Hormones of The Gonads

Hormones of the gonads
 The gonads, testes in males and ovaries in females, also

secrete hormones that influence growth and development.
 In males before birth, the testes of a boy produce the
hormone testosterone which influence sexual development
and cause the male sex organ to develop
 At puberty, the ovaries in girls secrete the hormone
oestrogen. Boys secrete large amount of testosterone from
the testes at this time.
 These hormones are secreted in response to signals from the
pituitary which is able to develop further development in man
and woman
 This starts between ages of 10 and 14, as boys and girls
develop the physical features that distinguish male from
female and this physical features are called SECONDARY
SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Menstrual Cycle
 The menstrual cycle refers to the 28 day cycle of changes occurring in the
ovaries and lining of the uterus of a reproducing female.
 It involves a series of events controlled by hormones from the pituitary
gland and the ovary.
 These include, FSH, LH, OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE.
 FSH: stimulates graafian follicle to develop in an ovary and an ovum to
mature inside the follicle and stimulate production of oestrogen
 Oestrogen: stimulates the uterus lining to thicken and its blood supply to
increase after menstruation and it causes the pituitary gland to stop
secreting FSH to secrete LH
 LH: a sudden rise in LH causes ovulation to take place and it stimulate
corpus luteum to develop in the ovary to secrete progesterone
 Progesterone: is produced by corpus luteum and it causes the uterus lining
to increase in thickness and remain thick. The decrease in progesterone
causes the uterine lining to breakdown or degenerate.
Review
Shanequa’s period began on June 16th. Predict for Shanequa:
 when ovulation will occur

 the next date for the beginning of menstruation.
 the period when she is least likely to become pregnant
 the period when she is most likely to become pregnant
 If her menstrual cycle is 28 days
Menstrual Cycle Overview
 Is the monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and the

lining of the uterus (endometrium), starting with the
preparation of an egg for fertilization.
 When the follicle of the prepared egg in the ovary breaks,
it is released for fertilization and ovulation occurs.
 Unless pregnancy occurs, the cycle ends with the shedding
of part of the uterus lining, which is menstruation (period).
Although it is actually the end of the physical cycle, the
first day of menstrual bleeding is designated as "day 1" of
the menstrual cycle in medical terms.
Menstrual Cycle cont.
 At birth, a girl contains about 2 million immature eggs (oocytes) in her ovaries
 At puberty, her menstrual cycle begins and one of the immature eggs begins to
develop into a follicle (egg + follicular cells) each month thereon until
menopause
 As the follicle matures, the ovary secretes oestrogen which builds up the lining
of the uterus in preparation for possible implantation
 Approximately 14 days after the beginning of the cycle, the high
oestrogen levels cause the mature egg to be released from the ovary
 The egg is moved along the fallopian tube by the cilia
 The empty sac left behind in the ovary becomes the corpus luteum
(yellow body) and secretes progesterone. This causes the uterus lining
to continue to thicken and maintains the lining
 If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down and so
progesterone secretion is stopped causing the uterus lining to break
down (period). This results in the loss of the lining and blood through the
vagina.
 The bleeding ususally lasts for 3 to 7 days
 However, if fertilisation does occur, the fertilised egg releases a
hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to remain active
 The cycle repeats every 28 days, with the period designated as day 1
Review
 During a menstrual cycle in which there is no pregnancy, what happens

in:
(1) The uterus
(2) The ovaries
a. During the first four days
b. During days 5 – 13
c. On day 14
d. During days 15 – 28
Fertilization
 Fertilization can be defined as the fusion of the male gamete ( sperm )
and the female gametes (ova or egg)to form a zygote
 The zygote divides by mitosis as it moves slowly into the uterus
 After several hours, this forms a ball of cells called the embryo, which
moves into the uterus and sink into the uterus lining, this process is
called Implantation.
 If fertilization takes place and the zygote becomes successfully implant
itself, the female is said to be preganant
 Gestation period
 Fetal development period from the time of conception until birth.
Development of the fetus and
placenta
 The cells of the embryo continue to divide and some of
the cell develop into placenta.
 The placenta connects it very closely with the wall of the
uterus
 The placenta has various functions which include the
following
 It allows exchange of materials between the mother and
the fetus e.g oxygen, water, amino acids
 It protects the embryo by preventing many pathogens
and chemicals from crossing the placenta.
 It produces the hormones important for a successful
pregnancy
 The fetus is surrounded by a strong membrane called
the amnion
 The amnion forms a sac which contain a liquid called
amniotic fluid which helps to leep a constant
environment around the fetus.
 It helps to support and protect the fetus from harm.

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Hormones of the gonads

 The gonads, testes in males and ovaries in females, also

Shanequa’s period began on June 16th. Predict for Shanequa:

 when ovulation will occur

 Is the monthly cycle of changes in the ovaries and the

 During a menstrual cycle in which there is no pregnancy, what happens

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