COPD :

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
 What is COPD ?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, or COPD, refers to a
group of diseases that cause
airflow blockage and breathing-
related problems. It includes
emphysema and chronic
bronchitis.
 What body systems are affected by
COPD?
Respiratory System: COPD primarily affects the airways and the lungs. It leads to chronic
inflammation, narrowing of the airways, and the destruction of lung tissue. This results in
symptoms like coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function.
Cardiovascular System: COPD can strain the heart, as the reduced oxygen supply to the
body places extra stress on the heart. It can lead to conditions such as cor pulmonale
(right-sided heart failure), arrhythmias, and an increased risk of heart disease.
Musculoskeletal System: People with COPD may experience muscle weakness and wasting,
especially in the respiratory muscles. This can affect their ability to breathe effectively
and lead to reduced exercise tolerance.
Nutritional System: COPD can lead to weight loss and malnutrition, primarily due to the
increased energy expenditure associated with labored breathing and a reduced appetite.
This can further weaken the body and impair overall health
 What body systems are affected by
COPD?

Immune System: COPD may weaken the immune system, making

individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections, which can
exacerbate their condition.
Psychological Health: COPD can have a significant impact on a person's
psychological well-being, leading to anxiety and depression. The
chronic nature of the disease, along with the limitations it imposes on
daily life, can contribute to mental health challenges.
Endocrine System: COPD can affect the body's ability to regulate
oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, which can impact the endocrine
system's function .
 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a
progressive lung disease that encompasses several conditions,
with the most common being chronic bronchitis and
emphysema. COPD is characterized by:

1. Symptoms: Common symptoms include chronic

1. Chronic Inflammation: The airways and
cough, excessive mucus production,
air sacs in the lungs become inflamed wheezing, shortness of breath, and reduced
and narrowed, making it difficult to exercise tolerance.
breathe. 2. Progressive Nature: COPD is a progressive
2. Obstruction of Airflow: COPD causes a disease, which means that over time, lung
persistent obstruction of airflow, function continues to deteriorate.
3. Exacerbations: Patients often experience
making it challenging for individuals to
exacerbations, which are sudden worsening
exhale fully. This is typically due to
of symptoms. These exacerbations can be
excessive mucus production, airway triggered by infections, environmental
narrowing, and the destruction of lung factors, or other health issues
tissue.
.
the group of people that are
commonly affected by the
disease
Smokers: Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. The majority of
COPD cases are directly linked to tobacco smoke exposure. Both
current smokers and former smokers are at risk. The longer and
01 more heavily a person smokes, the greater their risk of developing
COPD. Quitting smoking can slow the progression of the disease and
improve lung function.

Occupational Exposure: Certain occupational settings and exposures

to harmful airborne irritants can increase the risk of developing
COPD. This group includes people who work in jobs where they are
02 exposed to dust, fumes, chemicals, or other irritants. Occupations
like coal mining, construction, farming, and manufacturing have a
higher risk of COPD due to occupational exposures.
 three signs or symptoms
of the disease
1. Chronic Cough: Individuals with COPD often have a persistent, chronic cough. This cough
can produce mucus or phlegm and may worsen over time. The cough is usually one of the
earliest and most common symptoms of the disease.
2. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea): People with COPD frequently experience a progressive
and persistent shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. As the disease
advances, this breathlessness can occur even at rest. It's often described as a feeling of
not getting enough air.
3. Wheezing and Chest Tightness: Wheezing, which is a high-pitched whistling sound when
breathing, and chest tightness are common symptoms of COPD. These symptoms can occur
as a result of narrowed airways and air trapping in the lungs.
how can COPD be cured and the
two methods
1. Medications: Several types of medications are used to manage COPD:
Bronchodilators: These drugs help relax and widen the airways, making it easier to breathe. They come
in short-acting and long-acting forms. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for quick relief, while
long-acting bronchodilators provide long-term control of symptoms.
Corticosteroids: Inhaled corticosteroids can help reduce airway inflammation, especially in more severe
cases of COPD.
Combination Inhalers: Some medications combine both bronchodilators and corticosteroids to provide
both bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects.
Mucolytics: These drugs help thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to clear mucus from
the lungs.
2. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Pulmonary rehabilitation programs are structured, comprehensive interventions
that combine exercise, education, and support to help individuals with COPD. These programs are designed
to improve lung function, physical fitness, and the overall quality of life. They often include:
Exercise Training: Supervised exercise programs can help improve endurance and lung function, making
daily activities less taxing.
Education: Patients receive education on COPD, its management, and strategies for symptom control,
including proper inhaler technique, nutrition, and how to conserve energy.
Psychological Support: Dealing with a chronic condition like COPD can be emotionally challenging.
Support is offered to help individuals cope with the emotional and psychological aspects of the disease.
 why these countries have the highest
number of people with the chosen COPD
1. Tobacco Use: Both India and China have large populations, and a significant percentage of their
populations use tobacco products. In China, for example, smoking has been a deeply ingrained cultural
practice for many years, and it is estimated to be the world's largest consumer and producer of tobacco
products. India also has a high prevalence of tobacco use, including both smoking and smokeless forms of
tobacco.
In China, there has been a high prevalence of smoking among men for decades, and this has
contributed to a substantial burden of COPD among Chinese men.
In India, the use of tobacco in various forms, including smoking and chewing tobacco, is widespread,
particularly among men.
2. The chronic exposure to tobacco smoke is a significant risk factor for developing COPD. Tobacco smoke
contains numerous harmful chemicals and irritants that can lead to chronic inflammation of the airways
and damage to the lung tissue, which are hallmark features of COPD.
3. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of COPD in these countries have included anti-smoking campaigns, public
health initiatives, and policies aimed at reducing tobacco use. However, addressing the issue of tobacco
addiction and exposure remains a complex challenge due to cultural, economic, and social factors.
AS OF MY LAST KNOWLEDGE UPDATE IN SEPTEMBER 2021, I 1. INDIA: INDIA HAD ONE OF THE HIGHEST NUMBERS
DO NOT HAVE SPECIFIC STATISTICS ON THE PREVALENCE OF OF COPD CASES IN THE WORLD DUE TO A
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IN THE COMBINATION OF FACTORS, INCLUDING HIGH
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE). THE PREVALENCE OF COPD RATES OF SMOKING, EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR
CAN VARY BY COUNTRY AND REGION AND CAN CHANGE OVER POLLUTION FROM COOKING WITH SOLID FUELS,
TIME DUE TO FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING RATES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, AND HEALTHCARE ACCESS.
TO OBTAIN THE MOST CURRENT AND ACCURATE
how common the 2. USA : USA ALSO HAD A SIGNIFICANT BURDEN OF
COPD, PRIMARILY DUE TO HIGH RATES OF
INFORMATION REGARDING THE PREVALENCE OF COPD IN COPD is in the UAE SMOKING, PARTICULARLY AMONG MEN, AS WELL
THE UAE, I RECOMMEND CONSULTING AUTHORITATIVE and the two AS INCREASING EXPOSURE TO OUTDOOR AIR
SOURCES SUCH AS GOVERNMENT HEALTH AGENCIES,
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, OR HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS countries with the POLLUTION IN SOME REGIONS.
PLEASE NOTE THAT THE PREVALENCE OF COPD CAN
IN THE UAE. THEY MAY CONDUCT SURVEYS OR STUDIES TO highest number
PROVIDE UP-TO-DATE STATISTICS ON THE PREVALENCE OF CHANGE OVER TIME DUE TO VARIOUS FACTORS,
COPD IN THE COUNTRY. ADDITIONALLY, YOU CAN REFER TO
of cases in COPD INCLUDING CHANGES IN SMOKING RATES, AIR
MEDICAL JOURNALS AND PUBLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH QUALITY, AND HEALTHCARE ACCESS. FOR THE MOST UP-
STUDIES RELATED TO COPD IN THE UAE. TO-DATE AND ACCURATE INFORMATION ON COUNTRIES
KEEP IN MIND THAT DATA ON COPD PREVALENCE IS WITH THE HIGHEST NUMBERS OF COPD CASES, I
TYPICALLY BASED ON SURVEYS AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSES, RECOMMEND CONSULTING RECENT REPORTS AND
AND IT MAY BE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AS MORE RESEARCH IS STATISTICS FROM AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES, SUCH AS THE
CONDUCTED AND AS HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) OR NATIONAL
AWARENESS EVOLVE. HEALTH AGENCIES.
 If COPD can be prevented how
do we prevented

COPD cannot be completely prevented, especially in individuals with a

genetic predisposition or other risk factors. However, it is largely a
preventable disease, and one effective prevention strategy to reduce
the risk of developing COPD is:
Smoking Cessation: Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to
prevent COPD. Since smoking is the leading cause of the disease,
eliminating exposure to tobacco smoke significantly reduces the risk of
developing COPD. Smoking cessation programs and interventions are
widely available to help individuals quit smoking and improve their
lung health.
 THANK
YOU
DONE BY : LOJAIN MOHAMED