MENSTRU AL CYCLE

&
E m b r y olo gic al D evelo p m e n t
Follicular Phase
It is the first phase of the menstrual
cycle, typically lasting 14 days in most
women. It starts on the first day of
menstruation and ends with ovulation.
During the follicular phase of the menstrual
cycle, the pituitary gland releases Follicle-
stimulating Hormone (FSH) to stimulate the
growth and development of multiple follicles in
the ovary, each containing an immature egg. The
growing follicles produce estrogen, which thickens
the endometrial lining of the uterus. Eventually,
one follicle becomes the dominant follicle, and
the others degenerate. Around the middle of the
follicular phase, estrogen levels peak, and this
signals the pituitary gland to release a surge of
Leutinizing Hormone (LH), which triggers
ovulation, the release of the mature egg from the
dominant follicle.
 2 Hormones produced by the
pituitary gland during Follicular
Phase: Follicle-stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING
HORMONE (FSH)

: It is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in itary Gla

the brain. During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates itu n
the growth and development of the follicles in the

d
ovary. As the follicles grow, they produce estrogen,
which helps thicken the lining of the uterus in
preparation for a potential pregnancy.

LEUTINIZING HORMONE FOLLICULAR PHASE

(LH)
: It is another hormone produced by the pituitary
gland. The surge in LH triggers ovulation, which is Leutinizing Hormone
the release of the mature egg from the dominant (LH)
follicle. LH also causes the follicle to transform into
the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to
further thicken the uterine lining and prepare for
pregnancy.
 LUTEAL PHASE
• The second half of the menstrual
cycle is known as the luteal phase,
which commences roughly on day 15 of
a 28-day cycle and terminates when
menstruation occurs.

• During this menstrual stage, the egg travels

from the ovary to the uterus through the
fallopian tube. If the ovum gets fertilized by a
sperm, it binds to the uterine lining leading to
conception; otherwise, the menstrual cycle
occurs, and the luteal phase ends with the
onset of menstrual bleeding
 SHORT LUTEAL PHASE

A luteal phase of less than 10 days may hinder

conception as it doesn't permit the uterine lining to
develop sufficiently to sustain an embryo. A short
luteal phase might indicate a luteal phase defect
(LPD), which can lead to infertility or miscarriage

LONG LUTEAL PHASE

A lengthy luteal phase, which occurs when

menstruation happens 18 days or more
following ovulation, could signify a hormonal
imbalance such as polycystic ovary syndrome
(PCOS).
 Menstrual Phase

The menstrual phase is the first stage of the menstrual

cycle. It’s also when you get your period.

This phase starts when an egg from the previous cycle

isn’t fertilized. Because pregnancy hasn’t taken place,
levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop.

The thickened lining of your uterus, which would support

a pregnancy, is no longer needed, so it sheds through
your vagina. During your period, you release a
combination of blood, mucus, and tissue from your uterus.
Period Symptoms are Premenstrual Syndrome
like these: (PMS)
cramps (try these
- occurs one to two weeks before your
home remedies)
period begins. Some women experience
tender breasts
a range of physical and emotional
bloating
symptoms. Others experience few
mood swings
symptoms or even none at all. PMS can
irritability cause: bloating, irritability, backaches, headaches,
headaches breast soreness, acne, food cravings,
tiredness excessive fatigue, depression, anxiety,
low back pain feelings of stress, insomnia, constipation,
diarrhea, mild stomach cramps
 Proliferative Phase
The proliferative phase is the second phase of the menstrual cycle in females, which occurs
after the menstrual phase and before the ovulatory phase. It is also known as the follicular
phase, as it is during this phase that the follicle containing the developing egg matures and
prepares for ovulation. It is characterized by an increase in estrogen production by the
developing follicle, which stimulates the growth and proliferation of the endometrial lining of
the uterus.
Difference of Follicular and
Proliferative Phase:
The length of the proliferative
The follicular phase refers to the entire phase of the
menstrual cycle during which the follicle containing the phase can vary from woman to
developing egg matures and prepares for ovulation, the woman but usually lasts for
proliferative phase is a sub-phase of the follicular phase about 7 to 21 days.
that specifically refers to the period of endometrial growth
and preparation for potential implantation.
 Secretory Phase

The secretory phase is a stage within the luteal phase and occurs
approximately 7-10 days after ovulation. During this phase, the
endometrial lining of the uterus thickens in response to rising
levels of progesterone.

The secretory phase is characterized by increased blood flow

to the uterus and the development of glands within the
endometrial lining that secrete nutrients to support a
fertilized egg.
DEVELOPMENT
Haploid Condition and
Diploid Condition Difference
Haploid cells have only a single set of chromosomes,
while Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome.
In humans, the egg and sperm cells are formed through
meiosis, resulting in haploid cells with one set of
chromosomes. And Diploid cells undergo mitosis.
That zygote cell ultimately undergoes development into a
new person. Interestingly in some insect species including
wasps, bees, and ants, the males develop from unfertilized
eggs and are haploid while the females develop from
fertilized eggs and are diploid.
 A.) Haploid Condition

Haploid Condition - is a cell is when it comprises a single

set of chromosomes.
Haploid can refer to the number of chromosomes in the
sperm cells or eggs (gametes).
Gametes in humans are haploid cells that have 23
chromosomes, each set exists in diploid cells.
In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid.
 B.) Diploid Condition
Diploid Condition - is a term that refers to the presence of two
complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent
contributing a chromosome to each pair.
A diploid cell has two complete sets of chromosomes. Most cells in
humans are diploid, comprising 23 chromosome pairs, so 46
chromosomes in total. This is 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex
chromosomes.
One copy of each chromosome pair came from the individual's mother
and the other from the individual's father. Since we have two copies of
each chromosome, we also have two copies of every gene.
Most mammals are diploid, like humans, but some organisms are
polyploid, meaning they have more than two sets of each chromosome.
 C.) Totipotent Cell
Totipotent Cell-ability of a single cell to divide and
produce all the differentiated cells in an organism,
including extraembryonic tissues.
-An isolated cell that is able to produce a fertile adult
individual.

-can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic

cell types.

-Totipotent cells formed during sexual and asexual

reproduction include spores and zygotes.
 D.) Gametogenisis
: It is the process of forming gametes, which are the
specialized reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that
fuse during fertilization to form a zygote. In
embryonic development, gametogenesis is the process
by which the primordial germ cells (PGCs) develop
into mature gametes.
2 phases:
SPERMATOGENESIS is the process of producing mature sperm
cells in males. It occurs continuously throughout a male's
reproductive life, beginning at puberty and continuing into old
age.
OOGENESIS is the process of producing mature egg cells in
females. It begins before birth, but the process is arrested at Oogenesis Spermatogenesis
the prophase I stage of meiosis until puberty.
Before an ovum becomes
an embryo, it must
undergo
fertilization, cleavage,
and implantation.
 E.) FERTILIZATION
Fertilization is when a sperm
and egg combine in a
Fallopian tube. Sperm travel
from the vagina, through the
cervix and uterus, to reach
the Fallopian tube. The
resulting zygote has a full set
of chromosomes, half from
the egg and half from the
sperm.
F.) CLEAVAGE
• After fertilization, the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell
division, called cleavage, as it moves through the Fallopian tube.
This produces a ball of cells known as a morula, which does not
increase in size. Further cleavage leads to the formation of a
fluid-filled cavity within the ball of cells, creating a blastocyst.

• Cleavage serves two main purposes: it forms a

multicellular embryo and organizes the embryo
into developmental regions.
 G.) Gastrulation
a process of cellular rearrangement which involves
migration, invagination and differentiation of the
epiblast. It is largely controlled and orchestrated by
the primitive streak. The primitive streak is a groove
in the midline of the epiblast which appears during
the third week. Within the primitive streak lies a
primitive node at the cranial end, and within the
primitive node lies the primitive pit.
 These three cell layers are then
responsible for forming the
Cells of the epiblast layer break off and different tissues of the fetus.
migrate toward the primitive pit. Here, they
detach and penetrate through the epiblast
layer to form three new germ cell layers:
Endoderm – formed by epiblast cells that
migrate through the primitive pit and
displace the hypoblast cells.
Mesoderm – formed by epiblast cells that
migrate through the primitive pit and lie
between the epiblast layer and the newly
created endoderm.
Ectoderm – formed by the epiblast cells
that remain in position.
 H.) Morula
A morula is a microscopic ball or
cluster of cells formed through cell
division very early in the embryonic
development that occurs after the
formation of a zygote through
fertilization (the uniting of the sperm
and egg) but before the blastocyst
stage. A zygote is term that means
an egg that has been fertilized.
 Blastomeres
How a Morula is formed resulting from a number of cleavages
of a zygote, or fertilized egg
The morula forms after
Desmosomes are adhesive
fertilization and multiple intercellular junctions that
cleavages about 4 days after mechanically integrate adjacent cells
by coupling adhesive interactions
fertilization. During morula
mediated by desmosomal cadherins
formation compaction occurs, to the intermediate filament
tightening the blastomeres, and cytoskeletal network.
desmosomes and gap junctions Gap junctions are aggregates of
form. Desmosomes are protein intercellular channels that permit
direct cell–cell transfer of ions and
structures that attach cells
small molecules.
together.
 I.) Blastocyst
-It is a hollow cellular mass formed during the early development
consisting of cells forming the trophectoderm, the inner cell mass,
and the fluid-filled cavity or the blastocoel.
It is formed in a process called blastulation between 5-14 days
after fertilization.

Blastocysts follow after the morula phase, which is when the egg
becomes a solid ball of cells until day three. At this point, the
growing embryo needs space. To compensate for this need, the
blastocyst forms a larger, hollow ball of cells with a fluid center
to better meet its growing cellular constraints.

The most important features of blastocyst development is its

journey to the uterine wall. As blastocyst grows, the little
organism will need more food and a safe space to expand itself.
 How is A Blastocyst
created?
After fertilization, the zygote is formed.
Over the next few days, this zygote encased
in the zona pellucida that will undergo a
series of cell divisions, progressing through
2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, and 16-cell stages.
During this progression, the cells are known
as blastomeres.
After the development of the 16-cell embryo The stretched zona pellucida then breaks
has formed, the blastomeres begin to join to and releases the blastocyst, known as
create inner and outer layers (the inner cell hatching. The blastocyst then adheres to
mass, trophectoderm, and blastocoel cavity). the endometrial wall of the uterus. This
Once fluid has accumulated inside the process of attachment of blastocyst to the
structure, it enters the blastocyst stage. uterine wall is known as implantation.
 J.) Implantation
It is a process in which a developing embryo, moving as a
blastocyst through a uterus that attaches to the endometrium
and begins gestation. It begins at the end of the first week
and is completed by the end of the second week of gestation.
Implantation occurs in the endometrium of the uterus superior
in the body region. It involves a receptive endometrium and
hormonal factors such as estrogen, progesterone, prolactin as
well as cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, and HOX
genes.

Further, the uterus is ready to accept the implanting embryo

only during a limited period of time known as the ‘window of
implantation’, outside of which the endometrium may be
indifferent or even hostile to the embryo.

The Implantation Process

• Hatching - Blastocyst gets released

from zona pellucida.

• Apposition - The very first, loose

connection between the blastocyst and
the endometrium.

• Adhesion - The trophoblast adhere

by penetrating the endometrium, with
protrusions of trophoblast cells.

• Invasion - Invading into the uterine

stroma.
 Successful implantation depends on the blastocyst binding to the
endometrium

Despite the contact between the blastocyst and the endometrium,

implantation can fail. There are many potential causes of errors.
If implantation does not occur, the endometrium breaks down and
sheds, along with the blastocyst, as part of the menstrual cycle.
However, if a blastocyst does implant, then the endometrium
remains in the uterus, and together with uterine tissue, becomes
the maternal portion of the placenta, called the deciduas.
Successful implantation (not fertilization or conception) equals the start
of a pregnancy.
Implantation is the first trigger for the body to start producing hCG
(human chorionic gonadotropin, also known as the pregnancy hormone).
Pregnancy tests (both home urine tests and blood tests) look for the
presence of hCG to confirm a pregnancy. Implantation must occur for
this hormone to be produced.
Getting a positive result on a pregnancy test, means that implantation
has taken place (since your body had started to produce the hCG
hormone, and the test detected this hormone).

- Bloating
Possible signs of
- Tender Breasts
Implantation:
- Nausea
- Headaches
- Bleeding
- Changes in Mood
- Cramps
- Implantation Dip ( a 1-day decrease in your
- Discharge basal body temperature)
 K.) Organogenesis
Three germ layer in
Organogenesis:
The ectoderm gives rise to the
Organogenesis is the process by which the cells of the developing embryo
skin, nervous system, and differentiate and organize themselves into the specialized structures and
sensory organs. organs of the body. It is a crucial stage in the development of the embryo
The mesoderm gives rise to that takes place in the first trimester of pregnancy.
muscle, bone, cartilage, and

connective tissues. As organogenesis progresses, the cells continue to differentiate and

The endoderm gives rise to organize themselves into more complex structures. For example, the heart
the digestive and respiratory forms from a tube-like structure that develops from mesoderm cells. The
systems, as well as the liver brain and spinal cord form from a process called neurulation, which
involves the folding and fusion of the ectoderm.
and pancreas.

Errors in organogenesis can lead to birth defects or developmental

abnormalities. Therefore, it is important for the developing embryo to
have proper nutrition, oxygen supply, and protection from harmful
substances during this critical period.
 L.) Gestation

Gestation refers to the period of development between fertilization and

birth in animals that give live birth, including humans. It is the time
during which the embryo grows and develops inside the mother's uterus
or womb.

The average gestation period in humans is 40 weeks, or 9 months. The

embryo goes through a number of intricate developmental processes at
this stage, including as cell division, differentiation, and organogenesis.
Additionally, the placenta develops, supplying the developing fetus with
nutrients and oxygen while also removing waste.
 Gestation is divided into three trimesters, each of
which lasts approximately three months.

During the first trimester, the embryo

develops major organs, including the
heart, lungs, and brain.

In the second trimester, the fetus grows

rapidly and begins to develop features
such as hair, nails, and eyelashes.

During the third trimester, the fetus

continues to grow and develop, and the
mother's body prepares for childbirth.
M.) Growth
The embryonic stage lasts through the eighth week
following fertilization. During this time, the embryo grows
in size and becomes more complex. It develops specialized
cells and tissues and starts to form most organs.

The role of growth factors in embryonic development.

Growth factors play key roles in influencing cell fate and
behaviour during development. The epithelial cells and fibre
cells that arise from the lens vesicle during lens
morphogenesis are bathed by aqueous and vitreous,
respectively.
Growth:
First Trimester
The first trimester is when the cell starts to divide.
The zygote begins to develop.
At the end of this trimester the:
• Head is round
• Eyes are closed
• Taste buds are forming
• The internal organs move into the body cavity
• Upper and lower limbs are formed.
Growth:
Second Trimester
The Second Trimester
In the second trimester the baby becoming
more developed.
The baby develops more.
At the end of the trimester:
• The baby's eyes are open.
• The sex is determined.
• The baby weighs 12.5 ounces.
• Bones and muscles are growing steadily.
Growth:
Third Trimester
The Third Trimester
In the third trimester the baby is developing.
What is developed:
• Footprints and fingerprints are formed.
• Eyelids open and close.
• Brain development grows rapidly
• The baby is born.
N.) Human Embryo
Human embryogenesis is a complicated process by
which a fertilized egg develops into an embryo. During
the first eight weeks of development, the conceptus
shifts from a single-celled zygote into a multi-layered,
multi-dimensional fetus with primitively functioning
organs
 O.) Human Fetus
In human prenatal development, fetal development
begins from the ninth week after fertilization (or eleventh
week gestational age) and continues until birth. Prenatal
development is a continuum, with no clear defining
feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, a
fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major
body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed
and functional and some not yet situated in their final
anatomical location.
 P.) Monozygotic Twins
Identical twins (also called monozygotic twins) result
from the fertilization of a single egg by a single sperm,
with the fertilized egg then splitting into two.
Identical twins share the same genomes and are always
of the same sex.
 Q.)Dizygotic twins
ALSO KNOWN AS FRATERNAL TWINS, ARE TWINS THAT
DEVELOP FROM TWO SEPARATE EGGS FERTILIZED BY TWO
SEPARATE SPERM CELLS. DIZYGOTIC TWINS ARE MORE
COMMON THAN MONOZYGOTIC (IDENTICAL) TWINS,
ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT TWO-THIRDS OF ALL TWIN
PREGNANCIES.
HOW?
CAN:
Dizygotic twinning occurs when a woman's
ovaries release two eggs during ovulation, and Be same or Be similar or dissimilar
both eggs are fertilized by separate sperm different genders. in appearance.
cells. This results in two separate embryos
with their own placenta and amniotic sac.
Because each embryo has its own genetic Can have different medical conditions or
makeup, dizygotic twins are no more similar be affected by different genetic
than any other siblings born at different disorders, depending on their individual
times. genetic makeup.
GROUP 5

Members:

- Jimenez, Servando III

- Augusto, Ivony Lovein
- Boligao, Thania Erica
- Desamparado, Franz
- Rondez, Howard Neil
- Rebuquio, Jhon Viane Thea
- Pepito, Lebron James