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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:07/July-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
ONLINE DOCTOR APPOINTMENT BOOKING SYSTEM
Geeta*1, Shivagonda Patil*2
*1Student, Department Of MCA (CSE) Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, India.
*2Assistant Professor, Department Of MCA (CSE) Visvesvaraya
Technological University In Belagavi, India.
ABSTRACT
A doctor must have access to, examine, research, and diagnose a patient with such a sickness or ailment
through medical visits and consultations. Studies in this area have been done, some allowing patients to
arrange appointments with specialists, and the primary stream of these studies solely dealing with the
appointment scheduling process. Real- time patient choice, in which patients may pick a day and time and the
system will automatically assign a doctor who is available at that time, as well as handle patient scheduling
appointments with doctors the portable broad range of application utilized in a few fields to save time handled
in capacities and integrating a few fields is also a good option. Clinical and portable applications are examined
and provided in this study. Flexible applications are shown as having a significant impact on the testing and
evaluation of human service frameworks.
Keywords: Appointment, Online Application, Hospital Schedule, Health Care.
I. INTRODUCTION
Patients' valuable time may be saved and the physical distance between physicians and patients reduced by
using a web- based solution. Using online terminals and customized services, physicians and patients are able
to have access to the information they need to have a stronger relationship. As a result of the epidemic, there
have been several difficulties. Standing in line or contacting the hospital directly is not an option if you want to
obtain an appointment. An Online Doctor Appointment System was built with this in mind. The primary goal of
this project is to make it simple for patients to schedule appointments using an online application that
addresses their concerns. In order to make an appointment, the patient may do it online. Because of the
information provided by this application, patients will be able to examine the doctor's schedule and book an
appointment based on their needs. Doctors and patients may both save time this way [5].
If you're sick and want to see a doctor, you'll have to go to the hospital and wait for an appointment. Getting an
appointment requires a patient to wait in line. If the doctor cancels the appointment for certain emergency
reasons, the patient will not hear about it until he or she visits the hospital. There are several mobile apps that
may alleviate the challenges and inconveniences that patients face since mobile communication technology is
advancing so swiftly [2].
Patients may check in at the clinic or hospital's counter before meeting with a doctor. Queuing up for a
consultation is the goal of this stage, and people are really doing it. That's the real reason why so many people
were still waiting in line for their appointments. To prevent lengthy lines, the registration procedure must be
easy and fast. According to a study conducted in 2017, the excessive wait times are caused by long lines at the
registration counter, which is manned by a single employee who is also in charge of assigning patients
appointments. Waiting times in hospitals and clinics may also be caused by a lack of personnel. Online
reservation systems are the answer to this problem. This saves money by not needing to hire additional people
to work at the registration desk, and it also reduces patient wait time [1].
All patients should have access to timely and convenient healthcare facilities as part of a well-designed
healthcare process. Patient wait times may be reduced via Appointment Scheduling (AS), which improves the
usage of costly personnel and facilities' medical resources. When it comes to healthcare scheduling [16]
appointment scheduling is all about creating an appointment system that maximizes a given quality standard.
Programs for healthcare management are primarily responsible for reducing public hospital patient wait times
and increasing patient satisfaction. There may be a variety of challenges that outpatient healthcare providers
must overcome when dealing with a high number of patients. A patient's experience might be harmed and the
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quality of care can be compromised if they have to wait a lengthy time for a treatment [9]. Hospitals and clinics,
in general, are seeing a steady increase in the number of patients they serve. In order to keep patients coming in
and keep them coming back, hospitals need to provide fast and efficient healthcare facilities. Achieving
optimum capacity distribution depends on locating bottlenecks, anticipating demand-driven diversification's
impact and computing the ideal distribution's optimal capacity. By identifying the best practices, using
quantifiable methodologies, and having a duty to improve, healthcare institutions are judged [2].
An online doctor's appointment website that allows users to make appointments fast and easily is the focus of
this study. The patient's biggest complaint is the lengthening of the wait time. High-level business people
seldom have time to go to the hospital. Their hectic schedule necessitates an early booking of their appointment
[15]. Time management in hospitals may be improved using this online application. Both the hospital and the
clinicians who have treated the patient might be reviewed by the patient. After each appointment, patients are
given the opportunity to rate their doctor. A new patient may make an educated guess about a doctor's
consultation based on the reviews and ratings they've received from other patients. This patient's nearest
hospital may be found with ease by searching online for the name of the facility in the area. The patient's
report is stored in his or her logon for future use. This online application also mentions the doctor's cost.
Healthcare and hygiene are important topics that everyone should be aware of. Medical camps may be used to
impart this knowledge to the public. There is no omission of medical Camp related material. Waiting at a
hospital is considerably worse for those over 60 [6].
Both physically and psychologically, they might be injured by this. Patient time is squandered when he is kept
waiting for lengthy periods of time without being able to see the doctor. As a result, patients who make their
appointments in advance will save time. Hospital appointment scheduling is often done by hand, which may
result in additional travel costs [13]. As a result, internet reservations are an excellent way to save both time
and money. Patients' records are kept on paper at most hospitals. This is not a secure method of storing
information. Patients' information should be stored in a database in the ever-evolving world of technology.
Both the hospital and the patient may schedule appointments using these two Web apps. In order to build the
appointment Web application, the Python programming language was used. MYSQL is used to store and
retrieve information about the doctor, the patient, and the hospital [7].
Name, specialty, and appointment time are all included in a doctor's personal information. A patient's id, name,
report, and appointment time are all included in the patient data. Doctors and patients are two of the most
important pieces of information to include in a hospital's records. Basic familiarity of mobile and internet
usage is required for the user [3]. To begin, the user must first sign up for an account, either using a username
and password or a phone number. It is possible for a patient to update his or her personal information as well
as look for and provide feedback about a doctor or facility. In addition, the Web application offers a discussion
forum where users may interact with one another and our support staff about any problems they may be
encountering. The Web application's user interface has been thoughtfully crafted to make it easy for anybody to
use. The administrator has access to a separate interface for updating information about the doctor's
availability. It is the responsibility of hospital administration to keep all pertinent information, such as the
location, physicians on call, and operating hours, up to date [12].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Waiting Time
To say that one must wait for a certain action to take place after a request or mandate has been made for that
action is to use the term "waiting time" (Fernandes et al., 1994). "The amount of time between the time the
patient attended the outpatient clinic to the time the patient actually got his or her prescription" has been
characterised as "patient waiting time" (Jamaiah, 2003). It is defined as the time it takes to get a doctor's
appointment after registering. There were two stages of waiting: first, to see a doctor, and second, to get
medication (Suriani, 2003).
Managing Patients’ Appointment system
Managing patient appointment system is a computer programme used to manage and decrease patient
waiting time in the health care facility, according to Dexter (1999). The appointment system isn't used at all at

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certain health care facilities. As a result, the average patient wait time here is higher than at the hospital that
uses an appointment-based scheduling system.
Online booking system
Web-based systems and online systems are both terms that describe the same thing. Computer programmes
running web servers allow access to a collection of connected web pages, which are often known as "web
pages" or "websites" (Alex, 2000). In a system, each component works independently to accomplish a shared
purpose. It is thus possible to employ web-based systems to execute specialised operations through the
Internet for specific objectives. The system that links computers to other computers and networks is known as
the Internet. Users may access data on other computers from afar thanks to this technology, which connects
millions of networks worldwide.
Appointment Delay
For every day a patient seeks an appointment, there is a greater probability that he/she may cancel or not show
up for that appointment. There were 31 percent of the 5901 samples who cancelled or did not show up for their
doctor's appointment, according to (Gallucci, G., n. d. 2005). The majority of these appointments are arranged
within a few days of the appointment being made. In this case, the best course of action is to encourage patients
to arrive as soon as possible or to arrange an appointment at a time that works for them (Idowu, A. P., 2014).
Waiting for Registration
Prior to seeing a doctor, people at the clinic and hospital are required to register at a counter. Queuing up for a
consultation is essentially the goal of this phase, as people wait for their turn. It's the real reason why so many
people had to wait so long to register at the counter and see the doctor in the first place. The registration
procedure must be swift and easy in order to minimize the amount of time users spend waiting. Findings from a
2017 survey show that lengthy lines at the registration counter are caused by a single employee who also
distributes appointments to patients (BA, A. 2017). A lack of personnel is another well-documented cause of
lengthy wait times in hospitals and medical offices. Using an online booking system is the best way to deal with
this problem. This may save money by not having to hire as many people to work the registration desk and it
can also cut patient wait times.
Online Appointment Scheduling system
Using an online appointment scheduling system, a user or guest or simply, patients can access the doctor's site
and make appointments using the online software. When patients come for their appointments, they may also
share extra information with their doctors, allowing them to be prepared with the information they need when
they arrive. An online appointment scheduling system makes it easy for people to schedule their appointments
online.. Web-based appointment systems have the potential to improve patient satisfaction with registration
while simultaneously reducing overall waiting times (Nazia S et al., 2014).
Malik, Shafaq et.al Mr.Doc, an Android application, serves as the client, while a website functions as the server
to store the doctor's information, patient information, and appointment information. The goal here is to make
the process of scheduling visits with physicians as simple and stress-free as possible for patients. (John Lekan,
Akinode) A web-based appointment system has been designed to decrease the amount of time spent waiting for
an appointment.( S.Hema Kumar, et.al) In this article, an appointment and scheduling system for patients is
developed utilizing HTML, CSS on the front end, Python and MYSQL on the back end. Doctors and patients may
both register and log in to this web-based application as part of this experiment. Three sections make up the
system admin, doctor, patient.
III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The clinical process is manual. Patients must be manually enrolled before they need treatment. Patients
need to call or goto the clinic to make an appointment, which takes more time and effort. If the person
has been treated by the clinic, the staff is responsible for finding the data or files that store the patient's
details. Another problem if patients forget the appointment date and time because they cannot see their
schedule online [4]
Even if they were able to get the patient's itinerary later, either via human mistake or a natural calamity, the
printed copies may have been lost. He will have to re-register if the patient's record is lost. For the clinic
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personnel, this might mean duplication of data, lost time, and an increase in effort from searching through
hundreds of prior records for a different patient. When a doctor is unavailable, patients must wait until a time
when a doctor is available [14].
1. Comparative Study
The Internet has become an essential part of contemporary technology. Web-based systems and online systems
are both terms that describe the same thing. We're constantly looking for better methods to get our message
through, especially in today's fast-paced environment. There are always going to be limitations, but we made a
concerted effort to overcome as many of them as we could. Finding out the features of the patients was where
we put most of our efforts. This system has a vast community, and it's wor th taking use of. Doctors and patients
alike stand to gain from this system's implementation. One of the most common reasons for visiting a doctor's
office or hospital is due to a medical issue that requires immediate attention. However, many patients are
unable to afford a doctor's consultation fee, so they wait in line for hours or even days. [12] Reservations may
be made in a variety of ways. A web-based system enables patients to book an appointment at a nearby hospital
without having to leave their homes or offices. For this reason, we've devised a scheduling system that makes it
easier for patients to get the care they need while also increasing their sense of security. Our goal is to give you
with a system that will be very beneficial. Our technique is the most effective and saves you a significant
amount of time.
2. Scope of Problem
As mentioned, the patient has some difficulty in making an appointment with the doctor. The current system
does not meet the requirements. Therefore, we can summarize some issues here.
• Using a different number of platforms may not be enough for all patients to make a doctor's appointment.
• There is a manual booking system, but it is completely online.
• People do not fully trust the online system and cannot fully benefit from it.
• Our technology gives patient-helping solutions in response to these problems. The system may be accessed
at any time andfrom any location.
• This is a really basic and easy to use system. Here are a few examples: Medical Help for the Injured
• An enormous database of medical knowledge is available.
• Everyone has the ability to donate blood if they're willing and able to do so.
• A smart way to schedule appointments
• Drug purchasing system
• Find ambulances based on area
• Find physicians based on their rating or location.
• Cut down on re bookings
• Prescriptions for future use Upload
• Help doctors reduce costs
• No booking assistant required
• Easy access to the patient's medication history.
• Acceptance can be recognized through patient evaluation.
IV. METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This paper makes use of the Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) methodology. Think of software
applications as a system of classes, with physical environment quality as an example of a class inside a class.
This is the fundamental principle. An object may represent anything from a common person to a specific place,
activity, or interaction. An artefact is a patient, a doctor, and everything else that happens during a consultation
with those three individuals. Expression analysis is a typical technique for examining a system in relation to its
artefacts. Using expression analysis, an object class may be created to represent the knowledge hierarchy in
terms of artefacts and expression principles. An important part of creating interactive products has been
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). When it comes to creating interactive user interfaces, User Centric Design
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(UCD) is a go-to technique in the HCI industry. User- Centric Design (UCD) is a technique that helps designers
better understand the needs and expectations of their target audience. Easy-to-use, easily remembered,
effective, and efficient user interfaces are just a few of the various demands and expectations that may exist
depending on the population segment being studied. For an interactive product, UCD demands a significant
amount of work, time, and thought, since it incorporates users in the design process and solicits their opinion
on everything from the feel of the interface to how easily and effectively it may be used. In the end, UCD delivers
an interactive product that is useful, attractive, and successful. Because of this, UCD is renowned as an approach
that facilitates the development of relevant, usable, and enjoyable healthcare technology. Studies have used the
UCD method to build e-health interfaces. UCD was used in the creation of OOBS in this research [8].
This project's emphasis will be on the patients who will utilize the system to schedule an appointment online. A
hospital appointment system will benefit from this project's implementation. For patients who choose to make
an appointment for a hospital date through an internet system, the prototype may be utilized by the hospital to
manage their appointments. Patients will save time and effort by not having to wait in line to schedule an
appointment, while system administrators will be able to obtain information for reporting and manage
appointments more easily. Patients' records must be maintained by the system administrator. The availability
of a certain day should be communicated to patients. If they want to book a room in advance, they need to be
able to do so. The receptionist will take on the job of administrator for the duration of this project. It is simple
for the administrator to change, remove, and add patients' information, appointment schedules, and records of
patients' bookings online [11].
Actions taken in the course of completing the project will be documented:
Compilation of Information Streamlined medical consultation and assessment techniques were used to compile
the data. Class diagram was used to represent the proposed system (Information Flow Diagram, Sequence
Diagrams and Sign Posts).Object-oriented design is utilized for both development and construction.
There are three sections to this system.
 Doctors
 Patients
 Receptionist(Admin)
Doctors
Doctors may sign up by providing the essential information, such as their name, credentials, specialties, and
employment history. The doctor may log in using their username and password after successfully completing
the registration process. If an appointment is available, the doctor may check the patients' requests and send a
notice to them. After consulting with the patient, they have the ability to prescribe medications and review any
input the patient has provided. This system allows doctors to update, change, or remove their availability
information. Only the doctor can access his or her own appointment data; they are unable to see the
appointment data of other doctors. In the doctor's office, he or she is able to access the patient' during a
patient's visit, a doctor may leave a note. The doctor has access to the system.
Patients
Patients should be able to log in using their own credentials. If you're a first-time visitor, you may create an
account by giving some basic information like your name, email address, and password. After logging in, users
may access their dashboard (a summary of their information), physicians, and more. Booking an appointment
with a doctor based on a patient's specific issue is possible. The admin will either accept or reject appointment
requests based on their availability. After a visit with the doctor, they may also view the medicine that was
recommended to them. On the website, patients may see the doctor's availability. This system allows patients
to create an account. Patients may use this system by logging in. The patient may make an appointment and
cancel it. An appointment PDF may also be downloaded by the patient. Patients may also make changes to their
personal information.
Admin
Physicians and patients are connected via the administrative staff. In order to provide a seamless appointment
procedure, it is responsible for managing physicians and patients. After a thorough review, the admin may also
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add new physicians to the database. All appointments have been scheduled in the admin area. Which doctor
may be seen by which patient? Appointment requests might be approved or declined by the receptionist
depending on the availability of a doctor. Administrators have access to all patient data as well as the ability to
add, edit, delete, and examine doctor data. Admins have complete control over the scheduling and management
of all Doctor Availability data. You may access all doctor appointment data, as well as process appointments,
from the administrator's dashboard Admins have the ability to make changes to a user's profile. This system's
administrator has access. Admins have access to Analytics data.
User interface
Users may log in and schedule an appointment thanks to our user-friendly UI. Appointment requests may be
approved or rejected by the admin, who can then review and arrange appointments with the appropriate
doctors. You'll also find a list of the world's best physicians, organized by specialty.
V. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
This gives you an overview of the new system, the key components of the system, the services they provide, and
how they communicate. The system is implemented using a three-tier architecture consisting of interfaces,
process management, and DBMS, as shown below.
Figure: System Architecture

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Open registration page
Step 3: Allocate memory for new patient informationStep 4: Enter information
Step 5: Create unique patient id
Step 6: Create username and password Step 7: Create entry to the database Step 8: Allocate doctor for the
patient Step 9: Tests and reports entry
Step 10: Initiate advance fees

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Step 11: Allocation of bed and room for patientStep 12: Patient health progress
Step 13: Patient discharge
Step 14: Pending fees and updatingStep 15: End
VI. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Using the log records of the online appointment system, the adoption rate of the system was determined. From
3.20 percent to 3.70 percent, and finally 4.40 percent, it rose progressively over the course of four, five, and six
months. In the four, five, and six months after the online appointment system was launched, 10, 11, or 13
patients scheduled appointments to visit their GPs using the online appointment system, accordingly. According
to the notion of diffusion of innovation, there are five stages in the adoption process: innovators, early adopters,
early majorities, late majorities, and laggards. According to Rogers 3 percent of the population were innovators.
During the three months of the study period, the total adoption rate of the online appointment system rose
from 3.2% to 4.4%. There seems to be a distinct group of patients who have embraced the IT innovation of
online appointment scheduling: those who are more technologically savvy. The 15 percent of patients who
utilized the Internet to visit the medical center's website were the innovators. Internet-based healthcare
delivery may still be out of reach for most Australians, based on this study's findings in rural Australia. There
was also a strong desire to employ web-based self-service apps by 61% of the patient population. Personal
Controlled Electronic Health Record System (PCEHR) is an Australian government program that will be
supported by this data [15].
Figure 1: Adoption Rate of online appointment

Analysis:
Using Python, it was possible to examine healthcare data. Python notebooks (Jupiter Notebooks) have been
utilized to do exploratory data analysis (EDA) on the dataset in this case. Patients' IDs, scheduled
appointments, and gender are all included in the dataset used to investigate and comprehend different health
conditions including hypertension, diabetes, and alcoholism.
– E.g.
A patient's etiquette: How many individuals have really turned up for appointments? Has there been any more
in-depth investigation?
Healthcare research employs a wide range of methods. The scheduling of appointments is one of the most
important aspects. In this part, a variety of approaches are compared side by side to see which one is the most
effective, taking into account each approach's merits. With or without an appointment, online admissions are
the sole way to begin the process. The primary objective is to reduce the time it takes for patients to get an
appointment by allocating a portion of the resources for online scheduling on the same day or within a few
days.

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Figure 2: Distribution of No Show Customers w.r.t Gender
Figure 3: Count of TARGET variable – No Show per category
Figure 4: Gender distribution of no-show consumers in various age groups

VII. CONCLUSION
This is a web-based system for managing and arranging appointments in accordance with the preferences and
requirements of users. Based on their medical requirements, customers may look at physicians' information as
well as customer reviews to learn more. Users may then pick their chosen day and time from a list of available
booking slots, which this project provides. As a result, not only do consumers save time, but the appointment
scheduling process as a whole becomes more efficient. This software allows the doctor to keep track of his
personal schedule. A hospital's registration and appointment procedure can be readily managed and
monitored, and the movement of patients to physicians can be simply tracked. The administrator is in charge of
both the physicians and the patients, ensuring a smooth experience for everyone. As a modern-day
convenience, this helps alleviate exhaustion and irritation. India is seeing a rise in the use of health applications
that allow users to chat with a doctor. Apps that help people stay healthy should be encouraged by the
government.
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VIII. REFERENCES
[1] Malik, Shafaq & Bibi, Nargis & Khan, Sehrish & Sultana, Razia & Rauf, Sadaf. (2016). Mr. Doc: A Doctor
Appointment Application System. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,.
14. 452-460.
[2] Arthur Hylton III and Suresh Sankara narayanan “Application of Intelligent Agents in Hospital
Appointment Scheduling System” International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol 4
August 2012, pp. 625-630
[3] Bin Mu, Feng Xiao, Shijin Yuan “A Rule-based Disease Self-inspection and Hospital Registration
Recommendation System”, Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), 2012 IEEE 3rd
International Conference, 22 -24 June 2012
[4] S.Hema Kumar, J.Uday Kiran, V.D.Ambeth Kumar, G.Saranya, Ramalakshmi V, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 09, SEPTEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616
[5] Tiago Salgado de Magalhaes Taveira-Gomes,2017,Reinforcement Learning for primary care
appointment scheduling ,Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Mestrado de Engenharia
da Informacao
[6] Bailey, N.T.J., A Study of Queues and Appointment Systems in Hospital Out-Patient Departments, with
Special Reference to Waiting-Times. Journal of the Royal Statistical Societ.Series B (Methodological),
1952 14(2): p. 185-199.
[7] Fischer, T. Die arztliche Versorgung im niederge lassenen Bereich aus dem Blickwinkel der Patienten:
Schlaglichter auf ein vernachlassigtes Gebiet der Gesundheitspolitik. 2009.
[8] O. Mival and D. Benyon, “User Experience (UX) Design for Medical Personnel and Patients,” in
Requirements Engineering for Digital Health, S. Fricker, C. Thummler, A. Gavras, Cham: Springer,
pp.117–131, 2015.
[9] Nazia S, Ekta Sarda 2014 Online Appointment Scheduling System for Hospitals–An Analytical Study,
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET)
[10] Fernandes C, Daya M, Barry S, Palmer N (1994). Emergency department Patients who leave without seeing a
Physician: The Toronto Hospital experience. Ann. Emer. Med., 24: 1092-1096.
[11] Gallucci, G., n.d. 2005. Brief Reports: Impact of the Wait for an Initial Appointment on the Rate of Kept
Appointments at a Mental Health Center.
[12] BA, A., 2017. An assessment of patient waiting and. 12(1), pp. 14 -21
[13] Alex Chaffee (2000-08-17). "What is a web application (or "webapp")?" Retrieved 2008-07-27
[14] James Duncan Davidson, Danny Coward (1999-12-17). Java Servlet Specification ("Specification") Version:
2.2 Final Release.Sun Microsystems pp. 43–46. Retrieved 2008-07-27
[15] E. M. Rogers and A. Singhal, "Diffusion of Innovations," in An Integrated Approach to Communication
Theory and Research, M. Salwen and D. Stacks, Eds., ed Mahwah: NJ LEA 1996, pp. 409-419
[16] John Lekan, Akinode(2017) Design and Implementation of a Patient Appointment and Scheduling System
4 23.10.17148/IARJSET.2017.41203.
[17] Idowu, A. P., 2014. DEPENDABLE ONLINE APPOINTMENT BOOKING 6(4), p 3.

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

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Figure: System Architecture

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Figure 1: Adoption Rate of online appointment

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Figure 2: Distribution of No Show Customers w.r.t Gender

Figure 3: Count of TARGET variable – No Show per category

Figure 4: Gender distribution of no-show consumers in various age groups

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