the gas exchange area of

the lung. The signs and symptoms associated include chest pain, confusion, productive cough,

phlegm,fatigue, fever, sweating, nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. According to Persing

(2019), suggestions for the treatment of pneumonia in general include the following antibiotics

as the mainstay treatment, and supplemental oxygenation for patients who are hospitalized.

Also, maintaining good nutrition through eating healthy vegetables is a treatment of

pneumonia.  

Moreover, Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a granulomatous bacteria infection, chronic in

nature, affecting the lungs and other organs of the body. Most individuals infected with

tuberculosis have few, if any symptoms. The primary tuberculosis lesions heals completely,

possibly leaving a small scar, which could calcify later in life. Clinically manifested by cough,

sputum production, night sweats, chest pain, weight loss and dull percussion note. Medications

such as Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol are the mainstay treatment of

tuberculosis. Supplemental O2 therapy, antituberculosis, placement in respiratory isolation as

well as respiratory hygiene therapy are just the few common management and treatment for

tuberculosis. DeerSarkissian (2022) mentioned the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis that

involves check-ups and follow up checks for the diagnosis of the disease, using of face mask and

alcohol and proper hand washing after coughing and sneezing to prevent the spread of

microorganisms in the body.  In addition, ventilation of air such as opening of windows is

necessary to circulate the air in the house. Avoidance of physical contact of suspected

individuals can also decrease the risk of acquiring the disease.

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Pulmonary hypertension happens when the pressure in the blood vessels leading from

the heart to the lungs is too high. With pulmonary hypertension, the blood vessels to the lungs

develop an increased amount of muscle in the wall of the blood vessels. Clinical signs and

symptoms may manifest as shortness of breath, tiredness, fainting, chest pain, racing heartbeats

(palpitations), and swelling of the legs. Treatments will concentrate on the underlying condition

if pulmonary hypertension is caused by another condition, such as a heart or lung problem.

Prescription of anticoagulant medications tends to stop the formation of new clots if blood clots

blocking the pulmonary arteries are the root cause of your pulmonary hypertension. Proper

treatment of extensive follow up check up care can monitor individuals health conditions.   Mayo

Clinic (2022) mentioned that getting plenty of rest can reduce fatigue that causes pulmonary

hypertension. Exercises such as walking are beneficial for the body to be active as well as getting

regular check ups. Avoiding smoking and smoke exposure, eating healthy foods like vegetables,

fruits, lean meats, and low fat cholesterol can aim to maintain a healthy weight and healthy

lifestyle.

In the neoplasm category, Lung Cancer refers to abnormal new tissue growth

characterized by the progressive, uncontrolled multiplication of cells that may result in tumors

that may be localized or invasive, benign or malignant. A lung cancer may clinically manifest as

cyanosis, cough, sputum production, and hemoptysis in the book of Burton et al., 2019). The

following ways that lung cancer is managed and treated are through surgery, in which cancerous

tissue is removed by medical professionals. Chemotherapy is the use of specialized drugs to

reduce cancer. The drugs may be taken orally, administered intravenously, or occasionally.

Radiation treatment using x-ray-like high-energy radiation to prevent the spread of the cancer in

the body. The American Cancer Society provides the primary way to reduce the risk of lung

cancer is to stop smoking cigarettes as it contains chemical hazards that destroy the lungs. Also,
 5

a healthy diet with a lot of fruits and vegetables help protect individuals in protecting their

health against the disease.

WHO (2019) also supports programs to reduce the impact of these diseases in terms of

mortality, disability, and quality of life. Well-organized program of rehabilitative care can reduce

the high incidence of hospitalizations of progressive disability of patients with respiratory

diseases. The pulmonary rehabilitation aims to help improve the quality of life and reduce the

burden of respiratory diseases. The reason for the multidisciplinary approach is to have a

comprehensive, goal-oriented plan of care to reduce respiratory symptoms, increase exercise

tolerance, and promote independence.

The American Thoracic Society (2021) mentioned that environmental factors have a

great impact on people with respiratory diseases. It is commonly recognized that individuals

with asthma and COPD that have higher levels of exposure to air pollution may experience

worsening lung function, and more hospitals. Although environmental factors determine major

risks to children's respiratory health worldwide, the most affected are middle and low income

countries as stated by Saleh et al. (2020), which highlights the detrimental impact of

socioeconomic factors on morbidity and mortality due to respiratory diseases. 

In the study of Dezube (2023), the prevalence of respiratory diseases to age compared

that older people are at higher risk of developing pneumonia after bacterial or viral infections

compared to younger people. Dyspnea was more frequently observed in older adults with

underlying cardiac and pulmonary disease, they are also more likely to receive antibiotics and

steroids, and had more severe illness and experienced a longer duration of symptoms than

young healthy individuals. 

In the study of Weatherald et al. (2021), they found out the prevalence of respiratory

diseases to gender that women are more predisposed to pulmonary diseases such as asthma
 6

and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It supports the study of Groeneveld et al. (2020), women

seek more care than men as the incidence of respiratory diseases are more common to women.

In the age of 0-4 years old, incidence of respiratory symptoms are more common to male

however after puberty, incidence is higher in females than male.      

When compared to male individuals, female individuals were shown to have a

considerably greater incidence of respiratory symptoms. When male and female individuals

present with the same reason for encounter, General practitioners perform various therapies,

particularly in cough and dyspnea. Males are more likely than females to have a physical exam

and get a diagnostic x-ray when they cough. But compared to men, women are more frequently

prescribed cough medicine. Men are more likely than women to have diagnostic radiography for

dyspnea when visiting the general practitioner, and they are also more likely to be referred to a

medical specialist during this episode of care. 

As mentioned in the study of Raghupathi et al. (2020) comparing the prevalence of

respiratory diseases to educational attainment, higher levels of education are fortunate in

quickly identifying illness and getting the necessary medical attention as compared to low level

of education that needs to work for the payment of their check ups and treatment for their

disease. Poor education is associated with poor health due to income, resources, healthy

behaviors, healthy neighborhood, and other socioeconomic factors. As a result, education is

seen as a key social factor of health. 

More so, economic, social, psychological, and interpersonal factors as well as behavioral

health are three basic kinds of mediators that influence the link between education and health.

By limiting and deciding access to acute and preventative medical care, economic factors like

money and occupation regulate the link between education and health. High levels of self-

reported health and low levels of illness, mortality, and disability are indicators of people's
 7

better health, which is also true of those with higher levels of education. Therefore, inadequate

educational attainment is linked to self-reported ill health, a shorter life expectancy, and a

shorter recovery from illness.

According to WHO (2018), 7 million people die from indoor and ambient air pollution

each year due to a higher risk of respiratory diseases that is determined by adverse effects of

environmental exposures. Moreover, in a study of Baptista et al. (2021), In having respiratory

diseases, morbidity and mortality are a growing concern in Asian countries. Air pollution (both

indoor and outdoor), allergens, occupational risks, and smoking (including second-hand smoke)

are well-known and extensively researched risk factors for respiratory diseases. This highlights

the importance of air pollution reduction, planned urbanization, and investment in human

capital through education to mitigate the risk of respiratory disease. These risk factors combine

into a series of pathways that result in different types of respiratory diseases, such as COPD,

asthma, pneumoconiosis, and interstitial lung disease.

Rapid economic growth, which has led to radical lifestyle changes, is the primary

underlying cause of the rise in respiratory diseases mortality in Asian nations. Increasing gross

domestic product is associated with better health facilities or increased calorie and

micronutrient intake, which are good for a country's health outcomes; on the other hand, they

can also unexpectedly increase the number of diseases linked with prosperity through shifts in

dietary patterns, adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle, and increased demand for goods

associated with health risk, like alcohol and tobacco. Evidence suggests that higher gross

domestic product (GDP) growth has increased pollutant emissions, which ultimately causes

various CRDs and related deaths in many countries, especially in Asian regions.

Villanueva, R. (2022) stated that the Philippines have 340,031 cases of acute respiratory

infections recorded in the second quarter of 2022. Out of these cases, 177,946 were females
 8

while 162,085 were males. Lopez, E. (2022) claimed that one of the country’s biggest cement

companies, Republic cement is the town’s major industry. It operates 115 hectare plantations

spanning 2,326 basketball courts. As interviewed by Lopez, Ms Alomia, (2022) a resident of

Barangay Prinza, Teresa Rizal stated that heavy dust that came from cement plantations near

their place triggered her asthma exacerbation. As the released dust during cement

manufacturing processes leads to allergies and respiratory infections. 

Construction site workers are the vulnerable group of laborers to lung diseases and

infection. The common harmful toxic substances are sawdust, asbestos, molds, and cement dust

as mentioned by Villegas, M. (2020). Inhalation of sawdust into the lungs can cause breathing

problems that lead to lung diseases such as occupational asthma and lung cancer. Inhalation of

asbestos can scar the lung tissues and due to heavy exposure to asbestos over many years, it will

lead to asbestosis, severe fibrosis, and high risk of mesothelioma or cancer of the lung pleura. In

addition, exposure to molds trigger asthma attacks and can develop allergic reactions such as

irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs. An aspergillus fumigatus mold can cause

aspergillosis infection that manifests by wheezing, difficulty of breathing, coughing, chest pain

and fever. Prolonged and repeated exposure to cement can lead to silicosis disease. Silicosis

develops when a person inhales dust that contains silica with tiny crystals found in sand, rock,

mineral ores, and cement.

The effects of ambient air pollution on human health are significant. The leading

environmental health risk in the Philippines is air pollution, which is also the third-highest risk

factor for death and disability from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as stated by Institute for

Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2020). Particularly hazardous pollutants like fine

particulate matter (PM2.5) are a concern for public health. PM2.5 has the capacity to enter the

lungs deeply and enter the bloodstream when inhaled. This compromises the health of other
 9

body organs and raises the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. These effects are

particularly severe for young people, the elderly, and people with preexisting medical

conditions. 

A study by Queddeng, M. (2020) looked into the environmental hazards that were

linked to the occurrence of respiratory diseases in Region 1. The four provinces involved were

Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, La Union, and Pangasinan. The majority of the environmental risks from

the various locations were created using mechanical and chemical methods. Quirino, Bacnotan,

La Union have the highest incidence rates, which are probably caused by the cement company's

exhaust of particulate and dust or airborne pollution, and only Zone III in Bantay, Ilocos Sur had

a physical type as these hazards are physical in nature.

In the Ilocos region, the morbidity rate of respiratory diseases per 100,000 population

was estimated to be 695.9 in 2020. In comparison, the acute water diarrhea morbidity rate per

100,000 inhabitants was 26.3. According to the survey of DOH (2018), patients suffering with

respiratory diseases in Region 1 have a total number of 6,198, Patients with pneumonia have a

total number of 4,009. Pangasinan has 1,505 individuals with rate 61.4, Ilocos sur has 537

people with rate 91.2, La union has 376 individuals with rate 54.8 and Ilocos Norte 336 with rate

77.1. For Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRD), with a total casualty of 1,814 patients with the

highest number from Pangasinan that has 718 patients with rate 29.3 and lowest in Ilocos Norte

with 156 people with rate 35.8. Overall, pneumonia has the highest number of patients in

Region 1.

Bryan Cargo, a Public Health Nurse of Bacnotan Municipal Health Center (2023) provides

statistical data and medical record of respiratory diseases from 2020 to 2023 with pulmonary

hypertension as the leading rate with 3 cases, followed by Community Acquired Pneumonia with

2 cases, meanwhile asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis both have 1 case. Additionally, Mrs.
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Salayog D. (2023), a Barangay Health Worker stated that there have been cases of respiratory

diseases in Barangay Quirino Bacnotan in the past years. Mainly asthma and pneumonia are

common to older people. Dust exposure from neighboring cement plantations is one of the

common risk factors that increases the incidence of respiratory diseases. The Barangay Quirino

Health Center build strategy prevention and program in their community by providing health

check-ups, immunizations, Non Communicable Disease (NCD) risk assessment blood pressure

monitoring for hypertension, coastal clean-up, distribution of relief goods, and monitoring of

Person Under Monitoring (PUM) with Coronavirus (COVID-19) with other associated respiratory

diseases.

Yang (2021) stated that cement dust is one of the risk factors in developing occupational

disease, mainly interstitial lung disease. A cement company plantation accidentally spilled oil in

Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan and was fined for violating the Philippine Clean Water Act Of 2004.

It was solved on time to prevent impact on the environment. 

Essentially, the purpose of this study is to assess the level of awareness among the residents of

Barangay Quirino Bacnotan, La Union on respiratory diseases and to determine the respiratory

healthcare of the residents as well as the different factors that may affect the residents

awareness on various respiratory diseases and health care conditions.

The study will play a significant role in educating the public about the various respiratory

illnesses that may have a negative impact on their general health, ability to support themselves

financially, and way of life. More specifically, to evaluate the success of current health initiatives

in reducing respiratory risks and hazards. Furthermore, to examine the most recent prevalence

of respiratory diseases in the community and their knowledge of the harmful effects. This study

enables the community to distinguish between the various signs and symptoms of the potential

diseases mentioned. 
 11

The study provides the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan La Union with

awareness, guidance, and knowledge about the risk of respiratory diseases in their community.

They are considered at risk for contracting respiratory diseases due to the environmental factors

and conditions they have. In this study, the findings will help them to be cautious and

knowledgeable with their surroundings, specifically to respiratory diseases to protect

themselves from contracting diseases.

The study benefits the Barangay Quirino Health Center as they are assigned to keep the

wellbeing of the residents. The findings will help the Health Center to propose preventive

measures and build health activities that may help in promoting the health conditions of the

residents.

LORMA Colleges benefit from the study as the data, results, and findings can be used as

inputs to guide the students and raise awareness of respiratory diseases. Through this study, the

LORMA Colleges could promote additional health care preventions in the problem arising of

respiratory diseases and focus on improving health status.  

The study provides the researchers to build awareness of the importance of seeking out

health problems in the community as well as to provide concrete and necessary information  .

Also, it allows the researchers to maximize their potential to become a competent respiratory

therapist in the near future.  Through this, involvement in health promotion would create and

develop well-informed educated citizens of the country. 

The study also benefits the future researchers as the outcome of the study may serve as

a primary information for further research work on the Awareness of Respiratory Diseases

among the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union. Moreover, this study has the

potential to empower and encourage the integration of research with community involvement

as well as increased sensitivity and competence in working within the community. 

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Nonetheless, this study wants to fulfill the research gap between the field of respiratory

therapy. The result of the study provides information to residents of Barangay

Quirino,Bacnotan, La Union in order for them to acquire awareness, knowledge and education.

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

Risk of respiratory diseases is one of the frequent etiologies found in a resident with a

weak immune system and respiratory system. It is not only found in hospitals or any health care

but also in municipalities, particularly in a Barangay. The residents of the Barangay Quirino,

Bacnotan should involve themselves in observing their surroundings for them to be cautious and

acquire knowledge regarding proper health measures to avoid contracting diseases. 

There are three primary theoretical constructs that will guide the researchers. First, it is

based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which refers to the theory of human motivation. Second,

is the Gibson affordance theory and third is the Cornucopian theory which relates to the

socioeconomic situation.

Abraham Maslow is a well-known psychologist and one of the pioneers of humanistic

psychology. He is best known for creating Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a theory of human

motivation. More specifically, the theory contends that in order to satisfy the higher needs, the

lower needs must first be satisfied. The fundamental requirements, from most basic to least,

are: physiological (need for food, clothing, and shelter), safety (security and freedom), social

(love, belonging, friendship), self-esteem (respect, confidence, integrity), and self-actualization

(self–fulfillment, independence, autonomy). In the field of psychology, Abraham Maslow made a

number of significant contributions. 

This theory applies to this study in such a way that the residents need to be aware of the

various respiratory diseases that may affect them in order to avoid contracting the illness. When

people have respiratory diseases, their physiological needs may not be met because they may
 13

have trouble breathing because their alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) become inflamed and filled

with fluid and pus as a result of the respiratory disease. Given that it is essential for the normal

operation of every cell in the body, oxygen is regarded as a basic component of life. The disease

disrupts the body's general functionality, impairing daily activities like working performance in

the market, so comfort is also compromised. Prior to concentrating on achieving their higher

needs, vendors must first attend to their physiological needs. If a person's physiological

requirements are not met, their body will degenerate and they will die. Despite being the most

fundamental need, it is crucial for achieving the higher needs.

The residents of Barangay Quirino should acquire knowledge and awareness by being

adequately informed about the potential respiratory diseases in order to prevent contracting

the illness that will fulfill their higher needs and satisfy their physiological needs. The residents'

experiences with dimensions, signs, and symptoms will open doors for their awareness to

emerge and find solutions for their care and well-being.

Meanwhile, the Gibson affordance theory is applied for the residents' involvement and

knowledge of respiratory diseases. It is used to explain how living things interact with their

environment. The benefits or drawbacks that the environment offers the animal are referred to

as its affordances. Location and other factors in the immediate environment affect how people

perceive the world. Depending on their position, one person may be able to perceive or sense

something in the environment that another cannot, or they may interpret it in a different way.

  Objects in the surroundings have little importance until they come into a person's gaze or into

the light, according to Gibson. People may not notice affordances in their surroundings until

they are stimulated in some way or someone or something that has drawn the attention to the

items or events. Unless they are uncovered or brought to his or her attention, a person is

clueless of the affordances given by the environment then the significance of the object is then
 14

perceived and people pay attention to the behavior. This applies to how observant the residents

are in their surroundings when it comes to health problems. They may serve as a guide or a

source of information to their community and their associations to make necessary changes for

the safety of the residents.

By the 1950s, the Health Belief Model was coiled by which focused on individual beliefs

of a person regarding perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits of preventive actions, and

barriers of preventive actions. Modifying factors to their beliefs include age, gender, education,

geographic location, ethnicity, health knowledge, immigration status, income, race and wealth.

This model actually relates to how it realistically reflects people’s behavior. It acknowledges that

simply wanting to improve a healthy behavior isn't always enough to motivate someone to do

so. As a result, it incorporates two more factors that are required to persuade someone to take

a step. Cues to action and self- efficacy are the two aspects. These cues to action are external

events that prompt a desire to make a health change like media campaigns, reminders and a

family/friend’s illness.

Population matters have long been regarded by sociologists as crucial to comprehending

how people interact. Understanding population growth helps us make sense of other economic

aspects of society that have an impact on how many homes, schools, hospitals, and even prisons

we need to construct. Cornucopian theory scoffs at the idea of humans wiping themselves out;

it asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop.

Cornucopians reject the notions that population growth projections are problematic and that

Earth has limited resources and a carrying capacity and have an anthropocentric view of the

environment (the number of individuals an environment can support without detrimental

impacts). The Cornucopian theory relates to the socioeconomic situation of the residents of

Barangay Quirino, where environmental factors significantly affect both their health and
 15

livelihood as their primary source of income. Also, due to the undeniably environmental effects

brought on by the operation of the cement plantation, it affects how they interact with their

surroundings.

The Conceptual Framework that the researchers will use in the study is the Input,

process and output (IPO) model as shown in Figure 1. It is a functional graph that identifies the

inputs, outputs, and required processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs. In the

IPO model, an analysis of performance and processing systems that assume the input are

transformed by internal system processes to generate outputs. The input of the model is the

respondents information, ideas and resources used in the study while the processing phase are

the measures taken upon assessing the input and output of the model is the outcome of the

study.

For the input, the researchers selected the demographic profile of the respondents, the

different dimensions such as the signs and symptoms, treatment and care, and prevention. The

variables are the ones selected that include the age, gender, and educational attainment  that

identify the level of awareness of the respondents to respiratory diseases.

The process of the study includes the collection of data through the use of questionnaire

checklists. The points on Likert scale for the first part of the questionnaire are: Fully Aware (4),

Moderately Aware (3), Aware (2), and Not Aware (1). The analysis and interpretation of the data

are done through questionnaire checklist and statistical treatment. The development of

measures that can serve as a recommendation to promote health care programs in Barangay

Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union.

The output of the study are the recommendations of health care preventive programs

utilization to keep the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union informed and aware.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

I. Demographic profile of
I. Floating questionnaires
the residents of Quirino,
checklist with the use of 5
Bacnotan, La Union as to:
Likert scale.
a. Age
b. Gender II. Tabulation of Barangay
c. Educational
Attainment Quirino, Bacnotan,
d. Income
e. occupation La Union respondents.
II. Level of awareness on
III. Data analysis and
respiratory diseases
interpretation through
among the residents of
questionnaire checklist Level of Compliance with
Barangay Quirino,
and statistical treatment. the measures to prevent
Bacnotan, La Union as to:
IV. Formulation of respiratory diseases
a. Signs and symptoms
b. Prevention recommendations to the
c. Treatment and care
III. Respiratory health Barangay Health Center

condition of the residents to promote health care

of Barangay Quirino for conditions.

the past years.

IV. Relationship between

demographic profile and

the level of awareness

among Barangay Quirino,

Bacnotan, La Union.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study determined the level of awareness on Respiratory Diseases among residents

of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union. It specifically aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union as

to? 

A. Age

B. Gender

C. Educational Attainment

D. Income

E. Occupation

2. What is the level of awareness of residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union for

respiratory diseases among the following dimensions?

a. Signs and symptoms

b. Prevention

c. Treatment and care

3. Is there a significant relationship between demographic profile and the level of awareness

among the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union? 

4. What preventive measures can be proposed to improve the level of knowledge among the

residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union for respiratory diseases?

ASSUMPTION AND HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

In the conduct of this study, the following assumptions were made. It was assumed and

hypothesized that: 
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Assumption

1. The demographic profile  of the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union to age,

gender, and educational attainment.

2. The level of awareness of residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union for respiratory

diseases is low among the following dimensions

A. Signs and symptoms

B. Prevention

C. Treatment and care

Hypothesis

3. There is no significant relationship between demographic profile and the level of knowledge

among the residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan La Union.

4. A set of preventive measures propose to improve the level of knowledge among the residents

of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan La Union for respiratory diseases.

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 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY 

Research Design

In this study, Quantitative research methods will be typically adopted due to a fast,

focused approach on measuring and quantifying data, scientific method, more reliable, test a

hypothesis, collect data, analyze numerically, and build generalized results (Sirisilla et al. 2023). 

Quantitative research deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance. Quantitative

research focuses on collecting numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to

explain a specific phenomenon. In contrast to divergent reasoning, detailed, convergent

reasoning is the focus of quantitative research.

Moreover, the scientific method serves as the foundation for quantitative research. The

researcher forms a hypothesis after observing the situation under investigation, uses deductive

reasoning to predict how the data will appear if the hypothesis is correct, and then gathers and

analyzes the data to support or refute the hypothesis.

Under quantitative research methods, a descriptive-correlational method of research

will be used to describe the variables and relationships that occur naturally (Brown, 2021) and to

investigate relationships between variables without manipulating (Bandari, 2022). This method

will be used for the purpose of knowing the profile of the residents of Barangay Quirino,

Bacnotan, La Union with respect to their age, gender, and educational attainment. Likewise, it

will be used to determine the extent of their awareness and perceptions regarding respiratory

diseases.
 20

Population and Locale of the Study

Quirino is a Barangay in the municipality of Bacnotan in the province of La Union. It is

situated at approximately 16.7641, 120.3384, in the Island of Luzon. It is estimated that the

elevation at these coordinates is 8.3 meters or 27.2 feet above the mean sea level.

The population of Barangay Quirino provided by the Barangay Health Center as of

February 2023 was 1,437 individuals with 722 number of males and 715 number of females. The

livelihoods are farming, fishing, some are overseas Filipino workers, employees of different, and

majority of the residents are employees of the Holcim Company plantation. 

Generally, certain research locales have underlying issues or phenomena that need to 

be addressed. The residents of Barangay Quirino Bacnotan in La Union were chosen by the

researchers because of the significant environmental factors that have a significant impact on

their respiratory health. More specifically, their demographic profile and geographic location

play a critical role in the questions that must be answered and the data that must be gathered in

order to fill the research gap that the researchers wished to investigate. 

Figure 2: An Outline Map of Barangay Quirino

 21

A non-probability sampling specifically stratified random sampling criterion will be used

to obtain relevant responses from the respondents. A stratified random sampling according to

Simkus (2023) is a method that divides a population into smaller subgroups, or strata, and based

on shared characteristics of the population then randomly selected to form the final sample. The

respondents are chosen with the following criteria: (1) resident of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan,

La Union, (2) 18 years old to 65 years old, (3) who are able to read and write (questionnaire),

and (4) an interview to those who aren't able to do so using the questionnaire as an interview

guide.

The residents of Barangay Quirino, Bacnotan, La Union are considered appropriate as

the population of the study area because they are prone to cement dust, and due to their

environmental location such as air pollution. According to  Mrs. Delia Salayog, a Barangay Health

Worker of Barangay Quirino, there are cases of respiratory diseases of asthma and pneumonia

among the residents, specifically the older individuals. 

Data Gathering Tools

Quantitative data collection is entirely based on numbers and figures. In order to

contextualize the data collected through surveying or interviewing the study sample,

researchers frequently use quantitative data when they intend to quantify attributes, attitudes,

behaviors, and other defined variables with a motive to support or refute the hypothesis of a

particular phenomenon (Bhat, 2023). To ensure quality control and maintain the integrity of the

research, accurate data collection is required. The researchers specify the data sources, data

types, and methods used during data collection.

As the main tool for gathering data that the researcher made, the researchers will use

self made questionnaires that contain closed-ended questions and statements about the various

factors that influence the condition of respiratory health. Self made questionnaires will be used
 22

to collect data in  providing the respondents with a constrained set of options because it is

simpler to analyze quantitative data. 

Furthermore, in order for the researchers to collect the necessary data more thoroughly

from self-administered questionnaires, interviews will also be used. Additionally, other

materials, such as a camera and recorder, software programs, and a printer, will be used for

documentation, organization, and data interpretation. These instruments work particularly well

for determining subject behavior, preferences, intentions, attitudes, and opinions. 

Data Gathering Procedures

Initially, the researchers will gather the data through the following steps:

Phase 1. Prior to the conduct of the study, the researchers will create questionnaire checklist

that needs to be validated by the College of Physical and Respiratory Therapy (CPRT) instructor

first.

Initially, the researchers conducted the distribution of questionnaires among the

respondents, the researchers first secured permission from the College Dean, Bernardo Tayaban

Jr. and to the research adviser Christy E. Javarro which will allow them to personally conduct the

data gathering among the selected respondents.

Second,  a communication letter will be addressed to the Barangay Captain of Barangay

Quirino Bacnotan, Marvin B. Cardinez, which will allow the researchers to conduct the study

within their community. The Barangay Quirino Bacnotan Health Worker Chairman, Luz G.

Andaya will also be handed the letter of consent to conduct the study within their area.

Ethical considerations will be critically observed and practiced in the whole process of

making the research study. Initially, the researchers will get the respondents' informed consent,

making sure that they are aware of who the researchers are, who will have access to the data
 23

they will provide, and how it will be used. By providing their informed consent, participants will

demonstrate that they are willingly and actively participating in the research study. 

The respondents are free to withdraw their participation at any time as well as at any

circumstances without harming their relationship with the researchers and won't be coerced

into participating. The respondents won't suffer from any harm during the research process

because respondents' safety, reputation and confidentiality are the researchers' primary

priorities. No personal information of respondents will be shared to anyone to respect their

privacy and to protect their confidentiality. All the information that will be obtained from the

respondents all throughout the research process will solely used and exclusively only for

research objectives. 

Additionally, by enabling respondents to use code names, anonymity will be  preserved

in order to protect participant’s privacy, the faces of participants on recorded video

documentation will be obscured. Ethics will closely monitor as the study is being conducted. The

researchers are not affiliated with any organizations that offer financial interests, such as

educational grants and employment, or non-financial interests, such as relationships, affiliations,

or knowledge in the form of personal or professional relationships because the research itself is

self-funded. There will be no conflicts of interest in this study and more importantly, the right to

speak for the entire population will be granted to the chosen respondents.

Dr. Resnik (2020) lists a number of factors that make it crucial for researchers to follow

ethical standards. First, norms advance the objectives of research, including knowledge, truth,

and error prevention. For instance, laws against fabricating, falsifying, or presenting research

data incorrectly encourage the truth and reduce error. Second, ethical standards promote the

values that are crucial to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and
 24

fairness, since research frequently involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among

many different people in various disciplines and institutions.

Treatment of Data

Weighted mean and standard deviation will be both used together with the Four-point Likert

Scale in the assessment for the level of awareness. The researchers will come up with a

unidirectional scoring from 1 to 4. Under the level of awareness of different respiratory

diseases, signs and symptoms and treatment the scale is 4 for highly knowledgeable 3 for

moderately knowledgeable, 2 for poorly knowledgeable and 1 for not knowledgeable. To

determine how frequent the respiratory diseases acquire is being done and the extent of

awareness  among respondents, weighted mean and standard deviation will be used

Weighted Mean

  

Where:

∑ = the sum

w = the weights

x = the value

Standard Deviation
 25

 Where:

 ∑ = the sum

 x = the value of each data set

 N = number of values

Technically, the weighted mean can help someone make decisions when some factors

are more important than others. Weights are used in this particular type of average to

determine the relative importance of each observation. The average level of variability in the

data set is represented by the standard deviation. It reveals the average deviation of each value

from the mean. In general, values with a high standard deviation are spread out from the mean,

whereas those with a low standard deviation are grouped together close to the mean.

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondents,
 26

The researchers would like to ask for your time in answering this questionnaire checklist for

their study entitled “THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES AMONG RESIDENTS

OF BARANGAY QUIRINO, BACNOTAN, LA UNION 

Name (Optional): ___________________________________  Date: _____________________

Age: 18 - 34 (  )

         35 - 54 (  )

         55 - 64 (  )

          65  (  )

DIRECTIONS: Before answering the questions, kindly please check (/) the box below the number

that corresponds to your level of knowledge.

1 - Fully Aware

2 - Moderately Aware

3 - Aware

4 - Not Aware

ASTHMA SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 4 3 2 1

1 I know breathlessness is one of the symptoms of asthma.

 27

2. I am aware that chest pain is a symptom of asthma.

3.  I am aware that coughing is a symptom of asthma.

4. I know that difficulty breathing is a symptom of asthma.

5. I am aware that fever is a symptom of asthma.

ASTHMA PREVENTION

1. I know that avoidance of smoking will keep asthma from getting worse.

2.  I informed other people to stay away from dust exposure can prevent the risk

of asthma

3. I am aware that using a face mask can keep allergies away to prevent asthma

attacks.

4. I know that medications should be taken religiously.

5. I know that getting enough sleep can prevent asthma attacks

ASTHMA TREATMENT AND CARE

1.  I know that inhalers is a treatment of asthma.

2.  I'm familiar with steroids which is the most effective drug for asthma.

3. I am aware that antibiotics are not a treatment for asthma.

4. I am aware that bronchodilators can be used for treatment for asthma.

5. I am aware that medicine for asthma has to be taken till symptoms persist and
 28

then can be stopped.

COPD SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 4 3 2 1

1. I am aware that breathlessness is one of the symptoms of COPD.

2. I know that smoking over a long period of time increases the risk of COPD.

3.  I know that coughing is one of the clinical manifestations of COPD.

4.  Breathing discomfort is one of the symptoms of COPD.

5.  I am aware that phlegm color varies the severity of COPD.

COPD PREVENTION

1. I know that stopping from smoking will keep COPD getting worse.

2. I am aware that COPD can be prevented not reversed.

3. I know that avoiding dust exposure can prevent COPD.

4.  I know that eating vegetables can help prevent COPD

5. I am aware that having a good lifestyle such as exercising regularly such as

walking can prevent having COPD.

COPD TREATMENT AND CARE

1. I know that steroid medication taken by mouth is a treatment of COPD

2. I know that supplemental oxygen at home can help people with COPD live
 29

longer.

3. I’m aware that inhalers can be used anytime you are short of breath.

4.I know that bronchodilators is a treatment of COPD.

5. I know that Bronchial hygiene should be performed for treatment in COPD.

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. I am aware that chest pain is a symptom of ILD.

2. I am aware that swelling of the feet can be a symptom of ILD.

3. I know that having loss of appetite can be a determining factor of ILD.

4.  I know that dry cough is a clinical manifestation of ILD.

5. I know that extreme weakness should be taken into account of having ILD.

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES PREVENTION

1.  Stopping smoking will keep COPD getting worse.

2. Using a face mask can prevent having ILD

3. Respiratory hygiene can reduce the risk of having ILD.

4. Nutritional diet and exercise regularly can prevent having ILD.

5. Avoid second-hand and third-hand smokers.

 30

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE TREATMENT AND CARE

1.  I am aware that antibiotics is one of the medication for ILD

2. Oxygen therapy can help the patient having ILD to live better and longer.

3. People with severe ILD may benefit from lung transplantation.

4.Patient with ILD can have oral medication pirfenidone.

5 Pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung efficiency of patient.

PNEUMONIA SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1.  Having been exposed to infection or virus.

2.  Experiencing breathing discomfort is a symptom of pneumonia.

3. Chest pain is one of the signs and symptoms of pneumonia.

4. Abnormal chest auscultation is one of the symptoms of having pneumonia.

5. Unexplained weight loss is caused by pneumonia.

PNEUMONIA PREVENTION

1.  I am fully aware that stopping from  smoking is a prevention of pneumonia.

2.  I am fully aware that using a face mask can prevent pneumonia.

3. I am aware that drinking plenty of water can help loosen up phlegm in the
 31

lungs.

4. I know that doing check ups early can detect health problems.

5. I am aware that properly washing of hands can prevent the risk of

pneumonia.

6. I am aware that eating healthy vegetables can prevent the risk of pneumonia.

5. I encourage other people to exercise regularly to prevent risk of pneumonia.

PNEUMONIA TREATMENT AND CARE

1.  I know that antibiotics are a treatment of pneumonia.

2. I am aware of the medication dose of antibiotics in the treatment of

pneumonia.

3. I am fully aware of the side effects of antibiotics.

4. I am familiar with the Pneumococcal vaccine that protects individual against

pneumonia.

3. Supplemental Oxygen therapy can help reduce respiratory discomfort.

4. I am aware that Bronchial hygiene therapy is important to perform.

5. Adequate Hydration is can reduce the risk of having pneumonia

6. Taking antibiotics religiously is important.

 32

TUBERCULOSIS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. Coughing is one of the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis.

2..Breathing discomfort at night is one of the symptoms of tuberculosis.

3. Smoking over a long period of time increases the risk of tuberculosis.

4. I am aware that phlegm color varies the severity of COPD.

5. I am aware that breathlessness is one of the symptoms of tuberculosis.

TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTION

1. I am aware that TB DOTS can help prevent tuberculosis.

2. A Nutritious diet and exercise regularly can prevent tuberculosis..

3. Good hygiene: covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing

reduces the spread of TB bacteria.

4. Using a face mask can help prevent tuberculosis.

5.  Avoid second-hand and third-hand smokers

TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT AND CARE

1. Tuberculosis DOTS can be used for medication for tuberculosis.

2. Taking antibiotics religiously is important.

3. Supplemental O2 can help the Pneumonia patient to live better and longer.
 33

4. Bronchial hygiene therapy can be used also for medication.

5. Mantoux tuberculin skin test.

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. I know that Chest pain is one of the signs and symptoms of PH.

2. I am aware that shortness of breath with their day-to-day activity.

3. I am aware that feeling dizzy is a symptom of pulmonary hypertension.

4. Person heartbeat may feel racing or beating very fast.

5. I am aware that swelling of the feet is one of the symptoms of Pulmonary

hypertension

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION PREVENTION

1. I am aware that monitoring blood pressure is necessary for hypertension.

2.I know that regular exercise and a good nutritional diet should be practiced.

3.   Avoid second-hand and third-hand smokers

4.  I am aware that stopping from  smoking is a prevention of pulmonary

hypertension.

5. I know that getting plenty of rest can reduce fatigue that causes pulmonary

hypertension.
 34

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. I know that Chest pain is one of the signs and symptoms of PH.

2. I am aware that shortness of breath with their day-to-day activity.

3. I am aware that feeling dizzy is a symptom of pulmonary hypertension.

4. Person heartbeat may feel racing or beating very fast.

5. I am aware that swelling of the feet is one of the symptoms of Pulmonary

hypertension

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION PREVENTION

1. I am aware that monitoring blood pressure is necessary for hypertension.

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION TREATMENT AND CARE

1. I am fully aware  chest x-ray can help determine the diagnosis of

pulmonary hypertension.

2. I am aware that surgery such as open lung biopsy is a treatment of

pulmonary hypertension.

3. I know that vasodilators are a treatment of pulmonary hypertension.

4. I inform other people to take regular check ups for their health monitoring.

5. I know that taking daily medications such as losartan is a treatment of

pulmonary hypertension.
 35

LUNG CANCER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. I’m aware that coughing that gets worse or doesn’t go away is a symptom of

Lung Cancer.

2. Chest discomfort may be experienced in patients who have Lung Cancer.

3. Unexplained weight loss.

4.  Abnormal chest auscultation is one of the symptoms of having Lung Cancer.

5.  Feeling restless all day.

LUNG CANCER PREVENTION

1. Avoid second-hand and third-hand smokers

2. Using a face mask to prevent air irritants.

3.  Stopping smoking will keep Lung Cancer getting worse.

4. Regular exercise and a good nutritional diet should be practiced.

5. Respiratory Hygiene should be practiced at all times.

LUNG CANCER TREATMENT AND CARE

1. I am aware that  surgery should be performed if necessary.

2. Chemotherapy is an option for the treatment of lung cancer.

3. Radiation therapy is an option for the treatment of lung cancer.

 36

4. Targeted therapy is an option for the treatment of lung cancer.

5. Special and supplemental diets are an option for the treatment of lung cancer.

LC-REC Form #002

CV TEMPLATE

CURRICULUM VITAE

Campos, Frank Khozmar Picardal

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Address : Central East, Bauang La Union

Contact Number : 09953608727

Email address : [email protected]

Date of Birth : September 11 ,1999

Place of Birth : Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center

 37

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : LORMA Colleges S.Y. 2019-present

SECONDARY LEVEL : Sacred Heart Bauang, La Union (2016-2017)

: Union Christian College (2018-2019)

PRIMARY LEVEL : Bauang North Central School(2012-2013)

III. AWARDS/CITATIONS/RECOGNITIONS RECEIVED : N/A

IV. WORK EXPERIENCE : N/A

V. ELIGIBILITY : N/A

VI. SEMINARS ATTENDED

 24th UP-PGH Mechanical Ventilation and Critical Care Workshop.

 the 5G of LCP Featuring the 5 Gems of Pulmonary Medicine and a Mechanical

Ventilator workshop.

 Philippine Red Cross Occupational First Aid & CPR/AED Training.

VII. INVOLVEMENT IN RESEARCH/RESEARCHES CONDUCTED

 On Going Research with the title: “THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON RESPIRATORY DISEASES

AMONG RESIDENTS OF BARANGAY QUIRINO, BACNOTAN, LA UNION”

 38

LC-REC Form #002

CV TEMPLATE

CURRICULUM VITAE

MOCSIR, DIABAR G.

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Address : City of San Fernando, La Union

Contact Number : 09774595285

Email add : [email protected]

Date of Birth : March 02, 2002

 39

Place of Birth : City of San Fernando, La Union

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : LORMA Colleges, College of Physical and Respiratory Therapy

City of San Fernando, La Union S.Y. 2023- present

SECONDARY LEVEL : Senior High School: Science Technology Engineering and

Mathematics (2018-2019)

Christ the King College- San Fernando City La Union Inc.

Junior High School: Christ the King College- San Fernando City,

La Union Inc. (2014-2018)

PRIMARY LEVEL : Christ the King College- San Fernando City, La Union Inc.

(2007-2014)

III. AWARDS/CITATIONS/RECOGNITIONS RECEIVED

 Discipline Awardee in Arts (2020)

 Outstanding Student (2018)

IV. WORK EXPERIENCE : N/A

V. ELIGIBILITY : N/A

VI. SEMINARS ATTENDED

 Lung Center of the Philippines Physicians’ Association: 14 th Scientific Congress 5G of LCP
 Occupational First Aid and Basic Life Support- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with AED
Training
 INSPIRE 2022 SILVER! Integral Skills and Practical Insights in Respiratory Care 25th UP-
PGH Mechanical Ventilation and Critical Care Workshop UP-PGH Division of Pulmonary
Medicine.
 Certificate of Participation for actively participating in the LORMA Leadership Training
2023

VII. INVOLVEMENT IN RESEARCH/RESEARCH CONDUCTED : N/A

 40

LC-REC Form #002

CV TEMPLATE

CURRICULUM VITAE

DAOWAG, ANGELICA G.

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Address : Upper Pinget, Baguio City

Contact Number : 09502973702

Email add : [email protected]

Date of Birth : May 6, 2001

 41

Place of Birth : Allaguia, Pinukpuk, Kalinga

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY LEVEL : LORMA Colleges, College of Physical and Respiratory Therapy

City of San Fernando, La Union S.Y. 2023- present

: Pines City Colleges (2019-2023)

SECONDARY LEVEL: Senior High School: Science Technology Engineering and

Mathematics (2017-2019)

Kalinga State University Laboratory High School

Junior High School: Allaguia National High School (2013-2017)

PRIMARY LEVEL: Allaguia Elementary School (2007-2013)

III. AWARDS/CITATIONS/RECOGNITIONS RECEIVED : N/A

IV. WORK EXPERIENCE : N/A

V. ELIGIBILITY : N/A

VI. SEMINARS ATTENDED

 Elevating Respiratory Therapists’ Competency in the Interventional Pulmonology (2021)

 Noninvasive Modalities in Treating Pulmonary Diseases during the Pandemic Era (2022)

 Pulmonary Rehabilitation for COPD during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)

 Respiratory Care Seminar for Polysomnography with the Theme: Diving deeper into the

world of sleeping and breathing (2022)

 Talakalusugan COPD Awareness (2020)

VII. INVOLVEMENT IN RESEARCH/RESEARCH CONDUCTED

 Research Conducted on “Knowledge on Community Acquired Pneumonia among Block 4

Vendors of Baguio City Public Market”

42
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