Grade 10 Term 2 Support and Transport Systems in Plants 5

Grade 10
Term 2
Support and
Transport systems in
plants
Definitions
Dorsiventral leaf- It is a leaf that has a dorsal(upper side) or a

ventral(lower side)
Xylem- Synthesis and conducts water
Phloem- synthesis and conducts food
Vascular bundle- consists of conductive tissue
Cambium- lateral meristem(brings about lateral growth
Monocots- short life span
Dicots- lives for many years(permeable) e.g. trees
Capillary - spontaneous movement of water through fine tubes,

e.g. drinking coke from a straw with a thin bore
Transpiration- It is the loss of water in the form of water vapor

from the aerial parts of the part
Passage cell- the cell between 2 Casparian strips
Guttation- the loss of liquid molecules from the tiny opening

called hydathodes( found on the margins of leaves)
Give 2 Reasons why it is a dicot stem
- Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
- There is a pith present
- Between the xylem and phloem is the cambium

Primary xylem gives rise to another layer of xylem called secondary
xylem which forms each year, if we cut around a tree we rings, The rings
are made up of secondary xylem which tells you how old the tree is
Movement of water in a plant
1. There is a high water potential in soil compared to the root hair
which has a low water potential, Water enters the root hair from the
soil via osmosis
2. The root hair now has a high water potential compared to the
epidermis which has a low water potential, the water enters the
epidermis via osmosis
3. The water then goes through 2 different routes, one is the major
pathway which goes around the cell walls of the cortex as a result
of diffusion while the rest of the water will move from one
epidermis cell to another as a result of osmosis which is called
the minor pathway
4. The endodermis has Casparian strips, in between 2 Casparian
strips is called a passage cell. When water moves through the
endodermis, it helps to channel the water through the passage cell
into the xylem tissue
5. The water moves from the xylem of the root to the xylem of the
stem into the xylem of the leaf
6. Water molecules from the xylem of the leaf diffuse into the
stomatin chamber and it is lost to the atmosphere as a result of
water vapor through transpiration
7. Water is drawn from the xylem of the leaf causing a tension to be
created down the stem. The water that came laterally and the
water from the xylem of the roots is drawn up against gravity in
one continuous stream. Transpiration pull is a very powerful force.
8. The cohesive forces of water and the adhesive forces of the stem
wall bring the water up in a continuous stream
The 3 Forces for the upward movement of water
1. Root pressure
2. Capillarity
3. Transpiration pull ( THE MOST IMPORTANT FORCE)
Differences between Guttation and Transpiration

Guttation Transpiration
1. Occurs through tiny 1. Occurs through aerial parts
openings on the margins of of a plant chiefly through the
leaves called hydathodes stoma
2. Loss of water in liquid form 2. Loss of water in the form of
water vapor
3. Humidity increases the rate 3. Humidity decreases the rate of
of guttation transpiration
Cortex is made up of parenchyma cells

Cambium is a lateral meristem cell- brings about lateral growth and
thickness
Adaptation of endodermis
- Has waterproof Casbirian strips which help to channel the water
into the passage cells
How are the xylem and sclerenchyma tissue similar

- They have thick lignified walls
- They both are non-living
How to identify if the diagram/plant organ is root

- Root hair present
- Xylem arranged in a star shape
Environmental factors affecting the rate of transpiration
1. Humidity
- When there is a lot of moisture this cuts down the diffusion
gradient because the amount of humidity inside and outside the
leaf are the same Therefore decreasing the rate of transpiration
2. Temperature
- The kinetic molecules move fast due to the high temperature
causing an increase in the rate of transpiration
3. Wind
- During windy conditions, there are more water molecules, when
the stomata opens up it blows away the vapor and leaves a dry
atmosphere**** double check
4. Light
- During the day photosynthesis occurs and the stomata open, when
it opens water is lost therefore light increases the rate of
transpiration
Explanations for structural modifications of leaves to
reduce water loss
1.Sunken stomata
- Rate of evaporation will be low therefore cutting down water loss
2.Thickened cuticle
- Has a thick cuticle to reduce the rate of water transpiration
3.Hair on leaves
- The shin of the hairs of some leaves reflects the sunlight and
reduces transpiration
4. Shape, size, and arrangement of leaves
- The leaf can be in such a way that they shade each other
Wilting
When the plant has lost sufficient water, it starts drooping and starts to
limp because of an excessive loss of water.
When there is less water in the plant, the vacuole is affected, it becomes
flaccid( not turgid) and as a result of this, every cell in the plant will lose
water.
Question
A Plotted plant was taken and placed in bright sunlight after some time
the plant began to wilt. Towards the afternoon, the plant regained its
composure without adding any water to the pot. Explain
Answer
The plant was taken into bright sunlight which caused 2 factors to affect
the plant
- Temperature
- Sunlight
The rate of transpiration was greater than the rate of absorption of water
in the morning. In the afternoon the stomata begins to close and the rate
of transpiration was less than the rate of absorption causing the plant to
regain its composure
What is the significance of control in any investigation
- A control helps to compare and verify the result of the experiment
Experiment 1
Hypothesis- Xylem tissue is/ not responsible for the upwards movement
of water
Aim- To investigate if xylem tissue is responsible for upward movement

of water
Precaution -Ensure that the roots of the plant are not damaged
Experiment 2
Hypothesis
- Wind, High temperature, High humidity has/doesn't have an effect on
the rate of transpiration
Aim
- To investigate the effect of wind, temperature, and humidity on the rate
of transpiration
Apparatus
- Potometer
Precautions
- Cut leafy twig underwater to prevent air bubbles from entering the
xylem vessels and tracheids
- Cut leafy twig at an angle to increase the surface area for the
absorption
- The entire apparatus must be airtight
- Place apparatus on a leveled surface
Wind procedure
I lift the arm of the capillary tube and introduce an air bubble but before
that, I expose the apparatus to a fan. I take a stopwatch and after 5
minutes and identify how much distance was covered. I open the
reservoir to drive back the air bubble to the beaker. Repeat the process
3 times and find the average
Temperature procedure
that, I expose the apparatus to a heater. I take a stopwatch and after 5
Humid procedure
that, I take a transparent plastic bag and wet the inner surface of
the bag, and put it over the plant. I take a stopwatch and after 5
What is the significance of the reservoir

- To drive the air bubble back to the beaker so that a new air bubble
can be introduced
A ring of bark was removed from the leafy twig. What will be the
outcome?
- The xylem vessel(tissue) will be exposed to the environment
causing the rate of transpiration to decrease. The air bubble will
move very slowly
Take Vaseline and smear it on the undersurface of all the leaves

- The undersurface of a leaf has more stomata than the upper
surface, the lower surface receives the indirect rays of the sun.
Then the rate of transpiration decrease

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Grade 10

Dorsiventral leaf- It is a leaf that has a dorsal(upper side) or a

Xylem- Synthesis and conducts water

Phloem- synthesis and conducts food

Vascular bundle- consists of conductive tissue

Cambium- lateral meristem(brings about lateral growth

Monocots- short life span

Dicots- lives for many years(permeable) e.g. trees

Capillary - spontaneous movement of water through fine tubes,

Transpiration- It is the loss of water in the form of water vapor

Passage cell- the cell between 2 Casparian strips

Guttation- the loss of liquid molecules from the tiny opening

- Between the xylem and phloem is the cambium

Differences between Guttation and Transpiration

Cortex is made up of parenchyma cells

How are the xylem and sclerenchyma tissue similar

How to identify if the diagram/plant organ is root

Environmental factors affecting the rate of transpiration

Aim- To investigate if xylem tissue is responsible for upward movement

What is the significance of the reservoir

Take Vaseline and smear it on the undersurface of all the leaves

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