Resumen Normativa Del Inglés - Primer Cuatrimestre

Resumen Normativa del inglés - primer cuatrimestre
Unidad 1: El verbo
Tenses and modals
Difference between time and tense
Time is a physical and psychological concept, it is in our minds and it has to do with
meaning. We can divide time into: past, present and future.
Tense is a linguistic concept, it is a language form used to refer to different moments in
time. There are 12 different tenses that we can use to express time notions.
(Time is abstract while tenses are concrete, we use tenses to express time.)
Tenses: 2 basic forms (out of these two there are 12 tenses) → past
↳ non-past (present)
Present Time
Simple Present:
● Facts or scientific truths: The sun rises in the east
● Habits or routines: I always get up at 6.00 am
● States: He believes in ghosts
● Headlines: Young man kills famous actor
● Instructions: First you press this button and ...
● Itineraries: On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon
● Summaries of events: May 1945: the war in Europe conies to an end
● Radio commentary on sport: Messi passes to ..
● Anecdotes, funny stories, jokes (My joke)
Present Continuous (or progressive): I+am+doing

● Actions now, at this moment: We are talking about tenses
● Temporary situations: I am living at my cousin’s
● Repeated actions: My car has broken down, so I am walking to work this days
● Complaints: You are always using my stapler
● Change and development: It’s getting hotter
Present Perfect simple: I+have+done

● Recent events (without a definite time): I’ve just arrived
● Indefinite events (unknown time): He has visited London many times
● Events with an obvious result in the present: She’s lost her car keys
● A state or habitual action which lasts up to the present: I’ve lived here for the past ten
years
Present Perfect Continuous: I+have+been+doing
● Duration: I’ve been writing letters all morning
● Incomplete actions: I’ve been cleaning the house but I still haven’t finished
● A state which lasts up to the present moment: I’ve been waiting for you for three hours
Past Time
Simple Past:
● Complete actions (started and finished in the past): We went to the USA last week
● Past habits: When I lived in LA, I sent letters to my relatives every month
● Past states: I didn’t like reading when I was a child
Past Continuous (progressive): I+was+doing

● Actions in progress, often interrupted by events: I Was reading the paper when my
phone rang
● Description in narrative: The sun was shining...
● Changing states: It was getting colder and colder
● Criticism: My colleague was always using my phone
Past Perfect Simple: I+had+done

Known as the ‘double past’ and it is frequently used in Reported Speech, it is used when we
are already talking about the past, and we want to go back to an earlier past time.
● My boss told me that he had worked for that company for more than twenty years
● By the time I got to the station, the train had left
Past Perfect Continuous: I+had+been+doing

● Duration: The candidates had been waiting in line for over six hours
I had been living in a bed-sitter up to then
Future Time
Simple Future (predictive): Will
● Known facts: The company will launch a new product next year
● We suppose true: I’ll be late home this evening
● Assumption: That’ll be Jim at the door
Future “going to”:
At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made
● Plans: I’m going to fly to Europe in April
● Intentions: I’m going to wait here until Carol gets back
Simple Present:
● The plane leaves at 2.00 pm
Present Continuous:
Describes fixed arrangements, social arrangements. A time reference is usually included.
● We are meeting at 3 pm
Future Continuous:
● Event which will be happening at a future point: Come around in the morning. I will be
painting in the kitchen
● Events which are going to happen anyway: I won’t bother to fix a time to see you,
because I’ll be calling into the office anyway several times next week
Future Perfect:
Refers to time which we look back at from a future point
● In two year’s time I’ll have finished the book
● By the end of the month, I’ll have been working for this firm for a year
Other Future Forms:

For immediate future:
● Be about to: Our company is about to open a new branch
● Hope: I hope you can come soon
● Be due to: The train is due to arrive in ten minutes
● Wish: We wish you good luck
Time Expressions
● Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely,occasionally, never, once a week, twice a year
● Just, recently, already, yet, for two months, since 2002, so far, lately
● Last week/month/year, two years ago, in 1999
● Tomorrow, next week/month/year, in two years’ time, in 2020, by the end of the year
Modals
- Modals are strange verb forms.
- They are verbs but they behave differently.
- They do not take –s or –ing forms and they are not accompanied by auxiliaries.
- They may have counterparts to be replaced in the past forms; however, those past forms
may convey other meanings in the present time
- They can be divided into two groups: core modals and periphrastic modals:
Core Modals:
- Will = would
- Shall =should
- Can = could
- May = might
- Must = ought to
- Used to
- Dare
- Had better
- Would rather
Periphrastic Modals:
- Have to
- Be able to
- Be going to
- Be likely to /unlikely to
- Be bound to
- Be about
- Be due to
- be to
- be supposed
- be apt to
- be expected to
- need to
Cases of Ambiguity
- The electrician can come tomorrow. Possibility He MAY come tomorrow but I don't
know
- I allow him to come, i.e. I’ll be at home waiting for him
- He will come ... in his intentions
- He is going to come ...his plan
- He could come ...a remote possibility
From the weakest to the strongest:

- She may study English.
- She can study...
- She should...
- She ought ...
- She must ...
- She shall ...
- She will ...
Subjunctives
(Use the past to talk about the future/present)
•It’s time/ it’s high time:(followed by past simple or continuous)
“It’s time we left”/ “It’s high time you got your driving license”
•Wishes: (followed by past verb) “I wish I had a motorbike”
-Would: “I wish you wouldn’t make such a mess”
-Past time: (wish + had + 3rd c) “I wish I hadn’t eaten so much”
-Hope: “I hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow”
•I’d rather: (followed by a past verb)
“I’d rather you didn’t smoke in here”
•I’d prefer: “I’d prefer if you didn’t go”
“I’d prefer tea to coffee”
“I’d prefer to go swimming rather than go jogging”
•As if/As though: “you look as if you are having second thoughts”
“He acts as if he were in charge”
•Suppose/ imagine: “imagine we won the cup!”
“Suppose someone told you that I was a spy”
•Formal subjunctives: insist/demand/suggest/require
Passive voice
· Present simple passive: the machines are controlled by computer
· Present continuous passive: the crime is being investigated
· Will passive: the building will be completed next year
· Past time passive: the new school was opened by the mayor
· Past continuous passive: the man died while he was being taken to hospital
· Present perfect passive: a thousand new books have been published this month
Agent and Instrument:

The person who performs an action is called “the agent”, introduced by “by”.
(The agent can be omitted if it’s: unknown, generalised, obvious, unimportant, impersonal)
An object which causes something to happen is called an “instrument”, introduced by “with”.
❖ QUASI-PASSIVE: Have/Get something done. Describes a service performed for us by

someone else (active form, passive meaning):
“ I have just had my car serviced.”
❖ Passive GET: Can be used instead of “be” to form the passive in spoken language.
“Martin got arrested at a football match”
❖ Reporting verbs: believe, know, say, think
“Vitamin C is known to be good for treating colds”
“Smith is believed to have left England last week”
“Sue was thought to have paid too much”
❖ DITRANSITIVE: verbs with two objects (bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell,
send,show, tell)
“A note was handed to me”
Classification of verbs
Finite verbs
(verbs that are conjugated)
“I am writing on the board”
1- Tense: present continuous
2- Aspect: → progressive (-ing)
↳ perfective (have/has/had)
3- Mood: modals
4- Voice: → active voice
↳ passive voice
5- Agreement: subject + verb
Non- Finite verbs

(verbs that are not conjugated)
Infinitive or Gerund
“We found our dog eating some cake”
1- Aspect
2- Voice

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Present Continuous (or progressive): I+am+doing

Present Perfect simple: I+have+done

Past Continuous (progressive): I+was+doing

Past Perfect Simple: I+had+done

Past Perfect Continuous: I+had+been+doing

Other Future Forms:

From the weakest to the strongest:

· Present simple passive: the machines are controlled by computer

· Present continuous passive: the crime is being investigated

· Will passive: the building will be completed next year

Agent and Instrument:

❖ QUASI-PASSIVE: Have/Get something done. Describes a service performed for us by

Non- Finite verbs

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