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Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros:

Implications for the tectonic setting of gabbroiic plutons
and for andesite genesis

James S. Beard
Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.O. 20560

ABSTRACT GABBROIC ROCKS IN ARCS

Several mineralogically distinct suites of gabbroic cumulates Gabbroic rocks occur either as xenoliths or intrusions in most arcs.
occur as xenoliths in basalt and andesite from active arc volcanos The most common xenoliths are olivine gabbro, hornblende gabbro, and
and in plutons exposed in deeply eroded arcs. Calcic (Angs_ioo) gabbronorite cumulates. Ultramafic xenoliths (mostly olivine clinopyrox-
plagioclase and moderately Fe-rich (Fo^o-so) olivine commonly occur enite) and dior.te xenoliths are less common. Gabbroic xenoliths have
together in arc cumulate gabbros but not in cumulate gabbros from been reported f rom the Aleutians (Conrad and Kay, 1984); Central
mid-ocean ridges, ocean islands, or tholeiitic layered intrusions. America (Walker, 1984); New Guinea (Gust and Johnson, 1981); In-
Compositions of coexisting olivine and plagioclase in gabbro donesia (Morrice et al., 1983); the Philippines (Newhall, 1979); the Mar-
cumulates can establish the tectonic setting of ancient volcano- ianas (Stern, 1979; Meijer and Reagan, 1981); the Izu-Bonin arc (Kuno,
plutonic complexes. 1962); Japan (Kuno, 1962; Aoki and Kuno, 1971); Kamchatka (Erlich
In deeply eroded arcs, gabbroic cumulates typically occur in et al., 1979); a i d the Lesser Antilles (Lewis, 1973; Arculus and Wills;
zoned plutons that also contain gabbros, diorites, and quartz diorites 1980).
of basaltic to andesitic composition. In many cases, it is clear that Mafic to i ntermediate plutons containing cumulate rocks are com-
the cumulate gabbros are chemically and physically related to the mon in continental borderland regions characterized by long histories of
gabbro-diorite (= basalt-andesite) fractionation trends seen in the arc magmatism, but are less common in active oceanic arcs. The plutonic
zoned plutons. Zoned plutons in deeply eroded arcs provide physical cumulate rocks are similar to those of the xenolith suites, but ultramafic
evidence that crystal fractionation plays an important role in andesite cumulates, sometimes including dunite, are more common. Unlike the
pedogenesis. xenolithic cumulates, the plutonic cumulates are closely associated with
and subordinate to noncumulate diorites and gabbros in zoned plutons
and intrusive complexes. Such plutons and intrusive complexes have
INTRODUCTION been described from Japan (Igi et al., 1977; many others in the Japanese
It has long been argued that crystal fractionation is responsible for literature); Peiu (Regan, 1985); California and Baja California (Snoke et
the formation of andesitic rocks in arcs (e.g., Gill, 1981). Xenoliths of al., 1981; Smith et al., 1983; Beard, 1985,1986); the New Guinea-Sol-
cumulate gabbro that occur in basalt and andesite from arcs indicate omon arc region (Chivas et al., 1982; Whalen, 1985); and the Aleutians
that crystal fractionation occurs in arcs. Xenolith mineralogy has been (Kay et al., 1S'83).
successfully incorporated into least-squares calculations (Wright and
Doherty, 1970) of basalt-andesite fractionation in several modern arcs Classification and Characterization of Arc Cumulates
(Stern, 1979; Gust and Johnson, 1981; Conrad and Kay, 1984; Walker, The arc cumulates found in xenolith suites and plutons can be di-
1984). However, xenolith studies provide no direct information about vided into thrse types (Table 1). Type I cumulate suites consist primarily
the physical relationship between cumulate and derivative rocks in arc of olivine gabbro and subordinate amounts of olivine and clinopyroxene-
magma chambers. Thus, for example, it is generally not possible to dem- rich ultramafic rocks and olivine-free gabbronorite. In type II cumulate
onstrate that a particular cumulate xenolith suite is genetically related to suites, cumulus olivine and cumulus plagioclase rarely occur together,
a particular differentiated extrusive series. It is possible, however, to di- with the result that olivine gabbros are rather uncommon. Type II suites
rectly examine the physical relationship between cumulate and derivative are dominated by olivine-bearing ultramafic rocks and olivine-free gab-
rocks in the arc substructure by looking at certain plutons exposed in bronorite. Type III cumulate suites are defined as those in which amphi-
deeply eroded arcs. These plutons preserve evidence of subvolcanic proc- bole (most cc mmonly pargasite or hasdngsite) is a cumulus phase. Horn-
esses that can only be inferred from the study of the extrusive products of blende olivine gabbro, hornblende gabbro, and amphibole-rich ultramafic
arcs. rocks are characteristic of this suite. Orthopyroxene is generally absent
In this paper I characterize gabbroic cumulates from arc systems from all type III cumulates. In type I and II suites, rocks containing both
and show that, on the basis of mineralogy, they can be readily distin- cumulus olivine and cumulus orthopyroxene are relatively scarce, al-
guished from gabbroic cumulates formed in other tectonic settings. This though both minerals are common as cumulus minerals separately. Some
permits the recognition of ancient arc-related cumulates and plutons. other secondary characteristics of the cumulate suites are given in
Geologic and geochemical data from such plutons provide direct physical Table 1.
and chemical evidence that crystal fractionation has an important role in Type I cumulates occur in most of the arc localities mentioned
andesite pedogenesis. above. Type II cumulates occur on Guadalcanal (Chivas, 1977), on

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TABLE 1. T Y P E S OF ARC CUMULATE SUITES

Type P r imary Secondary Typical References*

characteristics characteristics rock types

tM 00
I Olivine gabbro Unzoned, An86+ plagioclase in o l i v i n e olivine gabbro, 1, 4, 6,
common gabbro. Olivine unzoned. Clinopyroxene clinopyroxenite, 7 , 10,
l o w in a l u m i n a gabbronorite 12

II Olivine gabbro O l i v i n e and p l a g i o c l a s e in o l i v i n e g a b b r o olivine-rich ultra- 3, 5, 11

scarce may be z o n e d . P l a g i o c l a s e m o r e sodic, ol- mafic rocks, olivine-
v i n e m o r e m a g n e s i a n than in o t h e r s u i t e s free g a b b r o n o r i t e

III A m p h i b o l e is a U n z o n e d a n o r t h i t e may o c c u r in o l i v i n e - amphibole gabbro, 1, A , 9, U

cumulus phase free rocks. C l i n o p y r o x e n e a l u m i n o u s , may amphibole-rich
have salitic Fe-enrichment trend. Ortho- u l t r a m a f i c rocks
p y r o x e n e may be a b s e n t

•References: 1 - A r c u l u s and W i l l s ( 1 9 8 0 ) ; 2 - B e a r d ( 1 9 8 5 ) ; 3 - C h i v a s ( 1 9 7 7 ) ; 4 - C o n r a d and Kay ( 1 9 8 4 )

5 - G u s t and J o h n s o n (19131); 6 - J a m e s ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; 7 - L e w i s ( 1 9 7 3 ) ; 8 - M e i j e r and R e a g a n ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; 9 - N e v h a l l ( 1 9 7 9 ) ;
1 0 - S m i t h et a l . (1983);; 1 1 - S n o k e et al. ( 1 9 8 1 ) ; 1 2 - S t e r n ( 1 9 7 9 ) .

Boisa Island (Gust and Johnson, 1981), and in the Bear Mountain com-
plex of California (Snoke et al., 1981). Type III suites occur together ^Tholeiitic
with types I and II at several localities, but show independent trends in / Layered
mineralogy and mineral chemistry, especially clinopyroxene chemistry ' Intrusions

(Table 1; Conrad and Kay, 1984). Type III suites have been reported
from the Bear Mountain complex (Snoke et al., 1981), Adak (Conrad
and Kay, 1984), and the Lesser Antilles (Arculus and Wills, 1980).
A* ' I
Plagioclase and Olivine in Arc Cumulates /¿y j * ±
The differences in mineral chemistry between arc cumulates and i ' Ocean Island
tholeiitic layered intrusions were first noted by Wager (1962) and subse- n = 2 3
quently by many others (e.g., Lewis, 1973; Stern, 1979; Arculus and '/ A Bear Mt.
' - / ' '
Wills, 1980; Smith et al., 1983). In Figure 1 the compositions of plagio- ; Ol.-Op* Cumulates
clase and olivine from arc cumulate rocks (plutonic and xenolithic) are '' /' A Adak
contrasted with those from mid-ocean ridge gabbros, ocean island gab- r T St. V i n c e n t
bros, and layered tholeiitic intrusions. It appears that only in arcs does Arc T y p e II M , d
- ° ° ! £ R ¡ d g e
• »• Ki,,s
_ n=24 m Smartville
anorthite occur in rocks containing olivine more iron-rich than Fogs- n = 6
In type I olivine gabbros, both plagioclase and olivine are typically 1Ó0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
unzoned, whereas the olivine-free rocks of the type I suite generally con-
tain strongly zoned plagioclase. The few type I samples that contain both M o l % An in P l a g i o c l a s e
cumulus olivine and cumulus orthopyroxene may also contain strongly Figure 1. Plagioclase anorthite (An) content plotted against olivine
zoned (or more sodic) plagioclase (Baker, 1968; Conrad and Kay, 1984; forsterite (Fo) content in cumulate gabbroic and ultramafic rocks.
Beard, 1985; this paper). Several of these samples, as well as an anoma- Solid lines enclose arc fields; dashed lines enclose other fields. Type II
lous leucograbbro from the Bear Mountain complex (Snoke et al., 1981), arc gabbro data from Gust et al. (1980), Chivas (1977), and Snoke et
al. (1981). Other arc gabbro data from Lewis (1973), Arculus and Wills
are plotted individually in Figure 1. In type III gabbros, unzoned anor- (1980), Conrad and Kay (1984), Stern (1979), Meijer and Reagan
thite may occur in rocks that contain no olivine (Newhall, 1979). In (1981), Baker (1968), Beard (1985), James (1971), Smith et al. (1983),
most type II samples containing both plagioclase and olivine, either the and new data on xenoliths from Arenal (Costa Rica) and St. Vincent.
olivine is relict or the plagioclase is intercumulus, and both phases are See text or References Cited for other locations. Data for layered tho-
zoned. In type II cumulates, the olivine tends to be more magnesian and leiitic intrusions from Morse (1969) (Kiglapait) and Wager and Brown
(1968) (Skaergaard, Kap Edvard Holm, Cullin, Kaervan, Bushveld,
the plagioclase more sodic than in other cumulate types (Fig. 1). Insch, Duluth). Data for oceanic islands from Ludden (1977)
(Comores); Upton and Wadsworth (1972) (Reunion); Tracy (1980)
NONCUMULATE ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH (Tahiti); McBirney and Williams (1969) (Galápagos); LeMaitre (1965)
(Gough Island); and White (1966) (Hawaii). Mid-ocean ridge gabbro
CUMULATES IN ARC PLUTONS
data from Hodges and Papike (1976) and Tiezzi and Scott (1980)
The cumulate rocks in arc plutons occur as central or peripheral (Atlantic); Ito and Anderson (1983) (Cayman Rise); Hebert et al. (1983)
bodies in intrusive complexes or within zoned plutons. The bulk of these (East Pacific Rise); Mazzulo and Bence (1976) (Nazca plate); and Ham-
intrusive systems, however, consists of noncumulate rocks. In a typical lyn and Bonatti (1980) (Indian Ocean, plagioclase peridotite). Plotted
intrusion, the noncumulate rocks range from gabbros, gabbronorites, and points (lines connect the range of compositions observed in a single
sample) are arc gabbros that plot outside of arc field. One of these
hornblende gabbros of basaltic composition to diorites, quartz diorites, points is leucogabbro from Bear Mountain complex; rest are olivine-
and monzodiorites of basaltic andesite to andesite composition (Fig. 2). orthopyroxene cumulates from various modern and ancient arcs.
The noncumulate rocks rarely contain olivine and generally have See text for discussion.

GEOLOGY, October 1986 849

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FeO*
o Non cumulate
A Olivine-bearing
gabbro & diorite
gabbro cumulates
OOlivine-free
gabbro cumulates
0 Ultramafic cumulates

Figure 2. AFM composition of arc plutonic rocks.

Noncumulate data from Beard (1985), Snoke et al.
(1981), Chivas (1977), and Whalen (1985). Cumulate
data from all the above and James (1971), Meijer
and Reagan (1981), Lewis (1973), and Gust et al.
(1980). Three cumulates richest in Fe are all magne-
tite-rich inclusions from Marianas (Meijer and Rea-
gan, 1981). Open symbols = samples from plutons;
filled symbols = xenoliths. Arc volcanic trends from
Brown (1982).

(K,0 + Na20) MgO

1 %— 10% modal quartz. Most contain two pyroxenes and/or hornblende, (1985) and Smith et al. (1983) deals specifically with nonxenolithic
at least one hydrous mafic silicate phase (biotite and/or hornblende), and cumulates whose geological relationship to differentiated noncumulate
one or two Fe-Ti oxide phases. Potassium feldspar is a minor phase in rocks (i.e., same pluton) is unambiguous. The demonstrated geologic/
most rocks, but may constitute up to 15% by volume of the monzodio- petrologic relat ons between cumulate and noncumulate rocks in arc-
rites. The monzodiorites contain biotite, orthopyroxene, and clinopyrox- related zoned intrusions, combined with the abundance of such intru-
ene, and they lack primary amphibole. They are essentially isochemical sions in the roci record, is a strong indication that crystal fractionation
with more "normal" diorites, and they apparently form by crystallization is an important process in the genesis of andesitic rocks in arcs.
of a dry dioritic magma (Snoke et al., 1981; Beard, 1985). Plutons and
intrusive complexes containing both cumulate and noncumulate rocks CONCLUSIONS
occur in continental arcs (Smith et al., 1983; Regan, 1985), oceanic arcs The compositions of plagioclase and olivine that occur together in
(Chivas, 1977; Whalen, 1985), and transitional (or accreted oceanic) arcs arc gabbros are unique to the arc setting despite significant variations in
(Igi et al, 1977; Snoke et al., 1981; Beard, 1985). mineralogy and mineral chemistry among arc cumulate suites. Arc se-
The noncumulate rocks in the gabbroic plutons discussed above quences and arc-related plutons in the rock record can be identified on
form a rock series that is compositionally continuous in terms of whole- the basis of gabbro mineralogy and mineral chemistry.
rock chemistry (basalt to andesite, Fig. 2), mineral chemistry, and modal Cumulate-rearing plutons that are exposed in deeply eroded arcs
mineralogy (Beard, 1985; Whalen, 1985; Snoke et al, 1981; Smith et al, typically also contain a differentiated series of gabbroic to dioritic rocks
1983; Chivas, 1977; Regan, 1985). The presence of a differentiated rock that are chemically equivalent to basaltic to andesitic volcanic rocks.
series in the same pluton as ultramafic to gabbroic cumulates has natur- Geologic and geochemical evidence indicates that the cumulates are
ally led to speculation that the cumulates might be genetically related to genetically related to the differentiation trend seen in the noncumulate
the differentiation trend. Geochemical and mineralogical studies of the rocks. The zoned gabbro-diorite plutons that occur in deeply eroded arcs
Bear Mountain and Koulala igneous complexes (Snoke et al, 1981; Chi- constitute physical evidence that crystal fractionation has an important
vas, 1977) led workers there to propose that the cumulate and noncumu- role in andesite ]>etrogenesis.
late rocks might be petrologically related. Other studies have specifically
modeled crystal fractionation as the cause of the observed lithologic vari-
ation. Smith et al. (1983) modeled trace-element behavior in gabbroic
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 82, p. 99-116.
Early phases of this research were supported by grants from the Society of
Kuno, H., 1962, Catalogue of active volcanos of the world. Part XI: Japan, Tai-
Sigma Xi and by National Science Foundation Grants EAR78-03640 and
wan and the Marianas: Naples, International Volcanological Association,
EAR80-19697 to H. Day and E. Moores. The work was finished while I was on
332 p.
a postdoctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian Institution. This paper benefited
LeMaitre, R.W., 1965, The significance of gabbroic xenoliths from Gough Island, greatly from early reviews by S. Sorensen and from discussions with H. Day,
South Atlantic: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 34, p. 303-317. G. McPherson, W. Melson, and D. Baker. The work presented here represents a
Lewis, J.F., 1973, Petrology of the ejected plutonic blocks of the Soufriere Vol- continuation of studies begun at the University of California, Davis, and some of
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Ludden, J.N., 1977, The mineral chemistry and origin of xenoliths from the lavas
of Anjouan, Comores Archipelago, western Indian Ocean: Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 64, p. 91-107. Manuscript received March 17, 1986
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Nazca plate: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, p. 4327-4352. Manuscript accepted June 23, 1986
McBirney, A.R., and Williams, H., 1969, Geology and petrology of the Galapagos
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Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 77, p. 337-354.

GEOLOGY, October 1986 Primed in U.S.A. 851

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Geology

Characteristic mineralogy of arc-related cumulate gabbros: Implications for the

tectonic setting of gabbroic plutons and for andesite genesis
James S. Beard

Geology 1986;14;848-851
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<848:CMOACG>2.0.CO;2

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