· Kaks

PHYSICS For JEE {Main & Advanced)

• Mathematical Tools
·~ Unit and Dimension
• Vectors
• Kinematics
Newton's Laws of Motion
• Work Power and Energy
• Center of Mass
• Rotation
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1. WORK
Concept: The work 'W' d .
displacement s is defined asone by a constant force F when its point of application undergoes a

W= p.; = Fs cos 0
Where 0 is the angle between ands.
Work is a scalar quantity and its
. SI umt
. 1s
. N-m or joule (J)

lllustration-1
A block of mass
• .1- r in an elevator moving down with an acceleration '2 m1s2. Find the
k ,,0. 5 kg,. is kent
,nagm1uuc:
• t wort. uone 1 ,n Jou/el
, -/ b 1h e normal contact force on the block in first second. /n,ttal/y
··
2
system 1s a res 1g = 10 mis )
Solution: N

From Newton 's 2nd law of motion-

0. 5 g-N= 0.5 x 2
N=4N
l 2m/sec'

D = 0 + 112 x2 x] 2 = Im
Work done 0.5g

W= F·d =--4J

Illustration-2
. .
A car comes to a skidding stop in 15m. The force on the car due to the road is I 000 N. Determine the
work done by road on the car and car on the road respectively.

Solution:
Displacement of the car 'd' = 15m,
Work done by road on the car-
W = F.d =-1000 x 15] =- 15 k]
( ·. · no displacement of road)
Work done by car on the road= 0

1.1 WORK DONE BY AV ARIABLE FORCE

When the magnitude and direction of a force varies with position, the work done by such a
force for an infinitesimal ds is given by

dW= F·ds

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21
The total work done in going from A to B

J J(F cos 0 )ds

8 B
W AB = F · ds =
A A

In terms of rectangular components,

F=F• i+F1~+Fk
y z

ds = dxi + dy J + dzk
WAB=J(F_i+Fy1+F,k).(dx/ +dy) +dzk)

i9 YB z9

or W AB= f F,dx + J FYdy + J F,dz

'A
'A 'A

1.2 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE

Wherever a spring is stretched or compressed, the spring force always tend to restore it to the
equilibrium position
If x be the displacement of the free end of the spring from its equilibrium position then, the
magnitude of the spring force is
F,=-kx
The negative sign indicates that the force is restoring.
The work done by the spring force for a displacement from Xi to xr is given by
'f
1
or WS =--k(x 2
-x.I2)
W,=JF,dx =- fkxdx 2 f
'i

Illustration-3
The figure (A) shows a smooth circular path of radius R in the vertical plane which subtends an

O
Q
~B
angle of trf2 at O. A block of mass m is taken from position A to B under the action of a constant
Vorce F. Find the work done by this force.
1
' .

R!
. ! m F
A

Solution:
When the block moves from A to B, the displacement
of the block in the direction off orce is R.
:
Therefo re, the work done by the constant force Fis

W=FR
A lternatively,

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woRK pOWER AND ENERGY
X/-PM/-222 If'
w== JF.ds = JFdscos 0
R
or W= fFdx
0 (ds cos 0 = dx)

or W=FR

lllustration-4
Jn the illustration I, if the block is ll
'ind the work done by thisfio b pu ed by a force F which is always tangential to the surface then,
rce etween A and B.

Oo·········• · ..... B
F

F
A
Solution:
In this case, force ·and displacement are always parallel to each other, i.e. 0 = 0, the
. .
displacement of the block in the direction offorce is !!.. R. Thus, the work done by the force is
2

= !!_FR
2

Illustration-5
force F = (2 - x) N is acting on the particle of mass 2 kg. What is the work done on the particle
rfter ii has travelled 3 m along x axis starting from x = 0.
olution:

f Since force is variable,

W= Ix,., Fdx
.

= J: (2-x)dx = (2x- x;):

= 2x3-!...(9-0) =6-4.5
2
1.5 1

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 WORK POWER AND ENERGY

2. TYPES OF FORCES .
2.1 CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES
A force is said to be conservative if the work done by the force in moving a particle from one
point to another point does not depend upon the path taken but depends upon the initial and
final positions. The work done by a conservative force around a closed path is z.ero.
Gravitational force, electric force, spring force etc. are examples of conservative forces. All
central forces are conservative forces.
If the work done by a force in moving a body from one point to another point depends upon the
path followed, then the force is said to be non-conservative. The work done by such a force in
moving a particle around a closed path is not zero. For example, the frictional forces and
viscous forces work in an irreversible manner and a part of energy is lost in overcoming these
frictional forces (Mechanical energy is converted to other energy forms such as heat, sound
etc. ). Therefore these are non-conservative forces.

3. POTENTIAL ENERGY
It is the energy of a body possessed by virtue of its position or the energy possessed by the
body due to its state.
It is independent of the way in which body is taken to this state. It. is a relative parameter and
depends upon its value at reference level.
Change in potential' energy can.be defined as negative of work done by the conservative force
in carrying a body from reference position to the position under consideration
i.e., 1'1U = - W AB
Where A is initial state, B is final state and W AB is the work done by conservative forces.
Since potential energy depends upon work done by conservative force only, hence it can't be
defined for non-conservative force(s) because in this type of force work done depend upon the
path followed.

4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE AND POTENTIAL ENERGY

If a body is taken from A to B in such a way that there is no net change in kinetic energy
Work done= -change in P.E.
F l1r = U _: (U + 1'1U)
-----tv-----
A B
=-1'1U
u UtAU

if &-o
F =- lim 1'1U =- dU
"'__, 0 M dr
i.e. force at any point in the conservative field is equal to rate of change of potential energy
w.r.t position at that point.

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WORK POWER AND ENERGY ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;; XI-PMl-224 If'
5. WORK - ENERGY THEOREM
The net work done by the resultant force acting on a particle is equal to the change in the
kinetic energy of the particle. If u and v are the initial and final speeds of a particle of mass m,
the net work. Wne1, done by the resultant force is given by

Wnd = ..!..mv -..!..mu

2 2

2 2
If Afc is change in the kinetic energy,
Afc=W.....

6. CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

The sum of kinetic and potential energy in conservative systems is constant but it can be
transformed from one form to another form. The swn of total change in potential energy ~U
and total change in kinetic energy Afc is zero if only conservative forces are acting on the
system and there is no loss of energy in overcoming non-conservative forces.
~U + M = ~(U + k) = 0
Integrating, U + k = constant.
·Thus if only conservative forces act and perform work, the total mechanical energy of the
system is conserved i.e. the change in the total mechanical energy of the system is zero. This is
called conservation of mechanical energy.

- . Illustration-6
A frictionless roller coaster of mass m starts at point A with speed v0 as shown in the figure. Assume
that the roller coaster can be considered as a point particle and that it always remains on the track.
A

h
'
''' ' '
----*--------_:t -------~------~D___. .; ; E
I+-··· a ···+14··· a ---"'4---b ··+14-··L ··+I ·
(a) Find the speed of the roller coaster at point B and C.
(b) What constant deceleration is required to stop it at point E if the brakes are applied at point D?
Solution:
(a) As the point A and B are at the same height h, the potential energy is the same at the these
points. Conservatiqn of energy requires that K.E. at B is equal to that at A. Hence speed of
roller coaster at B will be vo.

Mechanical energy at A = -1 m v/ + mg h
2
1
Mechanical energy at C =- m v1 + m g(h/2)
2
where v is the velocity of roller coaster at C.
According to conservation of mechanical energy, we get

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 WORK POWER AND ENERGY

1 mg h
+ mg h = m v2 + - -
2
- m Vo

2 .---:---- 2
v = ,./(v: + g h)
(b) At point D, there is no potential energy and only the energy is kinetic energy. If the velocity
of roller coaster at D be VJ, we get
I
K.E.atD= -mv/
2
According to conservation of energy,
I 2 I i
-m VJ =-m Vo + mgh
2 2
v/ = va2 + 2gh
Let the deceleration be a, then using the formula along distance DE= L,
0 = (va2 + 2 g h) - 2 a L
v: + 2gh
a=
2L

Illustration-7
A 1 kg block collides with a horizontal light spring of force constant 2 Nim. The maximum
compression in the spring is 4 m. Assuming that co-efficient of kinetic friction between the block and
the horizontal surface is 0.25, what is initially speed of the block?

Solution:
n 00000000 '-

Let u be the speed ofthe block at the instant of collision,

From work-energy theorem, we have
,11(= Wg + WN + W1_+ w,
I . 1 2
or, 0- -mu 1 = 0 + 0 + (-ft.4)--k(4)
2 2

or, !_ mu2 = 4 µ,, mg + !_ k x I 6

2 2
Solving, we get
V = 7.J8J m/s

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 Illustration-8
2
A block of mass kg moving with speed 2mls compresses a spring through a distance 20cm before its
speed is halved. What is the value of spring constant?
Solution:

If total work done by all the non-conservative forces on a particle or the system ofparticles is zero
then total mechanical energy i.e. total kinetic energy + total potential energy remains constant.
Applying conservation of mechanical energy at initial and final position,
K, +u, =K1 +u1

.!.mv2+0=.!.m(~)2 +.!.k.x2, k=3mv2 =3x2x2' =150N/m

2 2 2 2 4x 2 4x(0.2)'

Illustration-9
A chain of mass .
= 3 kg and length 3 m is hanging over the edge of smooth table by -1 rd of its
. total
3
length. What is minimum work done to pull the hanging part of chain on the table.
(Assume g = JO m/sec2) '·
Solution:
F+- OO(liJOOO

, ,

For the work done to be minimum all work should go to increase the potential energy of the chain.
(i.e. it should not increase the K. E.)
Change in potential energy
m I
=3.g.6
3 3
=-xJOx- =5J
3 6
Hence work done 5J

7. POWER
It is defined as the rate at w hich the work is done. If an amount of work !:l. W is done in time
!:l.W
!:l.t, average power, P1 v = Af

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 WORK POWER AND ENERGY

Instantaneous power p = Lim( /:J.W) = dW

ru....o /:J.t dt
Work done by a force Fon an object that has infinitesimally small displacement ds is dW =F
ds.

then instantaneous power, P

dW F-cis = F•v
dt dt
S.l. unit of power is watt or Joule/second and it is a scalar quantity.

Illustration-] 0
A block of mass 2 kg is being pulled up the inclined plane with constant acceleration 2 mlsec' from
resL What is average power from t = oto t = 2 seconds supplied by force. Also determine the rate of
doing the work at t = 2 seconds.

30°
FO
Solution: N

According to Newton's /Ind law

(F - mg sin 30°) = ma
F =ma+ mg sin 30°

= 2[2+1oxi] FO mg

= 2 7 = N.
X ]4 . . . (i)

displacement from t = 0 ---+ 2 sec.

1 1
S = ut + - at 2 =0 + - x2x4 = 4m
2 2
Tota/work
Pavg= - - - -
Tota/ time

dW = 28 J/sec.
dt
Speed at t = 2 sec.
v= u + at = 0 + 2 x 2 = 4 m/sec

P= dW
dt
= F. v = 14 x 4 = 56 J/sec.

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WORK POWER AND ENERGY ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;~~~ XI-PMl-228 If'
8. MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE
Consider a particle of mass m attached to one end of a string and rotated in a vertical circle of
radius r with centre 0. The speed of the particle will decrease as the particle travels from the
lowest point to the highest point and the speed will increase when c
the particle travels from the highest point to the lowest point due
to acceleration due to gravity.
D l----+---"4---1 E
If the particle is moving with velocity v at any instant at A, where
the string is subtending · an angle 0 with the vertical, the forces
acting on the particle are tension T in the string directed towards
AO and weight mg acting downwar~s.
The net force T - mg cos 0 directed towards the centre provides the centripetal force,
mv 2
T-mgcos0= - -
r
v2
T = m (g cos 0 +-)
r
If vo is the speed of the particle at the highest point, the velocity increases as particle falls
through any height h. If it falls from C to A, the vertical distance h is given by
h =CF= CO+ OF= CO+ OA cos 0 = r + r _cos 0
h = r (l+cos 0)
v2 = v0Z + 2 gh = va2 + 2gr (1 + cos 0) (because tension does no work)
• At the highest point C,
0 := 180°,

TensionatC=Tc=m[ v} +gcos(l80)] =m[ v}-g]

• The particle will fall because the string will slacken if Tc is negative.
• Therefore, the minimum velocity at the highest point is corresponding to the situation
where Tc is just zero i.e., when

m[ v}-g]= 0, or vo= .{rg

At the lowest point B, 0 = 0, tension T8 is given by

T8 = m [ v; + g] where v8 is velocity at B.

vi= va2 + 4 rg= rg+ 4rg= 5rg (using v2 = u2 + 2gh)

va=~
• Minimum tension at B when the particle completes the circle,

Ta =m [ s;g + g] = 6 mg

mv 2
At the point E, when 0 = 90°, TE= __ E
r
Where velocity at E, V£, is given by

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 WORK POWER AND ENERGY

vl = v/ + 2 rg = rg + 2rg = 3rg
V£= J3ri
Tension at E corresponding to speed V£ is

h=m(3:g) = 3 mg
. . •d th tring but is moving along a
• In another case the parttcle of mass m 1s not tie to e s . .
th
circular track of radius r and has nonnal reaction N while it is moving Wi a velocity v
and its radius vector is subtending an angle 0 with the vertical, then
N

CM
2
mv
mgcos0-N= - -
r
. . mv 2
At highest pomt, mg - N = - -
r
mg
Wh~n N = 0, v = -frg
• Therefore v = -frg is the minimum speed with which the particle can move at the
highest point without losing the contact.

Illustration-11
The string of a pendulum of length I is displaced through 60° from the- vertical and released.
Determine the minimum strength of the string in order to withstand the tension as the pendulum
passes through the mean position is (mass of bob is m)
Solution:

By conservation ofenergy, mg/( I - cos 600) = !.... mv

2 1

. 2
v=.Jii
mv2
T=mg+--=2mg
I

Illustration-12
A ball of mass m is attached to one end of a light rod of length 1, the other end of which is hinged.
What minimum velocity u should be imparted to the ball downwards, so that it can complete the
circle?
l- ______._1_0
u
Solution:
In the critical case velocity at topmost point should be zero. i.e.
Applying v1 =u 1 -2gh,
2
0=u -2gl (h = I)
or u =Jiii
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