History of The Web

THE HISTORY OF THE WEB
Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in

London, and his parents were early computer scientists, working on one of
the earliest computers.
Growing up, Sir Tim was interested in trains and had a model railway in
his bedroom. He recalls:
I made some electronic gadgets to control the trains. Then I ended up getting
more interested in electronics than trains. Later on, when I was in college I
made a computer out of an old television set.
After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a

software engineer at CERN, the large particle physics laboratory near
Geneva, Switzerland. Scientists come from all over the world to use its
accelerators, but Sir Tim noticed that they were having difficulty sharing
information.
In those days, there was different information on different computers, but you
had to log on to different computers to get at it. Also, sometimes you had to
learn a different program on each computer. Often it was just easier to go
and ask people when they were having coffee…”, Tim says.
Tim thought he saw a way to solve this problem – one that he could see
could also have much broader applications. Already, millions of computers
were being connected together through the fast-developing internet and
Berners-Lee realised they could share information by exploiting an emerging
technology called hypertext.
In March 1989, Tim laid out his vision for what would become the web
in a document called “Information Management: A Proposal”. Believe it or not,
Tim’s initial proposal was not immediately accepted. In fact, his boss at the
time, Mike Sendall, noted the words “Vague but exciting” on the cover. The
web was never an official CERN project, but Mike managed to give Tim time
to work on it in September 1990. He began work using a NeXT computer, one
of Steve Jobs’ early products.
By October of 1990, Tim had written the three fundamental
technologies that remain the foundation of today’s web (and which you may
have seen appear on parts of your web browser):
 HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting)

language for the web.
 URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique and
used to identify to each resource on the web. It is also commonly called
a URL.
 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked
resources from across the web.
Tim also wrote the first web page editor/browser (“WorldWideWeb.app”)

and the first web server (“httpd“). By the end of 1990, the first web page was
served on the open internet, and in 1991, people outside of CERN were
invited to join this new web community.
As the web began to grow, Tim realised that its true potential would only
be unleashed if anyone, anywhere could use it without paying a fee or having
to ask for permission.
He explains: “Had the technology been proprietary, and in my total
control, it would probably not have taken off. You can’t propose that
something be a universal space and at the same time keep control of it.”
So, Tim and others advocated to ensure that CERN would agree to
make the underlying code available on a royalty-free basis, forever. This
decision was announced in April 1993, and sparked a global wave of
creativity, collaboration and innovation never seen before. In 2003, the
companies developing new web standards committed to a Royalty Free
Policy for their work. In 2014, the year we celebrated the web’s 25th
birthday, almost two in five people around the world were using it.
Tim moved from CERN to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1994 to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an international
community devoted to developing open web standards. He remains the
Director of W3C to this day.
The early web community produced some revolutionary ideas that are
now spreading far beyond the technology sector:
 Decentralisation: No permission is needed from a central authority to

post anything on the web, there is no central controlling node, and so
no single point of failure … and no “kill switch”! This also implies
freedom from indiscriminate censorship and surveillance.
 Non-discrimination: If I pay to connect to the internet with a certain

quality of service, and you pay to connect with that or a greater quality
of service, then we can both communicate at the same level. This
principle of equity is also known as Net Neutrality.

 Bottom-up design: Instead of code being written and controlled by a
small group of experts, it was developed in full view of everyone,
encouraging maximum participation and experimentation.
 Universality: For anyone to be able to publish anything on the web, all

the computers involved have to speak the same languages to each
other, no matter what different hardware people are using; where they
live; or what cultural and political beliefs they have. In this way, the web
breaks down silos while still allowing diversity to flourish.
 Consensus: For universal standards to work, everyone had to agree to

use them. Tim and others achieved this consensus by giving everyone
a say in creating the standards, through a transparent, participatory
process at W3C.
New permutations of these ideas are giving rise to exciting new

approaches in fields as diverse as information (Open Data), politics (Open
Government), scientific research (Open Access), education, and culture (Free
Culture). But to date we have only scratched the surface of how these
principles could change society and politics for the better.
In 2009, Sir Tim co-founded the World Wide Web Foundation with
Rosemary Leith. The Web Foundation is fighting for the web we want: a web
that is safe, empowering and for everyone.
Please do explore our site and our work. We hope you’ll be inspired by
our vision and decide to take action. Remember, as Tim tweeted during the
Olympics Opening Ceremony in 2012, “This is for Everyone”.
https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/

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THE HISTORY OF THE WEB

Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. He was born in

After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a

 HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting)

Tim also wrote the first web page editor/browser (“WorldWideWeb.app”)

 Decentralisation: No permission is needed from a central authority to

 Non-discrimination: If I pay to connect to the internet with a certain

 Universality: For anyone to be able to publish anything on the web, all

 Consensus: For universal standards to work, everyone had to agree to

New permutations of these ideas are giving rise to exciting new

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