Kenya DHS 2022 Main Report - Volume 1

REPUBLIC OF KENYA
Kenya
Demographic and Health Survey
2022
Volume 1
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

Nairobi, Kenya
Ministry of Health
Nairobi, Kenya
The DHS Program

ICF
Rockville, Maryland, USA
June 2023
The 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2022 KDHS) was implemented by the Kenya National Bureau
of Statistics (KNBS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MoH) and other stakeholders. Funding for the
survey was provided by the Government of Kenya, the United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Bank, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF),
the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Nutrition International, the World Food Programme (WFP), the
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), the World Health
Organization (WHO), the Clinton Health Access Initiative, and the Joint United Nations Programme on
HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). The UN Resident Coordinator office assured the coordination of UN agencies supporting
the 2022 KDHS. ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, a USAID-funded project
providing support and technical assistance in implementing population and health surveys in countries worldwide.
Additional information about the 2022 KDHS may be obtained from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS),
P.O. Box 30266-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; telephone: +254-20-3317583, +254-20-2911000/1, +254-20-
3317612/22/23/51; email: [email protected], [email protected]; website: www.knbs.or.ke.
Information about The DHS Program may be obtained from ICF, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD
20850, USA; telephone: +1-301-407-6500; fax: +1-301-407-6501; email: [email protected]; internet:
www.DHSprogram.com.
The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of KNBS and ICF and do not necessarily reflect the views
of USAID, the United States Government, or other donor agencies.
ISBN: 978-9914-49-609-3 (print)

ISBN: 978-9914-49-610-9 (pdf)
Recommended citation:
KNBS and ICF. 2023. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022. Nairobi, Kenya, and Rockville, Maryland,
USA: KNBS and ICF.
ISBN: 978-9914-49-610-9
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS ............................................................................................ ix

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ xxv
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................xxvii
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2022 KENYA DEMOGRAPHIC
AND HEALTH SURVEY (KDHS) ........................................................................................................ xxix
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS .....................................................................................xxxvii
MAP OF KENYA ........................................................................................................................................ xl
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1

1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Anthropometry Measurements ............................................................................................ 5
1.5 Training of Trainers and Pretest .......................................................................................... 6
1.6 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.7 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Fieldwork............................................................................................................................. 7
1.9 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 7
1.10 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 7
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9

2.1 Housing Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Use of Clean Fuels and Technologies .................................................................. 10
2.1.2 Cooking ................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Heating and Lighting ........................................................................................... 10
2.1.4 Primary Reliance on Clean Fuels and Technologies............................................ 10
2.2 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Household Durable Goods ................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 Wealth Index ........................................................................................................ 12
2.3 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 13
2.4 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 13
2.5 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 14
2.6 Education ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 16
2.6.2 Primary and Secondary School Attendance ......................................................... 17
2.6.3 Participation Rate in Organised Learning among Children Age 5 ....................... 18
2.7 Disability ........................................................................................................................... 18
2.7.1 Disability by Domain and Age ............................................................................ 19
2.7.2 Disability among Adults by Other Background Characteristics .......................... 19
2.8 Deaths and Injuries from Road Traffic Accidents ............................................................. 19
2.9 Food Security Status .......................................................................................................... 20
2.10 Covid-19 Testing, Vaccination, and Deaths ...................................................................... 21
2.11 Health Insurance Coverage ................................................................................................ 21
2.12 Outpatient and Inpatient Health Expenditures ................................................................... 23
2.13 Social Protection ................................................................................................................ 23
Contents  iii
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 67
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents.................................................................... 67
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 68
3.3 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 69
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 70
3.5 Occupation......................................................................................................................... 71
3.6 Type of Employment for Women ...................................................................................... 72
3.7 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 72
3.8 Alcohol Consumption ........................................................................................................ 73
3.9 Place of Birth and Recent Migration ................................................................................. 74
3.9.1 Type of Migration ................................................................................................ 76
3.9.2 Reason for Migration ........................................................................................... 76
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 127

4.1 Marital Status................................................................................................................... 127
4.2 Marriage Registration ...................................................................................................... 128
4.3 Polygyny .......................................................................................................................... 128
4.4 Age at First Marriage....................................................................................................... 130
4.5 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ....................................................................................... 132
4.6 Recent Sexual Activity .................................................................................................... 132
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................. 151

5.1 Current Fertility ............................................................................................................... 151
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ....................................................................................... 153
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................. 153
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy........................................................................................... 155
5.5 Age at First Menstruation ................................................................................................ 155
5.6 Arrival of Menopause ...................................................................................................... 156
5.7 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................. 156
5.8 Teenage Pregnancy .......................................................................................................... 157
5.9 Pregnancy Outcomes and Induced Abortion Rates ......................................................... 158
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES................................................................................................... 175

6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................. 175
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................. 177
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................. 178
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ..................................................................................................... 180
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 191

7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................. 191
7.1.1 Use of Emergency Contraception ...................................................................... 194
7.1.2 Knowledge of the Fertile Period ........................................................................ 194
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ...................................................................... 194
7.3 Informed Choice .............................................................................................................. 195
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................. 196
7.5 Demand for Family Planning .......................................................................................... 196
7.5.1 Decision Making about Family Planning and Opinion about Using Family
Planning ............................................................................................................. 198
7.5.2 Pressure to Become Pregnant and Future Use of Contraception ....................... 199
7.5.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages ............................................................ 199
7.6 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers..................................................... 200
iv  Contents
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 233
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 234
8.2 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 235
8.3 High-risk Fertility Behaviour .......................................................................................... 236
9 MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH CARE.................................................................. 243

9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 244
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 244
9.1.2 Timing and Number of Antenatal Care Visits ................................................... 245
9.2 Components of Antenatal Care........................................................................................ 245
9.2.1 Deworming and Iron-containing Supplementation during Pregnancy ............... 246
9.2.2 Source of Iron-containing Supplements ............................................................. 247
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 247
9.4 Delivery Services............................................................................................................. 248
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 248
9.4.2 Delivery by Caesarean ....................................................................................... 250
9.4.3 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 251
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 253
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 253
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ............................................................... 255
9.5.3 Postnatal Health Checks for Mothers and Newborns ........................................ 256
9.6 Men’s Involvement in Maternal Health Care .................................................................. 257
9.7 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 257
9.8 Distance and Means of Transport to the Nearest Health Facility .................................... 258
9.9 Community Health Care Visits and Services .................................................................. 258
10 CHILD HEALTH........................................................................................................................ 303

10.1 Child’s Size and Birth Weight ......................................................................................... 304
10.2 Vaccination of Children................................................................................................... 304
10.2.1 Vaccination Card Ownership and Availability .................................................. 304
10.2.2 Basic Antigen Coverage .................................................................................... 305
10.2.3 National Schedule Coverage .............................................................................. 306
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection and Careseeking Behaviour ......................... 308
10.4 Fever and Careseeking Behaviour ................................................................................... 309
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease........................................................................................................... 309
10.5.1 Diarrhoea and Careseeking Behaviour .............................................................. 309
10.5.2 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 310
10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy, Zinc, Continued Feeding, and Other
Treatments ......................................................................................................... 311
10.6 Treatment of Childhood Illness ....................................................................................... 312
10.7 Early Childhood Development ........................................................................................ 312
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 337

11.1 Nutritional Status of Children.......................................................................................... 337
11.2 Growth Monitoring and Promotion ................................................................................. 341
11.3 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 342
11.3.1 Ever Breastfed, Early Initiation of Breastfeeding, and Exclusive
Breastfeeding for the First 2 Days after Birth .................................................... 342
11.3.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding and Mixed Milk Feeding ............................................ 343
11.3.3 Continued Breastfeeding and Bottle Feeding .................................................... 344
11.3.4 Introduction of Complementary Foods .............................................................. 344
Contents  v
11.3.5 Minimum Dietary Diversity, Minimum Meal Frequency, Minimum Milk
Feeding Frequency, Minimum Acceptable Diet, and Egg and/or Flesh Food
Consumption ...................................................................................................... 344
11.3.6 Sweet Beverage Consumption, Unhealthy Food Consumption, and Zero
Vegetable or Fruit Consumption among Children ............................................. 347
11.3.7 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Indicators .......................................... 348
11.4 Infant and Young Child Feeding Counselling ................................................................. 348
11.5 Micronutrient Supplementation and Deworming among Children ................................. 349
11.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ................................................................................................ 351
11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................. 352
11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men................................................................................... 354
11.7 Women’s Dietary Practices ............................................................................................. 355
11.8 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ........................................................................... 356
12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 389

12.1 Ownership of Insecticide-treated Nets............................................................................. 390
12.2 Household Access and Use of ITNs ................................................................................ 393
12.3 Use of ITNs by Children and Pregnant Women .............................................................. 395
12.4 Reasons Mosquito Nets Were Not Used ......................................................................... 396
12.5 Malaria in Pregnancy ....................................................................................................... 397
12.6 Case Management of Malaria in Children ....................................................................... 398
12.6.1 Care seeking and Diagnosis of Malaria in Children Under 5 with Fever .......... 398
12.6.2 Use of Recommended Antimalarials ................................................................. 398
13 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR RELATED TO HIV, AIDS, AND

TUBERCULOSIS ....................................................................................................................... 421
13.1 Tuberculosis: Knowledge, Diagnosis, and Preventive Treatment ................................... 422
13.1.1 Knowledge and Beliefs about Tuberculosis....................................................... 422
13.1.2 Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Preventive Treatment ............................................ 422
13.2 Knowledge and Attitudes about Medicines to Treat or Prevent HIV .............................. 422
13.3 Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV ............................................ 424
13.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 425
13.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 426
13.5.1 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 426
13.5.2 Experience with Prior HIV Testing ................................................................... 427
13.6 Disclosure, Shame, and Stigma among Self-reported HIV Positive ............................... 431
13.7 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 432
13.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 433
13.9 Knowledge and Behaviour Related to HIV and AIDS among Young People................. 433
13.9.1 Knowledge about HIV Prevention ..................................................................... 433
13.9.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 434
13.9.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 435
13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 435
13.9.5 Recent HIV Testing ........................................................................................... 436
14 CHRONIC CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 471

14.1 Physical Activity ............................................................................................................. 472
14.2 High Blood Pressure ........................................................................................................ 473
14.3 High Blood Sugar ............................................................................................................ 473
14.4 Heart Disease or Chronic Heart Disease ......................................................................... 474
14.5 Lung Disease or a Chronic Lung Condition .................................................................... 474
14.6 Mental Health Conditions, Depression, and Anxiety ...................................................... 474
14.7 Breast and Cervical Cancer Examinations ...................................................................... 475
vi  Contents
14.8 Arthritis ........................................................................................................................... 478
14.9 Cancer of the Prostate ...................................................................................................... 479
15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 497

15.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 498
15.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 499
15.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 499
15.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 500
15.4.1 Ownership of a House or Land .......................................................................... 500
15.4.2 Documentation of House or Land Ownership ................................................... 502
15.4.3 Ownership and Use of Mobile Phones and Bank Accounts............................... 502
15.5 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................... 504
15.6 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 505
15.7 Negotiating Sexual Relations .......................................................................................... 505
15.8 Women’s Participation in Decision Making about Sexual and Reproductive Health ..... 506
16 HOUSEHOLD WATER AND SANITATION ......................................................................... 553

16.1 Drinking Water Sources, Availability, and Treatment .................................................... 553
16.1.1 Drinking Water Service Ladder ......................................................................... 554
16.1.2 Person Collecting Drinking Water ..................................................................... 557
16.1.3 Availability of Drinking Water .......................................................................... 557
16.1.4 Treatment of Drinking Water ............................................................................. 558
16.2 Sanitation ......................................................................................................................... 558
16.2.1 Sanitation Service Ladder .................................................................................. 559
16.2.2 Removal and Disposal of Excreta ...................................................................... 560
16.3 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 561
16.4 Handwashing ................................................................................................................... 561
16.5 Menstrual Hygiene .......................................................................................................... 562
17 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................................................................................. 585

17.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 587
17.2 Women’s Experience of Physical Violence .................................................................... 588
17.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 589
17.2.2 Experience of Physical Violence during Pregnancy .......................................... 590
17.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 590
17.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 590
17.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 590
17.3.3 Experience of Sexual Violence by a Non-intimate Partner................................ 591
17.3.4 Age at First Experience of Sexual Violence ...................................................... 591
17.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 591
17.5 Forms of Controlling Behaviours and Intimate Partner Violence ................................... 591
17.5.1 Prevalence of Controlling Behaviours ............................................................... 592
17.5.2 Prevalence of Intimate-partner Violence Perpetrated by Current or Most
Recent Spouse/intimate Partner ......................................................................... 593
17.5.3 Intimate-partner Violence in the Last 12 Months Perpetrated by Any
Husband/intimate Partner................................................................................... 595
17.6 Injuries to Women and Men due to Intimate Partner Violence ....................................... 597
17.7 Violence Initiated by Women and Men against Spouses/Intimate Partners .................... 598
17.8 Help-seeking among Women Who Have Experienced Violence .................................... 598
17.8.1 Prevalence of Help Seeking ............................................................................... 598
17.8.2 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 599
Contents  vii
18 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ....................................................................................... 637
18.1 Respondents’ Knowledge of Female Genital Mutilation................................................. 638
18.2 Female Genital Mutilation among Women ..................................................................... 638
18.2.1 Prevalence and Type of FGM ............................................................................ 638
18.2.2 Age at Circumcision among Women ................................................................. 639
18.3 Female Genital Mutilation among Daughters.................................................................. 640
18.4 Person Who Performed the Circumcision ....................................................................... 640
18.5 Female Circumcision Over Time..................................................................................... 641
18.6 Attitudes towards Female Genital Mutilation .................................................................. 641
18.7 Effects of Female Genital Mutilation .............................................................................. 642
18.8 Help Seeking Behaviours ................................................................................................ 642
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................... 657
viii  Contents
TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1

Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews ........................................... 8
Figure 1.1 2022 Kenya DHS Sample Design ...................................................................... 3
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9

Table 2.1 Household characteristics: Housing ................................................................. 26
Table 2.2 Household characteristics: Cooking ................................................................. 27
Table 2.3 Household characteristics: Heating and lighting .............................................. 28
Table 2.4 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies ............................................. 29
Table 2.4C Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies by county ............................ 30
Table 2.5 Household possessions ..................................................................................... 31
Table 2.6 Wealth quintiles ................................................................................................ 32
Table 2.7 Household population by age, sex, and residence ............................................ 33
Table 2.8 Household composition .................................................................................... 34
Table 2.9 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood .............................................. 35
Table 2.9C Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood by county ............................. 36
Table 2.10 Birth registration of children under age 5 ......................................................... 37
Table 2.10C Birth registration of children under age 5 by county ........................................ 38
Table 2.11.1 Educational attainment of the female household population ............................ 39
Table 2.11.1C Educational attainment of the female household population by county ........... 40
Table 2.11.2 Educational attainment of the male household population ............................... 41
Table 2.11.2C Educational attainment of the male household population by county .............. 42
Table 2.12 School attendance ratios ................................................................................... 43
Table 2.12C School attendance ratios by county .................................................................. 44
Table 2.13 Participation rate in organised learning ............................................................ 46
Table 2.13C Participation rate in organised learning by county ........................................... 47
Table 2.14 Disability by domain and age ........................................................................... 48
Table 2.15.1 Disability among adults according to background characteristics:
Women ............................................................................................................. 49
Table 2.15.1C Disability among adults according to county: Women ..................................... 50
Table 2.15.2 Disability among adults according to background characteristics: Men .......... 51
Table 2.15.2C Disability among adults according to county: Men .......................................... 52
Table 2.16 Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents ................................................ 53
Table 2.16C Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by county ............................... 54
Table 2.17 Food security status .......................................................................................... 55
Table 2.17C Food security status by county ......................................................................... 56
Table 2.18.1 COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccination .............................................................. 57
Table 2.18.1C COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccination by county ............................................. 58
Table 2.18.2 COVID-19 cases and deaths ............................................................................. 59
Table 2.18.2C COVID-19 cases and deaths by county ............................................................ 60
Table 2.19 Health insurance coverage ................................................................................ 61
Table 2.19C Health insurance coverage by county ............................................................... 62
Table 2.20.1 Average annual expenditure on inpatient admissions [in Kenyan
shillings] ........................................................................................................... 63
Table 2.20.2 Average monthly expenditure on outpatient visits [in Kenyan shillings]......... 63
Table 2.21.1 Cash transfer: All households ........................................................................... 64
Tables, Figures, and Maps  ix

Table 2.21.2 Cash transfer: Households receiving cash transfer or social assistance............ 64
Table 2.21.3 Cash transfer by residence and household wealth ............................................ 64
Table 2.21.3C Cash transfer or social assistance by county..................................................... 65
Figure 2.1 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies by residence ........................ 11
Figure 2.2 Household wealth by residence ........................................................................ 12
Figure 2.3 Population pyramid .......................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.4 Children’s living arrangements by residence ................................................... 14
Figure 2.5 Birth registration by household wealth ............................................................. 14
Figure 2.6 Birth registration: trends ................................................................................... 15
Figure 2.7 Educational attainment of the household population ........................................ 16
Figure 2.8 Secondary school attendance by household wealth .......................................... 18
Map 2.1 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies by county ............................ 11
Map 2.2 Birth registration by county .............................................................................. 15
Map 2.3 Health insurance coverage by county ............................................................... 22
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 67

Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents ...................................................... 79
Table 3.1C Background characteristics of respondents by county ...................................... 80
Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women ...................................................................... 81
Table 3.2.1C Educational attainment by county: Women ...................................................... 82
Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men ............................................................................ 83
Table 3.2.2C Educational attainment by county: Men ........................................................... 84
Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women .............................................................................................. 85
Table 3.3.1C Literacy by county: Women ............................................................................. 86
Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men ................................................................................................... 87
Table 3.3.2C Literacy by county: Men .................................................................................. 88
Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women .................................................................... 89
Table 3.4.1C Exposure to mass media by county: Women .................................................... 90
Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men .......................................................................... 91
Table 3.4.2C Exposure to mass media by county: Men ......................................................... 92
Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women ..................................................................................... 93
Table 3.5.1C Internet usage by county: Women .................................................................... 94
Table 3.5.2 Internet usage: Men .......................................................................................... 95
Table 3.5.2C Internet usage by county: Men ......................................................................... 96
Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Women ............................................................................. 97
Table 3.6.1C Employment status by county: Women ............................................................ 98
Table 3.6.2 Employment status: Men .................................................................................. 99
Table 3.6.2C Employment status by county: Men ............................................................... 100
Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women ....................................................................................... 101
Table 3.7.1C Occupation by county: Women ...................................................................... 102
Table 3.7.2 Occupation: Men ............................................................................................ 103
Table 3.7.2C Occupation by county: Men ........................................................................... 104
Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women ........................................................................ 105
Table 3.9.1 Tobacco smoking: Women ............................................................................. 105
Table 3.9.1C Tobacco smoking by county: Women ............................................................ 106
Table 3.9.2 Tobacco smoking: Men .................................................................................. 107
Table 3.9.2C Tobacco smoking by county: Men ................................................................. 108
Table 3.10 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men ......................................... 109
Table 3.11 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use .................................................. 110
Table 3.12 Any tobacco use by background characteristics ............................................. 110
x  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Table 3.12C Any tobacco use by county............................................................................. 111
Table 3.13.1 Alcohol consumption: Women ....................................................................... 112
Table 3.13.1C Alcohol consumption by county: Women ...................................................... 113
Table 3.13.2 Alcohol consumption: Men ............................................................................ 114
Table 3.13.2C Alcohol consumption by county: Men ........................................................... 115
Table 3.14.1 Usual number of alcoholic drinks consumed: Women ................................... 116
Table 3.14.2 Usual number of alcoholic drinks consumed: Men ........................................ 117
Table 3.15.1 Residence at birth and recent migration: Women ........................................... 118
Table 3.15.1C Residence at birth and recent migration by county: Women .......................... 119
Table 3.15.2 Residence at birth and recent migration: Men ................................................ 120
Table 3.15.2C Residence at birth and recent migration by county: Men ............................... 121
Table 3.16 Type of migration ........................................................................................... 122
Table 3.17.1 Reason for migration: Women ....................................................................... 123
Table 3.17.1C Reason for migration by county: Women ....................................................... 124
Table 3.17.2 Reason for migration: Men ............................................................................. 125
Table 3.17.2C Reason for migration by county: Men ............................................................ 126
Figure 3.1 Education of survey respondents ...................................................................... 68

Figure 3.2 More than secondary education by household wealth ...................................... 68
Figure 3.3 Exposure to mass media ................................................................................... 69
Figure 3.4 Trends in exposure to media ............................................................................. 69
Figure 3.5 Internet usage by residence............................................................................... 70
Figure 3.6 Employment status by number of living children............................................. 71
Figure 3.7 Occupation........................................................................................................ 72
Map 3.1 Lifetime migration by county ........................................................................... 75
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 127

Table 4.1 Current marital status ..................................................................................... 134
Table 4.2 Marriage registration ...................................................................................... 135
Table 4.2C Marriage registration by county ..................................................................... 136
Table 4.3.1 Number of women’s co-wives ........................................................................ 137
Table 4.3.1C Number of women’s co-wives by county ....................................................... 138
Table 4.3.2 Number of men’s wives.................................................................................. 139
Table 4.3.2C Number of men’s wives by county ................................................................. 140
Table 4.4 Age at first marriage ....................................................................................... 141
Table 4.5 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics .......................... 142
Table 4.5C Median age at first marriage by county .......................................................... 143
Table 4.6 Age at first sexual intercourse ........................................................................ 144
Table 4.7 Median age at first sexual intercourse according to background
characteristics ................................................................................................. 145
Table 4.7C Median age at first sexual intercourse according to county............................ 146
Table 4.8.1 Recent sexual activity: Women ...................................................................... 147
Table 4.8.1C Recent sexual activity by county: Women ..................................................... 148
Table 4.8.2 Recent sexual activity: Men ........................................................................... 149
Table 4.8.2C Recent sexual activity by county: Men ........................................................... 150
Figure 4.1 Marital status .................................................................................................. 128

Figure 4.2 Trends in polygyny ......................................................................................... 129
Figure 4.3 Median age at first sex and first marriage ...................................................... 131
Figure 4.4 Trends in early marriage ................................................................................. 131
Figure 4.5 Median age at marriage by household wealth ................................................ 131
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xi

Figure 4.6 Trends in early sexual intercourse .................................................................. 132
Map 4.1 Polygyny by county ........................................................................................ 130
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................. 151

Table 5.1 Current fertility ............................................................................................... 160
Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics........................................................... 160
Table 5.2C Fertility by county .......................................................................................... 161
Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates ............................................................... 162
Table 5.3.2 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates ................................................ 162
Table 5.4 Children ever born and living ......................................................................... 162
Table 5.5 Birth intervals ................................................................................................. 163
Table 5.5C Birth intervals by county ................................................................................ 164
Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence and insusceptibility ............................. 165
Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence and postpartum
insusceptibility ................................................................................................ 165
Table 5.8 Age at first menstruation ................................................................................ 166
Table 5.9 Menopause...................................................................................................... 166
Table 5.10 Age at first birth.............................................................................................. 166
Table 5.11 Median age at first birth ................................................................................. 167
Table 5.11C Median age at first birth by county ................................................................. 168
Table 5.12 Teenage pregnancy ......................................................................................... 169
Table 5.12C Teenage pregnancy by county ........................................................................ 170
Table 5.13 Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15 ............................. 170
Table 5.14 Pregnancy outcome by background characteristics ........................................ 171
Table 5.14C Pregnancy outcome by county ........................................................................ 172
Table 5.15 Induced abortion rates .................................................................................... 173
Figure 5.1 Trends in fertility by residence ....................................................................... 152

Figure 5.2 Fertility by education ...................................................................................... 152
Figure 5.3 Fertility by education ...................................................................................... 154
Figure 5.4 Trends in birth interval ................................................................................... 154
Figure 5.5 Trends in age at first birth............................................................................... 156
Figure 5.6 Median age at first birth by household wealth................................................ 156
Figure 5.7 Teenage pregnancy by household wealth ....................................................... 157
Figure 5.8 Pregnancy outcome ........................................................................................ 159
Map 5.1 Fertility by county .......................................................................................... 153

Map 5.2 Teenage pregnancy by county ........................................................................ 158
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES................................................................................................... 175

Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children ......................................... 182
Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women ............................................................. 182
Table 6.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men ................................................................... 183
Table 6.3 Ideal number of children by number of living children .................................. 184
Table 6.4 Mean ideal number of children according to background characteristics ...... 185
Table 6.4C Mean ideal number of children by county ...................................................... 186
Table 6.5 Fertility planning status .................................................................................. 187
Table 6.6 Wanted fertility rates ...................................................................................... 188
Table 6.6C Wanted fertility rates by county ..................................................................... 189
Figure 6.1 Trends in desire to limit childbearing by number of living children .............. 176
Figure 6.2 Desire to limit childbearing by number of living children ............................. 176
xii  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Figure 6.3 Ideal family size ............................................................................................. 177
Figure 6.4 Ideal family size by number of living children ............................................... 177
Figure 6.5 Trends in mean ideal family size .................................................................... 178
Figure 6.6 Fertility planning status .................................................................................. 178
Figure 6.7 Trends in fertility planning status ................................................................... 179
Figure 6.8 Fertility planning status .................................................................................. 179
Figure 6.9 Trends in wanted and total fertility................................................................. 180
Map 6.1 Wanted fertility rates by county ..................................................................... 181
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 191

Table 7.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ............................................................ 202
Table 7.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to background
Table 7.2C Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to county ............................ 204
Table 7.3 Current use of contraception by age ............................................................... 205
Table 7.4.1 Trends in the current use of contraception ..................................................... 206
Table 7.4.2 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics .......... 207
Table 7.4.2C Current use of contraception according to county .......................................... 208
Table 7.5 Timing of sterilisation .................................................................................... 209
Table 7.6 Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press ..................................................................... 209
Table 7.6C Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press by county .................................................... 210
Table 7.7 Use of emergency contraception .................................................................... 211
Table 7.7C Use of emergency contraception by county.................................................... 212
Table 7.8 Knowledge of fertile period ............................................................................ 213
Table 7.9 Knowledge of fertile period by age ................................................................ 213
Table 7.10 Source of modern contraception methods ...................................................... 214
Table 7.11 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms .......................................... 215
Table 7.12 Informed choice .............................................................................................. 216
Table 7.13 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates ........................................ 217
Table 7.14 Reasons for discontinuation............................................................................ 218
Table 7.15.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married
women ............................................................................................................ 219
Table 7.15.1C Need and demand for family planning among currently married
women by county ........................................................................................... 220
Table 7.15.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for sexually
active unmarried women ................................................................................ 221
Table 7.16 Decision-making about family planning ........................................................ 222
Table 7.17 Decision-making about family planning by background characteristics ........ 222
Table 7.17C Decision-making about family planning by county........................................ 223
Table 7.18 Pressure to become pregnant .......................................................................... 224
Table 7.18C Pressure to become pregnant by county ......................................................... 225
Table 7.19 Future use of contraception ............................................................................ 226
Table 7.20.1 Exposure to family planning messages: Women ............................................ 226
Table 7.20.1C Exposure to family planning messages by county: Women ........................... 227
Table 7.20.2 Exposure to family planning messages: Men ................................................. 228
Table 7.20.2C Exposure to family planning messages by county: Men ................................ 229
Table 7.21 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers ...................................... 230
Table 7.21C Contact of nonusers with family planning providers by county ..................... 231
Figure 7.1 Contraceptive use ........................................................................................... 192

Figure 7.2 Trends in contraceptive use ............................................................................ 192
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xiii

Figure 7.3 Source of modern contraceptive methods....................................................... 195
Figure 7.4 Contraceptive discontinuation rates................................................................ 196
Figure 7.5 Demand for family planning........................................................................... 197
Figure 7.6 Trends in demand for family planning ........................................................... 197
Figure 7.7 Unmet need by education ............................................................................... 197
Map 7.1 Modern contraceptive use by county .............................................................. 193

Map 7.2 Unmet need by county .................................................................................... 198
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 233

Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates ...................................................................... 237
Table 8.2 Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background
Table 8.3 Ten-year early childhood mortality rates according to additional
Table 8.3C Ten-year early childhood mortality rates by county ....................................... 238
Table 8.4 Perinatal mortality .......................................................................................... 239
Table 8.4C Perinatal mortality by county ......................................................................... 240
Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behaviour ........................................................................... 241
Figure 8.1 Trends in early childhood mortality rates ....................................................... 234

Figure 8.2 Under-5 mortality by mother’s education....................................................... 235
Figure 8.3 Perinatal mortality by mother’s age at birth ................................................... 235
9 MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH CARE.................................................................. 243

Table 9.1 Antenatal care ................................................................................................. 260
Table 9.1C Antenatal care by county ................................................................................ 261
Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit................................. 262
Table 9.2C Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit by county ................ 263
Table 9.3.1 Components of antenatal care among women receiving ANC ....................... 264
Table 9.3.1C Components of antenatal care among women receiving ANC
by county ........................................................................................................ 265
Table 9.3.2 Components of antenatal care among all women ........................................... 266
Table 9.3.2C Components of antenatal care among all women by county .......................... 267
Table 9.4 Deworming and iron-containing supplementation during pregnancy ............ 268
Table 9.4C Deworming and iron-containing supplementation during pregnancy
by county ........................................................................................................ 269
Table 9.5 Source of iron-containing supplements .......................................................... 270
Table 9.6 Tetanus toxoid injections ................................................................................ 271
Table 9.6C Tetanus toxoid injections by county ............................................................... 272
Table 9.7 Place of delivery ............................................................................................. 273
Table 9.7C Place of delivery by county ............................................................................ 274
Table 9.8 Caesarean section ........................................................................................... 275
Table 9.8C Caesarean section by county........................................................................... 276
Table 9.9 Assistance during delivery.............................................................................. 277
Table 9.9C Assistance during delivery by county ............................................................. 278
Table 9.10 Duration of stay in health facility after birth .................................................. 279
Table 9.11 Timing of first postnatal check for the mother ............................................... 280
Table 9.11C Timing of first postnatal check for the mother by county .............................. 281
Table 9.12 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother ................................ 282
Table 9.12C Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother by county ............... 283
Table 9.13 Content of postnatal care for the mother ........................................................ 284
Table 9.13C Content of postnatal care for the mother by county........................................ 285
xiv  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Table 9.14 Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn ............................................ 286
Table 9.14C Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn by county ............................ 287
Table 9.15 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn ............................. 288
Table 9.15C Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn by county ............ 289
Table 9.16 Content of postnatal care for newborns .......................................................... 290
Table 9.16C Content of postnatal care for newborns by county ......................................... 291
Table 9.17 Postnatal checks on mother and newborn ....................................................... 292
Table 9.17C Postnatal checks on mother and newborn by county ...................................... 293
Table 9.18 Men’s involvement in maternal health care.................................................... 294
Table 9.18C Men’s involvement in maternal health care by county ................................... 295
Table 9.19 Problems in accessing health care .................................................................. 296
Table 9.19C Problems in accessing health care by county ................................................. 297
Table 9.20 Distance from health care ............................................................................... 298
Table 9.20C Distance from health care by county .............................................................. 299
Table 9.21 Community health care visits and services ..................................................... 300
Table 9.21C Community health care visits and services by county .................................... 301
Figure 9.1 Trends in antenatal care coverage .................................................................. 244

Figure 9.2 Components of antenatal care......................................................................... 246
Figure 9.3 Trends in antenatal care services .................................................................... 246
Figure 9.4 Trends in protection against neonatal tetanus ................................................. 248
Figure 9.5 Trends in place of birth................................................................................... 249
Figure 9.6 Health facility births by birth order ................................................................ 249
Figure 9.7 Caesarean section by household wealth ......................................................... 251
Figure 9.8 Assistance during delivery.............................................................................. 252
Figure 9.9 Postnatal care by place of delivery ................................................................. 256
Map 9.1 Health facility births by county ...................................................................... 250

Map 9.2 Skilled assistance at delivery by county ......................................................... 253
10 CHILD HEALTH........................................................................................................................ 303

Table 10.1 Child’s size and weight at birth ...................................................................... 315
Table 10.1C Child’s size and weight at birth by county ..................................................... 316
Table 10.2 Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to
background characteristics ............................................................................. 317
Table 10.2C Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to county .......... 318
Table 10.3 Vaccinations by source of information ........................................................... 319
Table 10.4 Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................... 320
Table 10.4C Vaccinations by county .................................................................................. 321
Table 10.5 Source of vaccinations .................................................................................... 323
Table 10.5C Source of vaccinations by county ................................................................... 324
Table 10.6 Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI ....... 325
Table 10.6C Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI
by county ........................................................................................................ 326
Table 10.7 Source of advice or treatment for children with symptoms of ARI ................ 327
Table 10.8 Children with fever and careseeking for fever ............................................... 328
Table 10.8C Children with fever and careseeking for fever by county ............................... 329
Table 10.9 Children with diarrhoea and careseeking for diarrhoea .................................. 330
Table 10.9C Children with diarrhoea and careseeking for diarrhoea by county ................. 331
Table 10.10 Feeding practices during diarrhoea................................................................. 332
Table 10.10C Feeding practices during diarrhoea by county ................................................ 333
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xv

Table 10.11 Oral rehydration salts, zinc, continued feeding and other treatments for
diarrhoea ......................................................................................................... 334
Table 10.12 Source of advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea ............................. 335
Table 10.13 Early Childhood Development Index 2030 .................................................... 336
Figure 10.1 Trends in childhood vaccinations ................................................................... 305

Figure 10.2 Childhood vaccinations .................................................................................. 307
Figure 10.3 Vaccination coverage by birth order .............................................................. 307
Figure 10.4 Diarrhoea prevalence by age .......................................................................... 310
Figure 10.5 Feeding practices during diarrhoea................................................................. 310
Figure 10.6 Treatment of diarrhoea ................................................................................... 311
Figure 10.7 Symptoms of childhood illness and careseeking ............................................ 312
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 337

Table 11.1 Nutritional status of children .......................................................................... 358
Table 11.1C Nutritional status of children by county ......................................................... 359
Table 11.2 Child growth monitoring ................................................................................ 360
Table 11.2C Child growth monitoring by county ............................................................... 361
Table 11.3 Early breastfeeding ......................................................................................... 362
Table 11.3C Early breastfeeding by county ........................................................................ 363
Table 11.4 Breastfeeding status according to age............................................................. 364
Table 11.5 Infant feeding practices by age ....................................................................... 364
Table 11.6 Liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the
interview ......................................................................................................... 365
Table 11.7 Foods consumed by children in the day or night preceding the
interview ......................................................................................................... 366
Table 11.8 Minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum
acceptable diet among children ...................................................................... 367
Table 11.9 Egg and/or flesh food consumption and unhealthy feeding practices
among children age 6–23 months ................................................................... 368
Table 11.10 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators.......................................... 369
Table 11.11 Infant and young child feeding counselling.................................................... 370
Table 11.12 Micronutrient supplementation and deworming among children ................... 371
Table 11.12C Micronutrient supplementation and deworming among children
by county ........................................................................................................ 372
Table 11.13.1 Nutritional status of women age 20–49 .......................................................... 373
Table 11.13.1C Nutritional status of women age 20–49 by county ......................................... 374
Table 11.13.2 Nutritional status of adolescent women age 15–19 ........................................ 375
Table 11.13.2C Nutritional status of adolescent women age 15–19 by county ....................... 376
Table 11.13.3 Nutritional status of men age 20–49 ............................................................... 377
Table 11.13.3C Nutritional status of men age 20–49 by county .............................................. 378
Table 11.13.4 Nutritional status of adolescent men age 15–19 ............................................. 379
Table 11.13.4C Nutritional status of adolescent men age 15–19 by county ............................ 380
Table 11.14 Foods and liquids consumed by women in the day or night preceding
the interview ................................................................................................... 381
Table 11.14C Foods and liquids consumed by women in the day or night preceding
the interview by county .................................................................................. 382
Table 11.15 Minimum dietary diversity and unhealthy food and beverage
consumption among women ........................................................................... 384
Table 11.15C Minimum dietary diversity and unhealthy food and beverage
consumption among women by county .......................................................... 385
xvi  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Table 11.16 Presence of iodised salt in household ............................................................. 386
Table 11.16C Presence of iodised salt in household by county ............................................ 387
Figure 11.1 Trends in child growth measures .................................................................... 339

Figure 11.2 Stunting in children by household wealth ...................................................... 340
Figure 11.3 Infant feeding practices by age ....................................................................... 343
Figure 11.4 IYCF indicators on Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) by breastfeeding
status ............................................................................................................... 346
Figure 11.5 IYCF indicators on Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) by mother’s
education ........................................................................................................ 347
Figure 11.6 Unhealthy feeding practices among children age 6–23 months
by breastfeeding status ................................................................................... 348
Figure 11.7 Unhealthy feeding practices among children age 6–23 months by
mother’s education ......................................................................................... 348
Figure 11.8 Nutritional status of adolescent and adult women and men ........................... 352
Figure 11.9 Trends in women’s nutritional status.............................................................. 353
Figure 11.10 Minimum dietary diversity among women by education ............................... 356
Map 11.1 Stunting in children by county........................................................................ 340
12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 389

Table 12.1 Household possession of mosquito nets ......................................................... 400
Table 12.1C Household possession of mosquito nets by county ........................................ 402
Table 12.2 Source of mosquito nets ................................................................................. 403
Table 12.2C Source of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) by county ...................................... 404
Table 12.3 Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN)...................................................... 405
Table 12.3C Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) by county ..................................... 406
Table 12.4 Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household ......................................... 407
Table 12.4C Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household by county ........................ 408
Table 12.5 Use of existing ITNs ....................................................................................... 409
Table 12.5C Use of existing ITNs by county ...................................................................... 410
Table 12.6 Use of mosquito nets by children ................................................................... 411
Table 12.6C Use of mosquito nets by children according to county ................................... 412
Table 12.7 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women ...................................................... 413
Table 12.8 Main reason mosquito net was not used the night before the survey ............. 414
Table 12.8C Main reason mosquito net was not used the night before the survey
by county ........................................................................................................ 415
Table 12.9 Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by women during
pregnancy ....................................................................................................... 416
Table 12.9C Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by women during
pregnancy according to county ....................................................................... 417
Table 12.10 Children with fever and careseeking, prompt treatment, and diagnosis ......... 418
Table 12.10C Children with fever and careseeking, prompt treatment, and diagnosis
by county ........................................................................................................ 419
Table 12.11 Source of advice or treatment for children with fever .................................... 420
Table 12.12 Type of antimalarial drugs used ..................................................................... 421
Figure 12.1 Household ownership of ITNs ........................................................................ 390

Figure 12.2 Trends in household ownership of ITNs ........................................................ 391
Figure 12.3 Source of ITNs ............................................................................................... 392
Figure 12.4 Access to and use of ITNs .............................................................................. 393
Figure 12.5 Trends in ITN access and use ......................................................................... 394
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xvii

Figure 12.6 ITN use ........................................................................................................... 395
Figure 12.7 Trends in use of ITNs by children and pregnant women in households
with at least one ITN ...................................................................................... 396
Figure 12.8 Reason ITN was not used ............................................................................... 396
Figure 12.9 Trends in IPTp use by pregnant women ......................................................... 397
Figure 12.10 Trends in ACT use by children with fever ..................................................... 399
Map 12.1 ITN ownership by county ............................................................................... 392

Map 12.2 Use of INT by persons in the household by county........................................ 394
13 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR RELATED TO HIV, AIDS, AND

TUBERCULOSIS ....................................................................................................................... 421
Table 13.1 Knowledge of and beliefs about tuberculosis ................................................. 438
Table 13.1C Knowledge of and beliefs about tuberculosis by county ................................ 439
Table 13.2.1 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment: Women ............................ 440
Table 13.2.2 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment: Men ................................. 441
Table 13.3 Knowledge of and attitudes about medicines to treat HIV or prevent
HIV transmission ............................................................................................ 442
Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV .............................. 443
Table 13.4C Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV by county ............. 444
Table 13.5.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last
12 months: Women......................................................................................... 445
Table 13.5.1C Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last
12 months by county: Women ........................................................................ 446
12 months: Men .............................................................................................. 447
Table 13.5.2C Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last
12 months by county: Men ............................................................................. 448
Table 13.6 Pregnant women tested for HIV ..................................................................... 449
Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women ......................................................... 450
Table 13.7.1C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Women......................................... 451
Table 13.7.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men............................................................... 452
Table 13.7.2C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Men .............................................. 453
Table 13.7.3 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women and men ........................................... 454
Table 13.7.3C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Women and men .......................... 455
Table 13.8 Number of times tested for HIV in lifetime.................................................... 456
Table 13.9 Knowledge and coverage of self-testing for HIV ........................................... 456
Table 13.10.1 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV:
Women ........................................................................................................... 457
Table 13.10.2 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV:
Men................................................................................................................. 458
Table 13.11 Male circumcision .......................................................................................... 459
Table 13.11C Male circumcision by county ......................................................................... 460
Table 13.12 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and
STIs symptoms ............................................................................................... 461
Table 13.12C Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and
STIs symptoms by county .............................................................................. 462
Table 13.13.1 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people: Women ................. 463
Table 13.13.1C Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people by county:
Women ........................................................................................................... 464
Table 13.13.2 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people: Men ...................... 465
xviii  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Table 13.13.2C Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people by county:
Men................................................................................................................. 466
Table 13.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people ...................................... 467
Table 13.15 Premarital sexual intercourse among young people ....................................... 467
12 months among young people: Women ...................................................... 468
12 months among young people: Men ........................................................... 469
Table 13.17 Recent HIV tests among young people .......................................................... 470
Figure 13.1 Knowledge of medicines to treat HIV or prevent HIV transmission .............. 423
Figure 13.2 Trends in knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) .................... 423
Figure 13.3 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV .............................. 424
Figure 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV education ............. 425
Figure 13.5 Sex and condom use with non-cohabiting partners ........................................ 425
Figure 13.6 HIV testing ..................................................................................................... 427
Figure 13.7 Trends in HIV testing ..................................................................................... 427
Figure 13.8 HIV testing by wealth quintile........................................................................ 428
Figure 13.9 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV ........ 432
Figure 13.10 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people ............................... 434
Figure 13.11 Trends in age at first sexual intercourse among young people ....................... 435
Map 13.1 HIV testing by county .................................................................................... 429
14 CHRONIC CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 471

Table 14.1 Physical activity.............................................................................................. 480
Table 14.1C Physical activity by county ............................................................................. 481
Table 14.2.1 Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment: Women........................................... 482
Table 14.2.1C Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment by county: Women .......................... 483
Table 14.2.2 Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment: Men ................................................ 484
Table 14.2.2C Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment by county: Men ............................... 485
Table 14.3.1 Blood sugar diagnosis and treatment: Women ............................................... 486
Table 14.3.2 Blood sugar diagnosis and treatment: Men .................................................... 487
Table 14.4 Heart disease and chronic heart condition diagnosis and treatment ............... 488
Table 14.5 Lung disease and chronic lung condition diagnosis and treatment................. 489
Table 14.6 Depression diagnosis and treatment ............................................................... 490
Table 14.6C Depression diagnosis and treatment by county .............................................. 491
Table 14.7 Examinations for breast and cervical cancer .................................................. 492
Table 14.7C Examinations for breast and cervical cancer by county ................................. 493
Table 14.8 Arthritis diagnosis and treatment .................................................................... 494
Table 14.8C Arthritis diagnosis and treatment by county ................................................... 495
Table 14.9 Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment ......................................................... 496
Figure 14.1 Blood pressure and blood sugar diagnosis and treatment ............................... 473
Figure 14.2 Breast and cervical cancer exams by education ............................................. 476
Map 14.1 Breast and cervical cancer exams by county .................................................. 477
15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 497

Table 15.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men .......... 510
Table 15.1.1C Employment and cash earnings of currently married women by county ........ 511
Table 15.1.2C Employment and cash earnings of currently married men by county ............ 512
Table 15.1.3 Average monthly earnings .............................................................................. 513
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xix

Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of
women’s cash earnings ................................................................................... 514
Table 15.2.1C Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of
women’s cash earnings by county .................................................................. 515
Table 15.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings .................................................................. 516
Table 15.2.2C Control over men’s cash earnings by county .................................................. 517
Table 15.3.1 House and land ownership: Women ............................................................... 518
Table 15.3.1C House and land ownership by county: Women .............................................. 519
Table 15.3.2 House and land ownership: Men .................................................................... 520
Table 15.3.2C House and land ownership by county: Men ................................................... 521
Table 15.4.1 House ownership and documentation of ownership: Women ........................ 522
Table 15.4.1C House ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Women ....... 523
Table 15.4.2 House ownership and documentation of ownership: Men.............................. 524
Table 15.4.2C House ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Men ............. 525
Table 15.5.1 Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Women ....... 526
Table 15.5.1C Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county:
Women ........................................................................................................... 527
Table 15.5.2 Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership:
Women ........................................................................................................... 528
Table 15.5.2C Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership
by county: Women ......................................................................................... 529
Table 15.5.3 Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men ............ 530
Table 15.5.3C Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county:
Men................................................................................................................. 531
Table 15.5.4 Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership:
Men................................................................................................................. 532
Table 15.5.4C Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership:
Men................................................................................................................. 533
Table 15.6.1 Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts: Women ................ 534
Table 15.6.1C Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts by county:
Women ........................................................................................................... 535
Table 15.6.2 Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts: Men ..................... 536
Table 15.6.2C Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts by county:
Men................................................................................................................. 537
Table 15.7 Participation in decision making .................................................................... 538
Table 15.8.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background
Table 15.8.1C Women’s participation in decision making by background
Table 15.8.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics ......... 540
Table 15.8.2C Men’s participation in decision making by county......................................... 541
Table 15.9.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women ........................................................... 542
Table 15.9.1C Attitude toward wife beating by county: Women........................................... 543
Table 15.9.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men ................................................................. 544
Table 15.9.2C Attitude toward wife beating: Men ................................................................. 545
Table 15.10 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband.................. 546
Table 15.10C Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband
by county ........................................................................................................ 547
Table 15.11 Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband ......................................... 548
Table 15.11C Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband by county ........................ 549
Table 15.12 Women’s participation in decision making about sexual and
reproductive health ......................................................................................... 550
xx  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Table 15.12C Women’s participation in decision making about sexual and
reproductive health by county ........................................................................ 551
Figure 15.1 Control over women’s earnings ...................................................................... 499

Figure 15.2 Ownership of a house or land ......................................................................... 501
Figure 15.3 Ownership of assets ........................................................................................ 503
Figure 15.4 Participation in decision making .................................................................... 504
Figure 15.5 Attitudes towards wife beating ....................................................................... 505
Figure 15.6 Women’s participation in decision making regarding sexual and
reproductive health by education .................................................................... 507
Map 15.1 Women’s participation in decision making about sexual and reproductive
health by county ............................................................................................. 508
16 HOUSEHOLD WATER AND SANITATION ......................................................................... 563

Table 16.1 Household drinking water .............................................................................. 564
Table 16.2 Drinking water service ladder......................................................................... 564
Table 16.2C Drinking water service ladder by county ........................................................ 565
Table 16.3 Person collecting drinking water .................................................................... 566
Table 16.3C Person collecting drinking water by county ................................................... 567
Table 16.4 Availability of sufficient drinking water ........................................................ 568
Table 16.4C Availability of sufficient drinking water by county........................................ 569
Table 16.5 Treatment of household drinking water .......................................................... 570
Table 16.5C Treatment of household drinking water by county ......................................... 571
Table 16.6 Household sanitation facilities........................................................................ 572
Table 16.7 Sanitation service ladder................................................................................. 572
Table 16.7C Sanitation service ladder by county ................................................................ 573
Table 16.8 Emptying and removal of wastes from on-site sanitation facilities ................ 574
Table 16.8C Emptying and removal of wastes from on-site sanitation facilities
by county ........................................................................................................ 575
Table 16.9 Management of household excreta ................................................................. 576
Table 16.9C Management of household excreta by county ................................................ 577
Table 16.10 Disposal of children’s stools........................................................................... 578
Table 16.10C Disposal of children’s stools by county .......................................................... 579
Table 16.11 Handwashing .................................................................................................. 580
Table 16.11C Handwashing by county ................................................................................. 581
Table 16.12 Menstrual hygiene .......................................................................................... 582
Table 16.12C Menstrual hygiene by county ......................................................................... 583
Figure 16.1 Household with improved source of drinking water service by

residence ......................................................................................................... 554
Figure 16.2 Household population drinking water service by residence ........................... 555
Figure 16.3 Person collecting drinking water .................................................................... 557
Figure 16.4 Availability of sufficient quantities of drinking water by wealth
quintile ............................................................................................................ 558
Figure 16.5 Household population sanitation service by residence ................................... 559
Figure 16.6 Management of household excreta ................................................................. 560
Figure 16.7 Management of household excreta by household wealth ............................... 561
Figure 16.8 Menstrual hygiene by education ..................................................................... 563
Map 16.1 At least basic service for drinking water by county........................................ 556
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xxi

17 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................................................................................. 585
Table 17.1 Experience of physical violence by any perpetrator ....................................... 601
Table 17.1C Experience of physical violence by any perpetrator according to county ...... 602
Table 17.2 Persons committing physical violence............................................................ 603
Table 17.3 Experience of physical violence during pregnancy ........................................ 604
Table 17.3C Experience of violence during pregnancy by county...................................... 605
Table 17.4 Experience of sexual violence by any perpetrator .......................................... 606
Table 17.4C Experience of sexual violence by any perpetrator according to county ......... 607
Table 17.5 Persons committing sexual violence ............................................................... 608
Table 17.6 Experience of sexual violence by any non-intimate partner ........................... 609
Table 17.6C Experience of sexual violence by any non-intimate partner according to
county ............................................................................................................. 610
Table 17.7 Age at first experience of sexual violence ...................................................... 611
Table 17.8 Experience of different forms of violence ...................................................... 612
Table 17.9.1 Forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence: Women ...... 613
Table 17.9.2 Forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence: Men ............ 614
Table 17.10.1 Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by background
characteristics: Women .................................................................................. 615
Table 17.10.1C Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by county: Women ......... 616
Table 17.10.2 Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by background
characteristics: Men ........................................................................................ 617
Table 17.11.1 Intimate partner violence by background characteristics: Women ................. 618
Table 17.11.1C Intimate partner violence by county ............................................................... 619
Table 17.11.2 Intimate partner violence by background characteristics: Men ...................... 620
Table 17.12.1 Intimate-partner violence by husband’s/intimate partner’s characteristics
and women’s empowerment indicators: Women ........................................... 621
Table 17.12.2 Intimate partner violence by wife’s/intimate partner’s and respondent’s
characteristics: Men ........................................................................................ 623
Table 17.13.1 Violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months:
Women ........................................................................................................... 624
Table 17.13.1C Violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months
by county: Women ......................................................................................... 625
Table 17.13.2 Violence by any wife or intimate partner in the last 12 months: Men ............ 626
Table 17.14 Injuries to women and men due to intimate partner violence ......................... 627
Table 17.15 Physical violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner
by respondent’s background characteristics ................................................... 628
Table 17.15C Violence by respondent against their husband/intimate partner
by county ........................................................................................................ 629
Table 17.16 Violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner by spouse/
intimate partner characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators ........ 630
Table 17.17.1 Help seeking to stop violence: Women .......................................................... 632
Table 17.17.1C Help seeking to stop violence by county: Women ......................................... 633
Table 17.17.2 Help seeking to stop violence: Men ............................................................... 634
Table 17.18 Sources for help to stop the violence .............................................................. 635
Figure 17.1 Trends in physical violence ............................................................................ 589

Figure 17.2 Forms of controlling behaviours..................................................................... 592
Figure 17.3 Prevalence of intimate partner violence among women ................................. 593
Figure 17.4 Prevalence of intimate partner violence among men ...................................... 594
Figure 17.5 Intimate partner violence by husband’s/intimate partner’s alcohol
consumption ................................................................................................... 595
Figure 17.6 Help seeking by type of violence experienced ............................................... 599
xxii  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Map 17.1 Intimate partner violence by any partner in the last 12 months by county ..... 597
18 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ....................................................................................... 637

Table 18.1 Knowledge of female circumcision ................................................................ 644
Table 18.2 Prevalence of female circumcision ................................................................. 645
Table 18.3 Age at circumcision ........................................................................................ 646
Table 18.4 Prevalence of circumcision and age at circumcision: Girls 0–14 ................... 646
Table 18.5 Circumcision of girls age 0–14 by mother’s background characteristics ....... 647
Table 18.6 Infibulation among circumcised girls age 0–14.............................................. 648
Table 18.7 Aspects of circumcision among circumcised girls age 0–14 and women
age 15–49 ....................................................................................................... 649
Table 18.8.1 Opinion of women and men about whether circumcision is required by
religion............................................................................................................ 650
Table 18.8.2 Opinion of women and men about whether circumcision is required by
culture ............................................................................................................. 651
Table 18.8.3 Opinions of women and men about whether circumcision is required by
society ............................................................................................................. 652
Table 18.9 Opinion of women and men about whether the practice of circumcision
should continue ............................................................................................... 653
Table 18.10 Effect of female circumcision......................................................................... 654
Table 18.11 Help seeking behaviours among circumcised women .................................... 655
Figure 18.1 Type of FGM .................................................................................................. 638

Figure 18.2 Trends in FGM ............................................................................................... 639
Figure 18.3 FGM by age .................................................................................................... 639
Figure 18.4 Age at circumcision ........................................................................................ 639
Figure 18.5 Age at circumcision among women and girls................................................. 641
Figure 18.6 Attitudes about FGM by circumcision status ................................................. 642
Tables, Figures, and Maps  xxiii

FOREWORD
T
he Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) was the 7th to be carried out in Kenya,
following similar surveys conducted in 1989, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008–09 and 2014. The survey’s
objective was to provide up to-date information on socio-economic, demographic, nutrition and
health indicators for planning, monitoring and evaluation of various health programmes and policies. The
2022 KDHS was implemented in DHS 8 series that expanded some of the questions and had additional
modules like early childhood development and chronic diseases. Further, the survey obtained information
on indicators of interest as related to Universal Health Coverage and these included healthcare financing
and utilization of community health services. The survey also provided an opportunity to obtain
information on key indicators related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the latest global health threat.
This report provides baseline indicators that will be used in monitoring and evaluation of the progress of
implementation of the Bottom-up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA) and its commitments to the
citizens as far as health support systems are concerned. The information in the report provides benchmark
statistics on demographic profiles and health care status of households in the implementation of the
Medium-Term Plan IV (MTP IV) and the country’s economic blueprint, Vision 2030. Besides this, the
report provides indicators to monitor and evaluate Kenya’s achievements towards Agenda 2030 on
Sustainable Development Goals and aspirations of the Africa Agenda 2063. It is worth noting that for a
number of indicators, the information in the report has been provided at county level to enable the county
governments to adequately plan, monitor, and evaluate their respective health programmes and projects.
Generally, the 2022 KDHS shows an improvement in many of the health indicators. The total fertility rate
(TFR) was 3.4 children per woman, having declined from 3.9 as reported in 2014 KDHS. The TFR has
been on a declining trend from a high of 8.1 recorded in 1977–78 Kenya Fertility Survey (KFS). The use
of modern methods of family planning among currently married women in Kenya has been on the rise,
increasing from 18% in 1989 to 57% in 2022. There is notable improvement in maternal health indicators
with more women attending four or more antenatal visits for their most recent live birth at 66% in 2022
compared to 58% in 2014. Additionally, eight in ten live births were delivered in a health facility in 2022,
up from six in ten recorded in 2014.
Mortality rates among infant(s) and under-five have also improved over time in Kenya. Infant mortality
rate decreased from 61 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 32 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022.
Similarly, under-five mortality rate declined from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 41 deaths per
1,000 live births in 2022. Prevalence of stunting among children under five years was 18% in 2022,
representing a significant decrease from 35% in 2008–09. This indicates a reduction in chronic
undernutrition. Moreover, 80% of children aged 12–23 months received all basic vaccinations (BCG,
measles, three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine, excluding polio vaccine given at birth) in 2022. The
percentage of women age 15–49 who reported being circumcised declined from 38% in 1998 to 15% in
2022. This portrays a gradual shift in cultural practices and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in
the country.
The 2022 KDHS was implemented by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) in collaboration with
the Ministry of Health (MoH), Directorate of Monitoring and Evaluation in The National Treasury and
Economic Planning, National Council for Population and Development (NCPD), Kenya Medical Research
Institute (KEMRI), National Syndemic Diseases Control Council (NSDCC), Council of Governors (CoG),
Population Studies and Research Institute (PSRI) of University of Nairobi, State Department for Social
Security and Protection in the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (SDSSP-MLSP), State Department
for Gender and Affirmative Action in the Ministry of Public Service, Gender and Affirmative Action
(SDGAA-MPSGAA), Anti-FGM Board, National Gender and Equality Commission (NGEC), United
Foreword  xxv
States Agency for International Development-Kenya (USAID/Kenya), ICF, The United Nations Resident
Coordinator’s Office (UNRCO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation (BMGF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations AIDS (UNAIDS), United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Food Programme (WFP), UN Women, The World
Bank, Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Nutrition International–Kenya, and the World Health
Organization (WHO). KNBS provided leadership in the overall survey planning, development of survey
tools, training of personnel, data collection and analysis.
KNBS appreciates the support provided by the various stakeholders, the steering committee, the technical
committee, the secretariat, and all the survey personnel who worked tirelessly, through a period when the
COVID-19 pandemic was at its peak and, in most cases, for very long hours to collect the data and to
develop this report. Additionally, we are grateful to the respondents for taking their time to provide
valuable information that has made this report possible.
MACDONALD G. OBUDHO, MBS

DIRECTOR GENERAL
KENYA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS
xxvi  Foreword
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACT artemisinin-based combination therapy

AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AL artemether-lumefantrine
ANC antenatal care
ARI acute respiratory infection
ASFR age-specific fertility rate
BCG bacillus Calmette-Guérin
CAPI computer-assisted personal interviewing

CBR crude birth rate
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative
CIDP County Integrated Development Plan
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
CSI Coping Strategies Index
CSPro Census and Survey Processing
DHAP dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine
DHS Demographic and Health Survey
DMPA-SC subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
DPT diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine
EA enumeration area
ECD early childhood development
ECDI Early Childhood Development Index
EPSEM Equal Probability Selection Method
FBO faith-based organisation

FCS Food Consumption Score
FGM female genital mutilation
FP2030 Family Planning 2030
GAR gross attendance ratio

GBV gender-based violence
GFR general fertility rate
GPI Gender Parity Index
HepB hepatitis B
Hib Haemophilus influenzae type B
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
IPTp intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy

IPV inactivated polio vaccine
ITN insecticide-treated net
IUD intrauterine contraceptive device
IYCF infant and young child feeding
Acronyms and Abbreviations  xxvii

JMP Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene
KDHS Kenya Demographic and Health Survey

K-HMSF Kenya Household Master Sample Frame
KMIS Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey
KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KPHC Kenya Population and Housing Census
KSh Kenya shilling
LAM lactational amenorrhoea method

LLIN long-lasting insecticidal net
MoH Ministry of Health

MR measles-rubella
MTP Medium-Term Plan
NAR net attendance ratio

NGAO National Government Administration Officer
NGO nongovernmental organisation
NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund
OPV oral polio vaccine

ORS oral rehydration salts
PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

PNC postnatal care
SD standard deviation
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SDM standard days method
SP sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
STI sexually transmitted infection
TB tuberculosis
TFR total fertility rate
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution
UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VIP ventilated improved pit
WFP World Food Programme

WG Washington Group on Disability Statistics
WHO World Health Organization
xxviii  Acronyms and Abbreviations

READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE
2022 KENYA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY
(KDHS)
T
he 2022 Kenya DHS final report is based on
approximately 200 tables of data. For quick
reference, they are located at the end of each
chapter and can be accessed through links in the
pertinent text (electronic version). Additionally, this
more reader-friendly version features about 90
figures that clearly highlight trends, subnational
patterns, and background characteristics. Large
colorful maps display breakdowns for 47 counties in
Kenya. The text has been simplified to highlight key
points in bullets and to clearly identify indicator
definitions in boxes.
While the text and figures featured in each chapter

highlight some of the most important findings from
the tables, not every finding can be discussed or
displayed graphically. For this reason, KDHS data
users should be comfortable reading and
interpreting tables.
The following pages provide an introduction to the

organization of KDHS tables, the presentation of
background characteristics, and a brief summary of
sampling and understanding denominators. In
addition, this section provides some exercises for
users as they practice their new skills in interpreting
KDHS tables.
Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS • xxix

Example 1: Exposure to mass media: Women
A Question Asked of All Survey Respondents
Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women

1
Percentage of women age 15–49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Reads a Accesses all Accesses none
Background
3 newspaper at
least once
Watches
television at least
Listens to the
radio at least
three media at
least once
of the three
media at least
2
Number of
characteristic a week once a week once a week a week once a week women
Age
15–19 9.3 50.0 56.6 5.0 24.6 6,025
20–24 8.0 56.2 63.5 5.1 19.4 6,001
25–29 7.8 61.3 64.4 5.5 18.7 5,687
30–34 7.3 57.8 63.9 5.0 20.3 4,530
35–39 7.7 55.2 62.7 5.4 22.9 4,311
40–44 9.5 53.1 63.7 6.3 21.3 3,084
45–49 8.9 49.4 61.7 5.9 24.9 2,518
Residence
Urban
Rural
10.4
6.8
74.1
42.1
61.1
62.9
5 7.2
4.1
14.3
26.4
13,143
19,013
Education1
No education 0.1 13.6 26.9 0.0 66.4 1,770
Primary 3.1 42.5 60.6 1.5 26.9 11,687
Secondary 9.0 62.1 66.6 5.6 15.4 12,550
More than
secondary 19.2 77.1 66.4 13.8 10.5 6,150
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.0 10.1 44.3 0.9 52.7 5,019
Second 4.9 26.2 65.8 1.8 27.4 5,698
Middle 7.1 54.7 67.3 4.2 19.0 6,069
Fourth 8.5 71.2 64.7 5.9 14.4 7,139
Highest 14.6 89.2 64.7 11.0 6.2 8,231
Total
4 8.3 55.2 62.2 5.4 21.5 32,156
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level
colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.
Step 1: Read the title and subtitle, highlighted in orange in the table above. They tell you the topic and the
specific population group being described. In this case, the table is about women age 15–49 and their
exposure to different types of media. All eligible female respondents age 15–49 were asked these
questions.
Step 2: Scan the column headings—highlighted in green in Example 1. They describe how the information
is categorized. In this table, the first three columns of data show different types of media that women
access at least once a week. The fourth column shows women who access all three types of media, while
the fifth column shows women who do not access any of the three types of media on a weekly basis. The
last column lists the number of women age 15–49 interviewed in the survey.
Step 3: Scan the row headings—the first vertical column highlighted in blue in Example 1. These show the
different ways the data are divided into categories based on population characteristics. In this case, the
table presents women’s exposure to media by age, urban-rural residence, level of education, and wealth
quintile. Most of the tables in the KDHS report will be divided into these same categories.
Step 4: Look at the row at the bottom of the table highlighted in pink. These percentages represent the
totals of all women age 15–49 and their weekly access to different types of media. In this case, 8.3% of
xxx • Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS

women age 15–49 read a newspaper at least once a week, 55.2% watch television at least weekly, and
62.2% listen to the radio on a weekly basis.1
Step 5: To find out what percentage of women in the rural areas listen to the radio at least once a week,
draw two imaginary lines, as shown on the table. This shows that 62.9% of women in the rural areas listen
to the radio at least once a week.
By looking at patterns by background characteristics, we can see how exposure to mass media varies
across Kenya. Mass media are often used to communicate health messages. Knowing how mass media
exposure varies among different groups can help program planners and policy makers determine how to
most effectively reach their target populations.
*For the purpose of this document, data are presented exactly as they appear in the table including decimal
places. However, the text in the remainder of this report rounds data to the nearest whole percentage point.
Practice: Use the table in Example 1 to answer the following questions:
a) What percentage of women in Kenya do not access any of the three media at least once a week?
b) Which age group of women is most likely to watch television at least once a week?
c) Which women read a newspaper at least once a week by education level?
d) Which age group is the least exposed to newspapers at least once a week?
e) What are the lowest and the highest percentages (range) of women who accesses none of the three media at least
once a week by education level?
f) Is there a clear pattern in women who accesses all three media at least once a week by wealth quintile?
second lowest, 4.2% for the third, 5.9% for the fourth, and 11.0% for the highest quintile.
f) Yes, weekly exposure to all three media increases with the household quintile; 0.9% for women in the lowest quintile, 1.8% for the
than secondary education and 66.4% for women with no education.
e) The range for women who accesses none of the three media at least once a week by education level is 10.5% for women with more
d) Women age 30–34 are the least exposed to newspaper at least once a week; 7.3%.
no education, 3.1% for women with primary education, and 9.0% for women with secondary education.
c) Women with more than secondary level education read a newspaper at least once a week; 19.2% compared to 0.1% for women with
b) Women age 30–34 are more likely to watch television at least once a week.
a) 21.5%
Answers:
1
For the purpose of this document data are presented exactly as they appear in the table including decimal places.
However, the text in the remainder of this report rounds data to the nearest whole percentage point.
Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS • xxxi

Example 2: Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI
A Question Asked of a Subgroup of Survey Respondents
Table 10.6 Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI
1
Among children under age 5, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks before the survey;
and among children with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought,
according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI:
Percentage for
2Percentage
Percentage for whom advice or
whom advice or treatment was
Background with symptoms Number of treatment was sought the same Number of
characteristic of ARI1 children sought2 or next day2 children
Age in months
<6 1.4 1,735 (75.1) (48.0) 24
6–11 2.1 1,838 (84.0) (41.7) 39
12–23 1.9 3,324 87.0 46.1 65
24–35 1.7 3,230 88.2 53.9 56
36–47 1.8 3,435 81.8 30.5 61
48–59 1.5 3,321 72.5 43.5 49
a b
Sex
Male 1.9 8,589 84.7 43.9 161
Female 1.6 8,294 79.4 43.0 132
Mother’s smoking status3

Smokes cigarettes/tobacco 0.0 55 * * 0
Does not smoke 1.7 8,683 84.5 46.1 147
Cooking fuels and technologies

Clean fuel and technology4 1.4 4,556 (96.7) (46.0) 64
Solid fuel5 1.9 11,875 77.8 44.0 222
Kerosene/paraffin 1.7 432 * * 7
No food cooked in household * 21 * * 1
Residence
Urban 1.7 6,316 89.5 38.4 109
Rural
Mother’s education6
1.7 10,567 78.1 46.5
4 184
No education 1.9 1,738 69.3 36.5 34

Primary 2.1 6,374 80.7 46.6 135
Secondary 1.5 5,719 84.0 33.5 85
More than secondary 1.3 3,053 (95.2) (59.9) 40
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.5 3,784 78.5 44.6 96
Second 2.1 3,038 73.0 38.8 63
Middle 1.4 2,955 82.6 56.7 40
Fourth 1.4 3,410 88.6 34.8 48
Highest 1.2 3,697 (96.3) (45.4) 46
Total 3 1.7 16,883 82.3 43.5 293
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than
25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Step 1: Read the title and subtitle. In this case, the table is about two separate groups of children: all
children under age 5 (a) and children under age 5 with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in
the 2 weeks before the survey (b).
Step 2: Identify the two panels. First, identify the columns that refer to all children under age 5 (a), and
then isolate the columns that refer only to children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks
before the survey (b).
Step 3: Look at the first panel. What percentage of children under age 5 had symptoms of ARI in the 2
weeks before the survey? It is 1.7%. Now look at the second panel. How many children under age 5 had
xxxii • Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS

symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey? It’s 293 children or 1.7% of the 16,883 children (with
rounding). The second panel is a subset of the first panel.
Step 4: Only 1.7% of children under age 5 had symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey. Once
these children are further divided into the background characteristic categories, there may be too few cases
for the percentages to be reliable.
 What percentage of children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI under 6 months had advice or
treatment sought the same or next day? 48%. This percentage is in parentheses because there are
between 25 and 49 children (unweighted) in this category. Readers should use this number with
caution—it may not be reliable. (For more information on weighted and unweighted numbers, see
Example 4.)
 What percentage of children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI had advice or treatment sought and
had no food cooked in household? There is no number in this cell—only an asterisk. This is because
there are fewer than 25 children. Results for this group are not reported. The subgroup is too small,
and therefore the data are not reliable.
Note: When parentheses or asterisks are used in a table, the explanation will be noted under the table. If
there are no parentheses or asterisks in a table, you can proceed with confidence that enough cases were
included in all categories that the data are reliable.
Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS • xxxiii

Example 3: Understanding Sampling Weights in KDHS Tables
A sample is a group of people who have been

Table 3.1C Background characteristics of respondents by county
selected for a survey. In the KDHS, the sample
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 by county, Kenya DHS
is designed to represent the national population 2022
age 15–49. In addition to national data, most Women
countries want to collect and report data on Weighted Weighted Unweighted
smaller geographical or administrative areas. County 3 percent 2 number 1 number
However, doing so requires a large enough Mombasa 2.9 947 749

Kwale 1.5 498 711
sample size in each area. For the 2022 KDHS,
Kilifi 2.9 928 742
the survey sample is representative at the Tana River 0.5 149 641
national and county levels, and for urban and Lamu 0.3 101 675
Taita/Taveta 0.7 234 483
rural areas. Garissa 0.9 290 641
Wajir 0.5 160 745
To generate statistics that are representative of Mandera 0.6 206 723
Marsabit 0.4 129 535
the country as a whole and the 47 counties, the Isiolo 0.4 137 623
number of women surveyed in each county Meru 3.0 979 602
Tharaka-Nithi 0.8 271 535
should contribute to the size of the total Embu 1.1 358 584
(national) sample in proportion to size of the Kitui 2.3 735 671
Machakos 3.1 992 699
county. However, if some counties have small Makueni 2.1 683 720
populations, then a sample allocated in Nyandarua 1.3 409 590
proportion to each county’s population may Nyeri 1.6 501 529
Kirinyaga 1.5 481 605
not include sufficient women from each Murang’a 2.2 692 557
county for analysis. To solve this problem, Kiambu 6.5 2,094 668
Turkana 1.0 331 644
counties with small populations are West Pokot 1.2 384 756
oversampled. For example, let’s say that you Samburu 0.5 156 615
Trans Nzoia 2.1 675 713
have enough money to interview 32,156 Uasin Gishu 3.1 983 731
women and want to produce results that are Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.7 228 591
Nandi 1.9 622 721
representative of Kenya as a whole and its
Baringo 1.2 378 687
counties (as in Table 3.1C). However, the total Laikipia 1.0 332 576
population of Kenya is not evenly distributed Nakuru 5.2 1,658 782
Narok 2.2 718 744
among the counties: some counties, such as Kajiado 2.8 887 660
Nairobi City, are heavily populated while Kericho 2.3 729 779
Bomet 2.0 650 778
others, such as are not. Thus, Lamu must be Kakamega 4.0 1,283 810
oversampled. Vihiga 1.2 371 721
Bungoma 3.5 1,138 841
Busia 1.9 622 768
A sampling statistician determines how many Siaya 1.7 537 674
women should be interviewed in each county Kisumu 2.4 771 761
Homa Bay 2.1 662 712
in order to get reliable statistics. The blue
Migori 2.1 674 777
column (1) in the table at the right shows the Kisii 2.6 831 708
actual number of women interviewed in each Nyamira 1.0 327 635
Nairobi City 13.2 4,235 944
county. Within the counties, the number of
Total 15-49 100.0 32,156 32,156
women interviewed ranges from 483 in
Taita/Taveta to 944 in Nairobi City. The number of interviews is sufficient to get reliable results in each
county.
With this distribution of interviews, some counties are overrepresented and some counties are
underrepresented. For example, the population in Nairobi City is about 13.2% of the population in Kenya,
while Lamu’s population contributes only 0.3% of the population in Kenya. But as the blue column shows,
the number of women interviewed in Nairobi City accounts for only about 2.9% of the total sample of
women interviewed (944 /32,156) and the number of women interviewed in Lamu accounts for almost the
same percentage of the total sample of women interviewed (2%, or 675 /32,156). This unweighted
distribution of women does not accurately represent the population.
xxxiv • Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS

In order to get statistics that are representative of Kenya, the distribution of the women in the sample needs
to be weighted (or mathematically adjusted) such that it resembles the true distribution in the country.
Women from a small county, like Lamu, should only contribute a small amount to the national total.
Women from a large county, like Nairobi City, should contribute much more. Therefore, DHS statisticians
mathematically calculate a “weight” which is used to adjust the number of women from each county so
that each SUBUNIT’s contribution to the total is proportional to the actual population of the county. The
numbers in the purple column (2) represent the “weighted” values. The weighted values can be smaller or
larger than the unweighted values at the county level. The total national sample size of 32,156 women has
not changed after weighting, but the distribution of the women in the counties has been changed to
represent their contribution to the total population size.
How do statisticians weight each category? They take into account the probability that a woman was
selected in the sample. If you were to compare the green column (3) to the actual population distribution
of Kenya, you would see that women in each county are contributing to the total sample with the same
weight that they contribute to the population of the country. The weighted number of women in the survey
now accurately represents the proportion of women who live in Nairobi City and the proportion of women
who live in Lamu.
With sampling and weighting, it is possible to interview enough women to provide reliable statistics at
national and county levels. In general, only the weighted numbers are shown in each of the KDHS tables,
so don’t be surprised if these numbers seem low: they may actually represent a larger number of women
interviewed.
Reading and Understanding Tables from the 2022 KDHS • xxxv

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS
Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, Kenya DHS 2022

Residence
Indicator Urban Rural Total
1. No poverty
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services
a) Access to basic drinking water services 90.6 56.3 67.9
b) Access to basic sanitation services 47.3 37.7 40.9
c) Access to basic hygiene services 67.6 43.0 51.3
d) Access to electricity1 88.6 29.9 49.6
e) Access to clean fuels and technologies2 53.4 4.9 21.2
Sex
Indicator Male Female Total
2. Zero hunger
2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age 19.6 15.6 17.6
2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition among children under 5 years of age 8.3 7.9 8.1
a) Prevalence of wasting among children under 5 years of age 5.4 4.3 4.9
b) Prevalence of overweight among children under 5 years of age 2.9 3.6 3.2
3. Good health and well-being
3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel na na 89.3
3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate3 45.0 38.0 41.0
3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate3 24.0 19.0 21.0
3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (age 15–49 years) who have their need for family
planning satisfied with modern methods na 74.6 na
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rates per 1,000 women
a) Girls age 10-14 years4 na 2.0 na
b) Women age 15–19 years5 na 73.0 na
3.a.1 Age-standardised prevalence of current tobacco use among persons age 15 years and older6 12.4 1.3 6.8a
3.b.1 Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme
a) Coverage of DPT containing vaccine (3rd dose)7 88.8 89.5 89.2
b) Coverage of measles containing vaccine (2nd dose)8 69.7 63.8 66.8
c) Coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (last dose in schedule)9 91.2 91.1 91.2
4. Quality education
4.2.1 Proportion of children age 24–59 months who are developmentally on track in health, learning
and psychosocial well-being 76.4 79.8 78.0
4.2.2 Participation rate in organised learning (one year before the official primary entry age) 86.9 88.8 87.9
5. Gender equality
5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls age 15 years and older subjected to physical,
sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12
months10,11 na 28.1 na
a) Physical violence na 16.0 na
b) Sexual violence na 7.1 na
c) Psychological violence na 22.1 na
5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls age 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons
other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months12 na 0.6 na
5.3.1 Proportion of women age 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and
before age 18
a) before age 15 na 2.2 na
b) before age 18 na 12.5 na
5.3.2 Proportion of girls and women age 15–49 years who have undergone female genital
mutilation/cutting na 14.8 na
5.6.1 Proportion of women age 15–49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding
sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care13 na 64.8 na
5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone14 80.4 77.5 79.0a
6. Clean water and sanitation
6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
a) Proportion with basic drinking water services 90.6 56.3 67.9
b) Proportion with water available when needed 64.1 65.8 65.2
6.2.1 Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) hand-washing
facility with soap and water
a) Proportion using basic sanitation service 47.3 37.7 40.9
b) Proportion in which excreta are safely disposed of in situ or treated off site 89.6 53.8 65.9
c) Proportion using a hand-washing facility with soap and water 67.6 43.0 51.3
d) Proportion using open defecation 0.9 10.4 7.2
7. Affordable clean energy
7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity1 88.6 29.9 49.6
7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology2 53.4 4.9 21.2
(Continued…)
Sustainable Development Goal Indicators • xxxvii

Continued
Sex
Indicator Male Female Total
8. Decent work and economic growth
8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution
or with a mobile-money-service provider14 39.1 28.5 33.8a
16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions
16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men age 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by
age 18 2.6 4.9 na
16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil
authority 76.3 75.6 76.0
17. Partnerships for the goals
17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet15 56.2 44.2 50.2a
na = not applicable
1
Persons living in households that report the primary source of lighting is electricity.
2
Persons living in households that report no cooking, no space heating, or no lighting are not excluded from the numerator.
3
Expressed in terms of deaths per 1,000 live births for the 5-year period preceding the survey
4
Equivalent to the age-specific fertility rate for girls age 10–14 for the 3-year period preceding the survey, expressed in terms of births per 1,000
girls age 10–14
5
Equivalent to the age-specific fertility rate for women age 15–19 for the 3-year period preceding the survey, expressed in terms of births per 1,000
women age 15–19
6
Data are not age-standardised and are available for women and men age 15–49 only.
7
The percentage of children age 12–23 months who received three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib
8
The percentage of children age 24–35 months who received two doses of measles rubella (MR)
9
The percentage of children age 12–23 months who received three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
10
Data are available for women age 15–49 who have ever been in union only.
11
In the DHS, psychological violence is termed emotional violence.
12
Data are available for women age 15–49 only.
13
Data are available for currently married women only.
14
Data are available for women and men age 15–49 only.
15
Data are available for women and men age 15–49 who have used the Internet in the last 12 months.
a
The total is calculated as the simple arithmetic mean of the percentages in the columns for males and females.
xxxviii  Sustainable Development Goal Indicators

Map of Kenya xxxix
INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY 1
T
he 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2022 KDHS) was implemented by the Kenya
National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MoH) and other
stakeholders. This is the 7th KDHS implemented in the country. Data collection took place from 17
February to 31 July 2022. ICF provided technical assistance through The Demographic and Health Surveys
(DHS) Program, which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
and offers financial support and technical assistance for population and health surveys in countries
worldwide. Other agencies and organisations that facilitated the successful implementation of the survey
through technical or financial support include: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the World Bank, the
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Nutrition
International, the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the
Empowerment of Women (UN Women), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Clinton Health
Access Initiative (CHAI), and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).
1.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the 2022 KDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic sociodemographic,
nutrition and health indicators. Specifically, the 2022 KDHS collected information on:
 Fertility levels and contraceptive prevalence

 Childhood mortality
 Maternal and child health
 Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI)
 Anthropometric measures for children, women, and men
 Children’s nutrition
 Woman’s dietary diversity
 Knowledge and behaviour related to the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases
 Noncommunicable diseases and other health issues
 Extent and pattern of gender-based violence
 Female genital mutilation.
The information collected in the 2022 KDHS will assist policymakers and programme managers in
monitoring, evaluating, and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of Kenya’s
population. The 2022 KDHS also provides indicators relevant to monitoring the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) for Kenya, as well as indicators relevant for monitoring national and subnational
development agendas such as the Kenya Vision 2030, Medium Term Plans (MTPs), and County Integrated
Development Plans (CIDPs).
1.2 SAMPLE DESIGN

The sample for the 2022 KDHS was drawn from the Kenya Household Master Sample Frame (K-HMSF).
This is the frame that KNBS currently uses to conduct household-based sample surveys in Kenya. The
frame is based on the 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census (KPHC) data, in which a total of
129,067 enumeration areas (EAs) were developed. Of these EAs, 10,000 were selected with probability
proportional to size to create the K-HMSF. The 10,000 EAs were randomised into four equal subsamples.
A survey can utilise a subsample or a combination of subsamples based on the sample size requirements.
The 2022 KDHS sample was drawn from subsample one of the K-HMSF. The EAs were developed into
clusters through a process of household listing and geo-referencing. The Constitution of Kenya 2010
established a devolved system of government in which Kenya is divided into 47 counties. To design the
Introduction and Survey Methodology • 1

frame, each of the 47 counties in Kenya was stratified into rural and urban strata, which resulted in 92
strata since Nairobi City and Mombasa counties are purely urban.
The 2022 KDHS was designed to provide estimates at the national level, for rural and urban areas
separately, and, for some indicators, at the county level. The sample size was computed at 42,300
households, with 25 households selected per cluster, which resulted in 1,692 clusters spread across the
country, 1,026 clusters in rural areas, and 666 in urban areas. The sample was allocated to the different
sampling strata using power allocation to enable comparability of county estimates.
The 2022 KDHS employed a two-stage stratified sample design where in the first stage, 1,692 clusters
were selected from the K-HMSF using the Equal Probability Selection Method (EPSEM). The clusters
were selected independently in each sampling stratum. Household listing was carried out in all the selected
clusters, and the resulting list of households served as a sampling frame for the second stage of selection,
where 25 households were selected from each cluster. However, after the household listing procedure, it
was found that some clusters had fewer than 25 households; therefore, all households from these clusters
were selected into the sample. This resulted in 42,022 households being sampled for the 2022 KDHS.
Interviews were conducted only in the pre-selected households and clusters; no replacement of the pre-
selected units was allowed during the survey data collection stages.
Household listing was done with computer assisted personal interviews (CAPI) with the data transmitted to
a central server for processing. During the listing exercise, geo-data were collected to assist in identifying
the selected households. All clusters were standardised to have one Measure of Size (MoS) defined as an
average of 100 households with a lower limit of 50 households and an upper limit of 149 households.
Large EAs with more than 149 households were standardised by splitting them into nearly equal segments
with one segment randomly selected and listed to form a cluster. There was no merging of EAs with less
than 50 households. The listing exercise used interactive maps that ensured that in every EA, all listed
households were within the EA boundaries.
The 2022 KDHS was successfully implemented in 1,691 clusters; one cluster in Mandera County could not
be visited due to insecurity. As a result of the non-proportional allocation of the sample to the sampling
strata and due to nonresponse, the survey was not self-weighting. Therefore, the resulting data have been
weighted to be representative nationally as well as for other survey domains. Survey weights were based
on the selection probabilities for each sample selection stage. Refer to Appendix A for detailed information
on the 2022 KDHS sample design.
2 • Introduction and Survey Methodology

Figure 1.1 2022 Kenya DHS Sample Design
All Households: 42,300

Core modules:
 Characteristics of household
members
 Birth registration
 Household characteristics
 Household possession
 Possession and use of
mosquito nets
 Housing characteristics
 COVID-19
Traffic Accidents
Half of Households: 21,996

Full Questionnaire
Half of Households: 20,304  Core modules plus:
Short Questionnaire  Disability
 Core modules  Health expenditure and insurance cover
 Biomarker (Children <5)  Food consumption
 Social protection
 Mobile money
 Biomarker (Children <5, Women 15–49,
Men 15–54)
Women (15–49) Women (15–49) Men (15–54)

 Sociodemographic characteristics  Sociodemographic  Sociodemographic
 Reproduction characteristics characteristics
 Family planning  Reproduction  Reproduction
 Maternal health care and breastfeeding  Family planning  Family planning
 Vaccination and health of children  Maternal health care and  Marriage and sexual activity
 Children’s nutrition breastfeeding  Fertility preferences
 Marriage and sexual activity  Vaccination and health of  Employment and gender
 Husband’s background characteristics and children roles
woman’s work  Children’s nutrition  HIV/AIDS, other STIs, and
 Gender-based violence  Woman’s dietary diversity TB
 Early childhood development  Other health issues
 Marriage and sexual activity  Chronic diseases
 Fertility preferences  Female genital mutilation
 Husband’s background
characteristics and woman’s
work
 HIV/AIDS, other STIs, and TB
 Other health issues
 Chronic diseases
Women (15–49): 10,152 Men (15–49): 11,844

Households Households
 Gender-based violence  Gender-based violence
All women age 15–49 who were usual members of the selected households or who had slept in the
households the night before the survey were eligible for interviews (Figure 1.1). The men’s interview was
conducted in half of the sampled households, where all men age 15–54 who were usual members of the
selected households or who had slept in those households the night before the survey were eligible to be
interviewed. In a half of the men’s subsample, one man per household was randomly selected for the
gender-based violence module. In the other half of the men’s subsample and in the sample of households
not selected for the men’s interview, one woman per household was randomly selected for the gender-
based violence module. Thus, in three quarters of the sample, the gender-based violence module was
administered to women, and in one quarter of the sample, the module was administered to men.

The Biomarker Questionnaire, which included height and weight measurements, was administered in all
households with children age 0–59 months and in the men’s subsample, the Biomarker Questionnaire was
administered with men age 15–54 and women age 15–49. Modules on disability, COVID-19, health
insurance, health expenditures, road traffic accidents, household food expenditure, early childhood
development (ECD), chronic diseases, and female genital mutilation (FGM) were administered in half of
the households sampled for the 2022 KDHS. The GPS coordinates for all interviewed households were
selected during data collection.
1.3 QUESTIONNAIRES
Four questionnaires were used in the 2022 KDHS: Household Questionnaire, Woman’s Questionnaire,
Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s
model questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Kenya. In
addition, a self-administered Fieldworker Questionnaire was used to collect information about the survey’s
fieldworkers.
The Household Questionnaire identified women and men who were eligible for the individual interviews
and women age 15–49, men age 15–54, and children age 0–59 months for anthropometry. The Household
Questionnaire also collected information on:
 Basic information on each person in the household (name, sex, age, education, relationship to the
household head, survival of parents for children under age 18)
 Disability
 Assets, land ownership, and housing characteristics
 Sanitation, water, and other environmental health issues
 Health expenditures
 Traffic accident and injury
 COVID-19 (prevalence, vaccination, and related deaths)
 Household food consumption
The Woman’s Questionnaire collected information from women age 15–49 on:
 Sociodemographic characteristics
 Reproduction
 Family planning
 Maternal health care and breastfeeding
 Vaccination and health of children
 Children’s nutrition
 Woman’s dietary diversity
 Early childhood development
 Marriage and sexual activity
 Fertility preferences
 Husband’s background characteristics and woman’s employment activity
 Female genital mutilation
 Gender-based violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to men age 15–54. The questionnaire collected information on:
 Sociodemographic characteristics
 Reproduction
 Family planning
 Marriage and sexual activity
 Fertility preferences
 Employment and gender roles
 Female genital mutilation
 Gender-based violence
The Biomarker Questionnaire collected information on anthropometry (weight and height measurements).
The full Biomarker Questionnaire collected anthropometry measurements on children age 0–59 months,
women age 15–49, and men age 15–54, while the short Biomarker Questionnaire collected weight and
height measurements only on children age 0–59 months.
There were two versions of the questionnaires for the Household, the individual Woman’s, and the
Biomarker: the full and short questionnaires. The full version of the questionnaire contained all the
modules and was administered to half of the household sample, while the short version of the questionnaire
contained only core modules as indicated in Figure 1.1 and was administered to the other half of the
household sample that did not receive the full version of the questionnaire. All questions in the short
questionnaires were also contained in the full questionnaires. This provides adequate sample size to enable
county level estimations of some indicators.
The purpose of the Fieldworker Questionnaire was to collect basic background information on the
individuals who were collecting data in the field. This included the Team Supervisor, CAPI Supervisor,
Interviewer, and Biomarker Technician.
All questionnaires except the Fieldworker Questionnaire were translated into Kiswahili to make it easier
for interviewers to ask questions in a language that respondents could understand. All questionnaires were
programmed into tablet computers to allow for computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data
collection purposes, with the capability to choose Kiswahili or English.
The protocol for the 2022 KDHS was reviewed by the ICF Institutional Review Board. Country-specific
reviews were not done because the survey was conducted in accordance with the Statistics Act, 2006.
1.4 ANTHROPOMETRY MEASUREMENTS

Children under age 5, women age 15–49, and men age 15–54 had their weight and height measured in
order to provide information on their nutritional status.
Weight measurements were taken using SECA scales with a digital display (model number SECA 874).
Height and length were measured with a ShorrBoard® measuring board. Children younger than age 24
months are measured lying down (recumbent length), while older children and adults were measured
standing (height).
To assess the precision of measurements, two children were randomly selected in each cluster for
remeasurement. The 2022 KDHS adopted the guidelines of The DHS Program, which define a difference
of less than one centimetre between the two height measurements as an acceptable level of precision. The
data collection application was programmed to calculate anthropometric z scores automatically. Children
found to have a z score of less than negative three (–3) or more than three for height-for-age, weight-for-

height, or weight-for-age were flagged as having unusual measurements and were measured a second time.
Remeasurement of flagged cases was performed to ensure accurate reporting of height and weight
measurements. Children whose second measurement indicated severe wasting (weight-for-height z score
less than –3) were referred for treatment to the nearest health facility, and the field team supervisor or
another survey team member informed the caretaker of the affected child about the referral for treatment
before the team left the cluster.
1.5 TRAINING OF TRAINERS AND PRETEST

A total of 45 trainers from KNBS, MoH, other government departments and agencies, universities, and
development partners participated in the training of trainers. The training was supported by ICF and was
held from 29 November to 3 December 2021. The objectives of the training were to:
 Equip trainers with adult learning principles and effective facilitation methods
 Review and finalise the 2022 KDHS questionnaires
 Familiarise trainers with the 2022 KDHS CAPI system
 Prepare and finalise materials for training of survey personnel (interviewers, supervisors, and
biomarker technicians)
1.6 PRETEST
The pretest included classroom training and field practice for interviewers and biomarker technicians. The
training took place from 11 December 2021 to 18 January 2022. The objectives of the pretest were to:
 Test the adequacy of the training agenda for the main survey
 Test the data collection instruments (questionnaires, manuals, and forms)
 Test the suitability of the CAPI data collection approach
 Evaluate the competence of personnel
 Assess the workload of field interviewers and biomarker technicians
 Test the adequacy of training procedures for the field personnel
 Test the adequacy of the planned duration of data collection
 Evaluate the overall administrative and financial structure and other general logistics issues
 Test the reliability of the central server data transmission mechanisms and the robustness of the system
established to monitor the quality of data from the field
 Test the effectiveness of the publicity and advocacy strategy and data processing strategies
The training for the pretest included all aspects of the questionnaire content, interviewing procedures, and
anthropometry practice with children. Two days were used for field practice, and then the field teams were
sent to eight counties to pilot the survey tools and procedures. The pretest clusters were selected to include
different geographical areas and different languages. These clusters were not part of the 2022 KDHS
sample. After the fieldwork, a debriefing was held to assess issues from the pretest. The resolutions from
the debriefing were used to finalise the questionnaires, CAPI programme, and field logistics before the
implementation of the main training and data collection.
1.7 TRAINING OF FIELD STAFF

A total of 314 personnel (48 supervisors, 48 biomarker technicians, 144 female interviewers, 48 male
interviewers, and 26 reserves) were trained at a central location from 17 January to 13 February 2022. The
training included a detailed question-by-question explanation of the questionnaires, accompanied by
explanations from the interviewer’s manual, role-play demonstrations, group discussions, in-class practice
interviewing in pairs, and assessment tests.
Anthropometry training provided the biomarker technicians with instruction, demonstrations, and practice
in length/height and weight measurements for children and adults. The technicians completed a

standardisation exercise with measurements of children that were intended to gauge and improve accuracy
and precision. Restandardisation exercises were conducted for those who did not pass the standardisation
exercises. The biomarker technicians had a medical or health background. Appendix C Table C.7 provides
the standardisation results.
1.8 FIELDWORK
Data collection for the 2022 KDHS was conducted by 48 teams from 17 February to 13 July 2022. Each
team included one supervisor, one biomarker technician, three female interviewers, one male interviewer,
and a driver. At the county level, the KDHS field teams were assisted by KNBS county statistical officers
who provided links to National Government Administration Officers (NGAOs). Prior to the data
collection, a county mobilisation team conducted targeted publicity within the clusters to prepare for the
fieldwork. The KNBS field staff and village elders assisted in identifying the sampled clusters and
households. Monitoring of data collection was undertaken by Technical Working Committee and Steering
Committee members throughout the data collection period. The aim of monitoring was to ensure that the
survey was conducted according to protocol and to provide real-time solutions to any challenges that were
encountered.
1.9 DATA PROCESSING

CAPI was used during data collection. The devices used for CAPI were Android-based computer tablets
programmed with a mobile version of CSPro. The CSPro software was developed jointly by the U.S.
Census Bureau, Serpro S.A., and The DHS Program. Programming of questionnaires into the Android
application was done by ICF, while configuration of tablets was completed by KNBS in collaboration with
ICF. All fieldwork personnel were assigned usernames, and devices were password protected to ensure the
integrity of the data.
Work was assigned by supervisors and shared via Bluetooth® to interviewers’ tablets. After completion,
assigned work was shared with supervisors, who conducted initial data consistency checks and edits and
then submitted data to the central servers hosted at KNBS via SyncCloud. Data were downloaded from the
central servers and checked against the inventory of expected returns to account for all data collected in the
field. SyncCloud was also used to generate field check tables to monitor progress and identify any errors,
which were communicated back to the field teams for correction.
Secondary editing was done by members of the KNBS and ICF central office team, who resolved any
errors that were not corrected by field teams during data collection. A CSPro batch editing tool was used
for cleaning and tabulation during data analysis.
1.10 RESPONSE RATES

Table 1.1 presents the response rates for the 2022 KDHS. A total of 42,022 households were selected for
the survey, of which 38,731 (92%) were found to be occupied. Among the occupied households, 37,911
were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 98%. The response rates for urban and rural
households were 96% and 99%, respectively. In the interviewed households, 33,879 women age 15–49
were identified as eligible for individual interviews. Of these, 32,156 women were interviewed, yielding a
response rate of 95%. The response rates among women selected for the full and short questionnaires were
similar (95%). In the households selected for the men’s survey, 16,552 men age 15–54 were identified as
eligible for individual interviews and 14,453 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate
of 87%.

Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews
Number of households, number of interviews, and response rates, according

to residence (unweighted), Kenya DHS 2022
Residence
Result Urban Rural Total
ALL HOUSEHOLDS
Household interviews
Households selected 16,610 25,412 42,022
Households occupied 14,869 23,862 38,731
Households interviewed 14,329 23,582 37,911
Household response rate1 96.4 98.8 97.9
Interviews with women age 15–49
Number of eligible women 13,129 20,750 33,879
Number of eligible women interviewed 12,386 19,770 32,156
Eligible women response rate2 94.3 95.3 94.9
HOUSEHOLDS SELECTED FOR FULL QUESTIONNAIRES
Interviews with men age 15–54
Number of eligible men 6,134 10,418 16,552
Number of eligible men interviewed 5,232 9,221 14,453
Eligible men response rate2 85.3 88.5 87.3
HOUSEHOLDS SELECTED FOR SHORT QUESTIONNAIRES
1
Households interviewed/households occupied
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents

HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND
HOUSEHOLD POPULATION 2
Key Findings
 Electricity: The proportion of households with electricity

increased from 36% in 2014 to 58% in 2022.
 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies:
Twenty-one percent of the population relies on clean
fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and
lighting.
 Orphanhood: Nine percent of children under age 18 are
orphans.
 Birth registration: Three in four (76%) children under
age 5 are registered with the civil registration authority.
 Education: Eighty-eight percent of children who were
age 5 at the beginning of the school year participated in
organised learning.
 Disability: Five percent of the population age 5 and over
are reported to have either a lot of difficulty functioning in
at least one domain or could not function in a domain at
all.
 Food security: Overall, 3 in 10 households reported not
having enough food or money to buy food in the seven
days before the survey.
 COVID-19: Thirty percent of the household population
received COVID-19 vaccinations.
I
nformation on the socioeconomic characteristics of the household population in the 2022 KDHS
provides context for interpreting demographic and health indicators and furnishes an approximate
indication of the representativeness of the survey. The information also sheds light on the living
conditions of the population.
This chapter presents information on housing characteristics and household possessions; use of clean fuels
and technologies (related to cooking, heating, and lighting); wealth; household population composition;
children’s living arrangements and orphanhood; birth registration; educational attainment and school
attendance; disability; deaths and injuries from road accidents; COVID-19; food security status; health
insurance and expenditure; and social protection.
Results from this chapter show progress towards achieving the SDG targets on the proportion of the
population with access to electricity (Indicator 7.1.1) and the proportion of the population with primary
reliance on clean fuels and technology (Indicator 7.1.2).
2.1 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS

Nationally, more than half of the households (58%) have electricity, with the majority (90%) in urban areas
compared to 36% in rural areas (Table 2.1).
Housing Characteristics and Household Population • 9

Patterns by background characteristics
 In urban and rural areas, the dominant flooring material is cement at 59% and 39%, respectively.
 A higher percentage of urban households (61%) compared to rural households (32%) have one room
used for sleeping. However, a higher percentage of rural households (30%) compared to urban
households (14%) have three or more rooms used for sleeping.
 Nationally, 9% of people smoke daily in the home. A higher percentage of those in rural areas (11%)
smoke daily in the home compared to the urban areas (5%).
2.1.1 Use of Clean Fuels and Technologies
Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies

The percentage of the population that use clean fuels and technologies for
cooking, heating, and lighting where each component is defined as follows:
Clean cooking fuels and technologies
Includes stoves/cookers that use electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar, and
alcohol/ethanol
Clean heating fuels and technologies
Includes central heating, electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar air heater,
and alcohol/ethanol
Clean lighting fuels and technologies
Includes electricity, solar lantern, battery powered or rechargeable
flashlight/torch/lantern, and biogas lamp
Sample: Households and de jure population
2.1.2 Cooking
Half of the households in Kenya cook indoors, with 30% having no separate room or kitchen for cooking.
The majority of rural households (63%) have a separate building for cooking, compared to 8% in urban
areas (Table 2.2).
Nationally, 24% of the population use clean fuels and technology for cooking. A higher percentage of the
population in urban areas (59%) use clean fuels and technology for cooking, compared to 6% of the
population in rural areas. For the population that uses solid fuels for cooking, majority (62%) use wood as
the source of fuel.
2.1.3 Heating and Lighting
The majority (77%) of households do not heat their homes. For those who do, 16% use manufactured cook
stoves and only 1% use clean fuels and technologies for heating (Table 2.3).
Nine in ten people use clean fuels and technologies for lighting. The most common source of clean fuels
and technologies are electricity (50%) and solar lanterns (34%).
2.1.4 Primary Reliance on Clean Fuels and Technologies
Nationally, 21% of the population relies on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and
lighting. There is a pattern between wealth status and primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies. The
percentage of the population relying on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and
lighting increases with wealth quintile. Eight in ten people in the highest wealth quintile rely primarily on
clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and lighting (Table 2.4).
10 • Housing Characteristics and Household Population

More than half (53%) of the urban population relies Figure 2.1 Primary reliance on clean
on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space fuels and technologies by residence
heating, and lighting compared to 5% in rural areas Percentage of de jure population relying
(Figure 2.1). on clean fuels and technologies for:
There are differences across counties in the Total Urban Rural

proportion of the population primarily relying on
clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space 92 96 90
heating, and lighting. Nairobi City (76%), Kiambu
(57%), Kajiado (49%), Mombasa (42%), Kirinyaga 59
53
(31%), Machakos (29%), and Nyeri (28%) counties
have a higher percentage of the population relying
primarily on clean fuels and technologies than the 24 20 21
national average (21%). Mandera County has the 6 5 1 5
lowest percentage (1%) of the population primarily
relying on clean fuels and technologies, followed by Cooking Space Lighting Cooking,
heating space
Wajir, Tana River, Marsabit, Baringo, West Pokot, heating, and
Turkana, Samburu, and Elgeyo/Marakwet counties lighting
(2%) (Table 2.4C and Map 2.1).
Map 2.1 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies by county

Percentage of de jure population relying on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and lighting
The boundaries used in this map are not an authority on administrative units.

2.2 HOUSEHOLD WEALTH
2.2.1 Household Durable Goods
Household possessions reflect a household’s economic status. The most commonly found item in
households is a mobile phone (94%), followed by a bed (93%) (Table 2.5).
Television and/or radio provide a means of information access in households. More households own a
radio than a television. Nationally, 66% of the households own a radio with 71% in urban areas and 62% in
rural areas. Half of the households own a television, with 68% in urban areas and 38% in rural areas.
Nationally, 11% of the households own a computer with a wide variation between urban (21%) and rural
(4%). The majority of households own a mobile phone, both in urban (97%) and rural (91%) areas.
Seventy-one percent of rural households own agricultural land as compared to 33% of urban households.
In addition, 78% of rural households own farm animals as compared to 41% of urban households.
Trends: Possession of household ownership of mobile phones increased from 86% in 2014 to 94% in
2022.
2.2.2 Wealth Index
Wealth index
Households are assigned scores based on the number and kinds of consumer
goods they own; these range from a television to a bicycle or car, and housing
characteristics such as source of drinking water, toilet facilities, and flooring
materials. These scores are derived with principal component analysis.
National wealth quintiles are compiled by assigning the household score to
each usual (de jure) household member, ranking each person in the
household population by their score, and then dividing the distribution into five
equal categories, each with 20% of the population.
Sample: Households
Wealth index is a composite measure of a Figure 2.2 Household wealth by residence

household’s cumulative living standard. In this Percent distribution of de jure population
report, the wealth index is used as a background by wealth quintiles
characteristic to compare the influence of wealth on 3
Wealthiest
various population, health, and nutrition indicators. 14
Fourth
More than half (54%) of the population in urban 54 26 Middle
areas falls in the highest wealth quintile, as compared
Second
to 3% in the rural households (Table 2.6 and Poorest
Figure 2.2). 28
32
In Turkana County, 75% of the population falls
within the lowest wealth quintile, while in Nairobi 4 29
9
City almost no one does. In Nairobi City County, 2
71% of the population is in the highest wealth Urban Rural
quintile. Mandera, Marsabit, and Bomet counties have
the smallest proportion (2%) of the population in the
highest wealth quintile.

2.3 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND COMPOSITION
Household
A person or group of related or unrelated persons who live together in the
same dwelling unit(s), who acknowledge one adult male or female as the head
of the household, who share the same housekeeping arrangements, and who
are considered a single unit.
De facto population
All persons who stayed in the selected households the night before the
interview (whether usual residents or visitors).
De jure population
All persons who are usual residents of the selected households, whether or
not they stayed in the household the night before the interview.
How data are calculated
All tables are based on the de facto population, unless specified otherwise.
Figure 2.3 shows the population Figure 2.3 Population pyramid

pyramid that depicts the age-sex Percent distribution of the household population
structure of the population. The Age
broad base depicts the youthfulness 80+
of the Kenyan population. 75–79
70–74
Nationally, the dependent 65–69
population who are age 0–14 and 60–64
65+ account for 45% of the 55–59
50–54 Male
population with 37% in urban areas Female
45–49
and 48% in rural areas (Table 2.7). 40–44
35–39
A third of households in Kenya are 30–34
headed by women. In the rural 25–29
20–24
areas, 36% of households are 15–19
headed by women compared to 31% 10–14
in the urban areas (Table 2.8). 5–9
<5
Nationally, the mean household size 88 66 44 22 0 2 4 6 8
is four persons. Rural households
have a mean household size of about four compared to urban households with about three members.
Nationally, only 1% of households with children under age 18 have both parents who are dead. Eight
percent of all households with children under age 18 are single orphans. Rural areas have a greater
proportion (10%) of households with a single orphan than urban areas (4%). In rural areas, 26% of
households with children under age 18 have orphans and/or children who are not living with their
biological parents compared to 10% in urban areas.
2.4 CHILDREN’S LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND PARENTAL SURVIVAL
Orphan
A child with one or both parents who are dead.
Sample: Children under age 18

Nine percent of children under age 18 are orphans. Figure 2.4 Children’s living arrangements
Nationally, 53% of children under age 18 live with by residence
both parents. Even with both parents still alive, 11% Percentage of children under age 18 living
of children do not live with any of their parents, with both parents
while 23% live with their mothers as their fathers
live elsewhere. Fifty-nine percent of children living
in urban areas live with both their parents compared 59
with 50% in rural areas (Table 2.9 and Figure 2.4). 53 50
 Percentage of orphans was high in the lowest

wealth quintile at 12% and low in the highest Total Urban Rural
wealth quintile at 4%.
 Homa Bay County has the highest proportion of children who are double orphans at 3% (Table 2.9C).
 Vihiga County has the highest percentage of children (27%) not living with a biological parent, while
Kiambu County has the least (5%).
2.5 BIRTH REGISTRATION
Registered birth
Child has a birth certificate or child does not have a birth certificate, but the
birth is registered with the civil registration authority.
Sample: De jure children under age 5
Birth registration is the process of officially recording the birth of a child with the office of the registrar.
This process is important for establishing legal identity, accessing government services, and protecting the
rights of children.
Three in four (76%) children are registered with the civil registration authority. Thirty four percent of
children whose births are registered have a birth certificate (Table 2.10).
As household wealth rises, there is a corresponding Figure 2.5 Birth registration by household
increase in the registration of births. A higher wealth
proportion of children in the highest wealth quintile Percentage of de jure children under
(88%) than those in the lowest wealth quintile (63%) age 5 whose births are registered with
have their births registered (Figure 2.5). the civil authority
88
Urban areas have a greater proportion of registered 78 81
children’s births than rural areas (81% versus 73%). 73
63
Nyeri County has the highest proportion of children
under age 5 whose birth are registered with civil
authority (96%) whereas Wajir County has the lowest
(50%) (Map 2.2). Turkana County has the lowest
percentage of children with a birth certificate (8%),
while Nyeri County has the highest (58%) (Table
2.10C). Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
Poorest Wealthiest

Map 2.2 Birth registration by county
Percentage of de jure children under age 5 whose births are registered with the civil registration authority
Trends: The proportion of de jure children under age Figure 2.6 Birth registration
5 whose births were registered has increased from Percentage of de jure children under age
60% in 2008–09 to 67% in 2014 and 76% in 2022. 5 whose births are registered with the civil
The percentage of children registered with civil registration authority
registration authority in rural areas increased from
Urban 81
57% in 2008–09 to 73% in 2022 (Figure 2.6). 76 79
76
Total 67
2.6 EDUCATION 60 73
61
Rural 57
Education is a vital element in Kenya’s socio-
economic development. Education facilitates
improvement in health and also serves as a powerful
tool in building correct civic attitudes and reducing
conflicts. The level of educational attainment is
highly correlated with individuals’ attitude on health 2008–09 2014 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS
seeking behaviours and in solving other societal
problems. The 2022 KDHS results are instrumental in providing information on educational attainment
among household members and indicators on school attendance among the population.

2.6.1 Educational Attainment
Median educational attainment

Half of the population has completed less than the median number of years of
schooling, and half of the population has completed more than the median
number of years of schooling.
Sample: De facto household population age 6 and older
Overall, about 12% of women and 13% of men have more than secondary education. Thirteen percent of
women compared to 10% of men have no education, while about 15% of both women and men have
completed only primary education. The median years completed is seven for both women and men (Table
2.11.1 and Table 2.11.2).
Trends: Between 2003 and 2022, there is a declining Figure 2.7 Educational attainment of the
trend in the proportion of women and men age 6 and household population
older with no education from 23% to 13% among of Percentage of the household population
women and 16% to 10% among men (Figure 2.7). age 6 and above with no education
Patterns by background characteristics 27
 Women and men in urban areas have the highest 23

median number of years of education completed
19 19 Women
(7.7 years for women and 8.0 years for men)
compared to those in rural areas (6.1 years for 16
women and 6.3 years for men) (Table 2.11.1 and 17 13
16 Men
Table 2.11.2). 13
10 11
10
 The proportion of the population with more than
secondary education increases with an increase
in wealth, with the highest percentage of women
(33%) and men (38%) are in the highest wealth 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
quintile. KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally
 Thirty-seven percent of girls and 40% of boys representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
age 6–9 have no education. the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
 Nairobi City has the highest median number of
years of schooling at 9 years for women and men. In the arid and semi-arid counties of Tana River,
Garissa, Mandera, Wajir, Turkana, Samburu, and Marsabit, the median number of years of schooling
for women is zero (Table 2.11.1C and Table 2.11.2C).

2.6.2 Primary and Secondary School Attendance
Net attendance ratio (NAR)

Percentage of the school-age population that attends primary or secondary
school.
Sample: Children age 6–13 for primary school NAR and children age 14–17
for secondary school NAR
Gross attendance ratio (GAR)

The total number of children attending primary school divided by the official
primary school age population and the total number of children attending
secondary school divided by the official secondary school age population.
Sample: Children age 6–13 for primary school GAR and children age 14–17
for secondary school GAR
There is no major difference in NAR for girls (87%) and boys (86%) for primary school children age 6–13.
Overall, almost half (49%) of children within the official secondary school age (14–17) are attending
secondary school. About 53% of the girls within the official secondary school age are attending secondary
school compared to 45% of the boys within the same age (Table 2.12).
The GAR for primary school exceeds 100% (105% for girls and 109% for boys), which indicates that the
system has both underage and overage learners. Conversely, the GAR in secondary school is less than
100% (84% for girls and 81% for boys), which implies that all children age 14–17 are not in school.
Gender Parity Index (GPI)

The ratio of female to male students attending primary school and the ratio of
female to male students attending secondary school. The index reflects the
magnitude of the gender gap.
A GPI of less than one means there are more boys than girls in school. A GPI
greater than one means there are more girls than boys. A GPI of one indicates
equality between the two.
Sample: Primary school students and secondary school students
Nationally, the GPI for NAR is 1.02 for primary and 1.16 for secondary. This indicates that there is parity
in overall school attendance by primary school-age girls and boys, while for secondary, more girls than
boys are attending.
 The NAR for primary school is higher in urban areas (89%) than in rural areas (85%). However, GAR
in primary school is higher in rural areas at 108% compared to 104% in urban areas.
 Primary school NAR increases with increasing household wealth. The NAR for primary school
increases from 75% in the lowest wealth quintile to 92% in the highest wealth quintile.
 The NAR for secondary school in rural areas is lower than that of urban areas at 46% and 58%,
respectively.
 Turkana County has the lowest NAR (44%) and GAR (57%) for primary school. Nyandarua County
has the highest NAR for primary school at 95% (Table 2.12C).

 The NAR for secondary school increases from Figure 2.8 Secondary school attendance
27% in the lowest wealth quintile to 69% for the by household wealth
highest wealth quintile. The NAR for the female Net attendance ratio for secondary school
population increases from 23% in the lowest among children age 14–17
wealth quintile to 71% in the highest wealth Girls Boys
quintile (Figure 2.8).
68 71
62 59
 Tana River County has the lowest GAR in 60
50 50
secondary school at 34%, while Kirinyaga 42
County has the highest GAR at 113%. 31
23
Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest

Poorest Wealthiest
2.6.3 Participation Rate in Organised Learning among Children Age 5
Participation rate in organised learning—adjusted net attendance ratio

(NAR)
Percentage of children of age one year younger than official primary school
entry age (at the beginning of school year) who are attending an early
childhood education programme or primary school. The ratio is termed
adjusted because it includes children in primary school.
Sample: Children age 5 at the beginning of the school year
Participation rate in organised learning (one year before the official primary entry age) is an indicator that
measures the exposure of children to organised learning activities one year before they start primary
school.
Eighty-eight percent of children who were age 5 at the beginning of the school year participated in
organised learning; 66% attended an early childhood education programme, and 22% attended primary
school (Table 2.13 and Table 2.13C).
 Urban areas have a higher participation rate (91%) in organised learning among children age 5 at the
beginning of the school year than rural areas (86%).
 Children age 5 at the beginning of the school year in the lowest wealth quintile have the lowest
participation rate (73%) in organised learning, while those in the highest wealth quintile have the
highest participation rate (95%).
2.7 DISABILITY
Functional Domains
Seeing, hearing, communicating, remembering or concentrating, walking or
climbing steps, washing all over, or dressing.
Persons with disability
Those with a lot of difficulty and those who cannot do at all in any of the domains.
Sample: De facto household population age 5 and older

The 2022 KDHS included a Disability Module with a series of questions based on the Washington Group
on Disability Statistics (WG) questions, which are based on the framework of the World Health
Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. The questions address
six core functional domains—seeing, hearing, communication, cognition, walking, and self-care—and
provide the basic necessary information on disability. This information is comparable to that collected
worldwide via the WG disability tools.
2.7.1 Disability by Domain and Age
Five percent of the population age 5 and over are reported to have either a lot of difficulty functioning in at
least one domain or could not function in a domain at all. However, 15% of the population age 5 and older
are reported to have some level of difficulty in at least one domain. The most common type of disability is
disability in mobility (2%) followed by disability in vision (2%) (Table 2.14).
2.7.2 Disability among Adults by Other Background Characteristics
 The prevalence of disability is similar among women and men age 15 and older; 7% of women and 5%
of men have disability
 Disability is more prevalent among widowed women and men than among others; 28% of widowed
women have disability whereas the prevalence is 8% among divorced and separated, 5% among
married, and 4% among never married women. Similarly, 21% of widowed men have disabilities
compared to 8% of divorced or separated, 6% of married, and 3% of never married men (Tables
2.15.1, 2.15.1C, 2.15.2 and 2.15.2C).
2.8 DEATHS AND INJURIES FROM ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
Traffic Accident
An accident involving at least one vehicle on a road open to public traffic in
which at least one person is injured or killed.
Severe Injury
Injuries resulting from traffic accidents that render one unable to carry out
activities of daily life for at least a day.
Sample: De facto household population
Road traffic injuries cause considerable economic losses to individuals, their families, and nations as a
whole. These losses arise from the cost of treatment as well as lost productivity for those killed or disabled
by their injuries, and for family members who must take time off work or school to care for the injured.
In the 12 months before the survey, 1,466 persons per 100,000 population had severe injuries, while 135
persons per 100,000 population died due to road traffic injuries. Overall, 1,601 persons per 100,000 had
severe injuries and died due to road traffic accidents (Table 2.16).
 Urban areas had the highest number (190) of deaths due to traffic injuries per 100,000 population, as
compared to rural areas (107).
 Individuals in the fourth wealth quintile have the highest number of severe road traffic accident
injuries and deaths per 100,000 population (2,123), while those in the lowest wealth quintile have the
lowest (1,104).

 The counties with the highest number of deaths due to road traffic injuries per 100,000 population are
Murang’a (365), Kisumu (307), West Pokot (264), Elgeyo/Marakwet (261), and Vihiga (247), while
some counties such as Garissa, Mandera, Tana River, and Trans Nzoia did not report any deaths
(Table 2.16C).
 The counties that reported the highest numbers of persons with severe injuries due to road traffic
accidents per 100,000 population are Bungoma (3,036), Kisumu (2,868), Murang’a (2,577), Homa
Bay (2,488), and Migori (2,302), while the counties with the lowest are Mandera (191), Tana River
(282), Marsabit (284), Samburu (548), and Kwale (571).
 The counties with the highest deaths and severe injuries due to road traffic accidents per 100,000
population are Kisumu (3,175), Bungoma (3,062), Murang’a (2,943), Homa Bay (2,697), Migori
(2,364), Tharaka-Nithi (2, 321), Busia (2,310), and Laikipia (2,246).
2.9 FOOD SECURITY STATUS
Food Consumption Score (FCS)

A composite score based on dietary diversity, food frequency, and relative
nutrition importance of different food groups.
 Poor: Thresholds between 0–21
 Borderline: Thresholds between 21.5–35
 Acceptable: Thresholds >35.5
Households in the poor and borderline food consumption group are
considered to have insufficient dietary intake.
Coping Strategies Index (CSI)
An indicator of household stress due to a lack of food or money to buy food.
The CSI measures the behaviours adopted by households when they have
difficulties in meeting their food needs. The strategies adopted are: 1. Relying
on less preferred and less expensive foods; 2. Borrowing food or relying on
help from friends or relatives; 3. Limiting portion size at mealtimes;
4. Restricting consumption by adults in order for children to eat; and
5. Reducing the number of meals in a day.
 Minimal: Thresholds between 0–3
 Stressed: Thresholds between 4–18
 Crisis: Thresholds >19
Sample: Households
The majority of households (85%) in Kenya had acceptable food consumption scores in the seven days
before the survey. Four percent of households had poor food consumption, and 11% had borderline scores.
Overall, 3 in 10 households in Kenya reported not having enough food or money to buy food in the seven
days before the survey (Table 2.17).
Among households that reported not having food or enough money to purchase food, the mean coping
strategy index CSI score was 20.1. Eleven percent of households reported minimal coping strategies, 44%
reported stressed coping strategies, and 45% reported crisis coping strategies.
 The likelihood of lacking food or money to purchase food decreased with increasing household
wealth. More than half (53%) of households in the lowest wealth quintile reported not having enough
food or money to buy food, whereas 12% of households in the highest wealth quintile did report not
having enough food or money to buy food.

 The proportion of households that reported lacking food or money to purchase food is higher in rural
areas (33%) than in urban areas (23%).
 The highest proportions of households reporting lacking food or money to purchase food were
recorded in Turkana (80%), Vihiga (59%), Marsabit (58%), Busia (57%), Homa Bay (57%) and
Samburu (55%) counties (Table 2.17C).
2.10 COVID-19 TESTING, VACCINATION, AND DEATHS

Kenya reported its first case of COVID-19 on 13th March 2020. Public health measures adopted to reduce
the spread and impact of COVID-19 included hand hygiene, social distancing, mask-wearing, isolation,
quarantine, and targeted lockdown measures. In March 2021, Kenya introduced 5 types of COVID-19
vaccines: Astra Zeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Moderna, and Sinopharm.
Twenty-seven percent of households had one or more persons who were tested for COVID-19, while 63%
of households had one or more persons who received vaccination against COVID-19 (Table 2.18.1).
Twelve percent of household population had ever tested for COVID-19, while 30% had received
vaccination against COVID-19.
The number of persons who tested positive for COVID-19 is 621 per 100,000 population, while the
number of deaths due COVID-19 related complications is 64 deaths per 100,000 population (Table
2.18.2).
 COVID-19 testing and vaccination against COVID-19 is higher in urban areas than in rural areas; 20%
of household population in urban areas have tested for COVID-19 compared with 8% in rural areas,
while 34% of household population in urban areas have received vaccination against COVID-19
compared with 28% in rural areas (Table 2.18.1).
 The number of persons who tested positive for COVID-19 per 100,000 population is higher in urban
areas (1,347 per 100,000 population) than in rural areas (254 per 100,000 population) (Table 2.18.2).
 Cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population increases with household wealth. The cases vary from 31
per 100,000 population in the lowest wealth quintile to 2,134 per 100,000 population in highest wealth
quintile.
 Percentage of household population tested for COVID-19 is highest in Nairobi City (27%), Kajiado
(23%), Nyeri (23%), Mombasa(21%) and Kisumu(20%), and lowest in Mandera, Tana River and
Wajir and West Pokot counties at 3% each (Table 2.18.1C).
 Vaccination coverage is highest in Nyeri (48%), Kirinyaga (47%), Kiambu (39%), Nairobi City (38%)
and Embu (38%) counties, while the lowest was in Tana River and Garissa counties at 5% each.
 Counties with the highest cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population are Kajiado (2,522), Nairobi
City (1,821), Kisumu (1,173), Nakuru (1,000), Kiambu (977), Muranga (977) and Embu at 966.
Elgeyo /Marakwet (0), Mandera (20) and Tana River (24) counties have the lowest cases COVID-19
per 100,000 population (Table 2.18.2C).
2.11 HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE

Health insurance for the population ensures that people are protected against unforeseen expenditures that
may arise. Health insurance is one of the key components of financial protection for the population,
because the cost associated with health payments during a disease episode can drive families into poverty.

Nationally, one in four persons (26%) have some form of health insurance. The National Hospital
Insurance Fund is the most common type of health insurance (Tables 2.19 and 2.19C).
 Health insurance coverage is twice as high as in urban areas than in rural areas; 40% of household
populations in urban areas have some form of health insurance compared to 19% in rural areas.
 Health insurance coverage increases with increasing wealth, from 5% the lowest wealth quintile to
58% in the highest wealth quintile.
 Health insurance coverage varies across the 47 counties from a low of 5% and 6%, respectively in
Tana River and Mandera counties to a high of 46% and 44% in Nairobi City and Laikipia counties,
respectively (Map 2.3).
Map 2.3 Health insurance coverage by county

Percentage of de jure household population with any form of health insurance

2.12 OUTPATIENT AND INPATIENT HEALTH EXPENDITURES
Outpatient
An outpatient is someone who received healthcare without having stayed
overnight at a health facility.
Inpatient
An inpatient is someone who stayed overnight at a health facility.
Out of Pocket Expenditure
Payments made to health care providers after a service has been rendered in
the form of either cash or in-kind.
Sample: de facto household members.
In Kenya, people pay an average of KSh 37,362 for each in-patient visit per year and an average of KSh
1,735 for each outpatient visit per month (Tables 2.20.1 and 2.20.2).
 Males spend twice as much as females on inpatient admissions. Males spend an average of KSh
52,924 per year for inpatient admissions whereas females spend an average of KSh 27,536 per year.
 Average monthly expenditure for outpatient visits is also slightly higher among males than females
(KSh 1,858 among males and KSh 1,637 among females).
 Outpatient health expenditure increases with an increase in age, with the oldest respondents reporting
the highest outpatient health expenditure (KSh 898 for age 0–4 and KSh 4,078 for age 60 and older).
 Generally, persons in urban areas spend, on average, twice the amount spent by those in rural areas on
inpatient (KSh 59,493 in urban areas and KSh 24,731 in rural areas) and outpatient (KSh 2,281 in
urban areas and KSh 1,455 in rural areas) health expenditures.
 Cash payments, followed by NHIF payments, are the most common means of payment for both
inpatient and outpatient expenditures. Household members paid by cash for inpatient expenditures an
average of KSh 13,621 per year and KSh 9,330 through NHIF compared to KSh 6,202 paid through
private insurance.
2.13 SOCIAL PROTECTION
Social protection
Social protection covers the range of policies and programmes needed to
reduce the lifelong consequences of poverty and exclusion.
Social protection systems help individuals and families, especially the poor and
vulnerable, cope with crises and shocks, find jobs, improve productivity, invest
in the health and education of their children, and protect the aging population.
In Kenya, current delivery instruments of social protection include cash
transfers, food distribution, school-based feeding programmes, social health
insurance, retirement benefits, price subsidies and public works among others.
Nationally, 17% of households receive cash transfer or social assistance; mainly from the government
(national or county) at 11% followed by assistance received from friends, relatives, and neighbours (6%).
Households receive cash transfer or social assistance mostly for supporting older persons (4%) and for
food for work or cash for work (3%) (Table 2.21.1).

 Nine in ten households (91%) receiving cash transfer or social assistance for elderly persons receive it
from the government; 86% from the national government and 9% from the county government (Table
2.21.2).
 Twenty percent of households in rural areas receive cash transfers or other social assistance compared
to 13% households in urban areas (Table 2.21.3).
 Households in rural areas are more likely to receive cash transfer or other social assistance to support
older persons (30%) than households in urban areas (9%).
 One in five households (20%) in the lowest wealth quintile receive food aid for persons in arid and
semi-arid lands.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on household population and housing characteristics, see the following tables:
 Table 2.1 Household characteristics: Housing

 Table 2.2 Household characteristics: Cooking
 Table 2.3 Household characteristics: Heating and lighting
 Table 2.4 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies
 Table 2.4C Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies by county
 Table 2.5 Household possessions
 Table 2.6 Wealth quintiles
 Table 2.7 Household population by age, sex, and residence
 Table 2.8 Household composition
 Table 2.9 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood
 Table 2.9C Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood by county
 Table 2.10 Birth registration of children under age 5
 Table 2.10C Birth registration of children under age 5 by county
 Table 2.11.1 Educational attainment of the female household population
 Table 2.11.1C Educational attainment of the female household population by county
 Table 2.11.2 Educational attainment of the male household population
 Table 2.11.2C Educational attainment of the male household population by county
 Table 2.12 School attendance ratios
 Table 2.12C School attendance ratios by county
 Table 2.13 Participation rate in organised learning
 Table 2.13C Participation rate in organised learning by county
 Table 2.14 Disability by domain and age
 Table 2.15.1 Disability among adults according to background characteristics: Women
 Table 2.15.1C Disability among adults according to county: Women
 Table 2.15.2 Disability among adults according to background characteristics: Men
 Table 2.15.2C Disability among adults according to county: Men
 Table 2.16 Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
 Table 2.16C Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by county
 Table 2.17 Food security status
 Table 2.17C Food security status by county
 Table 2.18.1 COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccination
 Table 2.18.1C COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccination by county
 Table 2.18.2 COVID-19 cases and deaths
 Table 2.18.2C COVID-19 cases and deaths by county
 Table 2.19 Health insurance coverage

 Table 2.19C Health insurance coverage by county
 Table 2.20.1 Average annual expenditure on inpatient admissions [in Kenyan shillings]
 Table 2.20.2 Average monthly expenditure on outpatient visits [in Kenyan shillings]
 Table 2.21.1 Cash transfer: All households
 Table 2.21.2 Cash transfer: Households receiving cash transfer or social assistance
 Table 2.21.3 Cash transfer by residence and household wealth
 Table 2.21.3C Cash transfer or social assistance by county

Table 2.1 Household characteristics: Housing
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by housing characteristics and percent distribution by frequency of smoking
in the home, according to residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Households Population
Characteristic Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Electricity
Yes 90.4 35.7 57.8 89.7 31.5 51.1
No 9.6 64.3 42.2 10.3 68.5 48.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Flooring material
Earth, sand 5.5 35.0 23.1 6.7 36.6 26.5
Dung 0.8 17.6 10.8 1.1 20.0 13.6
Wood/planks 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.2
Parquet or polished wood 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.3
Vinyl or asphalt strips 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.2
Ceramic tiles 26.8 7.0 15.0 28.5 6.7 14.0
Cement 58.7 38.6 46.7 56.0 35.2 42.2
Carpet 6.2 1.5 3.4 5.7 1.3 2.8
Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Rooms used for sleeping
One 61.2 32.0 43.8 45.0 21.8 29.6
Two 25.1 38.4 33.0 32.9 40.6 38.0
Three or more 13.6 29.6 23.1 22.1 37.6 32.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Frequency of smoking in
the home
Daily 5.1 11.3 8.8 4.7 11.0 8.9
Weekly 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.1 2.0 1.7
Monthly 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
Less than once a month 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5
Never 92.8 85.9 88.7 93.4 86.1 88.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/
population 15,277 22,634 37,911 47,730 94,296 142,026

Table 2.2 Household characteristics: Cooking
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by place for cooking, cooking technology, and cooking fuel, according to residence,
Kenya DHS 2022
Place for cooking
In the house 84.9 26.0 49.7 80.0 20.4 40.5
Separate room/kitchen 31.9 11.4 19.7 38.0 10.0 19.4
No separate room/kitchen 52.9 14.6 30.1 42.0 10.4 21.0
In a separate building 7.7 63.1 40.8 12.4 69.4 50.3
Outdoors 5.5 9.6 7.9 6.9 9.7 8.7
No food cooked in household 1.9 1.3 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Main cooking technology
Clean fuels and technologies 63.3 9.6 31.2 58.7 6.0 23.7
Electric stove 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
LPG/natural gas stove 59.9 8.8 29.4 55.7 5.5 22.4
Piped natural gas stove 2.1 0.4 1.1 1.9 0.2 0.8
Biogas stove 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2
Liquid fuel stove using alcohol/
ethanol 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2
Other fuels and technologies 34.8 89.1 67.2 40.6 93.6 75.8
Liquid fuel stove not using
alcohol/ ethanol 8.4 0.6 3.7 6.5 0.2 2.3
Manufactured solid fuel stove 16.9 7.4 11.3 20.2 6.2 10.9
With a chimney 2.4 1.3 1.7 3.1 1.1 1.8
Without a chimney 14.5 6.2 9.5 17.1 5.1 9.1
Traditional solid fuel stove 0.7 4.7 3.1 0.8 5.5 3.9
With a chimney 0.2 1.5 1.0 0.2 1.8 1.3
Three stone stove/open fire 8.8 76.3 49.1 13.1 81.7 58.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Cooking fuel
Clean fuels and technologies1 63.3 9.6 31.2 58.7 6.0 23.7
Solid fuels for cooking 26.2 88.4 63.3 34.0 93.3 73.4
Charcoal 16.9 7.7 11.4 20.1 6.5 11.0
Wood 9.2 80.1 51.6 13.8 86.3 61.9
Straw/shrubs/grass 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2
Agricultural crop 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Sawdust 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Other fuels 8.6 0.7 3.9 6.6 0.3 2.4
Gasoline/diesel 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Kerosene/paraffin 8.4 0.7 3.8 6.5 0.3 2.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population 15,277 22,634 37,911 47,730 94,296 142,026
LPG = liquefied petroleum gas.

1
Includes stoves/cookers using electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar, and alcohol/ethanol.

Table 2.3 Household characteristics: Heating and lighting
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by heating technology, heating fuel, and main lighting fuel or technology, according to
residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Heating technology
Central heating 2.4 0.3 1.2 2.8 0.2 1.1
Manufactured space heater 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Traditional space heater 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5
Manufactured cookstove 11.8 19.1 16.1 13.3 19.4 17.4
With a chimney 1.6 2.8 2.3 1.8 2.9 2.5
Traditional cookstove 0.4 7.4 4.6 0.6 8.1 5.6
Three stone stove/open fire 0.3 1.4 1.0 0.3 1.5 1.1
Other 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
No heating in household 84.6 71.0 76.5 82.4 70.0 74.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Heating fuel
Clean fuels and technologies1 2.9 0.5 1.4 3.4 0.3 1.4
Central heating 2.4 0.3 1.2 2.8 0.2 1.1
Electricity 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.2
Solar air heater 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Liquified petroleum gas
(LPG)/cooking gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Charcoal 11.8 18.6 15.8 13.3 18.8 16.9
Wood 0.7 9.8 6.1 0.9 10.6 7.4
Agricultural crop 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Sawdust 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
No heating in household 84.6 71.0 76.5 82.4 70.0 74.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Main lighting fuel or
technology
Clean fuels and technologies 95.2 88.2 91.0 96.0 89.2 91.5
Electricity 89.5 34.2 56.5 88.6 29.9 49.6
Solar lantern 3.9 44.0 27.9 5.1 49.1 34.3
Rechargeable flashlight/torch/
lantern 1.2 6.2 4.2 1.4 6.6 4.8
Battery powered flashlight/
torch/lantern 0.6 3.7 2.5 0.9 3.7 2.8
Gasoline lamp 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kerosene/paraffin lamp 1.6 7.8 5.3 1.5 7.0 5.2
Charcoal 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Wood 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.6
Oil lamp 0.3 1.1 0.8 0.2 1.0 0.7
Candle 2.5 0.9 1.6 2.0 0.6 1.1
Other fuel 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
No lighting in household 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/
population 15,277 22,634 37,911 47,730 94,296 142,026
LPG = liquefied petroleum gas.

1
Includes central heating, electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar air heater, and alcohol/ethanol.

Table 2.4 Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies
Percentage of de jure population relying on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, percentage relying on solid fuels for cooking, percentage
relying on clean fuel and technologies for space heating, percentage relying on clean fuel and technologies for lighting, and percentage relying on
clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and lighting, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Primary
reliance on
Number of clean fuels
Number of Primary persons in Number of and techno-
Primary persons in reliance on households Primary persons in logies for
reliance on households clean fuels that reliance on households cooking,
clean fuels Primary that and techno- reported clean fuels that space
and techno- reliance on reported logies for use of and techno- reported heating,
Background logies for solid fuels cooking in space space logies for use of and Number of
characteristic cooking1 for cooking2 the house heating3 heating lighting4 lighting lighting5 persons
Residence
Urban 59.1 34.3 47,374 19.5 8,423 96.1 47,658 53.4 47,730
Rural 6.0 93.7 93,891 1.1 28,257 89.9 93,562 4.9 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.0 99.9 28,301 0.0 7,443 78.0 27,708 0.3 28,409
Second 0.2 98.7 28,249 0.1 7,720 87.7 28,357 0.6 28,408
Middle 4.0 93.3 28,198 0.9 8,774 95.2 28,362 3.2 28,404
Fourth 29.7 63.1 28,152 2.6 7,720 99.1 28,395 24.8 28,406
Highest 84.9 13.9 28,365 33.0 5,023 99.9 28,399 77.1 28,400
Total 23.8 73.8 141,265 5.3 36,680 92.0 141,221 21.2 142,026
1
2
Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crops, and animal dung/waste, processed biomass (pellets) or woodchips,
garbage/plastic, and sawdust.
3
Includes electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar air heater, and alcohol/ethanol.
4
Includes electricity, solar lantern, rechargeable flashlight/torch/lantern, battery powered flashlight/torch/lantern, and biogas lamp.
5
In order to calculate SDG indicator 7.1.2, persons living in households that report no cooking, no space heating, or no lighting are not excluded
from the numerator.

Table 2.4C Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies by county
Percentage of de jure population relying on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, percentage relying on solid fuels for cooking, percentage
relying on clean fuel and technologies for space heating, percentage relying on clean fuel and technologies for lighting, and percentage relying on
clean fuels and technologies for cooking, space heating, and lighting, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Primary
reliance on
Number of clean fuels
Number of Primary persons in Number of and techno-
Primary persons in reliance on households Primary persons in logies for
reliance on households clean fuels that reliance on households cooking,
clean fuels Primary that and techno- reported clean fuels that space
and techno- reliance on reported logies for use of and techno- reported heating,
logies for solid fuels cooking in space space logies for use of and Number of
County cooking1 for cooking2 the house heating3 heating lighting4 lighting lighting5 persons
Mombasa 43.3 44.8 3,399 2.9 204 93.6 3,466 42.2 3,480
Kwale 7.4 91.5 2,353 0.0 77 84.0 2,335 7.5 2,359
Kilifi 8.6 90.5 4,259 0.0 436 81.1 4,278 9.0 4,293
Tana River 1.7 98.3 859 0.0 14 97.4 864 2.1 864
Lamu 10.0 89.9 467 0.0 8 99.0 470 10.6 470
Taita/Taveta 11.9 87.1 1,120 1.6 124 91.5 1,128 11.5 1,128
Garissa 4.1 94.9 1,505 - 0 97.4 1,512 4.6 1,516
Wajir 0.9 99.1 913 0.0 23 98.6 910 1.7 920
Mandera 1.0 99.0 1,296 0.0 136 97.0 1,300 1.3 1,302
Marsabit 2.0 98.0 792 3.4 24 96.5 697 2.1 795
Isiolo 13.2 86.1 678 33.6 40 96.5 679 13.1 680
Meru 9.6 89.7 4,500 7.3 869 86.9 4,529 9.4 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 9.0 90.4 1,340 12.5 80 91.4 1,345 9.0 1,345
Embu 14.7 84.2 1,678 10.1 106 89.0 1,684 14.6 1,685
Kitui 6.6 93.1 3,464 0.0 107 91.5 3,470 6.3 3,479
Machakos 31.5 66.7 4,217 6.6 873 91.0 4,248 29.4 4,250
Makueni 8.0 90.7 2,893 0.9 604 88.8 2,895 7.4 2,903
Nyandarua 13.2 86.3 1,838 2.0 1,433 91.1 1,844 7.1 1,846
Nyeri 31.0 67.9 2,126 13.7 522 91.4 2,128 28.4 2,138
Kirinyaga 30.6 67.5 1,930 7.9 71 88.4 1,939 30.6 1,940
Murang’a 16.6 82.0 3,135 6.8 829 85.8 3,155 15.0 3,155
Kiambu 62.4 33.1 7,855 13.8 1,464 96.1 7,889 56.6 7,889
Turkana 1.8 98.2 1,842 0.0 476 82.8 1,466 2.4 1,854
West Pokot 4.2 95.8 2,265 0.3 1,647 87.2 2,250 2.3 2,266
Samburu 3.7 96.3 862 0.1 639 88.0 851 2.4 863
Trans Nzoia 9.8 89.8 3,211 0.7 1,577 93.3 3,217 6.7 3,219
Uasin Gishu 26.9 72.1 4,062 3.4 2,352 96.9 4,086 18.5 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 4.3 95.6 1,277 0.3 767 97.1 1,279 2.4 1,279
Nandi 9.7 89.8 2,668 0.4 830 94.0 2,672 7.7 2,681
Baringo 2.6 97.3 1,955 0.7 901 93.6 1,893 2.1 1,967
Laikipia 22.3 77.3 1,458 5.4 711 94.3 1,462 15.5 1,467
Nakuru 28.2 71.1 6,820 5.5 3,474 97.4 6,848 19.8 6,850
Narok 7.9 92.0 3,715 0.4 1,617 97.0 3,726 5.2 3,740
Kajiado 54.8 43.3 3,733 9.6 828 95.5 3,754 49.3 3,761
Kericho 9.6 90.2 3,119 1.1 1,587 97.7 3,135 5.5 3,135
Bomet 4.6 95.3 2,833 0.0 828 98.5 2,869 4.0 2,869
Kakamega 8.7 91.1 6,033 0.4 1,731 88.8 6,047 7.0 6,047
Vihiga 6.6 93.3 1,761 0.0 284 82.7 1,761 5.2 1,762
Bungoma 7.6 92.0 5,196 0.5 2,248 89.8 5,211 5.5 5,226
Busia 7.0 92.9 3,038 2.2 203 86.2 3,041 6.7 3,042
Siaya 5.5 94.4 2,686 0.0 142 95.2 2,703 5.9 2,703
Kisumu 15.0 82.3 3,467 0.0 246 91.2 3,477 14.7 3,477
Homa Bay 5.5 94.5 3,387 0.7 603 93.0 3,391 5.1 3,393
Migori 6.7 93.1 3,330 0.2 1,014 88.7 3,341 5.5 3,341
Kisii 12.7 86.8 3,721 0.4 1,173 82.7 3,715 9.9 3,722
Nyamira 6.9 93.0 1,644 0.4 943 82.2 1,650 3.4 1,653
Nairobi City 81.7 5.3 14,566 51.8 1,814 96.7 14,614 76.4 14,614
Total 23.8 73.8 141,265 5.3 36,680 92.0 141,221 21.2 142,026
1
2
Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crops, and animal dung/waste, processed biomass (pellets) or woodchips,
garbage/plastic, and sawdust.
3
Includes electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar air heater, and alcohol/ethanol.
4
Includes electricity, solar lantern, rechargeable flashlight/torch/lantern, battery powered flashlight/torch/lantern, and biogas lamp.
5
In order to calculate SDG indicator 7.1.2, persons living in households that report no cooking, no space heating, or no lighting are not excluded
from the numerator.

Table 2.5 Household possessions
Percentage of households possessing various household effects, means of

transportation, agricultural land, and livestock/farm animals by residence,
Kenya DHS 2022
Residence
Possession Urban Rural Total
Household effects
Radio 71.2 62.1 65.8
Television 67.6 38.2 50.1
Mobile phone 97.4 90.9 93.5
Computer 20.6 4.1 10.7
Non-mobile telephone 2.4 1.8 2.0
Refrigerator 22.0 3.5 10.9
Watch 43.0 21.3 30.0
Solar panel 10.4 46.5 32.0
Table 85.8 86.3 86.1
Chair 83.0 88.6 86.4
Sofa 71.7 56.2 62.4
Bed 93.4 93.0 93.1
Cupboard 50.1 45.0 47.0
Clock 23.6 10.0 15.5
Microwave oven 14.5 2.1 7.1
DVD player 25.5 8.8 15.6
Cassette or CD player 13.1 4.5 8.0
Means of transportation
Bicycle 16.6 16.2 16.3
Animal drawn cart 1.4 3.1 2.4
Motorcycle/scooter 10.8 15.3 13.5
Car/truck 13.1 5.2 8.4
Boat with a motor 0.6 0.3 0.4
Ownership of agricultural
land 33.3 70.7 55.6
Ownership of farm
animals1 40.8 77.6 62.8
Ownership of dwelling 21.1 84.5 58.9
Ownership of land on
which dwelling is built 20.2 80.6 56.3
Number of households 15,277 22,634 37,911
1
Local cattle (indigenous), exotic/grade cattle, horses, donkeys, camels,
goats, sheep, chickens/other poultry, or pigs.

Table 2.6 Wealth quintiles
Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth quintiles, and the Gini coefficient, according to residence and county, Kenya DHS 2022
Wealth quintile Number of Gini
Residence/county Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total persons coefficient1
Residence
Urban 1.9 3.7 9.0 32.0 53.5 100.0 47,730 0.10
Rural 29.2 28.3 25.6 14.0 3.1 100.0 94,296 0.24
County
Mombasa 2.5 4.7 12.4 40.5 39.9 100.0 3,480 0.13
Kwale 51.8 12.9 15.2 13.4 6.7 100.0 2,359 0.40
Kilifi 53.0 10.0 15.7 13.1 8.2 100.0 4,293 0.43
Tana River 68.4 8.2 11.8 9.1 2.5 100.0 864 0.47
Lamu 30.6 19.6 18.0 18.2 13.6 100.0 470 0.31
Taita/Taveta 13.6 21.1 27.1 24.4 13.8 100.0 1,128 0.26
Garissa 32.5 8.5 15.0 32.9 11.0 100.0 1,516 0.28
Wajir 63.5 10.3 11.6 11.9 2.8 100.0 920 0.36
Mandera 71.6 9.3 10.6 6.8 1.5 100.0 1,302 0.28
Marsabit 61.7 11.1 13.2 12.2 1.9 100.0 795 0.42
Isiolo 37.4 7.9 14.1 22.7 17.9 100.0 680 0.37
Meru 23.9 28.0 21.4 20.0 6.7 100.0 4,568 0.28
Tharaka-Nithi 25.1 26.9 22.3 18.0 7.7 100.0 1,345 0.36
Embu 14.4 20.7 28.0 23.9 13.0 100.0 1,685 0.30
Kitui 40.0 31.1 16.5 8.6 3.8 100.0 3,479 0.35
Machakos 7.7 24.7 24.6 16.5 26.5 100.0 4,250 0.31
Makueni 19.8 29.1 28.1 17.3 5.7 100.0 2,903 0.30
Nyandarua 5.6 21.9 36.0 27.5 8.9 100.0 1,846 0.24
Nyeri 2.7 9.5 32.4 34.6 20.8 100.0 2,138 0.21
Kirinyaga 4.2 12.8 29.8 32.6 20.5 100.0 1,940 0.24
Murang’a 6.1 15.8 32.8 33.8 11.4 100.0 3,155 0.19
Kiambu 0.9 3.0 12.1 35.8 48.2 100.0 7,889 0.15
Turkana 75.2 5.7 6.6 8.5 4.1 100.0 1,854 0.48
West Pokot 63.9 12.9 10.9 9.0 3.3 100.0 2,266 0.42
Samburu 67.7 6.5 9.1 10.4 6.4 100.0 863 0.48
Trans Nzoia 9.9 34.7 26.2 18.7 10.5 100.0 3,219 0.33
Uasin Gishu 3.2 16.6 22.1 30.7 27.5 100.0 4,090 0.31
Elgeyo/Marakwet 30.0 24.4 26.9 16.1 2.6 100.0 1,279 0.28
Nandi 17.5 26.5 34.6 17.8 3.5 100.0 2,681 0.30
Baringo 41.9 17.5 21.1 15.4 4.2 100.0 1,967 0.35
Laikipia 12.8 18.6 30.3 22.2 16.2 100.0 1,467 0.24
Nakuru 12.3 13.4 17.3 28.5 28.5 100.0 6,850 0.28
Narok 37.0 27.8 19.7 10.5 5.0 100.0 3,740 0.35
Kajiado 19.9 6.6 10.8 19.8 42.9 100.0 3,761 0.25
Kericho 13.5 31.4 30.9 18.6 5.7 100.0 3,135 0.29
Bomet 24.4 40.9 22.9 10.2 1.6 100.0 2,869 0.29
Kakamega 17.5 36.2 26.0 14.6 5.7 100.0 6,047 0.28
Vihiga 15.5 40.7 26.2 13.1 4.5 100.0 1,762 0.22
Bungoma 18.3 35.0 26.7 13.3 6.6 100.0 5,226 0.32
Busia 19.5 34.6 25.4 13.5 7.0 100.0 3,042 0.28
Siaya 16.6 37.9 30.6 9.8 5.0 100.0 2,703 0.31
Kisumu 15.0 25.3 22.1 24.0 13.5 100.0 3,477 0.32
Homa Bay 26.6 34.5 23.5 9.3 6.2 100.0 3,393 0.29
Migori 31.8 31.7 19.5 11.1 5.8 100.0 3,341 0.33
Kisii 19.6 31.6 26.6 15.4 6.8 100.0 3,722 0.33
Nyamira 19.2 31.1 30.7 15.7 3.4 100.0 1,653 0.23
Nairobi City 0.0 1.4 4.4 23.8 70.5 100.0 14,614 0.09
Total 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 100.0 142,026 0.28
1
The Gini coefficient indicates the level of concentration of wealth, with 0 representing an equal wealth distribution and 1 representing a totally
unequal distribution.

Table 2.7 Household population by age, sex, and residence
Percent distribution of the de facto household population by various age groups and percentage of the de facto household population age
10–19, according to sex and residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Urban Rural Total
Age Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
<5 13.5 12.5 13.0 13.5 12.3 12.9 13.5 12.4 12.9
5–9 11.5 11.0 11.2 14.3 13.0 13.6 13.4 12.4 12.8
10–14 10.6 10.3 10.5 15.9 15.4 15.6 14.1 13.7 13.9
15–19 7.6 7.8 7.7 12.1 9.6 10.8 10.6 9.0 9.8
20–24 9.8 12.6 11.3 7.1 7.2 7.2 8.0 9.0 8.5
25–29 11.9 12.7 12.3 5.4 6.2 5.8 7.6 8.4 8.0
30–34 9.5 8.4 9.0 5.1 5.7 5.4 6.5 6.7 6.6
35–39 7.3 7.7 7.5 4.9 5.7 5.3 5.7 6.4 6.1
40–44 5.6 5.1 5.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.7
45–49 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6
50–54 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 4.3 3.6 2.8 3.8 3.3
55–59 2.4 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.5
60–64 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.3
65–69 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.5
70–74 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.5
75–79 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8
80 + 0.3 0.6 0.4 1.1 1.6 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.0
Don’t know/missing 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Dependency age
groups
0–14 35.6 33.9 34.7 43.6 40.7 42.1 41.0 38.4 39.7
15–64 62.3 63.6 63.0 50.8 52.5 51.6 54.6 56.2 55.4
65+ 2.0 2.5 2.3 5.5 6.7 6.1 4.4 5.3 4.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Child and adult
populations
0–17 40.0 37.9 38.9 51.2 47.0 49.1 47.5 43.9 45.7
18+ 59.9 62.1 61.1 48.7 52.9 50.9 52.4 56.0 54.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Adolescents age
10–19 18.2 18.1 18.2 27.9 25.0 26.4 24.7 22.7 23.7
Number of persons 21,807 23,841 45,648 44,222 46,612 90,834 66,029 70,454 136,483

Table 2.8 Household composition
Percent distribution of households by sex of head of household and by

household size; mean size of households; and percentage of households
with orphans and children under age 18 not living with a biological parent,
according to residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Residence
Characteristic Urban Rural Total
Household headship
Male 69.2 64.1 66.1
Female 30.8 35.9 33.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of usual members
1 27.9 15.5 20.5
2 17.0 11.9 14.0
3 17.1 14.8 15.7
4 16.1 17.0 16.6
5 10.1 14.4 12.7
6 5.9 10.7 8.8
7 2.6 6.8 5.1
8 1.4 3.9 2.9
9+ 1.8 4.9 3.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Mean size of households 3.1 4.2 3.7
Percentage of households with
children under age 18 who are
orphans or not living with a
biological parent
Double orphans 0.6 1.4 1.1
Single orphans1 4.4 9.7 7.6
Children not living with a biological
parent2 7.9 21.2 15.8
Orphans and/or children not living
with a biological parent 10.2 25.8 19.5
Number of households 15,277 22,634 37,911
Note: Table is based on de jure household members, i.e., usual residents.

1
Includes children with one dead parent and an unknown survival status of
the other parent.
2
Children not living with a biological parent are those under age 18 living
in households with neither their mother nor their father present.

Table 2.9 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood
Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 by living arrangements and survival status of parents, percentage of children not living with a biological parent, and
percentage of children with one or both parents dead, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Living with mother Living with father
but not with father but not with mother Not living with either parent Percent- Percent-
Missing age not age with
infor- living one or
Living Only Only mation with a both Number
Background with both Father Father Mother Mother mother father Both on father/ biological parents of
characteristic parents alive dead alive dead Both alive alive alive dead mother Total parent dead1 children
Age
0–4 60.9 26.1 2.2 1.2 0.1 6.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 2.3 100.0 7.3 3.1 17,661
<2 64.2 28.7 1.5 0.3 0.0 2.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.2 100.0 3.1 1.7 6,910
2–4 58.7 24.4 2.7 1.7 0.1 8.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 2.4 100.0 10.0 4.0 10,751
5–9 53.9 22.1 3.8 3.3 0.5 12.1 1.1 0.8 0.5 2.0 100.0 14.5 6.8 17,806
10–14 47.8 21.0 6.3 4.1 0.9 12.7 2.2 1.3 1.2 2.5 100.0 17.4 12.1 20,042
15–17 44.8 19.7 8.4 4.4 1.5 12.6 2.9 1.3 2.0 2.4 100.0 18.8 16.5 9,811
Sex
Male 52.9 21.9 4.9 3.6 0.7 10.6 1.4 0.8 0.9 2.3 100.0 13.8 8.9 32,799
Female 52.2 23.1 4.7 2.7 0.6 11.1 1.6 0.9 0.8 2.3 100.0 14.4 8.8 32,521
Residence
Urban 58.9 23.8 3.5 3.2 0.4 6.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.6 100.0 8.7 6.5 18,862
Rural 50.0 22.0 5.4 3.1 0.7 12.7 1.7 0.9 0.9 2.5 100.0 16.3 9.9 46,458
Wealth quintile
Lowest 50.4 23.2 7.5 3.0 0.9 10.6 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.5 100.0 13.7 11.6 15,862
Second 48.9 20.2 5.6 3.4 0.7 14.1 1.8 1.0 1.0 3.1 100.0 18.0 10.4 14,251
Middle 49.2 22.4 4.3 3.1 0.7 13.4 1.7 1.1 1.0 3.0 100.0 17.3 9.1 12,954
Fourth 53.5 24.4 3.7 2.9 0.6 9.8 1.4 0.6 0.7 2.5 100.0 12.5 7.2 11,447
Highest 63.4 22.5 1.8 3.3 0.2 5.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.3 100.0 7.4 4.4 10,807
Total <15 53.9 23.0 4.2 2.9 0.5 10.6 1.3 0.8 0.6 2.3 100.0 13.3 7.5 55,510
Total <18 52.5 22.5 4.8 3.1 0.6 10.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 2.3 100.0 14.1 8.9 65,321
Note: Table is based on de jure members, i.e., usual residents.

1
Includes children with father dead, mother dead, both dead and one parent dead but missing information on survival status of the other parent.

Table 2.9C Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood by county
Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 by living arrangements and survival status of parents, percentage of children not living with a biological parent, and
percentage of children with one or both parents dead, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Living with father
Living with mother but not with
but not with father mother Not living with either parent Percent- Percent-
Missing age not age with
infor- living one or
Living Only Only mation with a both Number
with both Father Father Mother Mother Both mother father Both on father/ biological parents of
County parents alive dead alive dead alive alive alive dead mother Total parent dead1 children
Mombasa 62.6 21.3 2.7 3.9 0.2 6.4 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 100.0 8.6 5.2 1,350
Kwale 52.4 22.3 3.3 6.5 1.1 12.0 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.3 100.0 14.1 6.5 1,213
Kilifi 47.5 28.2 4.3 5.0 0.9 11.5 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.6 100.0 13.4 7.3 2,132
Tana River 70.1 11.8 5.7 2.7 0.6 6.3 0.6 1.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 8.9 8.9 498
Lamu 58.6 21.7 4.8 2.5 0.3 7.8 1.2 1.6 0.5 0.9 100.0 11.2 8.5 225
Taita/Taveta 48.2 26.9 4.5 3.3 0.7 11.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 2.7 100.0 13.8 7.9 479
Garissa 62.8 15.2 6.0 1.5 0.7 10.0 2.1 1.4 0.3 0.0 100.0 13.8 10.5 872
Wajir 60.7 17.9 4.0 1.8 1.4 10.6 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.2 100.0 13.9 8.7 560
Mandera 66.4 17.9 4.6 1.7 1.0 6.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 100.0 8.3 7.5 830
Marsabit 56.2 22.5 9.0 0.9 0.4 7.5 1.3 0.7 1.4 0.2 100.0 10.9 12.8 459
Isiolo 53.6 24.5 6.5 2.2 1.1 8.2 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.6 100.0 11.6 10.9 373
Meru 50.4 19.6 3.8 5.1 0.5 12.1 2.2 1.2 0.8 4.5 100.0 16.1 8.9 1,895
Tharaka-Nithi 53.9 20.9 2.9 3.1 0.3 11.2 0.6 1.1 0.9 5.2 100.0 13.8 6.9 559
Embu 53.0 22.8 3.1 4.0 0.6 9.7 1.7 0.4 0.9 3.8 100.0 12.7 7.3 664
Kitui 44.4 34.5 3.8 1.9 0.5 10.0 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.6 100.0 13.4 7.9 1,566
Machakos 49.8 25.0 2.3 2.2 1.0 9.4 1.9 0.9 0.7 6.7 100.0 12.9 7.0 1,681
Makueni 38.8 33.4 3.5 2.6 0.4 12.8 1.5 0.3 0.1 6.6 100.0 14.7 6.3 1,198
Nyandarua 62.1 20.9 2.4 1.5 0.7 6.7 1.2 0.1 0.9 3.6 100.0 8.8 5.7 800
Nyeri 46.9 29.8 4.2 3.7 0.9 9.0 1.6 0.2 0.7 2.9 100.0 11.6 7.7 777
Kirinyaga 54.9 21.1 6.5 2.4 0.5 8.1 0.7 0.3 0.5 4.9 100.0 9.6 8.5 704
Murang’a 42.0 32.1 5.6 3.5 0.7 8.8 1.0 1.2 0.4 4.8 100.0 11.4 9.6 1,203
Kiambu 58.7 24.9 5.1 3.4 0.2 3.0 0.9 0.5 0.4 2.9 100.0 4.8 7.2 2,994
Turkana 44.9 22.0 9.2 2.3 1.2 13.8 2.4 1.4 2.3 0.4 100.0 19.9 16.7 1,082
West Pokot 54.6 24.7 4.5 1.5 0.7 11.4 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.7 100.0 13.4 7.2 1,365
Samburu 51.2 19.5 9.5 1.9 0.8 13.1 1.6 1.1 1.0 0.3 100.0 16.8 13.9 506
Trans Nzoia 42.0 26.9 3.3 4.2 0.6 17.0 1.5 0.6 1.0 2.8 100.0 20.1 7.4 1,670
Uasin Gishu 59.5 20.0 3.4 2.2 0.5 10.0 1.2 0.5 0.8 1.9 100.0 12.5 6.5 1,724
Elgeyo/Marakwet 53.9 26.2 2.1 2.6 0.6 11.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 1.6 100.0 13.1 4.6 637
Nandi 52.5 20.7 5.3 2.5 1.0 13.2 1.2 0.6 1.2 1.9 100.0 16.2 9.2 1,226
Baringo 46.7 28.8 6.7 2.8 0.2 10.6 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.6 100.0 13.3 9.5 1,058
Laikipia 50.3 28.4 7.3 1.1 0.4 7.7 1.2 0.7 0.4 2.5 100.0 10.1 10.6 635
Nakuru 51.9 26.4 4.7 2.2 0.5 7.1 1.4 0.5 0.7 4.5 100.0 9.7 8.1 2,970
Narok 63.8 17.6 6.1 2.0 0.4 7.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 100.0 9.2 8.1 2,063
Kajiado 58.0 21.9 4.4 2.0 0.6 10.5 0.8 0.6 0.1 1.0 100.0 12.1 6.5 1,693
Kericho 58.7 19.1 5.3 1.6 0.8 10.1 0.6 0.8 0.7 2.2 100.0 12.2 8.2 1,407
Bomet 56.5 23.0 5.1 1.6 0.4 10.5 0.8 0.6 0.4 1.2 100.0 12.2 7.3 1,410
Kakamega 43.2 21.3 3.2 5.1 1.6 19.0 2.4 0.7 1.1 2.2 100.0 23.2 9.4 3,113
Vihiga 34.8 22.2 6.9 4.5 0.5 21.2 2.7 1.9 1.0 4.3 100.0 26.8 13.1 834
Bungoma 47.2 18.6 4.6 3.9 0.2 19.6 2.5 1.3 0.8 1.4 100.0 24.2 9.4 2,734
Busia 45.0 19.5 2.9 6.1 0.1 22.1 2.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 100.0 25.9 6.9 1,583
Siaya 43.7 20.0 8.4 5.0 0.9 13.9 3.7 1.0 1.6 1.8 100.0 20.2 15.7 1,338
Kisumu 53.1 17.8 8.8 4.1 0.8 8.5 2.6 1.9 1.3 1.1 100.0 14.3 15.5 1,649
Homa Bay 47.3 14.8 8.4 3.0 1.3 13.8 3.8 1.5 3.1 3.0 100.0 22.2 18.5 1,779
Migori 53.0 16.6 11.5 2.1 1.6 8.0 2.3 1.1 1.5 2.3 100.0 12.9 18.3 1,868
Kisii 44.3 23.6 4.8 2.3 0.9 14.4 2.5 1.3 1.5 4.3 100.0 19.8 11.3 1,833
Nyamira 42.7 22.2 5.3 3.9 0.5 16.2 1.7 0.8 1.0 5.7 100.0 19.7 10.0 793
Nairobi City 66.6 21.3 1.7 2.9 0.1 4.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.2 100.0 6.2 3.8 5,320
Total <18 52.5 22.5 4.8 3.1 0.6 10.9 1.5 0.9 0.8 2.3 100.0 14.1 8.9 65,321
Note: Table is based on de jure members (usual residents).

1
Includes children with father dead, mother dead, both dead and one parent dead but missing information on survival status of the other parent.

Table 2.10 Birth registration of children under age 5
Percentage of de jure children under age 5 whose births are registered with the civil registration
authority, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of children whose births Total percentage
are registered and who: of children whose
Background Had a birth Did not have birth births are Number of
characteristic certificate certificate registered children
Age
<1 15.3 58.4 73.7 3,555
1–4 38.5 38.1 76.5 14,107
Sex
Male 34.0 42.3 76.3 8,975
Female 33.6 42.0 75.6 8,686
Residence
Urban 46.6 34.6 81.3 6,053
Rural 27.1 46.1 73.2 11,608
Wealth quintile
Lowest 14.2 48.4 62.6 4,182
Second 25.0 47.6 72.6 3,381
Middle 34.0 44.3 78.4 3,174
Fourth 41.1 39.9 81.0 3,405
Highest 58.2 29.8 88.0 3,519
Total 33.8 42.2 76.0 17,661

Table 2.10C Birth registration of children under age 5 by county
Percentage of de jure children under age 5 whose births are registered with the civil registration authority,
according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of children whose births Total percentage
are registered and who: of children whose
Had a birth Did not have birth births are Number of
County certificate certificate registered children
Mombasa 46.3 44.3 90.6 429
Kwale 20.9 54.1 75.1 326
Kilifi 23.3 58.0 81.3 540
Tana River 18.7 39.2 57.8 147
Lamu 48.8 32.0 80.8 65
Taita/Taveta 45.0 45.0 90.0 131
Garissa 46.2 18.9 65.2 238
Wajir 34.2 15.4 49.6 143
Mandera 34.0 19.6 53.6 260
Marsabit 31.2 21.0 52.3 138
Isiolo 33.8 22.6 56.4 101
Meru 21.0 64.6 85.6 490
Tharaka-Nithi 41.8 51.4 93.2 141
Embu 46.7 47.6 94.2 170
Kitui 32.8 55.7 88.6 381
Machakos 35.1 58.3 93.4 417
Makueni 24.0 46.5 70.5 315
Nyandarua 51.8 38.7 90.6 205
Nyeri 58.2 38.1 96.2 226
Kirinyaga 50.0 37.1 87.1 198
Murang’a 39.5 47.7 87.2 319
Kiambu 46.7 46.2 92.9 961
Turkana 8.1 48.6 56.7 319
West Pokot 10.6 64.6 75.2 436
Samburu 17.0 59.3 76.3 150
Trans Nzoia 25.1 49.5 74.6 383
Uasin Gishu 43.3 43.5 86.8 509
Elgeyo/Marakwet 30.4 44.9 75.3 170
Nandi 29.2 39.5 68.7 304
Baringo 26.7 33.6 60.3 272
Laikipia 48.0 32.4 80.4 163
Nakuru 39.6 17.7 57.3 893
Narok 22.3 51.6 74.0 567
Kajiado 31.0 50.0 81.0 541
Kericho 26.8 37.4 64.2 347
Bomet 29.3 46.6 75.9 347
Kakamega 37.5 36.4 73.9 703
Vihiga 32.4 54.1 86.5 175
Bungoma 28.1 36.5 64.5 661
Busia 28.1 41.7 69.8 391
Siaya 28.9 40.1 69.0 330
Kisumu 24.6 48.3 72.8 428
Homa Bay 24.9 42.7 67.6 408
Migori 20.9 59.7 80.6 451
Kisii 36.6 52.2 88.8 412
Nyamira 36.0 31.5 67.6 155
Nairobi City 48.0 25.5 73.6 1,807
Total 33.8 42.2 76.0 17,661

Table 2.11.1 Educational attainment of the female household population
Percent distribution of the de facto female household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median
years completed, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than years
characteristic education1 primary primary2 secondary secondary3 secondary4 Total Number completed
Age
6–9 36.5 63.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 7,128 0.4
10–14 3.4 87.3 6.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 9,649 4.5
15–19 2.9 19.6 12.9 49.8 12.0 2.7 100.0 6,294 7.3
20–24 3.4 9.7 12.3 15.8 31.3 27.5 100.0 6,258 9.3
25–29 5.1 12.2 17.1 10.7 25.9 29.1 100.0 5,830 9.2
30–34 8.6 16.8 24.4 10.2 18.3 21.7 100.0 4,633 7.8
35–39 8.6 21.6 27.4 8.5 16.3 17.5 100.0 4,433 7.6
40–44 7.9 22.0 27.3 8.3 17.6 17.0 100.0 3,251 7.6
45–49 8.8 25.4 27.7 8.1 16.6 13.5 100.0 2,477 7.4
50–54 13.6 27.4 24.1 10.4 15.1 9.4 100.0 2,670 7.0
55–59 17.4 21.8 28.2 7.9 15.4 9.2 100.0 1,688 6.4
60–64 28.1 27.8 18.6 8.6 10.5 6.4 100.0 1,669 5.0
65+ 51.9 27.0 12.4 2.9 2.5 3.3 100.0 3,722 0.0
Residence
Urban 8.7 25.3 12.9 11.2 19.4 22.4 100.0 20,247 7.7
Rural 15.7 40.5 16.1 12.0 9.6 6.0 100.0 39,486 6.1
Wealth quintile
Lowest 32.0 45.8 11.2 7.4 3.2 0.5 100.0 11,441 3.1
Second 12.5 46.6 17.9 13.3 7.6 2.0 100.0 12,058 6.0
Middle 10.1 37.7 19.3 14.6 12.4 5.9 100.0 11,954 6.6
Fourth 7.5 27.6 17.0 13.1 19.6 15.1 100.0 11,767 7.4
Highest 5.6 20.2 9.9 10.3 21.1 32.9 100.0 12,512 9.2
Total 13.3 35.4 15.1 11.8 12.9 11.5 100.0 59,733 6.6
Note: Respondents who reported vocational training as their highest current or previous level of education have been excluded from this table.
Total includes 46 women for whom information on age is missing.
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult Education).
2
Completed grade 8 at the primary level, for those under age 53; because of the change in the school system in the 1980s, those age 53 and
above are considered to have completed primary if they completed grade 7.
3
Completed 4 grades at the secondary level.
4
More than secondary includes middle level colleges and university.

Table 2.11.1C Educational attainment of the female household population by county
Percent distribution of the de facto female household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median
years completed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
Mombasa 11.3 29.9 17.5 9.9 17.3 14.2 100.0 1,435 7.2
Kwale 25.9 42.5 14.3 6.7 6.9 3.7 100.0 1,012 4.0
Kilifi 23.3 46.1 13.1 6.1 7.1 4.1 100.0 1,816 4.1
Tana River 49.5 33.2 8.3 3.0 4.2 1.8 100.0 331 0.0
Lamu 21.0 44.2 13.8 10.4 5.9 4.6 100.0 187 4.8
Taita/Taveta 11.4 32.3 23.6 10.9 14.2 7.6 100.0 448 7.0
Garissa 57.9 24.3 2.7 7.7 4.3 3.2 100.0 577 0.0
Wajir 59.6 25.8 3.3 5.8 4.3 1.2 100.0 361 0.0
Mandera 65.2 25.2 2.9 2.6 3.2 0.9 100.0 484 0.0
Marsabit 54.3 28.8 7.7 4.3 3.1 1.8 100.0 317 0.0
Isiolo 32.6 33.9 10.2 7.4 8.4 7.5 100.0 285 3.6
Meru 13.5 39.9 16.0 12.2 10.2 8.2 100.0 1,986 6.3
Tharaka-Nithi 9.5 41.6 16.1 9.7 11.0 12.0 100.0 532 6.4
Embu 8.6 31.8 20.3 13.0 15.4 10.8 100.0 716 7.1
Kitui 15.1 36.8 21.9 9.5 8.5 8.2 100.0 1,496 6.5
Machakos 5.9 30.5 18.6 14.6 15.5 14.9 100.0 1,759 7.2
Makueni 10.8 33.0 20.9 12.5 13.8 9.0 100.0 1,244 6.9
Nyandarua 8.0 29.2 26.0 13.8 15.7 7.3 100.0 793 7.2
Nyeri 6.5 23.4 18.4 13.5 21.7 16.4 100.0 918 7.6
Kirinyaga 8.6 30.4 20.9 12.2 16.8 11.1 100.0 873 7.2
Murang’a 9.0 29.8 23.9 15.3 14.4 7.6 100.0 1,448 7.0
Kiambu 5.9 26.7 14.7 11.4 19.4 22.0 100.0 3,461 7.7
Turkana 62.7 24.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.0 100.0 745 0.0
West Pokot 38.9 39.4 5.2 7.3 4.6 4.7 100.0 854 2.2
Samburu 51.3 28.6 5.3 4.9 5.1 4.7 100.0 322 0.0
Trans Nzoia 9.6 43.6 14.2 14.1 10.1 8.4 100.0 1,366 6.3
Uasin Gishu 6.5 31.7 12.3 11.4 16.8 21.3 100.0 1,596 7.4
Elgeyo/Marakwet 8.9 39.2 15.8 13.2 12.7 10.1 100.0 494 6.6
Nandi 7.4 41.3 17.9 12.6 10.1 10.7 100.0 1,164 6.7
Baringo 17.5 39.7 13.6 8.6 11.6 9.0 100.0 778 6.0
Laikipia 10.9 32.7 17.0 12.8 17.0 9.5 100.0 626 6.8
Nakuru 8.5 32.9 17.4 13.5 15.7 12.0 100.0 2,994 7.1
Narok 23.8 42.7 11.2 9.1 6.0 7.2 100.0 1,428 5.0
Kajiado 17.5 27.6 10.2 8.8 16.4 19.5 100.0 1,513 7.1
Kericho 7.3 37.6 17.4 14.7 12.0 11.2 100.0 1,347 6.9
Bomet 8.9 43.7 16.4 14.1 9.6 7.3 100.0 1,177 6.5
Kakamega 10.4 43.5 14.5 12.6 10.8 8.3 100.0 2,584 6.3
Vihiga 7.2 44.1 16.7 16.5 10.7 4.8 100.0 801 6.4
Bungoma 7.1 43.9 12.9 16.5 10.5 9.1 100.0 2,201 6.5
Busia 12.0 49.9 13.0 13.4 7.2 4.5 100.0 1,269 5.7
Siaya 10.7 41.4 22.5 12.5 8.0 4.9 100.0 1,145 6.4
Kisumu 7.0 39.5 18.7 16.3 9.9 8.5 100.0 1,437 6.8
Homa Bay 11.5 45.6 16.1 14.1 7.5 5.1 100.0 1,459 6.0
Migori 12.5 52.9 14.5 10.3 6.4 3.4 100.0 1,409 5.7
Kisii 8.4 39.7 13.9 16.1 13.5 8.4 100.0 1,644 6.6
Nyamira 8.9 40.4 13.2 17.3 14.5 5.6 100.0 745 6.6
Nairobi City 5.6 21.9 12.1 10.2 22.9 27.3 100.0 6,154 9.0
Total 13.3 35.4 15.1 11.8 12.9 11.5 100.0 59,733 6.6
1
2
3
4

Table 2.11.2 Educational attainment of the male household population
Percent distribution of the de facto male household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median
years completed, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
Age
6–9 40.1 59.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 7,129 0.2
10–14 4.0 89.9 4.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 9,326 4.1
15–19 2.7 27.3 14.5 44.3 9.1 2.1 100.0 6,940 7.1
20–24 3.0 9.5 11.0 17.7 34.0 24.8 100.0 5,151 9.3
25–29 2.6 11.1 15.0 8.0 30.6 32.7 100.0 4,916 9.4
30–34 4.2 15.5 19.2 6.7 24.7 29.7 100.0 4,259 9.2
35–39 5.1 19.8 26.3 6.8 21.4 20.6 100.0 3,713 7.8
40–44 5.5 21.3 26.1 7.4 21.2 18.5 100.0 3,125 7.7
45–49 6.6 22.9 28.0 7.1 19.8 15.5 100.0 2,439 7.6
50–54 5.2 20.4 24.4 8.4 25.3 16.3 100.0 1,840 7.7
55–59 8.0 14.2 31.9 8.4 23.4 14.0 100.0 1,678 7.3
60–64 14.4 19.9 23.9 7.7 21.0 13.1 100.0 1,438 6.7
65+ 22.7 25.9 24.4 6.4 11.4 9.2 100.0 2,859 6.0
Residence
Urban 7.2 24.5 12.1 9.6 22.4 24.2 100.0 18,156 8.0
Rural 11.5 41.9 15.9 11.9 11.7 7.1 100.0 36,726 6.3
Wealth quintile
Lowest 23.1 49.9 12.5 7.7 5.5 1.2 100.0 10,687 3.9
Second 9.1 46.0 17.7 13.3 10.6 3.3 100.0 11,144 6.2
Middle 7.1 36.9 19.0 14.6 15.3 7.2 100.0 11,410 6.9
Fourth 6.1 26.6 15.5 11.9 23.8 16.0 100.0 11,281 7.6
Highest 5.0 21.0 7.6 7.7 21.1 37.5 100.0 10,360 9.4
Total 10.0 36.2 14.6 11.1 15.3 12.8 100.0 54,882 6.8
Total includes 87 men for whom information on age is missing.
1
2
3
4

Table 2.11.2C Educational attainment of the male household population by county
Percent distribution of the de facto male household population age 6 and over by highest level of schooling attended or completed and median
years completed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
No Some Completed Some Completed More than years
County education1 primary primary2 secondary secondary3 secondary4 Total Number completed
Mombasa 8.0 25.7 16.6 9.5 23.7 16.5 100.0 1,428 7.6
Kwale 15.5 44.0 16.9 8.1 10.4 5.1 100.0 893 5.6
Kilifi 9.9 45.0 18.7 10.0 10.8 5.7 100.0 1,665 6.0
Tana River 41.3 34.4 9.3 5.3 7.2 2.5 100.0 317 1.7
Lamu 15.0 41.1 18.6 8.8 9.4 7.2 100.0 180 5.7
Taita/Taveta 7.1 34.6 23.3 10.7 14.4 9.9 100.0 449 7.0
Garissa 42.2 26.6 7.7 8.2 9.1 6.2 100.0 592 1.4
Wajir 45.0 30.1 5.4 9.0 6.8 3.6 100.0 330 0.9
Mandera 47.1 33.5 5.8 6.0 5.3 2.3 100.0 446 0.3
Marsabit 36.3 34.4 11.2 6.9 6.9 4.2 100.0 264 2.7
Isiolo 24.2 34.8 11.6 8.9 10.6 10.0 100.0 241 5.0
Meru 8.8 43.6 16.8 10.5 11.8 8.6 100.0 1,858 6.3
Tharaka-Nithi 5.6 45.6 14.2 12.0 10.7 11.9 100.0 521 6.4
Embu 4.9 35.1 19.1 11.5 17.3 12.1 100.0 679 7.1
Kitui 9.7 40.9 20.2 9.8 11.0 8.4 100.0 1,344 6.5
Machakos 3.3 31.7 17.7 14.6 17.4 15.4 100.0 1,761 7.3
Makueni 6.5 38.7 20.9 11.7 13.0 9.2 100.0 1,088 6.7
Nyandarua 5.3 34.3 23.6 14.3 14.8 7.7 100.0 770 7.0
Nyeri 3.5 27.6 18.6 11.4 23.6 15.4 100.0 893 7.6
Kirinyaga 4.9 30.8 17.7 14.5 19.0 13.1 100.0 751 7.3
Murang’a 4.8 34.6 22.3 14.2 15.4 8.7 100.0 1,294 7.1
Kiambu 5.1 26.7 14.7 11.6 20.8 21.2 100.0 2,981 7.7
Turkana 51.4 27.1 5.0 5.4 6.2 5.0 100.0 625 0.0
West Pokot 32.5 40.7 5.8 9.7 5.9 5.4 100.0 793 3.1
Samburu 43.4 29.0 5.4 6.7 8.4 7.1 100.0 273 1.1
Trans Nzoia 9.0 44.5 12.0 13.0 12.2 9.3 100.0 1,221 6.3
Uasin Gishu 6.7 31.0 13.1 8.8 19.0 21.4 100.0 1,527 7.5
Elgeyo/Marakwet 7.9 38.6 15.4 13.7 14.1 10.3 100.0 500 6.7
Nandi 6.4 42.7 15.8 12.2 12.1 10.9 100.0 1,108 6.6
Baringo 13.6 40.5 14.1 10.3 12.1 9.3 100.0 771 6.2
Laikipia 7.9 29.7 18.9 13.9 18.1 11.4 100.0 590 7.1
Nakuru 6.4 34.5 16.6 13.4 17.3 11.9 100.0 2,559 7.1
Narok 20.2 45.6 10.7 7.4 9.2 6.9 100.0 1,444 4.8
Kajiado 15.8 27.5 7.7 9.7 18.7 20.6 100.0 1,396 7.3
Kericho 6.1 38.7 14.4 12.5 16.1 12.1 100.0 1,334 7.0
Bomet 6.5 43.6 16.3 11.9 12.4 9.3 100.0 1,133 6.6
Kakamega 8.3 45.5 12.8 14.7 10.5 8.1 100.0 2,460 6.2
Vihiga 7.0 41.6 18.5 13.3 12.8 6.7 100.0 690 6.6
Bungoma 8.5 42.0 12.1 13.8 13.3 10.4 100.0 1,972 6.6
Busia 7.3 50.9 14.0 12.4 9.5 6.0 100.0 1,214 6.0
Siaya 7.2 44.2 21.6 11.7 9.3 6.0 100.0 1,111 6.4
Kisumu 7.1 34.3 17.4 13.0 17.0 11.2 100.0 1,358 7.1
Homa Bay 10.2 44.4 14.8 12.3 10.4 8.0 100.0 1,218 6.2
Migori 10.1 51.1 14.8 9.3 9.1 5.5 100.0 1,215 5.7
Kisii 6.2 41.7 12.9 12.2 14.9 12.1 100.0 1,385 6.7
Nyamira 6.8 42.1 13.0 13.5 17.0 7.6 100.0 637 6.6
Nairobi City 4.7 20.2 9.9 7.9 26.6 30.7 100.0 5,606 9.3
Total 10.0 36.2 14.6 11.1 15.3 12.8 100.0 54,882 6.8
1
2
3
4

Table 2.12 School attendance ratios
Net attendance ratios (NAR) and gross attendance ratios (GAR) for the de facto household population by sex and level of schooling;
and the Gender Parity Index (GPI), according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Net attendance ratio1 Gross attendance ratio2
Background Gender Gender
characteristic Male Female Total Parity Index3 Male Female Total Parity Index3
PRIMARY SCHOOL
Residence
Urban 87.6 90.1 88.9 1.03 104.2 103.6 103.9 0.99
Rural 84.7 85.8 85.2 1.01 110.3 105.3 107.8 0.95
Wealth quintile
Lowest 74.5 75.0 74.8 1.01 102.2 96.9 99.6 0.95
Second 88.7 89.6 89.2 1.01 116.1 110.8 113.4 0.95
Middle 89.5 90.9 90.2 1.02 114.8 108.0 111.4 0.94
Fourth 89.0 91.1 90.1 1.02 106.8 105.9 106.4 0.99
Highest 90.2 92.6 91.5 1.03 102.2 102.9 102.6 1.01
Total 85.5 87.0 86.2 1.02 108.7 104.8 106.7 0.96
SECONDARY SCHOOL
Residence
Urban 56.5 59.7 58.2 1.06 94.6 95.0 94.8 1.00
Rural 42.2 50.2 45.9 1.19 76.5 80.6 78.4 1.05
Wealth quintile
Lowest 23.4 30.6 26.6 1.31 48.3 52.5 50.2 1.09
Second 42.3 50.4 46.2 1.19 79.2 80.1 79.7 1.01
Middle 49.7 59.6 54.1 1.20 88.4 94.6 91.2 1.07
Fourth 59.3 62.4 60.8 1.05 98.3 99.9 99.0 1.02
Highest 71.0 68.1 69.4 0.96 111.1 105.9 108.2 0.95
Total 45.4 52.7 48.8 1.16 80.5 84.3 82.3 1.05
Note: Respondents whose current or previous level of education was vocational training have been excluded from this table.
1
The NAR for primary school is the percentage of the primary-school age (6–13) population that is attending primary school. The NAR
for secondary school is the percentage of the secondary-school age (14–17) population that is attending secondary school. By
definition, the NAR cannot exceed 100.0.
2
The GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, expressed as a percentage of the official primary-school-
age population. The GAR for secondary school is the total number of secondary school students, expressed as a percentage of the
official secondary-school-age population. If there are significant numbers of overage and underage students at a given level of
schooling, the GAR can exceed 100.0.
3
The Gender Parity Index for primary school is the ratio of the primary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR (GAR) for males.
The Gender Parity Index for secondary school is the ratio of the secondary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR (GAR) for males.

Table 2.12C School attendance ratios by county
Net attendance ratios (NAR) and gross attendance ratios (GAR) for the de facto household population by sex and level of schooling;
and the Gender Parity Index (GPI), according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Gender Gender
County Male Female Total Parity Index3 Male Female Total Parity Index3
PRIMARY SCHOOL
Mombasa 88.5 87.7 88.0 0.99 115.2 107.1 111.0 0.93

Kwale 78.9 79.0 78.9 1.00 109.6 104.5 106.9 0.95
Kilifi 86.0 89.3 87.6 1.04 122.0 121.5 121.8 1.00
Tana River 57.2 57.1 57.1 1.00 72.5 71.6 72.1 0.99
Lamu 84.4 86.0 85.2 1.02 107.4 106.7 107.1 0.99
Taita/Taveta 93.7 89.1 91.6 0.95 108.3 103.1 105.9 0.95
Garissa 49.0 48.6 48.8 0.99 62.6 66.0 64.1 1.05
Wajir 56.4 58.5 57.4 1.04 74.7 74.6 74.6 1.00
Mandera 58.3 51.6 55.1 0.89 78.9 65.9 72.5 0.84
Marsabit 73.4 66.8 69.9 0.91 88.7 78.6 83.4 0.89
Isiolo 74.8 78.7 76.9 1.05 92.1 93.6 92.9 1.02
Meru 85.5 89.1 87.5 1.04 112.8 105.1 108.5 0.93
Tharaka-Nithi 88.1 88.1 88.1 1.00 114.6 104.9 110.1 0.92
Embu 92.5 92.3 92.4 1.00 112.5 105.1 108.8 0.93
Kitui 92.1 92.9 92.5 1.01 118.3 117.3 117.8 0.99
Machakos 93.5 91.8 92.6 0.98 115.4 103.9 109.7 0.90
Makueni 92.9 89.9 91.5 0.97 114.4 116.1 115.2 1.01
Nyandarua 95.3 95.4 95.3 1.00 118.4 112.1 115.5 0.95
Nyeri 92.5 91.4 92.0 0.99 118.2 104.7 111.9 0.89
Kirinyaga 91.1 91.9 91.5 1.01 104.7 106.4 105.6 1.02
Murang’a 93.7 92.7 93.2 0.99 108.9 102.3 105.6 0.94
Kiambu 92.2 95.0 93.7 1.03 106.1 104.2 105.1 0.98
Turkana 44.6 43.4 44.0 0.97 60.1 54.4 57.2 0.91
West Pokot 63.3 70.9 67.1 1.12 77.9 86.7 82.3 1.11
Samburu 57.2 60.0 58.6 1.05 70.1 70.6 70.4 1.01
Trans Nzoia 89.9 90.5 90.2 1.01 112.0 108.1 110.0 0.97
Uasin Gishu 84.9 92.0 88.5 1.08 107.0 109.5 108.3 1.02
Elgeyo/Marakwet 87.7 90.3 88.9 1.03 112.4 108.8 110.7 0.97
Nandi 90.7 88.1 89.4 0.97 116.7 112.6 114.6 0.97
Baringo 81.2 87.5 84.0 1.08 100.4 113.3 106.2 1.13
Laikipia 89.8 91.6 90.7 1.02 106.4 106.1 106.2 1.00
Nakuru 88.3 90.5 89.4 1.02 111.1 106.4 108.6 0.96
Narok 80.6 81.7 81.1 1.01 107.9 102.5 105.3 0.95
Kajiado 83.8 80.8 82.2 0.96 104.4 99.2 101.7 0.95
Kericho 91.0 89.9 90.5 0.99 108.7 104.7 106.7 0.96
Bomet 91.7 92.7 92.2 1.01 125.3 116.8 121.2 0.93
Kakamega 90.8 91.7 91.2 1.01 123.3 115.1 119.4 0.93
Vihiga 91.8 92.4 92.2 1.01 120.7 117.8 119.1 0.98
Bungoma 86.5 92.0 89.3 1.06 116.1 114.5 115.3 0.99
Busia 90.9 90.4 90.7 0.99 124.0 111.5 117.9 0.90
Siaya 91.0 91.1 91.1 1.00 117.2 108.4 113.1 0.92
Kisumu 89.9 91.8 90.9 1.02 107.3 110.8 109.0 1.03
Homa Bay 85.7 86.6 86.2 1.01 111.5 100.7 106.0 0.90
Migori 85.7 85.4 85.5 1.00 115.7 106.5 111.0 0.92
Kisii 91.2 92.6 92.0 1.01 117.5 108.8 112.9 0.93
Nyamira 90.1 90.6 90.3 1.01 117.4 109.7 113.4 0.93
Nairobi City 87.8 93.1 90.6 1.06 100.1 102.7 101.5 1.03
Total 85.5 87.0 86.2 1.02 108.7 104.8 106.7 0.96
(Continued…)

Table 2.12C—Continued
Gender Gender
County Male Female Total Parity Index3 Male Female Total Parity Index3
SECONDARY SCHOOL
Mombasa 44.1 45.7 44.9 1.04 82.7 75.8 79.2 0.92
Kwale 22.0 26.2 24.0 1.19 48.6 43.4 46.0 0.89
Kilifi 23.2 14.7 19.1 0.63 69.0 46.6 58.3 0.68
Tana River 20.0 13.7 17.1 0.69 41.6 25.3 34.1 0.61
Lamu 31.5 35.6 33.8 1.13 62.4 58.7 60.4 0.94
Taita/Taveta 57.3 64.4 60.5 1.12 81.7 103.9 91.8 1.27
Garissa 22.5 19.6 20.9 0.87 51.8 34.7 42.4 0.67
Wajir 41.1 35.3 38.4 0.86 76.4 60.7 69.1 0.79
Mandera 28.7 19.9 24.8 0.69 51.5 36.6 44.9 0.71
Marsabit 39.6 30.6 35.7 0.77 62.9 71.2 66.5 1.13
Isiolo 42.2 47.8 44.9 1.13 70.5 81.6 75.9 1.16
Meru 45.8 50.3 47.8 1.10 77.8 78.7 78.2 1.01
Tharaka-Nithi 38.4 50.1 43.2 1.31 80.4 82.5 81.3 1.03
Embu 58.0 64.8 60.6 1.12 85.8 127.3 101.7 1.48
Kitui 40.8 51.6 45.8 1.27 72.8 93.7 82.4 1.29
Machakos 62.6 76.8 68.3 1.23 101.8 115.9 107.4 1.14
Makueni 52.0 56.7 54.5 1.09 97.2 90.1 93.5 0.93
Nyandarua 60.1 67.5 63.4 1.12 75.6 86.1 80.4 1.14
Nyeri 60.8 78.9 69.3 1.30 88.6 99.0 93.5 1.12
Kirinyaga 75.6 70.1 73.0 0.93 123.1 101.2 112.6 0.82
Murang’a 62.4 78.7 70.8 1.26 100.5 105.7 103.2 1.05
Kiambu 69.3 72.6 70.8 1.05 92.4 106.2 98.7 1.15
Turkana 23.7 17.1 20.6 0.72 45.9 38.0 42.2 0.83
West Pokot 39.9 38.1 39.0 0.96 78.3 63.4 70.9 0.81
Samburu 36.7 27.8 32.5 0.76 60.7 35.7 49.1 0.59
Trans Nzoia 45.6 54.8 50.0 1.20 78.4 86.8 82.4 1.11
Uasin Gishu 44.4 58.3 52.2 1.31 80.9 84.7 83.0 1.05
Elgeyo/Marakwet 46.3 55.6 50.0 1.20 90.8 98.5 93.8 1.08
Nandi 44.4 42.2 43.4 0.95 86.4 91.0 88.5 1.05
Baringo 37.7 44.4 41.0 1.18 84.5 66.6 75.8 0.79
Laikipia 62.5 68.1 65.3 1.09 91.5 88.6 90.1 0.97
Nakuru 51.5 58.7 54.8 1.14 92.9 103.8 97.9 1.12
Narok 16.6 36.0 25.9 2.17 42.0 51.1 46.4 1.22
Kajiado 50.4 47.7 49.2 0.95 85.4 68.9 77.7 0.81
Kericho 59.4 71.8 65.8 1.21 110.4 107.7 109.0 0.98
Bomet 35.7 52.5 44.4 1.47 90.7 87.7 89.2 0.97
Kakamega 43.5 50.5 46.4 1.16 75.5 79.8 77.2 1.06
Vihiga 45.0 48.9 47.1 1.09 75.1 79.4 77.4 1.06
Bungoma 35.4 51.4 43.5 1.45 81.6 78.5 80.0 0.96
Busia 35.0 45.7 39.6 1.30 74.9 89.3 81.1 1.19
Siaya 47.0 67.3 55.4 1.43 78.4 102.3 88.4 1.30
Kisumu 52.7 61.5 57.2 1.17 93.9 91.7 92.8 0.98
Homa Bay 40.7 58.9 48.9 1.45 76.9 94.1 84.7 1.22
Migori 33.5 40.1 36.6 1.20 48.4 62.2 55.0 1.28
Kisii 44.8 59.3 51.9 1.32 76.1 81.6 78.8 1.07
Nyamira 43.4 58.9 50.4 1.36 72.8 98.8 84.5 1.36
Nairobi City 60.4 62.6 61.5 1.04 98.7 112.3 105.5 1.14
Total 45.4 52.7 48.8 1.16 80.5 84.3 82.3 1.05
Note: Respondents whose current or previous level of education was vocational training have been excluded from this table.
1
The NAR for primary school is the percentage of the primary-school age (6–13) population that is attending primary school. The NAR
for secondary school is the percentage of the secondary-school age (14–17) population that is attending secondary school. By
definition, the NAR cannot exceed 100.0.
2
The GAR for primary school is the total number of primary school students, expressed as a percentage of the official primary-school-
age population. The GAR for secondary school is the total number of secondary school students, expressed as a percentage of the
official secondary-school-age population. If there are significant numbers of overage and underage students at a given level of
schooling, the GAR can exceed 100.0.
3
The Gender Parity Index for primary school is the ratio of the primary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR (GAR) for males.
The Gender Parity Index for secondary school is the ratio of the secondary school NAR (GAR) for females to the NAR (GAR) for males.

Table 2.13 Participation rate in organised learning
Percent distribution of children age one year younger than the official primary school entry age at the beginning of the
school year by attendance at an early childhood education programme or primary school, and the adjusted net
attendance ratio (NAR), according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent distribution of children attending
Neither an Number of
An early early childhood children age 5
childhood education years at
Background education Primary programme nor Adjusted beginning of
characteristic programme school primary school Total NAR1 the school year
Sex
Male 66.5 20.4 13.1 100.0 86.9 1,887
Female 64.5 24.4 11.2 100.0 88.8 1,856
Residence
Urban 67.7 23.5 8.8 100.0 91.2 1,132
Rural 64.6 21.9 13.6 100.0 86.4 2,611
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.3 17.2 27.5 100.0 72.5 1,019
Second 69.7 22.6 7.7 100.0 92.3 744
Middle 66.1 27.9 6.0 100.0 94.0 646
Fourth 72.9 20.8 6.3 100.0 93.7 678
Highest 68.5 26.3 5.3 100.0 94.7 657
Total 65.5 22.4 12.1 100.0 87.9 3,744
1
The adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR) to organised learning is the percentage of children of age one year younger
than official primary school entry age (at the beginning of school year) who are attending early childhood education or
primary school.

Table 2.13C Participation rate in organised learning by county
Percent distribution of children age one year younger than the official primary school entry age at the beginning of the
school year by attendance at an early childhood education programme or primary school, and the adjusted net attendance
ratio (NAR), according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent distribution of children attending
Neither an Number of
An early early childhood children age 5
childhood education years at
education Primary programme nor Adjusted beginning of
County programme school primary school Total NAR1 the school year
Mombasa 74.3 18.3 7.4 100.0 92.6 93
Kwale 65.0 11.3 23.7 100.0 76.3 59
Kilifi 68.8 17.6 13.6 100.0 86.4 131
Tana River 44.5 5.6 49.8 100.0 50.2 31
Lamu 63.8 20.0 16.2 100.0 83.8 14
Taita/Taveta 77.2 14.4 8.3 100.0 91.7 30
Garissa 13.3 5.3 81.4 100.0 18.6 59
Wajir 20.9 8.6 70.5 100.0 29.5 37
Mandera 7.0 9.7 83.3 100.0 16.7 58
Marsabit 38.0 21.1 40.9 100.0 59.1 28
Isiolo 52.0 28.0 20.0 100.0 80.0 23
Meru 81.2 17.6 1.2 100.0 98.8 132
Tharaka-Nithi (62.4) (29.8) (7.8) 100.0 (92.2) 24
Embu (73.8) (23.7) (2.5) 100.0 (97.5) 31
Kitui 57.3 36.6 6.1 100.0 93.9 96
Machakos (52.1) (45.8) (2.1) 100.0 (97.9) 66
Makueni 66.2 30.8 3.0 100.0 97.0 47
Nyandarua 83.2 13.5 3.2 100.0 96.8 42
Nyeri (63.3) (30.9) (5.8) 100.0 (94.2) 42
Kirinyaga 69.4 30.6 0.0 100.0 100.0 42
Murang’a 84.5 11.7 3.8 100.0 96.2 73
Kiambu 68.1 28.3 3.6 100.0 96.4 168
Turkana 45.0 14.0 41.0 100.0 59.0 69
West Pokot 57.1 13.0 30.0 100.0 70.0 104
Samburu 45.7 19.0 35.3 100.0 64.7 31
Trans Nzoia 78.8 14.6 6.6 100.0 93.4 93
Uasin Gishu 73.8 21.5 4.7 100.0 95.3 89
Elgeyo/Marakwet 63.3 31.9 4.8 100.0 95.2 34
Nandi 74.0 22.3 3.7 100.0 96.3 63
Baringo 65.7 21.7 12.6 100.0 87.4 69
Laikipia 74.7 19.6 5.7 100.0 94.3 30
Nakuru 75.8 18.9 5.3 100.0 94.7 160
Narok 70.5 14.2 15.3 100.0 84.7 123
Kajiado 55.5 29.1 15.4 100.0 84.6 137
Kericho 57.5 36.4 6.0 100.0 94.0 78
Bomet 71.7 25.4 2.9 100.0 97.1 76
Kakamega 75.8 21.2 3.0 100.0 97.0 185
Vihiga 71.2 27.1 1.7 100.0 98.3 39
Bungoma 68.2 24.8 6.9 100.0 93.1 151
Busia 70.7 21.1 8.1 100.0 91.9 93
Siaya 54.1 40.4 5.5 100.0 94.5 75
Kisumu 73.2 22.8 4.0 100.0 96.0 92
Homa Bay 70.4 24.1 5.4 100.0 94.6 95
Migori 63.8 19.9 16.3 100.0 83.7 116
Kisii 74.3 21.2 4.5 100.0 95.5 96
Nyamira 69.3 21.7 9.0 100.0 91.0 35
Nairobi City 67.0 27.3 5.7 100.0 94.3 282
Total 65.5 22.4 12.1 100.0 87.9 3,744
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.

1
The adjusted net attendance ratio (NAR) to organised learning is the percentage of children of age one year younger than
official primary school entry age (at the beginning of school year) who are attending early childhood education or primary
school.

Table 2.14 Disability by domain and age
Percent distribution of de facto household population age 5 and over by the degree of difficulty in functioning according to
domain, and percent distribution by the highest degree of difficulty in functioning in at least one domain by age, Kenya DHS
2022
Degree of difficulty A lot of
difficulty,
No Some A lot of Cannot Don’t or cannot Number of
Domain and age difficulty difficulty difficulty do at all know Total do at all persons
Domain
Difficulty seeing 88.8 9.1 1.9 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.9 61,502
Difficulty hearing 95.9 3.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 100.0 0.8 61,502
Difficulty communicating 98.4 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 100.0 0.5 61,502
Difficulty remembering or
concentrating 94.5 4.2 1.1 0.1 0.1 100.0 1.2 61,502
Difficulty walking or climbing
steps 92.5 5.4 2.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 2.2 61,502
Difficulty washing all over or
dressing 97.0 2.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 100.0 0.9 61,502
Difficulty in at least one
domain1
5–9 90.1 7.3 1.6 0.9 0.0 100.0 2.5 9,130
10–14 89.5 7.8 2.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.5 9,958
15–19 88.1 9.2 2.3 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.6 6,788
20–29 88.8 8.9 1.8 0.4 0.1 100.0 2.2 11,536
30–39 84.0 12.9 2.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 3.0 8,986
40–49 73.6 21.5 4.4 0.4 0.2 100.0 4.8 5,935
50–59 56.7 34.0 8.7 0.5 0.2 100.0 9.1 4,080
60+ 30.7 43.0 23.6 2.6 0.1 100.0 26.2 5,046
Age 15 and over 75.5 18.0 5.7 0.6 0.1 100.0 6.3 42,372
Total 80.0 14.8 4.6 0.6 0.1 100.0 5.2 61,502
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Household Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Total includes
52 persons for whom information on age is missing.
1
If a person was reported to have difficulty in more than one domain, only the highest level of difficulty is shown.

Table 2.15.1 Disability among adults according to background characteristics: Women
Percentage of the de facto female household population age 15 and over who have difficulty in functioning according to domain, by the highest degree of difficulty in
at least one domain, and percentage with a lot of difficulty or cannot do at all in more than one domain, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Difficulty in at least A lot of
Some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot do at all one domain1 difficulty
or cannot
No Remem- Walking A lot of do at all
difficulty bering or or Washing difficulty in more
Background in any Commu- concen- climbing all over or Some A lot of Cannot or cannot than one Number
characteristic domain Seeing Hearing nicating trating steps dressing difficulty difficulty do at all do at all domain of women
Marital status
Never married 84.6 9.2 2.8 1.8 2.8 3.7 1.5 11.7 2.9 0.6 3.5 1.0 6,226
Married/living
together 75.8 14.3 3.9 0.8 6.3 10.6 2.5 19.2 4.8 0.1 4.9 1.3 12,082
Divorced or
separated 68.0 17.6 5.0 1.2 9.8 14.4 3.3 24.2 7.6 0.1 7.7 1.6 1,748
Widowed 32.1 42.8 19.8 4.9 27.6 45.9 17.9 39.4 25.3 3.0 28.3 12.1 2,398
Residence
Urban 81.2 12.3 2.9 1.0 3.6 7.1 2.1 14.7 3.7 0.3 4.1 1.1 8,130
Rural 68.3 18.5 6.8 1.9 10.4 16.0 5.0 22.5 8.4 0.7 9.0 3.1 14,346
Education2
No education 47.0 30.3 17.9 6.0 22.1 34.7 16.3 30.2 20.0 2.8 22.7 11.0 2,602
Primary 67.3 18.5 6.0 1.3 10.3 16.1 4.1 24.1 8.0 0.5 8.5 2.3 8,559
Secondary 82.5 11.3 2.2 0.8 3.2 5.8 1.0 14.2 3.0 0.2 3.2 0.5 7,676
More than
secondary 84.8 11.1 1.7 0.6 2.1 3.9 0.8 13.5 1.7 0.0 1.7 0.3 3,594
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.1 19.2 10.1 2.9 12.3 16.9 6.7 22.3 10.5 1.0 11.5 4.4 3,806
Second 67.0 19.0 7.3 1.6 11.5 16.4 4.3 23.1 9.0 0.7 9.7 2.9 4,305
Middle 69.8 17.5 5.2 1.6 9.2 16.0 4.9 21.9 7.7 0.5 8.2 2.8 4,424
Fourth 76.2 14.5 3.4 1.1 5.4 10.9 3.3 18.7 4.5 0.5 5.0 1.8 4,742
Highest 82.6 12.2 2.4 0.9 3.0 5.6 1.4 14.0 3.2 0.3 3.4 0.7 5,200
Total 73.0 16.2 5.4 1.6 7.9 12.8 4.0 19.7 6.7 0.6 7.3 2.4 22,477
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Household Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Total includes 26 women for whom information on marital
status is missing and 34 women for whom information on education.
1
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary
includes people who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 2.15.1C Disability among adults according to county: Women
Percentage of the de facto female household population age 15 and over who have difficulty in functioning according to domain, by the highest degree of difficulty in at
least one domain, and percentage with a lot of difficulty or cannot do at all in more than one domain, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
A lot of
difficulty
Some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot do at all Difficulty in at least one domain1 or cannot
No Remem- Walking A lot of do at all in
difficulty bering or or Washing difficulty more than
in any Commu- concen- climbing all over or Some A lot of Cannot do or cannot one Number of
County domain Seeing Hearing nicating trating steps dressing difficulty difficulty at all do at all domain women
Mombasa 79.3 14.1 3.5 0.7 2.9 7.4 1.1 15.6 4.9 0.2 5.1 0.6 583
Kwale 74.5 13.2 4.3 1.2 6.4 11.4 10.0 16.6 8.2 0.6 8.8 3.0 346
Kilifi 85.3 7.2 3.6 0.8 3.9 7.4 1.7 12.2 2.1 0.4 2.5 1.4 660
Tana River 85.1 8.4 5.0 1.5 3.4 4.9 1.9 11.1 3.1 0.7 3.8 0.8 108
Lamu 75.4 15.9 5.8 1.5 7.0 10.6 2.4 15.1 8.9 0.6 9.6 4.1 68
Taita/Taveta 85.0 5.8 4.4 2.5 2.8 8.6 1.9 13.0 1.3 0.7 2.0 1.2 187
Garissa 83.0 10.3 5.4 4.1 5.2 10.2 4.7 11.3 5.4 0.2 5.6 3.7 201
Wajir 78.9 11.8 8.9 1.8 5.0 9.0 7.9 15.7 3.8 1.6 5.4 2.6 117
Mandera 74.6 13.2 7.4 3.3 6.5 13.8 9.8 16.4 7.7 1.3 9.0 4.2 148
Marsabit 77.0 15.6 7.3 2.3 4.1 11.9 4.6 15.2 6.4 1.5 7.9 3.5 104
Isiolo 77.1 10.8 3.1 1.8 8.6 9.2 4.3 13.7 7.6 1.6 9.2 3.9 100
Meru 58.7 21.8 9.6 1.3 19.8 16.8 4.6 23.6 16.9 0.7 17.7 6.9 750
Tharaka-Nithi 56.8 16.2 6.1 1.0 25.4 21.2 3.1 37.5 4.8 0.9 5.7 1.2 206
Embu 68.6 20.3 7.0 2.6 9.6 17.5 11.3 22.4 7.8 1.1 9.0 4.8 283
Kitui 76.1 13.0 6.9 2.2 8.0 12.9 6.2 18.4 4.3 1.2 5.5 1.9 583
Machakos 75.3 16.8 5.9 1.3 6.3 14.7 2.7 17.7 6.7 0.3 7.0 2.9 776
Makueni 68.2 18.4 6.8 1.4 10.5 12.6 5.0 27.1 4.3 0.5 4.7 1.2 510
Nyandarua 71.3 13.9 3.7 1.0 8.3 15.4 5.2 18.0 10.7 0.0 10.7 2.8 331
Nyeri 77.9 10.4 1.4 0.8 7.9 12.3 3.1 13.6 8.1 0.2 8.4 2.3 391
Kirinyaga 70.2 19.8 3.2 1.3 6.7 15.5 11.8 19.8 9.0 1.0 10.0 3.5 374
Murang’a 58.2 25.8 6.4 1.7 10.2 22.2 7.2 34.2 6.6 1.0 7.6 3.5 583
Kiambu 79.0 10.1 4.0 2.1 6.7 11.2 4.4 16.1 4.3 0.6 4.9 1.9 1,457
Turkana 60.6 28.4 16.4 6.2 13.0 17.1 7.9 32.6 5.4 1.4 6.8 2.1 235
West Pokot 77.0 13.1 8.9 2.2 4.6 8.3 4.2 19.0 3.3 0.7 4.0 1.3 265
Samburu 75.1 13.2 8.7 0.7 4.6 8.5 3.9 19.7 4.1 0.6 4.7 1.2 100
Trans Nzoia 68.0 20.8 6.3 2.9 10.2 15.4 4.1 23.8 7.7 0.4 8.1 1.9 485
Uasin Gishu 84.3 7.4 1.9 1.0 3.3 9.0 1.2 14.1 1.3 0.1 1.4 0.5 641
Elgeyo/Marakwet 78.1 13.5 5.8 1.3 2.7 10.0 1.5 16.6 4.7 0.6 5.3 2.2 173
Nandi 75.9 14.0 4.3 0.5 3.5 13.9 4.1 19.0 4.9 0.3 5.1 2.1 444
Baringo 76.0 14.5 4.8 1.0 6.7 11.5 5.3 18.6 4.7 0.8 5.5 1.5 263
Laikipia 68.2 18.5 4.6 0.0 11.7 14.0 3.1 21.8 9.4 0.5 10.0 3.0 242
Nakuru 76.9 14.3 3.1 1.1 6.7 11.0 2.4 17.1 5.8 0.2 6.1 0.8 1,122
Narok 80.0 11.8 3.6 1.3 6.0 9.6 2.9 12.7 6.8 0.5 7.3 2.8 476
Kajiado 80.4 13.1 4.6 0.4 4.5 6.2 2.1 16.6 2.8 0.2 3.0 1.2 566
Kericho 84.2 7.0 2.5 0.6 3.5 9.8 1.2 13.0 2.6 0.2 2.8 0.4 501
Bomet 81.6 11.9 3.6 1.2 2.7 7.0 3.1 14.5 2.5 1.3 3.9 0.7 424
Kakamega 64.0 26.7 7.7 2.7 5.6 15.1 5.0 29.2 5.9 1.0 6.8 1.5 901
Vihiga 60.5 26.5 7.2 2.8 13.0 23.1 3.3 26.2 12.5 0.8 13.3 4.5 303
Bungoma 60.2 26.7 8.7 1.1 14.6 15.5 1.3 26.0 13.4 0.3 13.7 3.3 766
Busia 69.1 16.1 6.2 1.3 9.7 16.2 5.6 20.7 10.3 0.0 10.3 2.9 444
Siaya 58.0 34.1 7.5 2.4 5.6 22.7 4.5 26.8 14.4 0.7 15.1 5.5 414
Kisumu 69.9 19.3 6.0 2.0 7.7 14.8 7.2 24.2 5.6 0.2 5.9 1.6 522
Homa Bay 45.7 34.3 14.1 1.6 28.4 25.7 10.6 31.9 20.4 1.9 22.2 11.1 512
Migori 51.2 27.2 13.8 2.7 19.8 26.0 2.2 29.5 19.1 0.2 19.3 7.0 474
Kisii 71.1 10.7 4.1 3.9 12.7 12.6 5.5 19.5 6.2 0.4 6.6 2.0 624
Nyamira 66.0 20.1 5.0 2.2 14.1 16.1 4.2 27.7 5.3 1.0 6.3 1.5 271
Nairobi City 83.5 11.2 1.8 0.6 1.5 5.6 0.8 13.3 2.9 0.3 3.2 0.4 2,446
Total 73.0 16.2 5.4 1.6 7.9 12.8 4.0 19.7 6.7 0.6 7.3 2.4 22,477
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Household Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
1

Table 2.15.2 Disability among adults according to background characteristics: Men
Percentage of the de facto male household population age 15 and over who have difficulty in functioning according to domain, by the highest degree of difficulty in at
least one domain, and percentage with a lot of difficulty or cannot do at all in more than one domain, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
A lot of
Difficulty in at least difficulty
Some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot do at all one domain1 or
A lot of cannot
No Remem- Walking Washing difficulty do at all
difficulty bering or or all over or in more
Background in any Commu- concen- climbing or Don’t Some A lot of Cannot cannot than one Number
characteristic domain Seeing Hearing nicating trating steps dressing know difficulty difficulty do at all do at all domain of men
Marital status
Never married 88.0 5.2 2.3 1.9 3.5 2.8 1.6 0.0 8.5 2.7 0.8 3.4 1.1 7,765
Married/living
together 73.6 16.7 4.8 1.5 6.2 9.7 3.0 0.0 20.3 5.5 0.4 5.9 1.5 10,830
Divorced or
separated 68.4 15.0 6.2 2.5 10.3 12.1 4.3 0.0 23.0 7.4 0.8 8.1 1.3 969
Widowed 39.2 39.0 16.0 4.3 20.4 35.7 18.8 0.0 39.7 16.1 5.0 21.1 9.7 354
Residence
Urban 84.7 9.8 1.8 0.8 2.7 4.1 1.3 0.0 12.8 2.0 0.4 2.4 0.4 7,178
Rural 74.8 14.1 5.4 2.3 7.2 9.6 3.7 0.0 18.0 6.2 0.8 7.0 2.1 12,759
Education2
No education 53.5 25.7 13.2 7.5 15.6 25.2 13.1 0.0 25.4 16.2 4.7 20.8 8.7 1,068
Primary 73.9 14.1 5.4 2.4 8.0 10.1 3.8 0.0 19.0 6.2 0.8 7.0 2.1 7,577
Secondary 83.4 10.0 2.5 1.0 3.4 4.5 1.4 0.0 13.3 2.9 0.2 3.1 0.5 7,568
More than
secondary 84.6 10.6 2.0 0.4 2.3 3.8 0.8 0.0 13.3 1.9 0.2 2.1 0.2 3,645
Wealth quintile
Lowest 72.7 15.5 7.1 3.2 8.6 11.3 5.1 0.0 18.0 7.8 1.2 9.0 2.9 3,257
Second 73.9 13.3 5.7 2.5 8.2 9.6 3.8 0.0 18.7 6.5 0.7 7.3 2.1 3,858
Middle 76.3 13.8 4.2 2.1 6.2 8.7 3.1 0.0 17.2 5.7 0.6 6.4 1.9 4,097
Fourth 81.5 11.3 2.6 1.0 3.9 5.9 1.8 0.0 15.1 2.8 0.4 3.2 0.6 4,631
Highest 85.7 9.5 1.7 0.6 2.2 3.5 0.8 0.0 12.3 1.5 0.4 1.9 0.4 4,094
Total 78.4 12.5 4.1 1.8 5.6 7.6 2.8 0.0 16.1 4.7 0.7 5.3 1.5 19,937
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Household Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Total includes 26 men for whom information on marital
status is missing and 81 men for whom information on education.
1
2
includes people who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 2.15.2C Disability among adults according to county: Men
Percentage of the de facto male household population age 15 and over who have difficulty in functioning according to domain, by the highest degree of difficulty in at
least one domain, and percentage with a lot of difficulty or cannot do at all in more than one domain, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
A lot of
Some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or cannot do at all Difficulty in at least one domain1 difficulty
or cannot
No Remem- Walking A lot of do at all in
difficulty bering or or Washing difficulty more than
in any Commu- concen- climbing all over or Some A lot of Cannot or cannot one Number
County domain Seeing Hearing nicating trating steps dressing difficulty difficulty do at all do at all domain of men
Mombasa 85.0 10.0 1.7 0.5 1.4 2.7 0.2 12.8 1.7 0.2 2.0 0.0 581
Kwale 76.0 16.1 3.3 1.7 3.5 8.4 5.2 16.8 6.8 0.4 7.2 2.0 312
Kilifi 87.0 6.1 1.9 1.8 3.4 5.0 2.0 9.8 2.2 1.0 3.2 1.1 578
Tana River 85.6 7.7 3.2 2.4 2.7 6.0 2.2 10.1 3.3 1.0 4.3 1.0 94
Lamu 75.0 11.2 3.4 1.8 5.0 10.4 1.5 16.2 8.0 0.8 8.8 2.6 61
Taita/Taveta 88.3 5.8 3.5 2.3 2.7 3.8 1.2 8.9 2.7 0.1 2.8 0.1 178
Garissa 83.9 6.8 4.8 4.1 5.4 8.7 5.0 9.3 6.6 0.2 6.9 3.4 176
Wajir 80.5 11.4 4.3 2.4 5.1 8.2 5.2 11.9 5.9 1.8 7.6 2.6 97
Mandera 80.8 11.7 4.0 2.0 2.4 8.8 5.7 11.1 7.3 0.9 8.2 2.9 119
Marsabit 75.7 13.8 3.2 4.1 2.8 13.7 3.7 14.4 8.1 1.9 9.9 2.6 72
Isiolo 77.2 11.2 6.3 3.0 7.5 8.2 1.9 16.3 6.2 0.3 6.5 1.9 78
Meru 65.8 15.8 8.2 2.9 15.0 11.5 5.2 21.3 11.4 1.2 12.7 4.1 758
Tharaka-Nithi 73.1 11.1 3.9 1.7 13.5 8.2 1.8 23.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 1.6 206
Embu 73.8 12.2 5.5 4.3 8.6 11.5 8.6 18.4 5.6 1.9 7.5 2.2 276
Kitui 84.4 9.3 3.6 1.3 3.0 6.1 2.9 11.5 3.9 0.2 4.1 0.3 480
Machakos 79.7 14.6 3.0 1.9 2.9 7.6 2.3 15.7 3.5 1.1 4.6 2.0 720
Makueni 74.7 14.7 5.4 2.3 6.4 8.5 3.6 21.7 3.3 0.3 3.6 0.5 445
Nyandarua 77.4 11.9 3.1 2.7 8.4 8.2 4.1 15.4 6.8 0.4 7.2 1.5 274
Nyeri 85.2 8.6 1.8 0.6 4.5 5.6 1.4 10.9 3.9 0.0 3.9 0.9 362
Kirinyaga 80.7 9.1 3.0 0.7 5.1 10.8 4.5 14.2 4.6 0.5 5.1 0.9 309
Murang’a 67.2 19.8 7.3 1.6 10.4 11.0 5.2 25.4 6.7 0.6 7.3 2.3 526
Kiambu 85.0 6.8 1.5 1.0 4.4 5.1 1.3 11.8 2.7 0.6 3.3 0.1 1,270
Turkana 68.5 20.8 9.9 3.6 7.1 12.3 5.3 25.4 4.3 1.8 6.1 3.1 167
West Pokot 78.8 13.4 6.0 1.8 4.1 5.2 3.4 14.8 5.1 1.3 6.4 0.8 211
Samburu 75.3 13.6 7.2 3.0 6.6 8.0 4.9 16.8 6.4 0.0 6.4 3.8 76
Trans Nzoia 72.3 18.5 5.5 2.7 8.1 10.6 3.4 20.9 6.3 0.6 6.9 2.0 400
Uasin Gishu 86.8 6.1 1.2 0.7 3.7 5.1 0.6 11.9 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.0 605
Elgeyo/Marakwet 79.5 12.1 4.2 1.9 1.8 8.0 1.5 17.1 2.2 1.2 3.4 0.6 168
Nandi 81.3 10.5 4.2 1.8 2.8 8.8 4.0 14.3 3.5 0.9 4.4 2.1 386
Baringo 79.6 11.2 5.9 1.8 5.4 7.6 2.0 16.5 2.9 0.7 3.6 1.7 238
Laikipia 75.1 15.3 3.8 1.0 8.1 8.4 2.4 19.4 4.8 0.3 5.1 1.1 233
Nakuru 80.8 10.8 3.2 1.7 5.3 7.1 2.4 15.0 2.9 1.3 4.2 1.7 956
Narok 81.1 9.2 3.2 1.8 3.6 5.7 2.6 13.7 4.8 0.0 4.8 1.3 438
Kajiado 86.6 9.3 1.9 0.7 2.6 5.2 1.7 11.0 1.5 0.6 2.1 1.0 488
Kericho 86.8 6.0 2.6 2.1 2.0 5.4 2.7 10.3 2.1 0.9 3.0 1.1 472
Bomet 86.9 10.7 2.2 0.3 1.5 3.4 1.7 10.4 2.0 0.5 2.5 0.8 383
Kakamega 72.6 16.4 7.1 1.3 6.0 9.0 4.0 22.0 4.7 0.7 5.4 1.7 804
Vihiga 67.0 18.5 6.2 3.9 8.9 15.5 2.2 22.8 9.1 1.0 10.1 2.5 255
Bungoma 67.5 20.2 5.7 4.0 12.2 8.6 1.8 22.5 8.3 1.2 9.4 2.7 662
Busia 71.3 15.0 7.1 2.9 9.0 11.5 4.7 17.5 9.9 1.3 11.2 2.5 395
Siaya 70.0 23.1 6.2 1.3 3.6 10.5 1.6 20.0 9.2 0.8 10.0 3.4 362
Kisumu 76.9 14.4 6.6 2.3 5.1 6.3 4.5 17.7 5.0 0.5 5.4 1.1 497
Homa Bay 55.2 22.3 9.3 3.1 19.4 14.2 8.0 28.6 15.3 0.6 15.9 4.9 385
Migori 61.9 20.6 10.0 3.9 12.3 15.8 1.5 22.5 15.2 0.3 15.5 3.6 356
Kisii 70.9 13.9 4.7 2.6 8.6 13.2 4.3 20.9 5.8 0.6 6.5 1.9 503
Nyamira 71.0 17.4 4.2 2.1 10.5 12.2 4.5 21.9 5.8 1.0 6.8 1.2 223
Nairobi City 86.1 10.2 1.4 0.6 0.9 3.5 1.0 12.4 1.0 0.2 1.2 0.2 2,303
Total 78.4 12.5 4.1 1.8 5.6 7.6 2.8 16.1 4.7 0.7 5.3 1.5 19,937
1

Table 2.16 Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
Number of deaths due to road traffic injuries per 100,000 population, number of persons who
had severe injuries due to road traffic accidents per 100,000 population, and number of severe
road traffic accident injuries and deaths per 100,000 population in the 12 months before the
survey, according to selected characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of Number of
Number of persons who had deaths and
deaths due to severe injuries severe injuries
road traffic due to road due to road
injuries per traffic accidents traffic accidents De jure
Background 100,000 per 100,000 per 100,000 household
characteristic population population population population
Residence
Urban 190 1,599 1,789 47,730
Rural 107 1,398 1,506 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 78 1,026 1,104 28,409
Second 120 1,578 1,697 28,408
Middle 135 1,564 1,699 28,404
Fourth 211 1,912 2,123 28,406
Highest 132 1,250 1,382 28,400
Total 135 1,466 1,601 142,026

Table 2.16C Deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by county
Number of deaths due to road traffic injuries per 100,000 population, number of persons who had
severe injuries due to road traffic accidents per 100,000 population, and number of severe road
traffic accident injuries and deaths per 100,000 population, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of Number of
Number of persons who had deaths and
deaths due to severe injuries severe injuries
road traffic due to road due to road
injuries per traffic accidents traffic accidents De jure
100,000 per 100,000 per 100,000 household
County population population population population
Mombasa 167 1,857 2,024 3,480
Kwale 118 571 688 2,359
Kilifi 61 954 1,015 4,293
Tana River 0 282 282 864
Lamu 105 1,344 1,450 470
Taita/Taveta 133 700 833 1,128
Garissa 0 698 698 1,516
Wajir 162 917 1,079 920
Mandera 0 191 191 1,302
Marsabit 113 284 397 795
Isiolo 201 1,604 1,804 680
Meru 42 2,156 2,198 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 66 2,255 2,321 1,345
Embu 49 1,033 1,082 1,685
Kitui 118 774 893 3,479
Machakos 134 1,177 1,311 4,250
Makueni 90 661 751 2,903
Nyandarua 185 989 1,174 1,846
Nyeri 52 1,378 1,430 2,138
Kirinyaga 98 819 917 1,940
Murang’a 365 2,577 2,943 3,155
Kiambu 227 1,268 1,495 7,889
Turkana 55 1,238 1,293 1,854
West Pokot 264 628 892 2,266
Samburu 50 548 599 863
Trans Nzoia 0 1,360 1,360 3,219
Uasin Gishu 34 1,553 1,587 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 261 753 1,014 1,279
Nandi 77 1,087 1,163 2,681
Baringo 170 625 794 1,967
Laikipia 212 2,034 2,246 1,467
Nakuru 194 1,028 1,222 6,850
Narok 16 1,047 1,062 3,740
Kajiado 128 1,617 1,745 3,761
Kericho 185 923 1,109 3,135
Bomet 108 970 1,078 2,869
Kakamega 96 1,716 1,812 6,047
Vihiga 247 1,435 1,681 1,762
Bungoma 26 3,036 3,062 5,226
Busia 141 2,169 2,310 3,042
Siaya 11 1,101 1,112 2,703
Kisumu 307 2,868 3,175 3,477
Homa Bay 208 2,488 2,697 3,393
Migori 61 2,302 2,364 3,341
Kisii 88 1,465 1,552 3,722
Nyamira 56 1,558 1,614 1,653
Nairobi City 238 1,657 1,895 14,614
Total 135 1,466 1,601 142,026

Table 2.17 Food security status
Percent distribution of households with poor, borderline or acceptable food consumption, percentage of households that report lacking food or money to
purchase food in the seven days before the survey, and the mean coping strategies index, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
house-
holds that
report Number
lacking of house-
Food consumption groups Number food or Coping strategy Mean holds with
of house- money to Number Coping total CSI
Background Accep- holds with purchase of house- Strategy greater
characteristic Poor Borderline table Total valid FCG food holds Minimal Stressed Crises Index than zero
Residence
Urban 2.9 7.7 89.5 100.0 7,903 23.0 7,903 9.1 45.5 45.4 20.5 1,795
Rural 4.4 12.8 82.7 100.0 11,758 32.7 11,758 11.6 43.5 45.0 19.9 3,815
Wealth quintile
Lowest 10.7 21.8 67.5 100.0 3,233 53.4 3,233 10.0 41.4 48.6 21.4 1,713
Second 3.8 14.9 81.3 100.0 3,434 38.9 3,434 10.4 45.9 43.7 19.2 1,326
Middle 2.7 9.8 87.4 100.0 3,737 27.2 3,737 13.1 41.8 45.1 19.4 1,013
Fourth 2.9 8.7 88.5 100.0 4,740 21.6 4,740 10.2 48.5 41.3 19.5 1,023
Highest 0.7 2.7 96.6 100.0 4,516 12.2 4,516 11.3 44.2 44.5 20.2 535
Total 3.8 10.8 85.4 100.0 19,660 28.8 19,660 10.8 44.1 45.1 20.1 5,610
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Household Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. The food consumption score reflects the quantity
and quality of people’s diet. The coping strategy index measures behaviours adopted by households when they have difficulties in meeting their food needs.

Table 2.17C Food security status by county
Percent distribution of households with poor, borderline or acceptable food consumption, percentage of households that report lacking food or money to
purchase food in the seven days before the survey, and the mean coping strategies index, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
house-
holds that
report Number
lacking of house-
Number food or Mean holds with
Food Consumption Groups Coping strategy
of house- money to Number Coping total CSI
Accep- holds with purchase of house- Strategy greater
County Poor Borderline table Total valid FCG food holds Minimal Stressed Crises Index than zero
Mombasa 2.7 13.5 83.8 100.0 559 25.2 559 6.0 48.4 45.6 20.2 141
Kwale 6.2 20.8 73.1 100.0 259 46.6 259 29.4 43.5 27.1 12.7 119
Kilifi 3.9 14.0 82.1 100.0 515 26.0 515 16.0 65.9 18.1 13.0 134
Tana River 4.6 17.8 77.6 100.0 95 41.6 95 4.0 64.9 31.1 16.6 40
Lamu 2.5 7.9 89.5 100.0 56 31.7 56 8.3 33.5 58.3 26.3 18
Taita/Taveta 3.3 25.1 71.6 100.0 173 29.1 173 11.0 40.5 48.5 20.2 50
Garissa 6.5 13.6 79.9 100.0 148 10.8 148 15.7 48.2 36.2 (15.0) 16
Wajir 8.5 10.5 81.0 100.0 74 31.9 74 11.7 49.8 38.5 14.6 24
Mandera 24.0 9.4 66.5 100.0 110 44.2 110 3.5 57.0 39.6 18.6 49
Marsabit 30.9 23.1 46.0 100.0 91 58.1 91 0.5 14.6 84.8 34.4 53
Isiolo 3.1 11.4 85.6 100.0 77 33.9 77 4.3 42.5 53.2 22.5 26
Meru 4.5 10.7 84.9 100.0 720 39.1 720 9.8 39.7 50.4 20.0 280
Tharaka-Nithi 1.9 7.9 90.2 100.0 197 36.1 197 6.0 36.0 58.0 23.3 70
Embu 1.9 6.9 91.2 100.0 271 29.0 271 39.6 25.9 34.5 13.7 78
Kitui 6.2 8.4 85.4 100.0 473 43.6 473 10.3 64.6 25.1 15.1 202
Machakos 0.8 8.8 90.4 100.0 642 13.1 642 7.5 62.6 30.0 17.7 84
Makueni 7.6 24.0 68.5 100.0 406 22.5 406 41.8 37.2 21.1 11.8 91
Nyandarua 2.4 4.9 92.7 100.0 297 13.3 297 3.7 32.4 63.9 28.7 40
Nyeri 4.0 6.7 89.4 100.0 417 20.5 417 10.8 38.9 50.3 19.3 84
Kirinyaga 1.5 7.9 90.6 100.0 338 15.1 338 13.5 38.5 47.9 17.6 50
Murang’a 0.2 4.5 95.3 100.0 518 13.5 518 16.2 60.5 23.3 14.1 70
Kiambu 4.1 9.7 86.1 100.0 1,395 19.9 1,395 17.4 37.4 45.2 19.5 277
Turkana 28.3 23.2 48.4 100.0 203 80.0 203 3.8 52.5 43.7 22.6 161
West Pokot 7.5 15.7 76.8 100.0 213 24.5 213 25.1 35.7 39.2 15.9 44
Samburu 26.1 21.2 52.8 100.0 90 54.7 90 1.8 19.5 78.8 29.3 49
Trans Nzoia 1.1 10.1 88.8 100.0 390 23.0 390 2.5 40.3 57.3 25.5 90
Uasin Gishu 1.0 4.0 95.0 100.0 590 23.0 590 16.1 51.3 32.6 16.1 133
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.1 10.1 88.8 100.0 151 5.7 151 12.6 53.5 33.9 (16.0) 9
Nandi 4.4 16.4 79.2 100.0 381 19.3 381 12.0 38.3 49.6 23.0 73
Baringo 3.8 12.4 83.8 100.0 222 32.5 222 4.8 40.3 54.9 21.6 72
Laikipia 1.9 8.4 89.7 100.0 239 21.3 239 3.8 61.6 34.6 17.1 50
Nakuru 1.4 9.0 89.6 100.0 1,039 30.9 1,039 8.9 29.5 61.5 23.1 316
Narok 0.1 2.6 97.3 100.0 407 27.4 407 4.1 46.2 49.7 22.0 110
Kajiado 1.4 4.4 94.2 100.0 554 23.5 554 3.6 34.1 62.3 28.4 130
Kericho 1.6 3.6 94.7 100.0 389 1.7 389 4.3 65.9 29.9 * 7
Bomet 1.6 15.3 83.1 100.0 342 23.0 342 32.4 42.5 25.1 12.0 79
Kakamega 2.5 11.9 85.6 100.0 706 43.3 706 16.9 39.2 43.9 19.7 306
Vihiga 3.0 13.0 84.0 100.0 213 59.0 213 2.4 40.0 57.6 28.2 125
Bungoma 4.1 9.3 86.6 100.0 604 43.5 604 7.4 36.5 56.0 22.5 263
Busia 4.8 18.9 76.4 100.0 336 57.0 336 14.5 47.6 37.9 16.7 192
Siaya 4.3 16.4 79.2 100.0 363 29.4 363 19.3 44.9 35.7 15.8 107
Kisumu 1.2 16.4 82.3 100.0 466 44.2 466 1.2 50.6 48.2 24.2 205
Homa Bay 1.4 16.0 82.6 100.0 399 56.5 399 6.0 45.7 48.3 20.2 225
Migori 3.2 17.9 78.9 100.0 364 42.4 364 14.1 45.6 40.3 16.7 152
Kisii 7.9 17.8 74.3 100.0 493 20.1 493 2.5 39.8 57.7 22.7 99
Nyamira 2.8 15.9 81.4 100.0 219 47.6 219 4.6 40.3 55.1 22.1 104
Nairobi City 3.9 6.0 90.1 100.0 2,457 21.3 2,457 6.1 52.1 41.8 20.6 512
Total 3.8 10.8 85.4 100.0 19,660 28.8 19,660 10.8 44.1 45.1 20.1 5,610
Note: The food consumption score reflects the quantity and quality of people’s diet. The coping strategy index measures behaviours adopted by households
when they have difficulties in meeting their food needs. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

Table 2.18.1 COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccination
Percentage of households with one or more household members who tested for COVID-19, and percentage with one or more household
members who received vaccination against COVID-19; percentage household population who tested for COVID-19, and percentage who
received vaccination against COVID-19, according to residence and wealth quintile, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of
Percentage of households with Percentage of
households with one or more Percentage household
one or more persons who household population who
persons who received population who received
tested for vaccination Number of tested for vaccination De jure household
Characteristic COVID-19 against COVID-19 households COVID-19 against COVID-19 population
Residence
Urban 38.2 63.1 15,277 20.1 34.2 47,730
Rural 19.2 62.8 22,634 7.8 27.7 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.1 43.9 6,235 4.2 15.9 28,409
Second 17.1 61.1 6,628 6.9 26.0 28,408
Middle 22.6 65.7 7,328 9.7 31.5 28,404
Fourth 30.0 64.2 9,043 14.5 34.6 28,406
Highest 46.0 74.4 8,678 24.5 41.3 28,400
Total 26.8 63.0 37,911 12.0 29.9 142,026

Table 2.18.1C COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccination by county
Percentage of households with one or more household members who tested for COVID-19, and percentage with one or more household members
who received vaccination against COVID-19; percentage household population who tested for COVID-19, and percentage who received
vaccination against COVID-19, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of
Percentage of households with Percentage of
households with one or more Percentage household
one or more persons who household population who
persons who received population who received
tested for vaccination Number of tested for vaccination De jure household
County COVID-19 against COVID-19 households COVID-19 against COVID-19 population
Mombasa 39.6 52.2 1,071 21.0 27.0 3,480
Kwale 29.7 32.7 504 11.2 11.5 2,359
Kilifi 12.3 37.8 996 4.6 13.8 4,293
Tana River 9.2 14.5 182 3.1 4.7 864
Lamu 19.5 36.3 109 7.0 12.6 470
Taita/Taveta 20.6 69.4 332 10.4 35.2 1,128
Garissa 15.5 17.9 269 6.3 5.0 1,516
Wajir 7.6 36.9 137 3.1 10.0 920
Mandera 7.9 29.4 204 2.8 7.3 1,302
Marsabit 17.9 23.0 171 7.8 7.6 795
Isiolo 21.6 24.3 150 9.5 7.9 680
Meru 10.1 69.4 1,373 4.7 36.0 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 21.9 62.5 378 10.6 31.6 1,345
Embu 15.1 70.1 523 7.1 37.8 1,685
Kitui 33.4 43.2 898 13.3 16.8 3,479
Machakos 17.6 66.1 1,230 8.7 34.9 4,250
Makueni 20.7 64.1 775 8.6 29.9 2,903
Nyandarua 22.4 62.2 578 11.5 32.6 1,846
Nyeri 38.9 75.8 802 22.8 48.3 2,138
Kirinyaga 18.5 76.7 642 9.1 46.8 1,940
Murang’a 23.5 67.6 1,004 12.9 37.0 3,155
Kiambu 33.6 67.8 2,699 17.8 38.6 7,889
Turkana 9.1 51.0 391 3.5 17.8 1,854
West Pokot 10.0 31.9 416 3.3 9.2 2,266
Samburu 27.5 44.4 175 10.2 14.9 863
Trans Nzoia 20.3 67.8 753 7.4 28.8 3,219
Uasin Gishu 30.1 64.5 1,145 12.6 31.4 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 9.6 62.6 290 3.6 22.7 1,279
Nandi 22.5 54.3 732 9.6 22.9 2,681
Baringo 24.7 61.9 432 9.2 23.0 1,967
Laikipia 20.7 69.4 452 8.9 37.2 1,467
Nakuru 26.6 65.1 2,018 12.5 34.2 6,850
Narok 13.7 53.3 790 4.4 18.4 3,740
Kajiado 47.3 62.2 1,083 22.9 31.4 3,761
Kericho 21.9 71.1 748 9.4 34.6 3,135
Bomet 14.2 55.7 665 4.9 22.3 2,869
Kakamega 19.4 76.8 1,382 8.3 37.1 6,047
Vihiga 11.7 75.7 412 5.3 36.5 1,762
Bungoma 19.8 66.4 1,169 6.8 30.4 5,226
Busia 17.2 69.9 653 5.7 30.3 3,042
Siaya 19.8 72.5 703 8.5 36.2 2,703
Kisumu 42.0 76.3 897 19.9 35.9 3,477
Homa Bay 32.5 71.5 770 14.2 28.9 3,393
Migori 25.2 69.9 710 9.4 27.9 3,341
Kisii 16.4 62.2 925 6.2 27.5 3,722
Nyamira 17.0 64.0 424 7.8 28.5 1,653
Nairobi City 48.4 67.2 4,749 27.2 38.3 14,614
Total 26.8 63.0 37,911 12.0 29.9 142,026

Table 2.18.2 COVID-19 cases and deaths
Percentage of households with one or more persons who tested positive for COVID-19, and percentage with one or more persons who
died from COVID-19 related complications; number of persons who tested positive for COVID-19 per 100,000 population, number of
deaths due COVID-19 related complications per 100,000 population, according to residence and wealth quintile, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of Number of
Percentage of households with Number of deaths due
households with one or more persons who COVID-19
one or more persons who died tested positive related
persons who from COVID-19 for COVID-19 complications De jure
tested positive related Number of per 100,000 per 100,000 household
Characteristic for COVID-19 complications households population population population
Residence
Urban 3.4 0.2 15,277 1,347 90 47,730
Rural 0.9 0.2 22,634 254 50 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.1 0.0 6,235 31 15 28,409
Second 0.5 0.2 6,628 154 56 28,408
Middle 0.8 0.2 7,328 236 76 28,404
Fourth 1.4 0.1 9,043 551 52 28,406
Highest 5.5 0.3 8,678 2,134 120 28,400
Total 1.9 0.2 37,911 621 64 142,026

Table 2.18.2C COVID-19 cases and deaths by county
Percentage of households with one or more persons who tested positive for COVID-19, and percentage with one or more persons who
died from COVID-19 related complications; number of persons who tested positive for COVID-19 per 100,000 population, number of
deaths due COVID-19 related complications per 100,000 population, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of Number of
Percentage of households with Number of deaths due
households with one or more persons who COVID-19
one or more persons who died tested positive related
persons who from COVID-19 for COVID-19 complications De jure
tested positive related Number of per 100,000 per 100,000 household
County for COVID-19 complications households population population population
Mombasa 0.8 0.1 1,071 294 38 3,480
Kwale 0.2 0.2 504 40 95 2,359
Kilifi 0.1 0.0 996 28 0 4,293
Tana River 0.1 0.0 182 24 0 864
Lamu 1.8 0.1 109 439 30 470
Taita/Taveta 1.9 0.3 332 774 120 1,128
Garissa 1.2 1.2 269 271 386 1,516
Wajir 0.2 0.3 137 55 40 920
Mandera 0.1 0.3 204 20 64 1,302
Marsabit 0.5 0.2 171 142 59 795
Isiolo 1.1 1.1 150 289 233 680
Meru 0.9 0.1 1,373 352 40 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 1.2 0.0 378 504 0 1,345
Embu 2.5 0.8 523 966 256 1,685
Kitui 1.2 0.3 898 424 71 3,479
Machakos 1.6 0.4 1,230 623 102 4,250
Makueni 1.2 0.1 775 418 67 2,903
Nyandarua 0.6 0.0 578 231 0 1,846
Nyeri 1.1 0.2 802 467 60 2,138
Kirinyaga 1.1 0.1 642 444 37 1,940
Murang’a 2.6 0.4 1,004 977 134 3,155
Kiambu 2.7 0.1 2,699 977 23 7,889
Turkana 0.2 0.3 391 73 87 1,854
West Pokot 0.6 0.3 416 140 69 2,266
Samburu 0.6 0.3 175 180 197 863
Trans Nzoia 1.0 0.1 753 230 32 3,219
Uasin Gishu 2.7 0.3 1,145 813 77 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.0 0.1 290 0 11 1,279
Nandi 0.6 0.2 732 206 41 2,681
Baringo 0.7 0.0 432 143 0 1,967
Laikipia 2.5 0.3 452 766 83 1,467
Nakuru 3.2 0.2 2,018 1,000 57 6,850
Narok 0.6 0.1 790 137 30 3,740
Kajiado 5.4 0.1 1,083 2,522 31 3,761
Kericho 1.2 0.3 748 308 83 3,135
Bomet 0.3 0.0 665 69 0 2,869
Kakamega 0.6 0.2 1,382 209 55 6,047
Vihiga 0.8 0.0 412 423 0 1,762
Bungoma 0.7 0.4 1,169 167 89 5,226
Busia 1.1 0.1 653 266 29 3,042
Siaya 0.4 0.0 703 110 8 2,703
Kisumu 2.8 0.1 897 1,173 34 3,477
Homa Bay 1.2 0.2 770 331 37 3,393
Migori 1.7 0.1 710 461 28 3,341
Kisii 0.5 0.1 925 129 34 3,722
Nyamira 0.6 0.2 424 154 53 1,653
Nairobi City 4.6 0.3 4,749 1,821 124 14,614
Total 1.9 0.2 37,911 621 64 142,026

Table 2.19 Health insurance coverage
Percentage of de jure household population with specific types of health insurance coverage, and percentage with any health
insurance, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
National
Health
Background Insurance Private/ Community- None/ Any health Number of
characteristic Fund commercial based Other don’t know insurance persons
Age
0–14 18.8 3.2 0.5 0.0 79.1 20.9 28,981
15–64 27.1 4.7 0.5 0.0 70.1 29.9 40,940
65+ 26.1 2.8 1.5 0.1 70.9 29.1 3,490
Residence
Urban 36.4 7.4 0.2 0.0 60.0 40.0 24,473
Rural 17.5 2.3 0.8 0.1 80.6 19.4 48,992
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.6 0.3 1.0 0.0 95.1 4.9 14,618
Second 10.9 0.7 0.6 0.1 87.9 12.1 14,749
Middle 20.0 1.6 0.8 0.1 78.3 21.7 14,524
Fourth 32.3 4.3 0.5 0.0 65.1 34.9 14,984
Highest 52.1 13.1 0.1 0.0 42.1 57.9 14,589
Total 23.8 4.0 0.6 0.0 73.7 26.3 73,465

Table 2.19C Health insurance coverage by county
Percentage of de jure household population with specific types of health insurance coverage, and percentage with any health
insurance, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
National
Health
Insurance Private/ Community- None/ Any health Number of
County Fund commercial based Other don’t know insurance persons
Mombasa 26.4 3.5 0.1 0.1 71.0 29.0 1,838
Kwale 10.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 88.7 11.3 1,229
Kilifi 11.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 88.2 11.8 2,218
Tana River 5.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 94.7 5.3 462
Lamu 27.8 2.0 0.2 0.0 70.9 29.1 242
Taita/Taveta 21.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 77.7 22.3 599
Garissa 6.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 92.2 7.8 825
Wajir 11.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 87.7 12.3 485
Mandera 5.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 93.9 6.1 694
Marsabit 7.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 92.7 7.3 428
Isiolo 19.0 12.8 0.3 0.0 70.5 29.5 360
Meru 21.4 5.1 0.0 0.0 76.9 23.1 2,333
Tharaka-Nithi 23.0 3.4 1.0 0.0 75.4 24.6 689
Embu 38.7 3.2 0.0 0.0 60.5 39.5 855
Kitui 10.3 1.4 0.7 0.0 88.3 11.7 1,756
Machakos 26.6 6.1 3.7 0.0 67.3 32.7 2,245
Makueni 10.7 3.0 4.1 0.0 83.8 16.2 1,517
Nyandarua 34.9 1.7 0.5 0.0 64.2 35.8 942
Nyeri 40.2 7.1 1.1 0.0 56.8 43.2 1,105
Kirinyaga 34.7 5.2 0.6 0.0 61.8 38.2 1,047
Murang’a 22.2 6.5 1.1 0.0 73.4 26.6 1,633
Kiambu 39.1 5.7 0.2 0.0 58.7 41.3 4,115
Turkana 7.6 2.9 14.9 0.0 77.1 22.9 936
West Pokot 6.7 1.2 0.2 0.0 92.4 7.6 1,140
Samburu 12.0 5.2 0.0 0.1 86.1 13.9 441
Trans Nzoia 15.6 2.8 0.1 0.0 83.3 16.7 1,652
Uasin Gishu 35.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 63.5 36.5 2,161
Elgeyo/Marakwet 27.3 6.1 0.1 0.0 72.6 27.4 658
Nandi 18.6 1.9 0.1 0.0 80.0 20.0 1,436
Baringo 21.0 2.3 0.1 0.0 77.7 22.3 1,001
Laikipia 42.8 3.8 1.2 0.1 55.8 44.2 750
Nakuru 31.6 2.3 0.1 0.0 66.8 33.2 3,549
Narok 14.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 85.0 15.0 1,959
Kajiado 29.5 6.7 0.1 0.0 66.4 33.6 1,920
Kericho 32.5 3.7 0.2 0.0 64.7 35.3 1,612
Bomet 32.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 64.6 35.4 1,437
Kakamega 18.5 1.6 0.1 0.0 80.2 19.8 3,085
Vihiga 17.2 1.0 0.5 0.0 82.0 18.0 922
Bungoma 16.9 2.7 0.0 0.0 81.9 18.1 2,705
Busia 12.8 1.3 0.2 0.0 86.4 13.6 1,551
Siaya 9.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 90.6 9.4 1,398
Kisumu 18.0 2.0 0.6 1.6 78.7 21.3 1,783
Homa Bay 15.9 1.2 0.6 0.0 83.3 16.7 1,769
Migori 13.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 85.6 14.4 1,748
Kisii 25.7 1.4 0.1 0.0 73.6 26.4 1,995
Nyamira 16.5 1.6 0.5 0.0 82.5 17.5 865
Nairobi City 40.5 11.7 0.0 0.0 53.7 46.3 7,376
Total 23.8 4.0 0.6 0.0 73.7 26.3 73,465

Table 2.20.1 Average annual expenditure on inpatient admissions [in Kenyan shillings]
Average annual expenditure for household members who stayed overnight in a health facility in the 12 months before the survey by sex, according
to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Females Males Total
Total number of
Average annual Number of Average annual Average annual household
expenditure for females with expenditure for Number of males expenditure for members with
Background inpatient inpatient inpatient with inpatient inpatient inpatient
characteristic admissions expenditure admissions expenditure admissions expenditure
Age
0–4 14,037.7 280 46,642.4 287 30,552.6 567
5–17 16,896.3 287 16,971.0 330 16,936.2 618
18–29 22,847.7 726 44,103.5 266 28,545.1 992
30–39 25,307.9 407 104,036.3 148 46,311.1 555
40–49 57,216.5 178 73,230.4 124 63,795.2 302
50–59 58,227.8 151 64,134.1 103 60,622.2 253
60+ 32,682.5 246 79,675.7 179 52,462.5 425
Residence
Urban 42,181.6 836 87,757.6 512 59,492.7 1,349
Rural 19,021.2 1,439 33,618.0 924 24,731.0 2,363
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8,101.3 381 13,613.7 255 10,310.7 636
Second 14,636.4 420 18,872.5 280 16,332.7 700
Middle 20,504.6 491 31,880.2 275 24,589.5 765
Fourth 25,038.7 453 50,705.1 304 35,345.7 757
Highest 60,330.0 531 133,628.0 323 88,035.9 853
Means of payment
Cash 11,809.5 2,275 16,490.2 1,437 13,621.1 3,712
NHIF 7,534.7 2,275 12,173.2 1,437 9,330.0 3,712
Private insurance 4,568.6 2,275 8,788.0 1,437 6,201.7 3,712
In kind 731.4 2,275 458.6 1,437 625.8 3,712
Other means 29.2 2,275 1,900.0 1,437 753.3 3,712
Don’t know means1 2,863.0 2,275 13,114.4 1,437 6,830.8 3,712
Total 15–49 27,536.3 2,275 52,924.4 1,437 37,362.7 3,712
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
1
This row is based on any difference between the total cost and the breakdown by means of payment.
Table 2.20.2 Average monthly expenditure on outpatient visits [in Kenyan shillings]
Average monthly expenditure for household members who received care from a healthcare provider, pharmacy, or traditional healer without
staying overnight at health facility in the 1 month before the survey by sex, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Females Males Total Total number of
Total number of household
Average monthly females with Average monthly Total males with Average monthly members with
Background expenditure for outpatient expenditure for outpatient expenditure for outpatient
characteristic outpatient visits expenditure outpatient visits expenditure outpatient visits expenditure
Age
0–4 927.7 859 868.4 881 897.7 1,740
5–17 789.3 1,479 900.1 1,442 844.0 2,921
18–29 1,289.2 1,075 1,132.9 795 1,222.8 1,870
30–39 1,367.5 894 1,571.0 650 1,453.2 1,543
40–49 1,473.3 615 1,479.1 549 1,476.0 1,164
50–59 1,708.2 567 2,033.8 317 1,824.8 884
60+ 3,298.9 765 5,333.9 474 4,077.5 1,238
Residence
Urban 2,111.6 2,429 2,502.8 1,851 2,280.7 4,279
Rural 1,385.5 4,579 1,540.0 3,748 1,455.0 8,328
Wealth quintile
Lowest 975.0 1,047 1,381.4 896 1,162.4 1,944
Second 980.8 1,432 1,239.0 1,188 1,097.9 2,620
Middle 1,157.7 1,434 1,289.9 1,134 1,216.1 2,568
Fourth 2,169.0 1,566 1,679.9 1,229 1,953.9 2,795
Highest 2,610.4 1,529 3,619.9 1,151 3,043.9 2,679
Means of payment
Cash 1,521.9 7,008 1,389.6 5,599 1,463.2 12,607
NHIF 309.1 7,008 485.1 5,599 387.3 12,607
Private insurance 97.5 7,008 110.7 5,599 103.4 12,607
In kind 19.0 7,008 10.2 5,599 15.1 12,607
Other means 0.4 7,008 3.6 5,599 1.8 12,607
Don’t know means2 25.3 7,008 292.5 5,599 144.0 12,607
Total 15–49 1,637.2 7,008 1,858.2 5,599 1,735.3 12,607
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Total includes 3 females and 2 males
for whom information on age is missing.
1
This row is based on any difference between the total cost and the breakdown by means of payment.

Table 2.21.1 Cash transfer: All households
Percentage of households receiving a cash transfer or any social assistance, and percentage of households by reason for receiving cash or social
assistance, Kenya DHS 2022
Provider of cash or social assistance
Percentage Government Church,
receiving NGO, CBO, mosque, or
a cash or other any other
transfer or National charitable religious Friends,
Reason for receiving cash or social social National County or county organi- organi- relatives, or Number of
assistance assistance government government government sation sation neighbours households
Orphaned children 18 years or younger 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 37,911
Elderly person 4.0 3.4 0.4 3.6 0.1 0.2 0.7 37,911
Person with severe disability 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 37,911
Urban food subsidy 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 37,911
Food aid for persons in arid and semi-
arid lands 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 37,911
Health voucher 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 37,911
Food/cash for work 3.0 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.4 2.4 37,911
School feeding 1.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 37,911
Hunger safety net programme 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 37,911
COVID-19 relief 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 37,911
Other 6.0 2.1 2.1 3.8 0.6 0.5 2.4 37,911
Total 16.8 7.5 4.1 10.7 1.4 1.5 6.2 37,911
Table 2.21.2 Cash transfer: Households receiving cash transfer or social assistance
Among households receiving cash transfer or social assistance, percentage of households by reason for receiving cash or social assistance, according to the provider
of the assistance, Kenya DHS 2022
Reason for receiving cash or social assistance
Food
Or- aid for
phaned persons
children Person in arid Hunger
18 years with Urban and Food/ safety
Provider of cash or social or Elderly severe food semi-arid Health cash for School net pro- COVID-
assistance younger person disability subsidy lands voucher work feeding gramme 19 relief Other Total
National or county government 87.8 91.0 72.0 47.2 77.8 26.6 23.1 74.1 77.8 84.1 62.8 63.8
National government 76.0 85.9 65.7 29.4 44.8 14.2 17.0 32.4 59.6 59.7 34.6 44.8
County government 18.5 8.8 13.8 22.5 56.1 15.4 7.9 51.9 43.5 48.1 34.5 24.2
NGO, CBO, or other charitable
organisation 12.2 2.8 12.3 10.3 28.2 8.6 7.2 7.7 22.8 22.9 9.2 8.5
Church, mosque, or any other
religious organisation 6.3 4.1 14.7 27.4 18.1 25.3 14.3 5.9 14.2 17.0 8.7 9.0
Friends, relatives, or neighbours 13.4 16.4 30.1 56.1 29.9 75.3 80.2 30.5 22.4 33.6 40.5 36.9
Number of households 259 1,520 108 83 363 209 1,148 573 373 244 2,288 6,380
Table 2.21.3 Cash transfer by residence and household wealth
Percentage of households receiving a cash transfer or any social assistance, and among households receiving cash transfer or social assistance, percentage of
households by reason for receiving cash or social assistance, according to residence and wealth quintile, Kenya DHS 2022
Number
Percent- of house-
age Food aid holds
receiving Or- for receiving
a cash phaned persons cash
transfer children Person in arid Hunger transfer
or social Number 18 years with Urban and Food/ safety or social
assis- of house- or Elderly severe food semi-arid Health cash for School net pro- COVID- assis-
Characteristic tance holds younger person disability subsidy lands voucher work feeding gramme 19 relief Other tance
Residence
Urban 12.6 15,277 2.2 9.1 1.6 2.8 2.6 4.2 26.0 8.5 3.3 4.4 43.9 1,928
Rural 19.7 22,634 4.9 30.2 1.7 0.6 7.0 2.9 14.5 9.2 6.9 3.6 32.4 4,452
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.0 6,235 5.0 30.8 2.3 0.6 19.6 2.4 14.2 5.1 15.5 7.8 17.9 1,372
Second 18.9 6,628 7.9 31.4 2.0 0.7 3.1 2.8 16.3 10.1 3.7 3.0 30.3 1,253
Middle 19.3 7,328 3.9 29.6 1.7 1.4 1.9 3.7 14.1 9.7 4.3 2.2 37.9 1,415
Fourth 14.5 9,043 2.3 17.2 1.3 1.9 1.4 3.5 20.4 11.1 3.0 2.9 46.0 1,310
Highest 11.9 8,678 0.7 5.7 1.1 2.2 0.8 4.2 27.4 9.1 1.5 3.0 50.8 1,029
Total 16.8 37,911 4.1 23.8 1.7 1.3 5.7 3.3 18.0 9.0 5.9 3.8 35.9 6,380

Table 2.21.3C Cash transfer or social assistance by county
Percentage of households receiving a cash transfer or any social assistance, and among households receiving cash transfer or social assistance, percentage of
households by reason for receiving cash or social assistance, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number
Percent- of house-
age Food aid holds
receiving Or- for receiving
a cash phaned persons cash
transfer children Person in arid Hunger transfer
or social Number 18 years with Urban and Food/ safety or social
assis- of house- or Elderly severe food semi-arid Health cash for School net pro- COVID- assis-
County tance holds younger person disability subsidy lands voucher work feeding gramme 19 relief Other tance
Mombasa 11.4 1,071 3.8 5.8 3.9 7.8 0.0 4.2 24.7 2.5 2.3 21.5 31.2 122
Kwale 17.7 504 1.8 16.0 0.0 3.6 5.2 1.0 1.9 28.4 6.4 21.0 20.3 89
Kilifi 13.1 996 7.7 21.5 3.6 0.0 7.5 2.5 28.0 1.8 9.1 2.5 22.6 131
Tana River 19.5 182 8.7 24.5 5.9 3.3 43.8 0.4 7.4 2.9 3.5 8.1 7.4 35
Lamu 20.6 109 4.8 13.9 1.8 1.4 24.4 0.0 14.8 5.6 21.4 0.0 24.8 22
Taita/Taveta 17.7 332 5.0 26.9 1.7 1.5 4.8 3.0 9.1 1.3 3.4 13.0 38.2 59
Garissa 12.7 269 2.9 16.5 0.0 0.6 19.4 0.0 21.3 0.0 26.7 23.9 6.3 34
Wajir 21.8 137 9.5 19.6 0.0 0.0 14.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 61.2 0.0 4.3 30
Mandera 10.2 204 12.1 5.0 2.3 2.3 20.4 0.0 3.8 0.0 63.1 0.0 4.0 21
Marsabit 30.1 171 4.7 9.4 1.2 2.0 48.7 0.3 2.8 0.6 45.0 0.3 4.0 51
Isiolo 15.3 150 12.2 17.5 1.1 1.1 34.2 0.0 9.5 0.0 20.9 2.0 10.3 23
Meru 15.3 1,373 2.1 32.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 6.0 8.6 1.0 4.3 49.9 210
Tharaka-Nithi 29.7 378 3.7 24.4 0.8 7.2 5.1 5.7 17.2 9.3 2.6 0.4 42.0 112
Embu 14.6 523 1.6 23.9 3.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.6 1.7 2.1 5.4 58.7 77
Kitui 15.9 898 1.6 46.4 1.7 0.0 8.1 1.1 4.3 24.3 1.6 0.0 15.7 143
Machakos 20.5 1,230 2.1 30.2 2.3 2.4 0.0 0.7 13.1 23.4 0.6 0.0 28.5 253
Makueni 17.4 775 5.4 48.6 0.8 0.9 11.0 1.2 2.0 12.4 1.3 0.0 23.4 135
Nyandarua 19.7 578 2.7 35.8 0.0 0.7 2.0 2.9 3.6 16.1 0.0 0.0 42.8 114
Nyeri 24.5 802 0.0 20.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 19.3 2.3 0.0 0.5 61.8 196
Kirinyaga 14.9 642 5.3 26.2 1.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.2 39.2 0.0 1.6 26.6 96
Murang’a 30.0 1,004 2.6 34.8 1.4 0.7 0.0 0.4 2.5 12.5 19.2 0.5 39.6 302
Kiambu 19.0 2,699 1.5 14.4 0.8 3.2 1.5 9.1 15.3 4.4 0.9 0.0 56.4 511
Turkana 61.4 391 3.0 8.4 1.2 0.0 73.2 0.9 0.7 3.6 47.3 36.8 9.1 240
West Pokot 8.8 416 13.6 41.4 3.2 0.0 8.3 2.3 4.9 16.5 5.6 1.2 9.9 36
Samburu 17.9 175 12.1 21.2 4.2 1.5 12.0 0.0 29.2 0.4 10.5 0.0 15.7 31
Trans Nzoia 15.4 753 6.5 24.0 2.3 0.5 0.4 3.0 24.1 19.5 0.5 1.0 28.9 116
Uasin Gishu 24.9 1,145 3.2 10.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 7.2 21.7 12.5 0.0 2.6 57.0 286
Elgeyo/Marakwet 16.1 290 3.5 32.6 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 16.8 3.4 0.0 0.0 43.4 47
Nandi 15.0 732 0.0 26.3 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.9 16.8 7.1 0.0 1.8 56.2 110
Baringo 17.4 432 7.3 31.5 2.2 0.7 25.7 7.6 7.8 10.1 9.4 0.0 11.7 75
Laikipia 15.7 452 3.8 36.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.0 3.2 0.7 3.2 0.0 52.1 71
Nakuru 8.5 2,018 3.3 39.5 3.7 1.3 0.0 1.8 8.4 4.1 1.1 2.3 38.1 172
Narok 14.5 790 3.0 9.6 1.1 0.0 2.0 0.3 31.2 4.4 16.8 10.7 37.8 115
Kajiado 11.8 1,083 2.7 12.9 3.2 4.9 19.5 1.1 26.6 1.1 14.1 0.0 28.2 128
Kericho 15.3 748 4.2 31.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.7 4.1 16.2 0.0 0.0 44.4 114
Bomet 30.1 665 2.0 15.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 5.1 6.8 0.5 0.0 74.1 200
Kakamega 13.1 1,382 3.2 40.6 1.8 0.0 0.4 4.0 19.4 12.1 2.7 1.5 22.8 181
Vihiga 18.3 412 5.2 49.5 3.9 0.0 1.4 0.0 5.9 0.8 1.2 0.6 38.9 75
Bungoma 17.4 1,169 9.0 24.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 7.0 36.7 1.3 1.9 0.0 33.9 204
Busia 23.7 653 7.5 24.7 0.9 2.9 0.0 5.8 36.1 18.3 5.0 1.0 15.0 155
Siaya 10.5 703 7.2 45.6 1.8 2.0 0.0 1.2 22.6 5.7 2.4 10.0 18.7 74
Kisumu 9.0 897 14.3 22.1 1.6 0.0 0.0 8.1 9.9 7.9 3.2 23.0 10.1 81
Homa Bay 29.9 770 6.9 31.6 1.0 2.7 0.0 7.8 44.2 6.3 0.5 0.0 25.7 230
Migori 18.1 710 10.3 35.2 4.4 1.0 0.0 2.0 13.1 0.0 7.4 0.0 33.3 128
Kisii 18.4 925 8.7 22.0 3.1 0.3 0.8 13.3 11.2 18.2 0.0 1.4 28.6 170
Nyamira 19.6 424 7.8 31.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.1 83
Nairobi City 10.3 4,749 1.0 5.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7 55.3 6.6 0.0 2.1 32.1 488
Total 16.8 37,911 4.1 23.8 1.7 1.3 5.7 3.3 18.0 9.0 5.9 3.8 35.9 6,380

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3
Key Findings
 Education: The percentage of women with no education

has declined, from 13% in 2003 to 6% in 2022. During the
same period, the percentage of women who have more
than secondary education increased from 6% to 19%.
 Employment: The percentage of women who were paid
in cash only for their work in the past 12 months
increased from 55% in the 2003 KDHS, to 66% in 2014,
and to 79% in the 2022.
 Migration: Fifty-seven percent of women and 37% of
men were born outside their current place of residence.
Thirty-seven percent of women and 38% of men moved
to their current place of residence in the last five years.
 Internet usage: In urban areas, 68% of women and 80%
of men have used the internet in the past 12 months as
compared with 28% of women and 41% of men in the
rural areas.
T
his chapter presents information on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the
survey respondents such as age, education, literacy, marital status, mass media exposure and
internet usage, employment, occupation, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, residence, and recent
migration. This information is useful for understanding the factors that affect the use of reproductive health
services, contraceptive use, and other health behaviours.
3.1 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS

The 2022 KDHS interviewed 32,156 women age 15–49 and 14,453 men age 15–54. The percentage of
both women and men respondents decline with increasing age, from 19% of women and 23% of men in
15–19 age group to 8% of women and men in the 45–49 age group.
Seventy-nine percent of women reported their health status as good or very good, as compared with 85%
of men.
One-third of women (33%) and nearly half (48%) of men have never been married. Fifty-five percent of
women are either married or living together with a man as if married, while 46% of men are married or
living together with a woman as if married.
Six percent of women and 3% of men have never attended school. Nineteen percent of women and 21% of
men have more than secondary education (Table 3.1 and Table 3.1C).
Characteristics of Respondents • 67
3.2 EDUCATION AND LITERACY
Literacy
Respondents who have attended higher than secondary school are assumed
to be literate. All other respondents are considered literate if they could read
aloud all or part of a sentence shown to them.
Sample: Women and men age 15–49
Six percent of women and 3% of men age 15–49 Figure 3.1 Education of survey
have never attended school, while 19% of women respondents
and 21% of men have more than secondary education Percent distribution of women and men
(Figure 3.1). age 15–49 by highest level of schooling
attended or completed
Ninety-one percent of women and 94% of men are
literate (Tables 3.3.1, 3.3.1C, 3.3.2, and 3.3.2C). 19 21 More than
secondary
Completed
Trends: The percentage of women with no education 20 22 secondary
has declined, from 13% in 2003 to 6% in 2022. Some
During the same period, the percentage of women 19 18 secondary
Primary
who have more than secondary education increased complete
20 18
from 6% to 19%. Primary
incomplete
17 19 No education
Patterns by background characteristics 6 3
 Seven percent of women in rural areas have no Women Men

education compared with 3% women in urban
Figure 3.2 More than secondary
areas, and only 1 in 10 women in rural areas education by household wealth
have more than secondary education compared
to 3 in 10 women in urban areas (Tables 3.2.1 Percentage of women and men age
15–49 with secondary education complete
and 3.2.2).
Women Men
 Twenty-two percent of women in the lowest
wealth quintile have no education compared to
1% of women in the highest quintile.
50
44
 The percentage of women and men with more
23 24
than secondary education increases with the 11 12
4 7
wealth quintile; from 1% of women and 3% of 1 3
men in the lowest wealth quintile to 44% of Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
women and 50% of men in the highest quintile
Poorest Wealthiest
(Figure 3.2).
 The percentage of women who have no education is highest in Mandera County (71%), while that of
men is highest in Turkana County (41%) (Tables 3.2.1C and 3.2.2C).
68 • Characteristics of Respondents
3.3 MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE AND INTERNET USAGE
Exposure to mass media

Respondents were asked how often they read a newspaper, listened to the
radio, or watched television. Those who responded at least once a week are
considered regularly exposed to that form of media.
Use of the internet

Respondents were asked if they have ever used the internet from any device,
if they used the internet in the previous 12 months, and if so, how often they
have used it during the last month.
Access to mass media facilitates informational and Figure 3.3 Exposure to mass media
intellectual growth. The percentage of those who Percentage of women and men age
have access to all three forms of media, including 15–49 who are exposed to media on
newspapers, television, and radio, is higher among a weekly basis
men than among women (12% versus 5%). Radio is Women Men
the most common form of media exposure for both
71
women and men; 62% of women and 71% of men 62
55 60
listen to the radio at least once a week compared with
55% of women and 60% of men who watch
16 22
television. However, 22% of women and 15% of men 8 12 15
5
do not access to any of the three media on a weekly
basis (Figure 3.3). Reads Watches Listens to All three None of
news- television radio media these
Trends: The percentage of women with exposure to paper media
television has been increasing; from 29% in 2003 to
Figure 3.4 Trends in exposure to media
55% in 2022. During the same period, men’s
exposure to television increased from 45% to 60%. Percentage of women age 15–49 who are
exposed to specific media on a weekly
The percentage of both women and men exposed to basis
radio has been declining. Women’s exposure to radio
declined from 75% in 2003 to 70% in 2014 and 62% Listens to the radio at
77 least once a week
in 2022 (Figure 3.4). 75
70
62
Patterns by background characteristics Watches television at 55
least once a week
39
 Among the three forms of media, television is 29
34
the most common form of media exposure in Reads a newspaper at
least once a week
urban areas (74% of women and 72% of men), 23 24
18
while in rural areas, radio is the most common 8
form of media (63% for women and 77% for 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
men). KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
 Only 11% of women and 9% of men with more than a secondary education did not have access to any
of the three types of media (newspapers, radio, and television) compared with 66% of women and 47%
of men with no education (Tables 3.4.1 and 3.4.2).
 Ninety-three percent of women in Mandera County and 67% of men in Tana River County do not have
access to any of the three forms of media at least once a week (Tables 3.4.1C and 3.4.2C).
Internet usage
Internet provides significant economic benefits because it enables new forms of employment, business,
communication, entertainment, expression, collaboration, access to a vast depth of knowledge, and
learning resources, as well as access to services where traditional ways of service provision are lacking.
Overall, 44% of women and 56% of men age 15–49 used the internet in the past 12 months. Among those
who have used the internet in the past 12 months, about two-thirds of both women and men age 15–49 use
the internet on a daily basis (64% of women and 69% of men) (Tables 3.5.1, 3.5.1C, 3.5.2, and 3.5.2C).
 Internet usage is more common in urban than Figure 3.5 Internet usage by residence
rural areas. In urban areas, 68% of women and Percentage of women and men age
80% of men have used the internet in the past 12 15–49 who used the Internet in the
months compared with 28% of women and 41% last 12 months
of men in the rural areas (Figure 3.5). Women Men
80
 Among those who used the internet in the past 68
12 months, approximately 30% of women and 56
40% of men in the lowest wealth quintile used it 44 41
almost daily, while in the highest wealth quintile, 28
77% of women and 86% of men used it almost
every day.
3.4 EMPLOYMENT Total Urban Rural
Currently employed
Currently employed is defined as having done work in the last seven days.
Includes persons who did not work in the last seven days but who are
regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation, or
any other such reason.
Fifty-two percent of women are currently employed compared to 77% of men. An additional 7% of women
and 3% of men reported working in the past 12 months although they are not currently employed (Tables
3.6.1 and 3.6.2).
 Sixty-eight percent of women with three to four Figure 3.6 Employment status by
living children are currently employed while number of living children
97% of men with three to four living children are Percentage of women and men age
currently employed (Figure 3.6). 15–49 who are currently employed
Women Men
 Sixty-five percent of women with more than
96 97 95
secondary education are currently employed
while 84% of men with the same level of
68
education are employed. 58 60 60
 Mandera and Marsabit counties had the highest 27

percentage of women not employed in the 12
months before the survey at 94% and 93%,
respectively. Meru, Kirinyaga, and Kericho
0 1–2 3–4 5 or more
counties had the lowest percentage (below 25%)
of women not employed in the 12 months before
the survey (Tables 3.6.1C and 3.6.2C).
3.5 OCCUPATION
Occupation
Refers to the kind of work performed in a job. It is categorised as
legislators/administrators/managers, professionals, technicians/associate
professionals, secretarial/clerical/services and related workers, service
workers/shop and market sales workers, skilled farm/fishery/wildlife and
related workers, craft/related trades workers, plant/machine operators and
assemblers, and elementary occupations.
Sample: Women and men age 15–49 who were currently employed or had
worked in the 12 months before the survey
Among those who were employed in the 12 months Figure 3.7 Occupation
before the survey, the majority are in elementary Percentage of women and men age
occupations with 26% of women and 27% of men. A 15–49 employed in the 12 months before
higher percentage of women (10%) than that of men the survey by occupation
(5%) work as legislators, administrators, and Legislators/administrators/ 10 Women
managers (Tables 3.7.1, 3.7.2 and Figure 3.7). managers 5
Men
Patterns by background characteristics Professionals

6
5
 Skilled farm, fishery, wildlife, and related
Technicians/associate 8
workers, as well as elementary occupations, are professionals 7
the two predominant job categories for men and
women in the lowest and second lowest wealth Secretarial/clerical 2
quintiles. Specifically, for men in the lowest and services 1
second lowest quintiles, 30% and 29% 21
respectively work in skilled farm, fishery, Service/shops/sales
11
wildlife, and related occupations, while 40% and
32% respectively work in elementary Skilled farm/fishery/ 22
wildlife 19
occupations. For women in the lowest and
second lowest quintiles, 40% and 44% 1
Craft
respectively work in skilled farm, fishery, 12
wildlife, and related occupations, while 32% and
Plant/machine 1
26% respectively work in elementary operators/assemblers 11
occupations.
26
Elementary occupations
 The percentage of men in elementary 27
occupations decreases with increasing wealth
quintile from 40% in the lowest wealth quintile to
15% in the highest quintile.
3.6 TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN

Women who did nonagricultural work in past year were more likely to receive cash only payment for their
work than those who did agriculture work (88% versus 52%). Overall, 79% of women employed in the 12
months before the survey received cash only as payment for their work (Table 3.8).
Seventeen percent of women were not paid for their work. Half of women who did agricultural work in
past year were self-employed (51%) compared to 44% of women who did nonagricultural work.
Trends: The percentage of women who were paid in cash only for their work in past 12 months increased
from 55% in 2003, to 66% in 2014 and to 79% in the 2022.
3.7 TOBACCO USE
Tobacco use
Respondents who smoke cigarettes or used tobacco products such as pipes,
cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes.
Sample: Women age 15–49 and men age 15–49
Products that contain tobacco are highly addictive as they contain an alkaloid—nicotine—which is likely
to affect the heart, liver, and lungs. Use of tobacco through inhaling (smoking) does not only affect the
person who smokes, but also affects those near the person including children.
Cigarette smoking and use of any type of tobacco are rare among women in Kenya; less than 1% of
women age 15–49 smoke any type of tobacco (Table 3.9.1).
Eleven percent of men age 15–49 smoke any type of tobacco; 8% of men smoke tobacco daily and 3% are
occasional smokers (Table 3.9.2). Among men who smoke cigarettes daily, 39% smoke fewer than five
cigarettes each day, while 32% smoke five to nine cigarettes, 12% smoke 10–14 cigarettes, and 10%
smoke 15–24 cigarettes each day. Seven percent of men who smoke cigarettes daily smoke 25 or more
cigarettes daily (Table 3.10).
Less than 1% of women and 2% of men use smokeless tobacco (Table 3.11). Overall, 1% of women and
12% of men are currently using any type of tobacco (Table 3.12).
 A higher percentage (12%) of men in rural areas smoke any type of tobacco than men in urban areas
(9%) (Table 3.9.2).
 The percentage of men who smoke any type of tobacco is higher among men with no education (14%)
and among those with primary education (18%) than among men with secondary education (8%) and
those with more than a secondary education (6%).
 Smoking any type of tobacco decreases as the wealth quintile increases from 17% among men in the
lowest quintile to 5% among those in the highest quintile.
 The counties with the highest percentage of men who smoke any type of tobacco are Meru (28%) and
Murang’a (27%) (Table 3.9.2C).
3.8 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Alcohol Consumption
Respondents drink alcohol such as beer, wine, spirits, chang’aa, busaa,
muratina, and mnazi.
Harmful use of alcohol is one of the leading risk factors for population health worldwide and has a direct
impact on many health-related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including those for
maternal and child health, infectious diseases (HIV, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis), noncommunicable
diseases and mental health, injuries, and poisonings (WHO 2018).
Twenty-six percent of men and 5% of women consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in the month prior
to the survey (Table 3.13.1 and Table 3.13.2).
Among men and women who consumed alcoholic beverages, the majority (61% and 73% respectively) did
so in 1 to 5 days in the month before the survey.
Seven percent of women consumed alcohol every day or almost every day. Men drink more frequently
than women; 13% of men drink every day or almost every day.
Among women who consumed alcohol during the preceding month, 38% consumed only one drink on
days when alcohol was consumed, while 26% consumed two drinks and 15% consumed three drinks
(Table 3.14.1).
Twenty-two percent of men consumed three drinks on days when alcohol was consumed, 28% consumed
two drinks, and 25% consumed only one drink (Table 3.14.2).
 Thirty percent of men in urban areas consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the past 1 month
compared with 23% of men in rural areas (Table 3.13.2).
 Alcohol consumption per day increases with age. The percentage of men who consume alcohol every
day or almost every day increases from 5% among men age 15–19 to 19% among those age 45–49.
 The percentage of men who consume alcohol every day or almost every day decreases from 19%
among men in the lowest quintile to 9% among those in the highest wealth quintile.
 Tharaka-Nithi County has the highest percentage (50%) of men who consumed at least one alcoholic
drink in the last month, followed by Embu, Machakos, and Murang’a (40% for each county). Alcohol
consumption is more common among women in Turkana (15%) followed by Kiambu and Murang’a
counties both at 11% (Table 3.13.1C and Table 3.13.2C).
3.9 PLACE OF BIRTH AND RECENT MIGRATION
Recent migrants
Percentage of respondents who were born outside of their current place of
residence who moved to their current place of residence in the 5 years before
the survey.
Lifetime migrants
Percentage of respondents who were born outside their current place of
residence.
Lifetime internal migrants
Percentage of respondents who were born in Kenya but outside of current
place of residence.
Sample: Women and men age 15–49 who were born outside their current
place of residence
Fifty-seven percent of women were born outside their current place of residence; 55% were born in Kenya
but outside of their current place of the residence and 2% were born outside of Kenya. A lower percentage
of men (37%) were born outside of the current place of residence, including 36% of men who were born in
Kenya and 1% who were born outside of Kenya.
About 2 in 5 women and men who were born outside of their current place of residence moved to their
current place of residence recently in the 5 years before the survey (37 % of women and 38% of men)
(Table 3.15.1 and Table 3.15.2).
 Women and men age 25–29 have the highest percentage of lifetime migrants (67% for women and
49% for men). The highest percentage of recent movers are age 20–24 (65% for men and 69% for
women)
 Among men, the percentage of lifetime migrants increases with increasing level of education from
24% among men with no education to 58% among men with more than a secondary education. Women
with more than secondary education are the highest lifetime migrants at 71% as compared with 28%
among women with no education who were born outside their current place of residence.
 Urban areas account for the highest number of lifetime migrants for both men and women; 72% of
women and 65% of men in urban areas compared with 46% of women and 19% of men in rural areas
were born outside their current place of residence.
 The percentage of lifetime migrants increases with increasing wealth quintile; from 33% in the lowest
quintile to 75% in the highest quintile among women and from 10% to 65% among men.
 Counties that attracted the highest percentage of lifetime internal female migrants were Kiambu
(78%), Nairobi City (74%) and Kisii (73%). Nairobi City (82%), Mombasa (67%) and Uasin Gishu
(60%) attracted the highest percentage of lifetime internal male migrants (Table 3.15.1C, Table
3.15.2C and Map 3.1).
Map 3.1 Lifetime migration by county

Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who were born in Kenya but outside of current place of residence
Women
Men
3.9.1 Type of Migration
Most women and men age 15–49 who moved to their current place of residence in the 5 years before the
survey moved from a rural area to an urban area (31%). Urban to urban migration is the next most common
type of migration for both women and men (29%). Migrating from a rural area to another rural area is more
frequent among women than among men (25% versus 18%) (Table 3.16).
Moving from rural to urban area is the most common type of migration for women and men age 15–24
(34% among those age 15–19 and 40% among those age 20–24) whereas moving from urban to urban is
most common among women and men age 25–39 (36% for age 25–29, 35% for age 30–34, and 33% for
age 35–39).
3.9.2 Reason for Migration
 The two most common reasons for migration among women are employment and marriage, both at
33%. For men, the main reason for migrating is employment at 60% (Table 3.17.1, Table 3.17.1C,
Table 3.17.2, and Table 3.17.2C).
 Young women and men age 15–19 mainly migrate for family reunification/other family-related
reasons (50% and 48% respectively).
 Migration for employment is substantially higher among urban women than their rural counterparts
(49% versus 17%). Similarly, among men, 66% of men in urban areas moved to their current place of
residence because of employment as compared with 47% of men in rural areas.
 Marriage is the main reason for women moving from rural to rural areas (40%), while for those
moving from urban to rural areas, family reunification/ other family-related reasons (36%) are the
main reason for migration.
 Marriage is the main reason for migration among women in the lowest wealth quintile households
(67%), while for those in the highest wealth quintile, employment is the main reason for migration
(48%). Men in the lowest wealth quintile move mainly because of family reunification or other family-
related reasons (49%).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on the characteristics of survey respondents, see the following tables:
 Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents

 Table 3.1C Background characteristics of respondents by county
 Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women
 Table 3.2.1C Educational attainment by county: Women
 Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men
 Table 3.2.2C Educational attainment by county: Men
 Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women
 Table 3.3.1C Literacy by county: Women
 Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men
 Table 3.3.2C Literacy by county: Men
 Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women
 Table 3.4.1C Exposure to mass media by county: Women
 Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men
 Table 3.4.2C Exposure to mass media by county: Men
 Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
 Table 3.5.1C Internet usage by county: Women
 Table 3.5.2 Internet usage: Men
 Table 3.5.2C Internet usage by county: Men
 Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Women
 Table 3.6.1C Employment status by county: Women
 Table 3.6.2 Employment status: Men
 Table 3.6.2C Employment status by county: Men
 Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women
 Table 3.7.1C Occupation by county: Women
 Table 3.7.2 Occupation: Men
 Table 3.7.2C Occupation by county: Men
 Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
 Table 3.9.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
 Table 3.9.1C Tobacco smoking by county: Women
 Table 3.9.2 Tobacco smoking: Men
 Table 3.9.2C Tobacco smoking by county: Men
 Table 3.10 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men
 Table 3.11 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use
 Table 3.12 Any tobacco use by background characteristics
 Table 3.12C Any tobacco use by county
 Table 3.13.1 Alcohol consumption: Women
 Table 3.13.1C Alcohol consumption by county: Women
 Table 3.13.2 Alcohol consumption: Men
 Table 3.13.2C Alcohol consumption by county: Men
 Table 3.14.1 Usual number of alcoholic drinks consumed: Women
 Table 3.14.2 Usual number of alcoholic drinks consumed: Men
 Table 3.15.1 Residence at birth and recent migration: Women
 Table 3.15.1C Residence at birth and recent migration by county: Women
 Table 3.15.2 Residence at birth and recent migration: Men
 Table 3.15.2C Residence at birth and recent migration by county: Men
 Table 3.16 Type of migration
 Table 3.17.1 Reason for migration: Women
 Table 3.17.1C Reason for migration by county: Women
 Table 3.17.2 Reason for migration: Men
 Table 3.17.2C Reason for migration by county: Men
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 by selected background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Background Weighted Weighted Unweighted Weighted Weighted Unweighted
characteristic percent number number percent number number
Age
15–19 18.7 6,025 6,404 23.3 3,175 3,349
20–24 18.7 6,001 5,762 17.6 2,404 2,332
25–29 17.7 5,687 5,443 16.6 2,268 2,109
30–34 14.1 4,530 4,561 13.1 1,787 1,748
35–39 13.4 4,311 4,354 11.6 1,577 1,628
40–44 9.6 3,084 3,100 9.8 1,332 1,386
45–49 7.8 2,518 2,532 8.1 1,109 1,117
Self-reported health status
Very good 23.8 7,638 7,867 35.8 4,883 5,098
Good 55.4 17,823 17,988 48.9 6,677 6,607
Moderate 18.4 5,933 5,541 14.1 1,926 1,799
Bad 2.2 696 710 1.0 141 145
Very bad 0.2 67 50 0.2 26 20
Religion
Catholic 18.6 5,978 5,665 21.6 2,946 2,709
Protestant 36.6 11,776 10,777 36.6 4,994 4,806
Evangelical churches 24.5 7,885 6,981 18.4 2,514 2,143
African Instituted churches 8.7 2,790 2,542 8.7 1,181 922
Orthodox 0.4 132 81 0.2 25 23
Islam 7.1 2,275 4,852 7.2 987 2,148
Hindu 0.2 54 24 0.2 34 14
Traditionists 0.2 50 93 0.3 40 64
No religion/atheists 1.1 344 357 4.4 607 557
Other 2.7 873 784 2.4 324 283
Marital status
Never married 32.5 10,438 10,048 48.2 6,576 6,486
Married 48.1 15,483 16,454 43.3 5,907 5,994
Living together 7.3 2,339 1,858 2.6 351 393
Divorced/separated 9.3 2,989 2,776 5.6 771 748
Widowed 2.8 908 1,020 0.4 49 48
Residence
Urban 40.9 13,143 12,386 39.4 5,382 5,003
Rural 59.1 19,013 19,770 60.6 8,270 8,666
Education1
No education 5.5 1,770 3,836 2.7 369 774
Primary 36.3 11,687 11,807 35.9 4,894 5,150
Secondary 39.0 12,550 11,634 41.0 5,592 5,399
More than secondary 19.1 6,150 4,879 20.5 2,797 2,346
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.6 5,019 7,073 15.1 2,062 2,881
Second 17.7 5,698 5,742 18.9 2,584 2,660
Middle 18.9 6,069 6,345 20.2 2,754 2,873
Fourth 22.2 7,139 7,160 24.4 3,325 3,138
Highest 25.6 8,231 5,836 21.4 2,927 2,117
Total 15–49 100.0 32,156 32,156 100.0 13,652 13,669
50–54 na na na na 801 784
Total 15–54 na na na na 14,453 14,453
Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education attended, whether or not that level was completed.
na = not applicable.
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and
universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.
Table 3.1C Background characteristics of respondents by county
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 by county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Weighted Weighted Unweighted Weighted Weighted Unweighted
County percent number number percent number number
Mombasa 2.9 947 749 3.2 442 372
Kwale 1.5 498 711 1.5 209 320
Kilifi 2.9 928 742 3.0 405 319
Tana River 0.5 149 641 0.5 64 293
Lamu 0.3 101 675 0.3 41 253
Taita/Taveta 0.7 234 483 0.8 103 192
Garissa 0.9 290 641 0.9 117 282
Wajir 0.5 160 745 0.5 63 314
Mandera 0.6 206 723 0.6 81 293
Marsabit 0.4 129 535 0.3 45 192
Isiolo 0.4 137 623 0.4 55 253
Meru 3.0 979 602 3.6 489 305
Tharaka-Nithi 0.8 271 535 1.0 137 279
Embu 1.1 358 584 1.3 176 280
Kitui 2.3 735 671 2.3 312 296
Machakos 3.1 992 699 3.5 480 354
Makueni 2.1 683 720 2.0 279 308
Nyandarua 1.3 409 590 1.2 168 255
Nyeri 1.6 501 529 1.7 235 267
Kirinyaga 1.5 481 605 1.4 191 254
Murang’a 2.2 692 557 2.2 297 253
Kiambu 6.5 2,094 668 6.7 911 267
Turkana 1.0 331 644 0.8 111 225
West Pokot 1.2 384 756 1.1 150 288
Samburu 0.5 156 615 0.4 51 182
Trans Nzoia 2.1 675 713 2.0 272 308
Uasin Gishu 3.1 983 731 3.3 451 342
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.7 228 591 0.8 110 296
Nandi 1.9 622 721 1.9 265 334
Baringo 1.2 378 687 1.2 165 300
Laikipia 1.0 332 576 1.1 145 243
Nakuru 5.2 1,658 782 4.9 670 327
Narok 2.2 718 744 2.3 313 320
Kajiado 2.8 887 660 2.5 339 228
Kericho 2.3 729 779 2.4 330 368
Bomet 2.0 650 778 2.0 268 353
Kakamega 4.0 1,283 810 3.9 532 341
Vihiga 1.2 371 721 1.1 156 290
Bungoma 3.5 1,138 841 3.3 448 328
Busia 1.9 622 768 1.9 262 296
Siaya 1.7 537 674 1.7 227 282
Kisumu 2.4 771 761 2.5 345 356
Homa Bay 2.1 662 712 1.9 258 263
Migori 2.1 674 777 1.8 246 296
Kisii 2.6 831 708 2.4 326 300
Nyamira 1.0 327 635 1.0 133 246
Nairobi City 13.2 4,235 944 13.0 1,777 356
Total 15-49 100.0 32,156 32,156 100.0 13,652 13,669
Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Highest level of schooling Median
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed women
Age
15–24 2.6 13.9 12.4 33.0 22.2 16.0 100.0 7.9 11,903
15–19 2.2 18.6 13.3 49.9 12.8 3.2 100.0 7.3 5,994
20–24 2.9 9.2 11.5 15.8 31.7 28.9 100.0 9.3 5,908
25–29 5.1 12.7 17.2 10.9 24.8 29.4 100.0 9.2 5,627
30–34 8.1 16.7 24.1 11.0 17.2 22.9 100.0 7.8 4,476
35–39 9.0 22.3 26.7 8.9 15.5 17.6 100.0 7.5 4,251
40–44 7.2 24.9 27.4 8.9 15.0 16.6 100.0 7.5 3,050
45–49 8.7 26.6 27.9 8.3 15.9 12.6 100.0 7.4 2,504
Residence
Urban 3.4 9.2 15.3 15.5 25.4 31.2 100.0 9.3 13,058
Rural 7.1 22.9 22.4 20.6 16.0 11.1 100.0 7.4 18,753
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.4 35.8 19.3 14.8 6.7 1.0 100.0 6.2 4,967
Second 3.8 28.7 25.5 24.0 13.8 4.3 100.0 7.2 5,603
Middle 2.8 17.6 24.7 23.7 20.1 11.1 100.0 7.6 5,978
Fourth 2.3 10.3 20.3 18.0 26.4 22.8 100.0 8.9 7,080
Highest 1.3 4.1 10.9 13.7 26.1 43.8 100.0 9.8 8,183
Total 5.6 17.3 19.5 18.5 19.9 19.3 100.0 7.8 31,811
Note: Excludes women who reported vocational as the highest level of schooling attended.
1
Completed 8 grades at the primary level.
2
Table 3.2.1C Educational attainment by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
county, Kenya DHS 2022
No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
County education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed women
Mombasa 6.8 14.7 22.4 13.2 22.1 20.8 100.0 7.9 944
Kwale 18.2 27.1 23.8 11.5 12.4 6.9 100.0 7.0 496
Kilifi 13.4 35.9 20.4 11.5 11.1 7.7 100.0 6.6 920
Tana River 42.1 24.8 15.5 4.8 9.8 3.0 100.0 3.8 149
Lamu 12.7 32.2 20.7 17.3 9.6 7.5 100.0 6.9 100
Taita/Taveta 2.1 16.1 30.7 16.2 22.7 12.2 100.0 7.7 227
Garissa 52.3 14.7 5.5 14.1 7.3 6.1 100.0 a 290
Wajir 60.3 11.4 5.8 11.5 8.4 2.6 100.0 a 160
Mandera 71.0 10.8 4.6 5.1 7.0 1.5 100.0 a 206
Marsabit 62.0 11.6 11.0 5.7 6.8 2.9 100.0 a 129
Isiolo 25.5 14.4 18.6 11.6 15.6 14.4 100.0 7.3 136
Meru 1.7 28.7 21.5 19.9 14.4 13.7 100.0 7.4 964
Tharaka-Nithi 0.3 25.5 21.5 16.2 16.9 19.6 100.0 7.7 262
Embu 1.2 13.6 24.4 19.8 22.4 18.6 100.0 7.9 349
Kitui 1.6 17.9 31.2 17.8 15.1 16.4 100.0 7.7 692
Machakos 0.4 9.9 19.5 21.7 22.4 26.1 100.0 8.7 919
Makueni 0.0 14.5 29.2 19.6 20.5 16.2 100.0 7.8 655
Nyandarua 0.3 12.6 29.0 22.7 23.2 12.0 100.0 7.8 408
Nyeri 0.0 5.6 18.8 19.0 28.7 27.9 100.0 9.2 495
Kirinyaga 1.2 13.9 25.4 18.6 23.7 17.2 100.0 7.9 481
Murang’a 0.8 9.6 28.7 23.0 23.9 14.0 100.0 7.9 691
Kiambu 0.5 8.9 15.0 18.2 25.8 31.7 100.0 9.3 2,076
Turkana 58.6 16.3 5.4 7.1 6.7 5.8 100.0 a 331
West Pokot 30.4 28.1 8.0 13.7 10.0 9.9 100.0 6.0 382
Samburu 48.7 15.1 8.7 9.0 9.5 8.9 100.0 1.2 156
Trans Nzoia 2.2 22.8 18.5 23.6 17.0 15.9 100.0 7.6 671
Uasin Gishu 1.4 13.6 14.2 15.5 23.1 32.3 100.0 9.2 969
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.0 16.3 22.1 16.6 25.3 19.6 100.0 7.9 225
Nandi 0.7 22.5 22.4 18.9 16.6 19.1 100.0 7.7 620
Baringo 5.9 19.8 20.5 16.5 21.3 16.0 100.0 7.7 375
Laikipia 5.6 13.5 19.9 20.6 24.4 16.0 100.0 7.8 329
Nakuru 0.9 13.9 20.0 21.0 23.6 20.7 100.0 8.3 1,653
Narok 14.9 26.8 16.8 17.5 10.8 13.1 100.0 7.0 717
Kajiado 11.0 9.8 13.3 14.3 23.1 28.5 100.0 9.1 884
Kericho 0.4 17.7 22.9 19.7 19.7 19.5 100.0 7.8 727
Bomet 0.3 25.6 23.2 23.4 15.6 11.9 100.0 7.5 645
Kakamega 2.8 25.3 18.9 21.3 17.5 14.3 100.0 7.5 1,283
Vihiga 1.1 20.3 25.3 27.0 17.7 8.5 100.0 7.6 361
Bungoma 0.9 24.0 18.1 25.4 15.5 16.2 100.0 7.6 1,122
Busia 3.3 32.9 18.7 24.0 12.5 8.6 100.0 7.2 616
Siaya 1.1 22.2 31.8 23.3 13.5 8.1 100.0 7.4 535
Kisumu 0.7 16.5 26.2 25.6 16.3 14.6 100.0 7.7 768
Homa Bay 0.8 23.5 25.1 26.2 13.1 11.2 100.0 7.4 659
Migori 2.1 38.1 22.9 18.4 11.6 7.0 100.0 7.1 672
Kisii 0.6 17.9 17.5 26.7 23.0 14.4 100.0 7.7 823
Nyamira 0.4 16.1 17.3 31.0 24.9 10.3 100.0 7.9 325
Nairobi City 1.3 6.6 14.8 13.4 28.8 35.1 100.0 9.5 4,215
Total 5.6 17.3 19.5 18.5 19.9 19.3 100.0 7.8 31,811
a = Omitted because more than 50% of the women completed 0 years of education,
1
2
Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
Background No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
characteristic education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed men
Age
15–24 1.1 18.1 13.0 34.4 20.2 13.2 100.0 7.7 5,508
15–19 1.1 24.7 14.3 48.1 9.5 2.3 100.0 7.1 3,147
20–24 1.2 9.3 11.3 16.0 34.5 27.7 100.0 9.4 2,361
25–29 2.3 11.0 13.7 8.0 29.4 35.5 100.0 9.5 2,215
30–34 3.9 17.1 19.2 6.6 21.4 31.8 100.0 9.2 1,759
35–39 4.0 21.5 27.5 6.4 20.1 20.5 100.0 7.7 1,553
40–44 4.9 26.7 25.3 7.7 19.2 16.2 100.0 7.5 1,314
45–49 5.3 24.7 25.6 8.6 18.1 17.8 100.0 7.6 1,097
Residence
Urban 1.6 8.0 14.2 14.4 28.0 33.7 100.0 9.4 5,329
Rural 3.5 25.5 20.2 21.1 17.4 12.3 100.0 7.5 8,117
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.4 40.4 19.5 15.7 10.4 2.5 100.0 6.6 2,032
Second 1.8 29.4 23.1 23.3 15.8 6.6 100.0 7.3 2,537
Middle 1.7 18.6 21.5 24.3 21.5 12.4 100.0 7.7 2,710
Fourth 0.5 10.0 17.7 16.5 30.9 24.4 100.0 9.2 3,271
Highest 1.0 3.3 8.8 12.8 24.2 49.9 100.0 11.2 2,897
Total 15–49 2.7 18.6 17.8 18.4 21.6 20.8 100.0 7.9 13,446
50–54 3.5 19.8 27.3 8.3 22.5 18.6 100.0 7.7 784
Total 15–54 2.8 18.6 18.4 17.9 21.7 20.7 100.0 7.9 14,230
Note: Excludes men who reported vocational as the highest level of schooling attended.
1
2
Table 3.2.2C Educational attainment by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by highest level of schooling attended or completed, and median years completed, according to
No Some Completed Some Completed More than years Number of
County education primary primary1 secondary secondary2 secondary Total completed men
Mombasa 3.1 11.2 24.0 11.5 28.3 21.9 100.0 9.0 436
Kwale 4.4 34.1 22.6 13.8 18.5 6.7 100.0 7.2 208
Kilifi 0.8 27.4 27.7 15.0 16.1 13.0 100.0 7.5 405
Tana River 29.6 25.0 17.2 10.3 13.3 4.6 100.0 6.2 64
Lamu 5.7 28.2 22.1 17.3 14.1 12.5 100.0 7.3 41
Taita/Taveta 0.5 12.7 27.6 22.2 23.7 13.3 100.0 7.9 97
Garissa 16.3 17.5 12.5 16.6 20.6 16.5 100.0 7.8 117
Wajir 27.2 20.1 8.7 20.9 12.8 10.3 100.0 6.7 63
Mandera 34.3 20.3 7.9 15.6 15.8 6.1 100.0 6.0 81
Marsabit 28.5 12.4 17.7 15.3 18.7 7.3 100.0 7.2 44
Isiolo 9.2 13.1 20.1 13.7 19.9 24.0 100.0 8.0 55
Meru 3.7 28.7 17.9 20.2 16.9 12.6 100.0 7.3 473
Tharaka-Nithi 0.0 33.7 17.8 17.8 13.2 17.5 100.0 7.5 121
Embu 0.0 19.4 20.5 17.1 23.0 20.0 100.0 7.9 171
Kitui 2.1 21.4 25.1 17.3 16.6 17.6 100.0 7.6 291
Machakos 0.3 13.6 22.0 21.0 21.3 21.8 100.0 8.1 460
Makueni 0.4 26.6 19.7 22.6 18.0 12.7 100.0 7.5 264
Nyandarua 0.7 11.7 25.8 25.9 23.4 12.5 100.0 7.8 168
Nyeri 1.4 9.7 16.1 18.3 31.7 22.7 100.0 9.1 232
Kirinyaga 1.1 19.5 15.7 17.6 27.4 18.8 100.0 8.5 191
Murang’a 0.6 18.5 30.2 17.9 19.4 13.4 100.0 7.7 294
Kiambu 1.1 11.5 15.6 20.3 24.8 26.7 100.0 9.1 895
Turkana 40.7 14.1 7.2 17.9 10.4 9.6 100.0 5.4 111
West Pokot 13.3 33.7 10.2 21.3 11.3 10.2 100.0 6.7 149
Samburu 25.9 15.3 6.6 19.4 13.8 19.0 100.0 7.1 51
Trans Nzoia 0.4 24.1 14.6 24.3 18.0 18.6 100.0 7.7 268
Uasin Gishu 0.0 15.2 12.9 14.1 25.3 32.5 100.0 9.3 447
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.0 15.7 21.2 25.1 21.1 16.9 100.0 7.9 109
Nandi 1.3 22.3 21.2 15.3 20.0 19.8 100.0 7.8 263
Baringo 3.1 20.3 20.1 18.6 21.0 16.8 100.0 7.8 165
Laikipia 2.7 10.3 18.0 21.1 27.6 20.2 100.0 8.7 139
Nakuru 0.9 17.6 18.6 22.0 23.7 17.3 100.0 8.0 664
Narok 8.8 33.9 13.9 11.3 17.3 14.7 100.0 7.3 310
Kajiado 8.5 11.2 10.2 17.3 25.0 27.8 100.0 9.1 335
Kericho 0.6 17.5 17.8 18.5 25.7 19.9 100.0 8.1 328
Bomet 0.4 22.9 22.2 22.2 16.5 15.8 100.0 7.7 267
Kakamega 0.8 28.1 19.2 26.8 13.6 11.6 100.0 7.4 529
Vihiga 1.0 24.5 22.2 22.2 18.4 11.6 100.0 7.5 155
Bungoma 0.3 26.9 16.3 21.7 16.1 18.6 100.0 7.7 432
Busia 0.7 36.3 16.3 21.3 12.3 13.0 100.0 7.2 259
Siaya 1.2 23.0 27.0 27.7 9.7 11.3 100.0 7.4 227
Kisumu 0.0 16.2 24.0 21.4 22.2 16.2 100.0 7.8 343
Homa Bay 1.2 20.2 17.8 27.7 15.7 17.4 100.0 7.6 253
Migori 1.0 33.0 22.6 16.3 14.7 12.3 100.0 7.2 244
Kisii 0.4 20.4 15.3 16.2 25.9 21.8 100.0 8.4 326
Nyamira 0.6 21.6 14.3 25.3 21.3 16.9 100.0 7.8 133
Nairobi City 1.1 4.6 11.1 11.5 31.0 40.6 100.0 9.7 1,767
Total 15–49 2.7 18.6 17.8 18.4 21.6 20.8 100.0 7.9 13,446
1
2
Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to background
characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
No schooling, primary, or secondary school
Higher than Can read a Can read No card with
Background secondary whole part of a Cannot read required Blind/visually Percentage Number of
characteristic schooling sentence sentence at all language impaired Total literate1 women
Age
15–24 16.8 73.1 5.4 4.6 0.0 0.1 100.0 95.3 12,026
15–19 3.7 87.2 4.9 4.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 95.9 6,025
20–24 30.0 58.9 6.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 94.8 6,001
25–29 30.1 54.9 6.9 8.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.9 5,687
30–34 23.8 55.9 8.8 11.3 0.0 0.1 100.0 88.6 4,530
35–39 18.7 55.9 11.1 14.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 85.8 4,311
40–44 17.6 57.8 12.4 12.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 87.7 3,084
45–49 13.0 57.9 13.9 14.5 0.0 0.6 100.0 84.9 2,518
Residence
Urban 31.7 57.6 5.6 5.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 94.9 13,143
Rural 12.3 65.9 10.1 11.6 0.0 0.1 100.0 88.3 19,013
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.0 53.9 13.3 30.5 0.0 0.2 100.0 69.3 5,019
Second 5.9 72.9 11.4 9.7 0.0 0.1 100.0 90.2 5,698
Middle 12.5 72.4 9.5 5.5 0.1 0.1 100.0 94.4 6,069
Fourth 23.4 65.4 6.7 4.2 0.0 0.2 100.0 95.6 7,139
Highest 44.1 50.6 3.4 1.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.2 8,231
Total 20.2 62.5 8.3 8.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 91.0 32,156
1
Refers to women who attended schooling higher than the secondary level and women with less schooling who can read a whole sentence or
part of a sentence.
Table 3.3.1C Literacy by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Higher than Can read Can read No card with
secondary a whole part of a Cannot required Blind/visually Percentage Number of
County schooling sentence sentence read at all language impaired Total literate1 women
Mombasa 21.0 64.9 4.3 9.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 90.2 947
Kwale 7.3 54.7 19.8 18.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 81.7 498
Kilifi 8.5 67.8 4.7 19.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 81.0 928
Tana River 3.3 39.0 8.3 49.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 50.6 149
Lamu 8.9 70.4 4.9 15.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 84.2 101
Taita/Taveta 14.7 71.6 9.2 4.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.5 234
Garissa 6.1 25.1 15.3 53.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 46.5 290
Wajir 2.9 23.8 8.2 65.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 34.9 160
Mandera 1.5 19.1 6.4 73.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 26.9 206
Marsabit 3.1 18.5 12.6 65.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 34.2 129
Isiolo 14.9 40.2 17.3 27.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 72.4 137
Meru 15.0 65.4 6.0 13.0 0.0 0.5 100.0 86.4 979
Tharaka-Nithi 22.2 65.8 5.2 6.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.3 271
Embu 20.6 67.9 9.8 1.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.3 358
Kitui 21.3 60.6 12.8 5.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 94.8 735
Machakos 31.5 62.4 5.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.1 992
Makueni 19.7 71.1 7.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.4 683
Nyandarua 12.2 78.1 7.2 2.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.5 409
Nyeri 28.8 66.8 2.6 1.0 0.0 0.8 100.0 98.2 501
Kirinyaga 17.3 67.3 12.5 2.8 0.0 0.1 100.0 97.1 481
Murang’a 14.2 73.6 9.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.6 692
Kiambu 32.3 61.8 4.1 1.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.2 2,094
Turkana 6.0 22.2 7.8 64.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 36.0 331
West Pokot 10.5 32.8 21.9 34.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 65.2 384
Samburu 8.9 28.7 7.7 54.5 0.0 0.1 100.0 45.3 156
Trans Nzoia 16.3 67.5 8.3 7.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 92.1 675
Uasin Gishu 33.2 59.1 3.5 3.8 0.3 0.0 100.0 95.9 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 20.5 54.1 21.9 3.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.6 228
Nandi 19.2 67.6 10.7 2.3 0.0 0.2 100.0 97.5 622
Baringo 16.5 53.8 17.3 12.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 87.6 378
Laikipia 16.5 64.0 10.9 8.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.5 332
Nakuru 20.9 71.9 3.9 3.1 0.0 0.2 100.0 96.8 1,658
Narok 13.2 57.6 9.6 19.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 80.5 718
Kajiado 28.7 50.0 8.6 12.6 0.0 0.1 100.0 87.2 887
Kericho 19.8 54.0 24.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.6 729
Bomet 12.6 74.4 9.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.9 650
Kakamega 14.3 71.0 8.3 5.8 0.0 0.5 100.0 93.6 1,283
Vihiga 11.0 77.6 7.8 3.4 0.0 0.1 100.0 96.4 371
Bungoma 17.4 69.8 3.4 8.8 0.0 0.7 100.0 90.6 1,138
Busia 9.5 59.3 17.7 13.2 0.0 0.3 100.0 86.5 622
Siaya 8.6 61.9 20.3 9.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 90.8 537
Kisumu 15.0 73.7 9.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.0 771
Homa Bay 11.6 77.6 4.6 6.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.8 662
Migori 7.3 66.2 13.1 13.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 86.6 674
Kisii 15.2 70.4 10.8 3.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.5 831
Nyamira 10.7 86.4 1.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.0 327
Nairobi City 35.4 56.6 4.8 3.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 96.9 4,235
Total 20.2 62.5 8.3 8.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 91.0 32,156
1
Refers to women who attended schooling higher than the secondary level and women with less schooling who can read a whole sentence or part
of a sentence.
Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to background
Background secondary a whole part of a Cannot required Blind/visually Percentage Number of
characteristic schooling sentence sentence read at all language impaired Total literate1 men
Age
15–24 14.3 74.0 8.1 3.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.3 5,579
15–19 3.2 85.3 7.6 3.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.1 3,175
20–24 29.0 59.0 8.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.7 2,404
25–29 37.0 48.4 9.8 4.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.2 2,268
30–34 32.9 47.5 11.5 8.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 91.9 1,787
35–39 21.7 54.4 13.7 10.0 0.0 0.2 100.0 89.8 1,577
40–44 17.3 55.2 18.4 9.0 0.1 0.0 100.0 90.9 1,332
45–49 18.7 54.6 17.9 8.7 0.0 0.1 100.0 91.2 1,109
Residence
Urban 34.3 54.0 9.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.4 5,382
Rural 14.0 64.9 12.7 8.3 0.0 0.1 100.0 91.6 8,270
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.9 58.2 18.4 19.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 80.5 2,062
Second 8.3 70.1 14.1 7.3 0.0 0.1 100.0 92.5 2,584
Middle 13.8 68.9 12.3 4.9 0.0 0.1 100.0 95.0 2,754
Fourth 25.6 62.4 9.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.9 3,325
Highest 50.4 44.1 4.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.7 2,927
Total 15–49 22.0 60.6 11.3 6.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.9 13,652
50–54 20.4 56.7 15.9 6.7 0.0 0.4 100.0 92.9 801
Total 15–54 21.9 60.4 11.5 6.2 0.0 0.1 100.0 93.8 14,453
1
Refers to men who attended schooling higher than the secondary level and men with less schooling who can read a whole sentence or part of a
sentence.
Table 3.3.2C Literacy by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by level of schooling attended and level of literacy, and percentage literate, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
secondary a whole part of a Cannot required Blind/visually Percentage Number of
County schooling sentence sentence read at all language impaired Total literate1 men
Mombasa 22.8 55.5 17.5 4.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.8 442
Kwale 7.2 71.7 6.0 15.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 84.9 209
Kilifi 13.0 78.4 7.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.9 405
Tana River 5.1 37.2 25.0 32.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 67.4 64
Lamu 13.1 74.1 6.9 5.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 94.2 41
Taita/Taveta 18.4 75.1 1.2 5.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 94.6 103
Garissa 16.5 57.4 5.3 20.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 79.3 117
Wajir 10.3 58.4 9.7 21.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 78.4 63
Mandera 6.1 39.1 17.4 37.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 62.6 81
Marsabit 9.5 55.7 5.3 29.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 70.4 45
Isiolo 24.0 55.0 11.8 9.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 90.8 55
Meru 15.4 66.6 4.0 13.6 0.0 0.5 100.0 85.9 489
Tharaka-Nithi 27.3 58.1 6.6 7.1 0.0 0.9 100.0 92.1 137
Embu 22.3 73.2 4.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.5 176
Kitui 23.3 66.7 9.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.3 312
Machakos 25.2 72.6 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.7 480
Makueni 17.1 72.0 4.2 6.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.3 279
Nyandarua 12.5 73.7 6.4 7.2 0.2 0.0 100.0 92.6 168
Nyeri 23.6 67.2 6.7 1.9 0.7 0.0 100.0 97.4 235
Kirinyaga 18.8 57.5 21.2 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.4 191
Murang’a 14.2 76.7 6.2 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.1 297
Kiambu 28.0 56.7 11.6 3.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.4 911
Turkana 9.6 33.8 13.0 43.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 56.4 111
West Pokot 10.5 50.5 22.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 83.0 150
Samburu 19.0 51.5 2.0 26.9 0.0 0.7 100.0 72.5 51
Trans Nzoia 19.7 58.7 20.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.0 272
Uasin Gishu 33.1 59.3 7.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.6 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 18.3 63.1 15.8 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.1 110
Nandi 20.2 36.0 37.5 6.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.8 265
Baringo 16.8 59.8 17.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 94.3 165
Laikipia 24.0 67.0 5.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.0 145
Nakuru 18.1 57.5 19.7 4.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.2 670
Narok 15.5 36.9 26.6 21.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 79.0 313
Kajiado 28.7 56.2 6.4 8.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.2 339
Kericho 20.4 61.1 17.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.6 330
Bomet 16.2 72.8 10.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.3 268
Kakamega 12.1 79.1 2.4 6.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.6 532
Vihiga 12.6 64.2 18.7 4.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.4 156
Bungoma 21.5 62.5 3.7 11.9 0.0 0.3 100.0 87.7 448
Busia 14.0 65.9 3.9 15.8 0.4 0.0 100.0 83.8 262
Siaya 11.3 57.2 19.9 11.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 88.4 227
Kisumu 16.7 52.7 30.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.4 345
Homa Bay 18.7 70.5 6.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.3 258
Migori 13.0 70.5 5.6 10.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 89.1 246
Kisii 21.8 57.2 19.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.4 326
Nyamira 16.9 60.4 18.3 4.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.6 133
Nairobi City 41.0 49.9 7.9 1.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.8 1,777
Total 15–49 21.9 60.4 11.5 6.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 93.8 14,453
1
Refers to men who attended schooling higher than the secondary level and men with less schooling who can read a whole sentence or part of a
sentence.
Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
newspaper at Watches Listens to the three media at of the three
Background least once television at least radio at least least once media at least Number of
characteristic a week once a week once a week a week once a week women
Age
15–19 9.3 50.0 56.6 5.0 24.6 6,025
20–24 8.0 56.2 63.5 5.1 19.4 6,001
25–29 7.8 61.3 64.4 5.5 18.7 5,687
30–34 7.3 57.8 63.9 5.0 20.3 4,530
35–39 7.7 55.2 62.7 5.4 22.9 4,311
40–44 9.5 53.1 63.7 6.3 21.3 3,084
45–49 8.9 49.4 61.7 5.9 24.9 2,518
Residence
Urban 10.4 74.1 61.1 7.2 14.3 13,143
Rural 6.8 42.1 62.9 4.1 26.4 19,013
Education1
No education 0.1 13.6 26.9 0.0 66.4 1,770
Primary 3.1 42.5 60.6 1.5 26.9 11,687
Secondary 9.0 62.1 66.6 5.6 15.4 12,550
More than
secondary 19.2 77.1 66.4 13.8 10.5 6,150
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.0 10.1 44.3 0.9 52.7 5,019
Second 4.9 26.2 65.8 1.8 27.4 5,698
Middle 7.1 54.7 67.3 4.2 19.0 6,069
Fourth 8.5 71.2 64.7 5.9 14.4 7,139
Highest 14.6 89.2 64.7 11.0 6.2 8,231
Total 8.3 55.2 62.2 5.4 21.5 32,156
1
Table 3.4.1C Exposure to mass media by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
least once a television at least radio at least least once a media at least Number of
County week once a week once a week week once a week women
Mombasa 9.8 67.1 48.1 6.4 20.5 947
Kwale 4.9 33.2 40.4 3.1 47.0 498
Kilifi 3.3 34.7 44.2 0.7 40.2 928
Tana River 1.0 19.4 21.4 0.6 69.9 149
Lamu 1.9 46.6 28.4 1.1 37.9 101
Taita/Taveta 13.2 58.6 62.8 7.8 18.7 234
Garissa 2.1 18.6 8.4 0.7 76.5 290
Wajir 3.8 9.0 17.5 0.1 73.9 160
Mandera 0.4 4.3 4.0 0.0 92.9 206
Marsabit 10.5 32.6 41.9 8.4 48.5 129
Isiolo 7.8 46.3 35.8 5.4 45.0 137
Meru 5.8 47.0 61.3 3.5 23.9 979
Tharaka-Nithi 9.8 41.8 61.7 4.8 23.7 271
Embu 9.5 59.5 59.6 5.9 18.3 358
Kitui 3.4 21.1 60.4 2.3 35.8 735
Machakos 6.6 61.9 68.8 4.9 13.9 992
Makueni 5.1 42.0 68.9 3.2 21.5 683
Nyandarua 6.0 69.7 71.9 3.3 9.7 409
Nyeri 15.2 74.4 74.0 10.1 9.1 501
Kirinyaga 3.5 72.9 63.3 2.1 16.8 481
Murang’a 19.7 68.5 68.9 12.7 14.1 692
Kiambu 8.5 79.1 71.6 6.7 10.8 2,094
Turkana 0.4 17.0 27.5 0.2 68.4 331
West Pokot 4.3 23.2 43.2 2.8 48.5 384
Samburu 1.9 26.3 45.4 1.3 42.7 156
Trans Nzoia 8.2 55.1 67.7 5.1 14.3 675
Uasin Gishu 12.1 70.4 63.0 8.5 12.5 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 6.2 42.8 68.8 3.8 23.2 228
Nandi 9.5 46.7 69.1 4.6 19.5 622
Baringo 8.8 38.9 62.5 5.3 28.3 378
Laikipia 3.0 64.0 54.5 2.0 22.3 332
Nakuru 9.2 66.3 66.8 5.1 12.6 1,658
Narok 5.8 35.7 70.2 2.9 23.0 718
Kajiado 11.1 65.2 54.4 6.2 17.7 887
Kericho 10.2 48.1 63.1 8.6 29.5 729
Bomet 7.5 28.1 72.6 5.0 24.0 650
Kakamega 6.3 32.6 50.3 2.5 38.6 1,283
Vihiga 3.4 40.9 67.9 1.6 19.6 371
Bungoma 8.1 45.2 73.2 3.9 13.9 1,138
Busia 3.8 45.2 74.4 2.6 14.7 622
Siaya 6.1 46.4 74.4 3.0 14.5 537
Kisumu 8.2 60.9 68.6 5.7 16.0 771
Homa Bay 7.7 56.9 72.9 3.8 12.5 662
Migori 7.3 47.3 71.0 4.2 17.6 674
Kisii 5.6 42.9 60.5 4.3 29.5 831
Nyamira 9.5 43.4 69.8 7.7 22.4 327
Nairobi City 13.4 82.8 66.0 10.0 8.5 4,235
Total 8.3 55.2 62.2 5.4 21.5 32,156
Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Background least once a television at least radio at least least once a media at least Number
characteristic week once a week once a week week once a week of men
Age
15–19 11.5 54.6 66.7 7.2 18.5 3,175
20–24 13.1 57.7 68.7 9.5 17.5 2,404
25–29 15.9 63.0 68.9 10.8 13.1 2,268
30–34 20.3 63.8 73.0 14.8 12.6 1,787
35–39 22.9 63.1 78.2 18.5 12.2 1,577
40–44 17.9 58.8 76.3 13.3 13.0 1,332
45–49 18.6 59.8 74.6 15.6 13.7 1,109
Residence
Urban 21.6 71.6 63.0 15.7 13.5 5,382
Rural 12.7 51.7 76.5 9.2 16.0 8,270
Education1
No education 0.0 19.3 48.1 0.0 47.0 369
Primary 8.5 48.3 72.9 6.2 18.6 4,894
Secondary 16.3 63.6 73.4 12.1 12.7 5,592
More than
secondary 31.5 76.6 66.7 22.5 9.2 2,797
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.5 24.1 65.4 3.2 30.5 2,062
Second 10.1 40.6 76.1 5.8 18.1 2,584
Middle 13.3 60.2 78.8 9.8 11.4 2,754
Fourth 18.7 73.0 70.9 14.1 11.5 3,325
Highest 28.9 85.4 63.8 22.3 8.7 2,927
Total 15–49 16.2 59.6 71.1 11.8 15.0 13,652
50–54 22.4 57.2 77.2 16.4 12.5 801
Total 15–54 16.5 59.4 71.5 12.0 14.9 14,453
1
Table 3.4.2C Exposure to mass media by county: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who are exposed to specific media on a weekly basis, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
least once television at least radio at least least once media at least Number
County a week once a week once a week a week once a week of men
Mombasa 16.4 58.3 57.6 8.4 19.1 442
Kwale 12.9 54.6 71.5 7.3 16.2 209
Kilifi 12.7 47.7 73.0 8.3 17.5 405
Tana River 8.0 20.3 20.3 4.0 67.3 64
Lamu 3.6 55.5 58.3 2.2 17.7 41
Taita/Taveta 18.7 69.7 79.7 13.5 7.5 103
Garissa 4.6 35.2 42.3 0.3 37.1 117
Wajir 8.2 23.9 29.2 3.7 51.5 63
Mandera 4.8 15.4 25.0 1.7 64.4 81
Marsabit 1.6 37.4 44.8 1.3 35.0 45
Isiolo 14.5 58.5 61.3 7.8 18.5 55
Meru 18.5 67.8 74.2 14.2 12.1 489
Tharaka-Nithi 9.7 47.7 70.0 5.4 18.8 137
Embu 8.3 56.1 78.8 5.8 14.6 176
Kitui 4.5 22.8 83.3 1.5 14.4 312
Machakos 14.4 75.1 95.4 13.8 2.6 480
Makueni 4.8 47.0 88.5 3.0 8.5 279
Nyandarua 25.3 75.1 83.3 18.5 2.7 168
Nyeri 24.2 72.1 80.1 17.0 8.0 235
Kirinyaga 5.0 91.7 90.3 5.0 5.0 191
Murang’a 12.6 61.9 79.6 10.1 8.9 297
Kiambu 17.1 72.4 74.6 11.3 8.1 911
Turkana 7.2 26.2 30.3 0.8 49.3 111
West Pokot 12.4 47.3 95.0 11.0 4.6 150
Samburu 5.2 34.0 39.6 4.6 45.9 51
Trans Nzoia 17.3 56.5 68.4 12.8 17.1 272
Uasin Gishu 39.4 76.9 82.5 32.4 4.9 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 2.6 51.6 74.5 1.1 14.4 110
Nandi 26.9 80.5 93.6 25.2 4.1 265
Baringo 15.7 47.2 82.2 11.7 14.1 165
Laikipia 9.8 59.9 54.8 5.1 16.7 145
Nakuru 24.0 63.2 77.9 21.6 16.2 670
Narok 5.3 71.2 94.4 4.3 3.9 313
Kajiado 23.7 59.2 73.1 17.6 15.3 339
Kericho 15.9 42.9 68.5 14.1 28.1 330
Bomet 7.1 16.8 33.0 2.9 59.0 268
Kakamega 16.9 62.1 88.3 11.4 5.7 532
Vihiga 10.4 50.9 80.1 8.2 10.1 156
Bungoma 27.6 60.1 78.7 16.8 9.0 448
Busia 14.8 48.1 76.7 8.1 12.8 262
Siaya 33.7 62.2 79.2 24.5 12.4 227
Kisumu 6.7 24.7 70.3 6.4 28.0 345
Homa Bay 26.0 65.2 84.5 18.8 5.5 258
Migori 4.9 38.0 54.1 3.6 30.0 246
Kisii 6.8 48.9 87.8 5.1 9.0 326
Nyamira 13.1 39.5 76.3 8.8 19.2 133
Nairobi City 17.4 77.5 44.1 12.0 15.7 1,777
Total 15–49 16.2 59.6 71.1 11.8 15.0 13,652
Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever used the internet, and percentage who have used the internet in the last 12 months;
and among women who have used the internet in the last 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of internet use in the last month,
Among respondents who have used the internet in the last 12 months,
Used the percentage who, in the last month, used internet:
Ever internet in At least Less than
Background used the the last Almost once a once a
characteristic internet 12 months Number every day week week Not at all Total Number
Age
15–19 31.2 28.2 6,025 52.4 25.8 12.2 9.6 100.0 1,699
20–24 63.1 59.7 6,001 67.4 19.6 5.7 7.3 100.0 3,582
25–29 60.6 56.6 5,687 67.5 21.7 4.7 6.0 100.0 3,217
30–34 50.7 47.4 4,530 62.3 24.8 6.8 6.1 100.0 2,149
35–39 42.6 39.3 4,311 62.0 25.5 7.1 5.5 100.0 1,694
40–44 38.6 35.9 3,084 63.2 27.3 5.5 4.1 100.0 1,108
45–49 32.6 30.2 2,518 60.7 25.2 8.5 5.6 100.0 761
Residence
Urban 71.0 67.7 13,143 69.8 20.1 4.9 5.3 100.0 8,903
Rural 31.2 27.9 19,013 53.1 28.5 9.8 8.6 100.0 5,306
Education1
No education 6.5 6.0 1,770 59.8 24.1 6.3 9.8 100.0 106
Primary 22.6 19.2 11,687 40.4 36.1 12.4 11.1 100.0 2,242
Secondary 53.8 49.2 12,550 55.3 27.8 8.4 8.5 100.0 6,180
More than
secondary 93.6 92.4 6,150 81.7 13.2 2.6 2.5 100.0 5,681
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.1 6.2 5,019 29.7 35.0 16.2 19.1 100.0 312
Second 20.8 17.2 5,698 36.5 33.0 15.2 15.4 100.0 978
Middle 38.5 34.3 6,069 47.8 30.3 11.4 10.4 100.0 2,084
Fourth 61.1 56.3 7,139 58.7 27.4 7.3 6.6 100.0 4,017
Highest 84.7 82.8 8,231 76.6 16.7 3.3 3.4 100.0 6,818
Total 47.5 44.2 32,156 63.5 23.2 6.7 6.5 100.0 14,209
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges
and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.
Table 3.5.1C Internet usage by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever used the internet, and percentage who have used the internet in the last 12 months;
and among women who have used the internet in the last 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of internet use in the last month,
used the the last 12 Almost once a once a
County internet months Number every day week week Not at all Total Number
Mombasa 58.4 54.8 947 73.5 16.9 5.1 4.5 100.0 519
Kwale 27.1 26.8 498 61.9 28.9 8.2 1.0 100.0 134
Kilifi 26.1 24.6 928 69.0 24.3 3.7 3.0 100.0 229
Tana River 13.8 13.5 149 49.9 34.5 8.1 7.4 100.0 20
Lamu 36.9 34.4 101 60.0 25.7 6.4 7.9 100.0 35
Taita/Taveta 53.3 48.9 234 72.3 18.1 3.7 6.0 100.0 114
Garissa 34.4 34.0 290 69.6 11.3 9.5 9.6 100.0 99
Wajir 23.2 21.8 160 58.5 37.8 2.5 1.2 100.0 35
Mandera 10.1 9.9 206 76.7 12.6 0.0 10.8 100.0 20
Marsabit 11.2 10.3 129 72.5 25.1 2.4 0.0 100.0 13
Isiolo 35.5 31.9 137 51.8 32.5 5.9 9.8 100.0 44
Meru 45.5 37.0 979 51.5 23.5 6.5 18.6 100.0 362
Tharaka-Nithi 42.8 37.0 271 52.1 31.3 8.7 8.0 100.0 100
Embu 35.0 31.9 358 54.0 29.3 12.4 4.3 100.0 114
Kitui 27.5 23.3 735 69.9 23.4 2.0 4.8 100.0 171
Machakos 59.2 55.8 992 59.0 29.9 5.5 5.5 100.0 553
Makueni 36.9 35.9 683 67.4 28.7 2.3 1.7 100.0 245
Nyandarua 47.1 40.8 409 47.8 29.4 12.4 10.4 100.0 167
Nyeri 64.1 61.4 501 61.4 24.9 7.3 6.4 100.0 308
Kirinyaga 50.5 46.5 481 61.3 26.5 6.1 6.1 100.0 224
Murang’a 46.6 44.6 692 57.8 28.9 11.1 2.2 100.0 309
Kiambu 68.3 63.9 2,094 65.4 21.7 6.8 6.2 100.0 1,337
Turkana 14.1 12.9 331 50.4 31.1 13.5 5.0 100.0 43
West Pokot 17.3 15.8 384 70.2 17.7 11.7 0.4 100.0 61
Samburu 22.6 21.2 156 56.3 31.2 8.9 3.6 100.0 33
Trans Nzoia 48.2 44.1 675 59.1 20.8 9.3 10.7 100.0 297
Uasin Gishu 64.9 61.2 983 61.2 28.2 4.8 5.8 100.0 602
Elgeyo/Marakwet 32.3 28.1 228 61.3 24.8 11.6 2.3 100.0 64
Nandi 39.6 36.4 622 55.8 26.1 11.0 7.1 100.0 227
Baringo 33.8 29.6 378 64.4 26.1 6.9 2.6 100.0 112
Laikipia 44.0 42.5 332 61.8 28.3 4.0 5.9 100.0 141
Nakuru 60.5 56.4 1,658 59.2 22.9 5.4 12.6 100.0 935
Narok 29.7 26.9 718 55.1 26.5 7.8 10.6 100.0 193
Kajiado 67.2 62.8 887 68.5 21.1 4.9 5.5 100.0 556
Kericho 35.3 32.0 729 81.4 11.6 2.7 4.3 100.0 234
Bomet 22.7 21.0 650 43.7 35.5 14.1 6.8 100.0 137
Kakamega 36.8 34.4 1,283 53.7 26.6 9.3 10.4 100.0 442
Vihiga 37.0 31.4 371 53.2 27.5 13.7 5.6 100.0 116
Bungoma 36.4 31.9 1,138 62.7 19.2 5.1 13.0 100.0 363
Busia 26.7 24.5 622 56.7 25.2 9.1 9.0 100.0 152
Siaya 34.3 31.4 537 51.4 28.7 11.0 8.9 100.0 169
Kisumu 36.6 32.8 771 49.9 31.9 15.5 2.8 100.0 253
Homa Bay 35.5 32.3 662 47.0 30.2 9.6 13.2 100.0 214
Migori 24.4 21.9 674 45.9 34.1 11.9 8.1 100.0 148
Kisii 33.6 31.5 831 42.9 37.0 19.3 0.9 100.0 262
Nyamira 25.9 21.2 327 41.4 30.2 18.2 10.2 100.0 69
Nairobi City 79.0 76.4 4,235 74.4 17.3 4.2 4.1 100.0 3,236
Total 47.5 44.2 32,156 63.5 23.2 6.7 6.5 100.0 14,209
Table 3.5.2 Internet usage: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever used the internet, and percentage who have used the internet in the last 12 months;
and among men who have used the internet in the last 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of internet use in the last month,
Background used the the last 12 Almost once a once a
characteristic internet months Number every day week week Not at all Total Number
Age
15–19 40.8 37.7 3,175 51.2 28.2 12.0 8.6 100.0 1,197
20–24 76.1 72.3 2,404 71.6 19.0 4.8 4.6 100.0 1,739
25–29 78.2 75.1 2,268 74.3 15.1 6.2 4.4 100.0 1,704
30–34 68.4 63.8 1,787 73.4 15.4 5.8 5.4 100.0 1,140
35–39 58.9 54.7 1,577 72.6 17.3 5.6 4.5 100.0 863
40–44 49.3 45.0 1,332 64.3 23.5 8.2 4.1 100.0 600
45–49 42.3 38.8 1,109 68.9 20.8 7.9 2.4 100.0 430
Residence
Urban 82.4 80.0 5,382 77.0 14.3 4.5 4.2 100.0 4,306
Rural 45.2 40.7 8,270 58.0 25.7 10.0 6.3 100.0 3,366
Education1
No education 9.4 8.9 369 41.2 34.2 12.3 12.4 100.0 33
Primary 32.9 28.3 4,894 47.6 29.5 12.3 10.6 100.0 1,385
Secondary 68.8 64.3 5,592 62.1 23.8 8.4 5.7 100.0 3,599
More than
secondary 96.0 95.0 2,797 88.9 7.7 2.0 1.4 100.0 2,656
Wealth quintile
Lowest 25.9 21.3 2,062 40.4 37.7 13.2 8.7 100.0 438
Second 35.7 30.5 2,584 49.7 26.6 15.5 8.3 100.0 787
Middle 52.2 48.6 2,754 57.2 26.7 9.0 7.1 100.0 1,338
Fourth 77.4 73.9 3,325 67.0 19.9 7.2 5.9 100.0 2,459
Highest 92.4 90.5 2,927 86.3 9.8 2.1 1.9 100.0 2,650
Total 15–49 59.9 56.2 13,652 68.7 19.3 6.9 5.1 100.0 7,672
50–54 40.0 36.8 801 71.2 21.8 4.5 2.5 100.0 295
Total 15–54 58.8 55.1 14,453 68.8 19.4 6.8 5.0 100.0 7,967
1
Table 3.5.2C Internet usage by county: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever used the internet, and percentage who have used the internet in the last 12 months;
and among men who have used the internet in the last 12 months, percent distribution by frequency of internet use in the last month,
Ever used internet in At least Less than
the the last 12 Almost once a once a
County internet months Number every day week week Not at all Total Number
Mombasa 77.8 76.1 442 66.6 19.3 2.6 11.5 100.0 336
Kwale 55.0 52.2 209 45.3 32.5 9.4 12.8 100.0 109
Kilifi 56.5 49.0 405 63.8 22.9 11.7 1.6 100.0 199
Tana River 33.8 21.8 64 37.2 43.7 11.4 7.7 100.0 14
Lamu 62.1 60.6 41 62.4 5.3 6.4 25.9 100.0 25
Taita/Taveta 69.9 67.3 103 53.7 20.9 4.9 20.6 100.0 69
Garissa 51.3 51.3 117 77.7 22.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 60
Wajir 57.8 51.7 63 68.5 20.1 9.4 2.0 100.0 33
Mandera 32.9 32.9 81 51.6 34.4 14.0 0.0 100.0 27
Marsabit 41.8 38.5 45 34.9 59.4 5.8 0.0 100.0 17
Isiolo 75.1 69.6 55 58.0 25.9 6.4 9.6 100.0 38
Meru 46.1 37.3 489 60.9 22.6 6.7 9.8 100.0 182
Tharaka-Nithi 47.0 44.4 137 56.2 22.9 6.5 14.4 100.0 61
Embu 61.4 44.0 176 37.1 43.8 14.3 4.9 100.0 77
Kitui 39.8 34.7 312 53.4 28.7 16.1 1.8 100.0 108
Machakos 45.0 44.7 480 97.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 215
Makueni 37.4 36.8 279 55.3 29.7 11.9 3.1 100.0 102
Nyandarua 57.4 52.2 168 52.1 34.2 4.4 9.3 100.0 88
Nyeri 72.0 64.4 235 69.7 20.4 6.0 3.9 100.0 151
Kirinyaga 64.8 62.9 191 79.2 19.1 0.0 1.6 100.0 120
Murang’a 60.1 54.5 297 55.1 25.7 6.0 13.2 100.0 162
Kiambu 75.8 72.5 911 69.3 19.1 9.8 1.8 100.0 661
Turkana 19.0 19.0 111 (45.6) (46.3) (6.8) (1.3) 100.0 21
West Pokot 45.7 39.9 150 28.5 48.7 19.3 3.6 100.0 60
Samburu 56.1 52.5 51 50.7 32.2 12.0 5.1 100.0 27
Trans Nzoia 55.1 54.9 272 54.2 20.0 20.3 5.4 100.0 149
Uasin Gishu 80.6 76.5 451 67.2 19.4 4.7 8.7 100.0 345
Elgeyo/Marakwet 57.1 55.6 110 62.2 32.0 4.9 1.0 100.0 61
Nandi 57.3 47.9 265 79.6 11.6 6.4 2.4 100.0 127
Baringo 38.9 36.1 165 58.4 32.9 2.0 6.7 100.0 59
Laikipia 69.9 65.0 145 66.1 22.3 1.5 10.1 100.0 94
Nakuru 73.5 69.0 670 67.3 17.5 11.6 3.6 100.0 462
Narok 55.4 50.5 313 64.4 19.1 13.9 2.6 100.0 158
Kajiado 69.8 68.9 339 82.5 15.2 1.0 1.4 100.0 233
Kericho 47.9 46.0 330 68.2 18.6 13.2 0.0 100.0 152
Bomet 18.6 18.3 268 75.3 20.6 4.1 0.0 100.0 49
Kakamega 33.7 33.7 532 84.6 9.9 5.5 0.0 100.0 179
Vihiga 49.4 42.9 156 61.1 13.0 5.2 20.7 100.0 67
Bungoma 49.2 43.8 448 65.3 21.3 0.8 12.6 100.0 196
Busia 46.8 38.7 262 60.9 19.3 10.5 9.3 100.0 101
Siaya 46.3 41.6 227 53.7 24.1 13.3 8.9 100.0 95
Kisumu 51.7 45.8 345 27.0 46.2 20.3 6.5 100.0 158
Homa Bay 49.6 42.5 258 49.1 38.3 6.8 5.9 100.0 110
Migori 53.4 46.8 246 40.8 24.4 19.2 15.6 100.0 115
Kisii 49.8 48.4 326 58.6 30.8 9.6 1.0 100.0 158
Nyamira 36.3 34.3 133 56.0 27.8 16.2 0.0 100.0 45
Nairobi City 90.5 89.7 1,777 86.6 8.5 1.8 3.1 100.0 1,594
Total 15–49 59.9 56.2 13,652 68.7 19.3 6.9 5.1 100.0 7,672
Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by employment status, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Employed in the 12 months Not employed
before the survey in the
12 months
Background Currently Not currently before Number of
characteristic employed1 employed the survey Total women
Age
15–19 13.0 4.6 82.3 100.0 6,025
20–24 40.7 11.1 48.3 100.0 6,001
25–29 60.4 9.6 30.0 100.0 5,687
30–34 64.6 8.4 27.0 100.0 4,530
35–39 72.9 5.0 22.1 100.0 4,311
40–44 75.0 4.8 20.2 100.0 3,084
45–49 71.8 5.1 23.1 100.0 2,518
Marital status
Never married 31.4 6.8 61.8 100.0 10,438
Married or living
together 59.4 7.7 32.9 100.0 17,822
Divorced/separated/
widowed 76.6 7.0 16.4 100.0 3,897
Number of living
children
0 26.5 6.7 66.8 100.0 9,198
1–2 60.4 9.1 30.5 100.0 11,512
3–4 67.7 6.4 25.9 100.0 7,463
5+ 60.4 5.6 34.0 100.0 3,983
Residence
Urban 57.1 8.0 34.9 100.0 13,143
Rural 49.1 6.9 44.0 100.0 19,013
Education2
No education 31.2 5.2 63.6 100.0 1,770
Primary 56.9 6.9 36.3 100.0 11,687
Secondary 44.8 7.4 47.8 100.0 12,550
More than secondary 65.4 8.8 25.8 100.0 6,150
Wealth quintile
Lowest 37.7 6.4 55.8 100.0 5,019
Second 48.4 7.1 44.5 100.0 5,698
Middle 51.1 6.6 42.2 100.0 6,069
Fourth 55.5 8.5 36.0 100.0 7,139
Highest 62.4 7.6 30.0 100.0 8,231
Total 52.4 7.4 40.3 100.0 32,156
1
“Currently employed” is defined as having done work in the last 7 days. Includes persons who did not work
in the last 7 days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness, vacation, or
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary
includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individual who reported vocational
training as the highest education level attended.
Table 3.6.1C Employment status by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by employment status, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
before the survey in the
12 months
Currently Not currently before Number of
County employed1 employed the survey Total women
Mombasa 51.4 5.5 43.1 100.0 947
Kwale 23.7 2.9 73.4 100.0 498
Kilifi 38.7 9.1 52.1 100.0 928
Tana River 22.0 2.9 75.2 100.0 149
Lamu 47.0 4.0 49.0 100.0 101
Taita/Taveta 49.9 6.5 43.6 100.0 234
Garissa 19.0 1.6 79.4 100.0 290
Wajir 14.8 1.7 83.5 100.0 160
Mandera 5.1 0.5 94.4 100.0 206
Marsabit 6.2 0.9 92.9 100.0 129
Isiolo 33.4 3.0 63.6 100.0 137
Meru 67.2 10.2 22.6 100.0 979
Tharaka-Nithi 57.7 7.9 34.4 100.0 271
Embu 63.8 5.0 31.2 100.0 358
Kitui 36.9 2.9 60.2 100.0 735
Machakos 48.2 5.7 46.1 100.0 992
Makueni 36.5 7.1 56.4 100.0 683
Nyandarua 65.4 6.3 28.3 100.0 409
Nyeri 66.8 5.8 27.4 100.0 501
Kirinyaga 69.8 5.8 24.4 100.0 481
Murang’a 56.2 7.6 36.2 100.0 692
Kiambu 62.6 8.1 29.4 100.0 2,094
Turkana 51.7 8.3 40.0 100.0 331
West Pokot 20.2 5.8 74.0 100.0 384
Samburu 30.8 5.2 64.0 100.0 156
Trans Nzoia 41.0 9.7 49.2 100.0 675
Uasin Gishu 52.1 12.4 35.5 100.0 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 41.8 3.8 54.4 100.0 228
Nandi 55.5 7.0 37.5 100.0 622
Baringo 63.7 3.7 32.6 100.0 378
Laikipia 61.7 5.4 32.9 100.0 332
Nakuru 57.4 7.9 34.8 100.0 1,658
Narok 44.0 7.1 48.9 100.0 718
Kajiado 56.9 7.9 35.2 100.0 887
Kericho 72.8 3.3 24.0 100.0 729
Bomet 60.9 7.7 31.4 100.0 650
Kakamega 46.8 7.7 45.4 100.0 1,283
Vihiga 42.0 2.0 56.0 100.0 371
Bungoma 56.0 6.5 37.5 100.0 1,138
Busia 54.8 8.2 37.0 100.0 622
Siaya 40.0 3.3 56.8 100.0 537
Kisumu 38.4 9.2 52.3 100.0 771
Homa Bay 60.3 4.6 35.1 100.0 662
Migori 58.0 7.8 34.3 100.0 674
Kisii 63.0 8.4 28.6 100.0 831
Nyamira 63.9 7.8 28.3 100.0 327
Nairobi City 57.3 10.8 32.0 100.0 4,235
Total 52.4 7.4 40.3 100.0 32,156
1
Table 3.6.2 Employment status: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by employment status, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
before the survey in the 12
Background Currently Not currently months before Number
characteristic employed1 employed the survey Total of men
Age
15–19 36.9 5.6 57.5 100.0 3,175
20–24 71.4 5.5 23.1 100.0 2,404
25–29 90.5 3.3 6.3 100.0 2,268
30–34 96.5 1.7 1.8 100.0 1,787
35–39 96.4 1.0 2.6 100.0 1,577
40–44 95.7 1.6 2.7 100.0 1,332
45–49 96.3 1.3 2.4 100.0 1,109
Marital status
Never married 56.6 5.5 37.9 100.0 6,576
Married or living
together 96.6 1.2 2.2 100.0 6,257
Divorced/separated/
widowed 92.9 3.8 3.3 100.0 819
Number of living
children
0 57.5 5.5 37.0 100.0 6,711
1–2 96.2 1.3 2.5 100.0 3,550
3–4 96.6 1.5 1.9 100.0 2,208
5+ 94.9 1.6 3.5 100.0 1,183
Residence
Urban 79.4 3.2 17.4 100.0 5,382
Rural 75.6 3.6 20.8 100.0 8,270
Education2
No education 78.0 3.2 18.7 100.0 369
Primary 81.4 2.4 16.3 100.0 4,894
Secondary 69.9 3.9 26.2 100.0 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 71.9 3.7 24.4 100.0 2,062
Second 74.6 4.2 21.2 100.0 2,584
Middle 76.9 3.6 19.5 100.0 2,754
Fourth 80.5 2.3 17.2 100.0 3,325
Highest 79.4 3.7 16.9 100.0 2,927
Total 15–49 77.1 3.4 19.5 100.0 13,652
50–54 96.0 1.4 2.6 100.0 801
Total 15–54 78.2 3.3 18.5 100.0 14,453
1
2
includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational
Table 3.6.2C Employment status by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by employment status, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
before the survey in the 12
Currently Not currently months before Number
County employed1 employed the survey Total of men
Mombasa 80.3 1.5 18.1 100.0 442
Kwale 69.5 3.2 27.3 100.0 209
Kilifi 81.1 4.6 14.4 100.0 405
Tana River 65.0 2.2 32.9 100.0 64
Lamu 80.9 2.1 17.0 100.0 41
Taita/Taveta 81.7 2.2 16.1 100.0 103
Garissa 67.3 0.9 31.8 100.0 117
Wajir 46.6 13.2 40.2 100.0 63
Mandera 42.4 7.3 50.3 100.0 81
Marsabit 49.4 3.3 47.3 100.0 45
Isiolo 80.6 4.3 15.1 100.0 55
Meru 70.5 6.4 23.1 100.0 489
Tharaka-Nithi 96.9 2.1 0.9 100.0 137
Embu 82.1 3.9 14.0 100.0 176
Kitui 74.5 3.7 21.9 100.0 312
Machakos 70.2 0.5 29.3 100.0 480
Makueni 65.9 6.0 28.1 100.0 279
Nyandarua 87.2 5.4 7.3 100.0 168
Nyeri 79.7 1.0 19.3 100.0 235
Kirinyaga 87.0 0.3 12.6 100.0 191
Murang’a 80.8 1.1 18.0 100.0 297
Kiambu 86.6 3.8 9.6 100.0 911
Turkana 34.7 4.2 61.1 100.0 111
West Pokot 77.9 14.5 7.7 100.0 150
Samburu 74.3 3.7 22.1 100.0 51
Trans Nzoia 72.8 2.5 24.6 100.0 272
Uasin Gishu 86.0 8.7 5.3 100.0 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 72.2 0.9 26.9 100.0 110
Nandi 70.5 1.1 28.4 100.0 265
Baringo 75.8 0.6 23.6 100.0 165
Laikipia 90.0 6.2 3.8 100.0 145
Nakuru 72.1 2.4 25.5 100.0 670
Narok 92.6 2.3 5.2 100.0 313
Kajiado 78.2 0.5 21.3 100.0 339
Kericho 85.8 5.9 8.4 100.0 330
Bomet 80.1 1.8 18.1 100.0 268
Kakamega 96.6 0.3 3.1 100.0 532
Vihiga 71.1 6.4 22.5 100.0 156
Bungoma 66.9 0.9 32.2 100.0 448
Busia 65.1 2.5 32.4 100.0 262
Siaya 61.8 7.4 30.8 100.0 227
Kisumu 57.3 9.7 33.1 100.0 345
Homa Bay 94.4 4.8 0.7 100.0 258
Migori 92.5 3.2 4.3 100.0 246
Kisii 63.0 1.6 35.4 100.0 326
Nyamira 61.4 0.5 38.1 100.0 133
Nairobi City 78.6 3.0 18.4 100.0 1,777
Total 15–49 77.1 3.4 19.5 100.0 13,652
1
“Currently employed” is defined as having done work in the last 7 days. Includes persons who did not
work in the last 7 days but who are regularly employed and were absent from work for leave, illness,
vacation, or any other such reason.

Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 employed in the 12 months before the survey by occupation, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Secre- Skilled
Legis- Tech- tarial, Service farm, Plant and
lators, nicians clerical workers, fishery, machine
adminis- and services, shop and wildlife, Craft and operators
trators, associate and market and related and Elemen-
Background and Profes- profes- related sales related trades assem- tary occu- Number of
characteristic managers sionals sionals workers workers workers workers blers pations Missing Total women
Age
15–19 5.5 2.7 1.4 0.6 17.4 36.4 1.1 0.4 33.1 1.5 100.0 1,064
20–24 8.7 5.0 6.1 3.8 26.4 14.8 1.3 0.8 28.3 4.7 100.0 3,105
25–29 11.1 6.3 11.8 2.5 23.8 15.6 1.2 0.6 23.8 3.3 100.0 3,981
30–34 12.7 5.9 8.9 1.9 21.6 20.7 1.0 0.7 24.3 2.5 100.0 3,306
35–39 10.0 6.9 8.1 1.6 21.8 22.4 1.5 1.2 24.6 1.7 100.0 3,358
40–44 11.0 4.8 8.6 1.6 16.5 28.2 1.6 1.3 24.9 1.5 100.0 2,461
45–49 9.0 6.3 8.1 1.2 14.0 32.9 1.0 0.4 25.3 1.8 100.0 1,938
Marital status
Never married 8.9 6.7 8.7 3.3 20.9 16.4 1.3 0.8 28.2 4.9 100.0 3,987
Married or living
together 11.1 5.7 9.1 1.9 20.9 25.4 1.2 0.7 21.9 2.1 100.0 11,967
Divorced/separated/
widowed 8.7 4.5 5.2 1.6 22.9 16.5 1.5 1.4 35.8 2.0 100.0 3,259
Number of living
children
0 9.6 7.9 9.0 4.0 21.0 16.2 1.4 0.6 24.8 5.5 100.0 3,055
1–2 11.1 6.2 11.0 2.6 25.3 15.3 1.1 0.7 24.0 2.6 100.0 8,000
3–4 10.7 4.9 6.8 1.0 19.6 27.3 1.2 1.1 25.7 1.9 100.0 5,529
5+ 7.7 3.3 2.9 0.6 12.6 38.3 1.9 0.9 30.7 1.0 100.0 2,629
Residence
Urban 12.0 6.9 9.9 3.1 29.0 4.1 1.4 1.2 28.1 4.3 100.0 8,561
Rural 8.9 4.8 7.1 1.3 15.0 36.5 1.1 0.5 23.5 1.4 100.0 10,652
Education
No education 13.7 1.3 1.1 0.7 22.2 24.0 1.9 2.1 32.4 0.7 100.0 644
Primary 7.8 3.9 0.6 0.6 16.6 32.8 1.6 0.8 34.3 1.2 100.0 7,448
Secondary 11.6 4.0 3.6 1.9 26.7 21.6 1.1 0.9 26.4 2.2 100.0 6,556
More than secondary 11.9 11.8 28.9 5.1 20.7 4.9 0.9 0.6 9.1 6.0 100.0 4,565
Wealth quintile
Lowest 6.4 2.8 1.5 0.6 12.9 40.3 2.0 0.7 32.1 0.8 100.0 2,217
Second 6.7 3.7 3.6 0.6 12.2 44.1 1.0 1.0 26.1 1.0 100.0 3,165
Middle 9.8 5.0 6.0 1.3 18.2 33.0 1.3 0.8 23.1 1.5 100.0 3,505
Fourth 12.2 5.4 10.2 2.2 25.1 12.8 1.1 0.9 27.3 2.9 100.0 4,569
Highest 12.4 8.7 13.6 4.0 28.1 3.5 1.2 0.8 22.9 4.8 100.0 5,757
Total 10.3 5.7 8.4 2.1 21.2 22.0 1.3 0.8 25.5 2.6 100.0 19,213
1
includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 3.7.1C Occupation by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 employed in the 12 months before the survey by occupation, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Secre- Skilled
and Profes- profess- related sales related trades assem- tary occu- Number of
County managers sionals sionals workers workers workers workers blers pations Missing Total women
Mombasa 15.3 10.7 9.0 2.3 29.2 1.0 0.2 1.4 28.7 2.3 100.0 538
Kwale 20.5 9.2 7.8 3.3 30.7 2.9 0.7 0.0 19.7 5.2 100.0 132
Kilifi 14.2 7.0 5.9 3.7 21.8 7.2 1.0 0.4 33.7 5.0 100.0 444
Tana River 11.2 6.3 4.9 2.2 12.6 23.2 1.2 0.0 38.5 0.0 100.0 37
Lamu 8.1 11.8 6.3 1.6 17.7 26.4 2.9 0.6 23.3 1.3 100.0 52
Taita/Taveta 10.0 6.0 10.5 3.8 19.5 16.5 2.1 0.3 30.4 1.0 100.0 132
Garissa 9.1 6.7 10.5 1.7 22.1 0.0 1.3 4.1 39.9 4.7 100.0 60
Wajir 24.5 7.4 6.3 0.9 24.4 6.3 2.5 0.0 24.6 3.1 100.0 26
Mandera (27.9) (4.1) (4.6) (4.6) (12.8) (3.7) (6.5) (0.0) (33.9) (1.9) 100.0 11
Marsabit (33.8) (5.5) (19.1) (2.7) (17.4) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (21.5) (0.0) 100.0 9
Isiolo 18.0 6.5 11.6 2.4 19.0 6.8 0.3 0.6 34.3 0.5 100.0 50
Meru 7.7 3.9 5.5 1.1 14.8 45.2 0.1 0.8 20.2 0.7 100.0 757
Tharaka-Nithi 7.1 3.7 8.9 1.8 19.8 35.7 0.5 0.3 20.0 2.1 100.0 177
Embu 27.0 5.0 6.3 2.5 8.6 32.4 0.2 0.7 15.2 2.0 100.0 247
Kitui 16.3 7.4 10.3 4.7 19.5 15.3 0.6 0.0 24.9 1.1 100.0 292
Machakos 19.8 7.3 9.4 2.4 25.0 7.2 0.5 1.8 24.0 2.8 100.0 534
Makueni 15.2 4.0 11.5 2.4 24.5 6.3 0.2 0.1 34.3 1.6 100.0 298
Nyandarua 10.3 3.4 4.3 0.5 12.0 52.3 0.4 0.3 15.9 0.6 100.0 293
Nyeri 16.6 6.7 9.8 3.0 16.6 23.2 1.3 0.3 19.8 2.7 100.0 364
Kirinyaga 10.9 4.7 6.0 2.8 21.7 19.8 1.3 0.0 31.0 1.9 100.0 364
Murang’a 6.4 5.7 5.5 0.8 17.9 31.6 1.3 0.3 29.1 1.4 100.0 442
Kiambu 9.2 5.2 7.5 1.8 23.1 14.3 1.7 0.7 31.9 4.8 100.0 1,479
Turkana 7.7 2.1 7.0 0.2 39.2 9.4 4.2 5.6 22.8 1.9 100.0 199
West Pokot 10.9 5.1 15.2 1.6 21.3 40.4 0.7 0.5 3.8 0.4 100.0 100
Samburu 22.2 2.7 9.1 1.6 24.9 2.9 3.2 0.9 32.2 0.3 100.0 56
Trans Nzoia 6.1 5.9 11.6 1.6 19.6 7.8 0.6 1.3 43.4 2.2 100.0 342
Uasin Gishu 9.3 7.5 10.5 5.0 23.3 14.6 2.0 1.3 22.7 3.9 100.0 634
Elgeyo/Marakwet 9.9 4.7 18.4 0.7 9.6 43.6 0.0 0.0 13.1 0.0 100.0 104
Nandi 8.3 2.9 7.8 0.8 15.8 53.3 0.6 0.0 10.5 0.1 100.0 389
Baringo 19.9 3.0 10.0 0.3 12.7 26.8 0.6 0.4 24.4 1.9 100.0 255
Laikipia 3.9 2.2 5.5 1.7 24.0 27.9 1.1 0.3 29.8 3.4 100.0 223
Nakuru 8.9 6.4 6.5 2.3 21.8 20.9 0.6 0.2 28.3 4.0 100.0 1,082
Narok 12.5 3.7 10.7 0.8 17.4 32.4 2.5 0.0 19.2 0.8 100.0 367
Kajiado 14.7 8.9 10.4 2.6 24.9 3.7 1.7 0.5 30.0 2.5 100.0 575
Kericho 11.1 2.1 7.7 1.4 4.5 61.7 0.1 0.0 8.8 2.6 100.0 554
Bomet 2.8 3.5 7.1 0.9 9.3 60.5 0.9 0.6 13.4 1.2 100.0 446
Kakamega 6.3 15.5 8.4 2.1 14.1 22.2 1.3 1.1 26.7 2.4 100.0 700
Vihiga 4.7 4.0 9.2 0.4 16.6 15.5 2.5 0.3 45.8 1.1 100.0 163
Bungoma 8.0 5.4 9.9 1.1 18.1 21.0 0.9 0.4 33.6 1.5 100.0 711
Busia 9.5 2.6 5.2 0.5 16.3 44.6 2.9 0.3 17.5 0.6 100.0 392
Siaya 6.2 11.4 10.2 1.7 20.7 19.4 3.4 1.0 26.0 0.1 100.0 232
Kisumu 13.3 3.1 7.8 3.8 29.4 3.9 2.1 0.9 32.9 2.9 100.0 368
Homa Bay 13.6 5.1 8.4 0.8 23.5 28.6 2.1 0.8 15.3 1.7 100.0 430
Migori 4.9 5.0 5.0 1.1 10.8 36.5 1.9 0.4 33.9 0.4 100.0 443
Kisii 4.7 4.5 6.5 0.6 16.8 53.2 0.0 0.5 12.3 1.0 100.0 593
Nyamira 6.1 0.3 5.6 0.9 11.0 59.4 0.3 0.1 15.9 0.5 100.0 234
Nairobi City 9.3 5.4 10.2 3.4 32.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 28.5 4.9 100.0 2,882
Total 10.3 5.7 8.4 2.1 21.2 22.0 1.3 0.8 25.5 2.6 100.0 19,213

Table 3.7.2 Occupation: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 employed in the 12 months before the survey by occupation, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Secre- Skilled
Background and Profes- profess- related sales related trades assem- tary occu- Number
characteristic managers sionals sionals workers workers workers workers blers pations Missing Total of men
Age
15–19 2.6 1.0 1.5 0.4 4.7 27.6 8.3 8.6 42.8 2.5 100.0 1,349
20–24 6.7 2.5 6.0 1.2 8.2 16.0 12.8 10.9 30.3 5.4 100.0 1,850
25–29 5.5 7.2 9.7 1.1 12.8 11.6 11.2 13.4 23.1 4.4 100.0 2,126
30–34 4.5 6.5 8.0 1.6 12.7 13.2 13.0 12.0 23.9 4.5 100.0 1,755
35–39 4.8 5.1 7.7 1.4 11.7 19.5 10.9 13.7 22.8 2.4 100.0 1,537
40–44 5.1 3.5 6.3 1.1 12.4 22.4 12.1 10.4 24.4 2.4 100.0 1,295
45–49 4.0 4.0 8.8 1.0 9.9 27.5 11.2 6.6 23.8 3.3 100.0 1,082
Marital status
Never married 5.3 4.1 5.5 0.8 8.1 19.1 10.0 8.6 33.6 4.7 100.0 4,081
Married or living
together 4.8 5.1 8.5 1.5 11.9 18.1 12.2 12.6 21.9 3.4 100.0 6,121
Divorced/separated/
widowed 2.9 2.2 4.0 0.3 11.9 18.1 13.2 13.4 33.2 0.8 100.0 792
Number of living
children
0 5.0 4.4 5.7 1.0 8.0 18.8 9.9 8.7 33.1 5.5 100.0 4,226
1–2 5.3 6.1 9.3 1.6 13.2 13.2 12.1 13.1 23.4 2.8 100.0 3,460
3–4 4.2 3.2 6.7 1.0 11.5 21.5 13.2 13.6 22.6 2.5 100.0 2,166
5+ 4.5 2.5 5.8 0.6 10.0 27.8 12.2 10.0 24.2 2.4 100.0 1,142
Residence
Urban 6.8 7.9 9.4 2.1 16.3 5.0 12.2 11.6 22.6 6.1 100.0 4,444
Rural 3.6 2.2 5.4 0.5 6.6 27.7 10.9 10.9 30.1 2.1 100.0 6,550
Education1
No education 2.8 1.8 2.0 0.1 8.5 25.4 7.4 7.9 42.7 1.5 100.0 300
Primary 3.2 1.1 2.2 0.4 7.4 23.9 13.4 11.6 35.1 1.7 100.0 4,097
Secondary 5.1 2.2 3.5 1.0 12.2 19.2 13.0 13.8 27.1 2.9 100.0 4,128
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.4 1.0 2.3 0.1 4.7 30.2 8.7 8.9 40.2 1.5 100.0 1,558
Second 2.4 1.1 3.4 0.5 6.6 28.5 11.3 12.2 32.4 1.7 100.0 2,035
Middle 4.5 1.9 4.9 1.1 7.8 22.8 14.0 11.0 29.5 2.5 100.0 2,218
Fourth 5.8 4.7 9.0 1.2 11.9 13.5 13.9 12.5 24.7 2.9 100.0 2,752
Highest 7.8 11.7 12.9 2.4 18.5 4.3 8.2 10.6 14.6 8.9 100.0 2,431
Total 15–49 4.9 4.5 7.0 1.1 10.5 18.5 11.5 11.2 27.0 3.7 100.0 10,994
50–54 5.6 6.3 8.4 1.8 12.0 26.4 11.1 3.3 22.9 2.1 100.0 780
Total 15–54 4.9 4.6 7.1 1.2 10.6 19.0 11.4 10.7 26.8 3.6 100.0 11,774
1

Table 3.7.2C Occupation by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 employed in the 12 months before the survey by occupation, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Secre- Skilled
and Profes- profess- related sales related trades assem- tary occu- Number
County managers sionals sionals workers workers workers workers blers pations Missing Total of men
Mombasa 7.3 8.4 8.8 2.3 12.1 2.7 16.0 14.3 25.1 3.0 100.0 362
Kwale 5.8 2.7 4.3 1.9 18.5 14.1 9.1 12.6 26.6 4.4 100.0 152
Kilifi 2.5 2.5 11.4 0.8 10.4 14.0 12.8 15.2 24.8 5.6 100.0 347
Tana River 3.5 2.4 1.9 0.0 9.8 25.9 6.4 8.7 40.0 1.4 100.0 43
Lamu 6.5 1.0 5.2 3.3 7.5 34.7 12.6 8.5 18.5 2.2 100.0 34
Taita/Taveta 5.9 5.7 5.6 0.0 4.8 17.1 14.9 7.7 38.2 0.0 100.0 87
Garissa 7.6 5.0 8.1 0.3 17.9 1.4 3.9 22.2 33.4 0.1 100.0 80
Wajir 10.9 8.5 19.7 0.7 7.4 0.6 2.9 16.9 32.4 0.0 100.0 38
Mandera 11.2 4.1 8.2 0.0 7.8 6.1 9.3 14.9 32.7 5.7 100.0 40
Marsabit 2.9 3.2 10.1 0.0 15.3 2.7 0.6 21.3 41.0 2.9 100.0 24
Isiolo 4.3 7.1 9.7 0.5 17.4 4.0 5.8 13.9 36.6 0.6 100.0 47
Meru 8.0 2.6 3.8 0.6 6.7 14.6 11.1 5.8 46.5 0.4 100.0 376
Tharaka-Nithi 0.7 2.3 5.3 0.3 15.5 22.3 12.2 6.8 30.6 4.1 100.0 136
Embu 3.1 4.3 7.7 0.0 15.2 23.6 9.7 10.7 23.2 2.5 100.0 151
Kitui 10.6 1.3 4.2 0.0 9.2 3.1 9.3 8.1 51.3 2.9 100.0 244
Machakos 3.8 8.3 4.4 1.3 9.1 9.9 22.4 9.4 27.5 3.9 100.0 340
Makueni 3.2 3.3 3.8 0.3 7.9 6.9 5.4 13.7 54.1 1.4 100.0 200
Nyandarua 6.7 1.6 6.2 0.1 4.5 37.4 12.9 5.9 23.6 1.0 100.0 156
Nyeri 1.2 3.7 8.5 0.8 14.4 28.7 21.9 10.6 8.2 1.9 100.0 189
Kirinyaga 0.5 3.2 6.4 0.8 17.6 15.9 8.2 4.5 43.1 0.0 100.0 167
Murang’a 4.3 1.4 3.4 0.0 4.3 28.8 15.5 6.5 32.9 2.9 100.0 243
Kiambu 6.5 4.8 6.3 0.7 12.9 16.5 14.8 13.3 18.7 5.3 100.0 824
Turkana 2.4 4.3 3.0 2.4 20.7 24.7 12.8 11.5 15.8 2.5 100.0 43
West Pokot 9.1 1.2 3.1 0.2 6.4 42.3 5.6 7.0 24.5 0.5 100.0 138
Samburu 5.4 5.4 10.8 0.0 15.5 14.1 4.9 7.8 30.4 5.8 100.0 40
Trans Nzoia 2.4 6.6 8.3 0.8 6.7 8.0 9.9 16.5 39.0 1.6 100.0 205
Uasin Gishu 2.0 2.7 9.5 2.6 10.0 24.8 16.8 5.4 16.3 9.9 100.0 427
Elgeyo/Marakwet 6.1 1.7 9.8 0.1 2.8 52.1 5.8 6.2 10.4 5.0 100.0 81
Nandi 2.5 2.2 9.5 0.9 6.0 37.7 14.4 9.6 14.8 2.3 100.0 190
Baringo 0.2 2.9 5.9 0.7 10.0 33.8 8.2 10.3 28.0 0.0 100.0 126
Laikipia 2.8 5.4 4.0 1.2 10.3 22.6 3.7 7.5 36.6 5.9 100.0 140
Nakuru 5.0 2.3 8.6 1.2 14.7 35.2 10.5 12.1 6.8 3.6 100.0 499
Narok 11.1 0.9 4.5 0.7 4.6 42.2 4.9 10.2 18.2 2.7 100.0 297
Kajiado 3.7 8.4 9.9 0.6 14.5 10.5 15.9 12.7 21.6 2.2 100.0 267
Kericho 2.1 2.0 5.9 1.4 11.0 25.2 4.4 10.4 35.8 1.7 100.0 302
Bomet 4.9 2.0 7.9 0.1 7.5 36.8 5.7 11.7 22.8 0.4 100.0 220
Kakamega 1.3 3.3 6.5 0.5 6.3 12.5 9.9 25.5 32.2 1.9 100.0 516
Vihiga 5.4 3.6 7.5 0.5 6.0 24.8 23.1 6.7 20.8 1.7 100.0 121
Bungoma 1.3 5.2 6.6 0.6 9.9 10.9 15.4 8.5 40.3 1.3 100.0 304
Busia 4.3 1.8 7.3 1.3 3.6 28.4 26.3 12.5 13.3 1.2 100.0 177
Siaya 0.9 5.0 2.7 3.2 4.5 29.9 18.7 12.8 20.4 1.9 100.0 157
Kisumu 4.4 6.8 3.9 0.0 4.8 5.9 5.7 16.6 51.2 0.6 100.0 231
Homa Bay 0.9 4.0 4.1 1.3 7.4 36.0 13.3 9.3 22.5 1.4 100.0 256
Migori 2.0 4.4 1.7 0.4 5.9 38.1 12.9 11.5 21.9 1.2 100.0 235
Kisii 8.8 1.7 9.9 0.7 3.1 27.0 7.5 13.2 26.8 1.1 100.0 211
Nyamira 9.9 2.3 7.4 0.0 4.8 26.2 9.0 12.3 24.3 3.6 100.0 82
Nairobi City 7.6 9.1 10.0 2.9 17.4 1.3 7.1 8.6 26.3 9.6 100.0 1,450
Total 15–49 4.9 4.5 7.0 1.1 10.5 18.5 11.5 11.2 27.0 3.7 100.0 10,994

Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 employed in the 12 months before the survey by type of earnings, type of
employer, and continuity of employment, according to type of employment (agricultural or nonagricultural), Kenya DHS
2022
Employment Agricultural Nonagricultural
characteristic work work Missing Total
Type of earnings
Cash only 52.1 87.9 92.5 79.0
Cash and in-kind 6.3 2.9 1.0 3.7
In-kind only 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.5
Not paid 40.8 8.8 6.2 16.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Type of employer
Employed by family
member 12.3 2.7 2.5 5.1
Employed by nonfamily
member 36.9 53.6 61.4 49.6
Self-employed 50.9 43.7 36.1 45.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Continuity of employment
All year 41.2 68.9 70.6 61.9
Seasonal 39.3 17.8 19.5 23.3
Occasional 19.6 13.3 10.0 14.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women employed
during the last 12 months 4,872 13,833 508 19,213
Note: Total includes women with information missing on type of employment who are not shown separately.
Table 3.9.1 Tobacco smoking: Women

Percentage of women age 15–49 who smoke various tobacco products, according to background
characteristics and maternity status, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who smoke:1
Background Other type of Any type of Number of
characteristic Cigarettes2 tobacco3 tobacco women
Age
15–19 0.3 0.0 0.3 3,125
20–24 0.9 0.3 1.0 3,063
25–29 0.7 0.3 0.8 2,916
30–34 0.6 0.1 0.7 2,364
35–39 0.3 0.0 0.3 2,288
40–44 1.0 0.1 1.0 1,615
45–49 1.6 0.0 1.6 1,346
Residence
Urban 1.0 0.2 1.0 6,850
Rural 0.5 0.0 0.6 9,866
Education4
No education 1.9 0.1 2.0 920
Primary 0.7 0.0 0.7 6,107
Secondary 0.4 0.1 0.4 6,481
More than secondary 0.9 0.4 1.0 3,208
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.8 0.0 0.8 2,599
Second 0.3 0.0 0.3 2,974
Middle 0.6 0.1 0.6 3,086
Fourth 0.9 0.1 0.9 3,729
Highest 0.9 0.3 0.9 4,328
Total 0.7 0.1 0.8 16,716
1
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) use.
2
Cigarettes include kreteks.
3
Includes pipes full of tobacco, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes.
4

Table 3.9.1C Tobacco smoking by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who smoke various tobacco products, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage who smoke:1
Other type of Any type of Number of
County Cigarettes2 tobacco3 tobacco women
Mombasa 2.0 0.5 2.3 493
Kwale 0.6 0.0 0.6 260
Kilifi 1.5 0.1 1.5 489
Tana River 0.0 0.0 0.0 79
Lamu 1.0 0.3 1.0 54
Taita/Taveta 1.6 0.4 1.6 122
Garissa 2.1 0.0 2.1 163
Wajir 0.0 0.0 0.0 90
Mandera 0.0 0.0 0.0 113
Marsabit 5.7 0.2 5.7 72
Isiolo 0.4 0.0 0.4 76
Meru 0.3 0.0 0.3 488
Tharaka-Nithi 0.1 0.0 0.1 131
Embu 0.0 0.0 0.0 180
Kitui 0.0 0.0 0.0 373
Machakos 0.4 0.0 0.4 544
Makueni 0.0 0.0 0.0 356
Nyandarua 0.4 0.0 0.4 225
Nyeri 1.6 0.0 1.6 261
Kirinyaga 0.0 0.0 0.0 262
Murang’a 1.1 0.5 1.7 339
Kiambu 1.1 0.5 1.1 1,095
Turkana 3.9 0.8 4.7 172
West Pokot 0.7 0.0 0.7 197
Samburu 2.2 0.0 2.2 79
Trans Nzoia 0.0 0.0 0.0 359
Uasin Gishu 1.2 0.0 1.2 527
Nandi 0.0 0.0 0.0 332
Baringo 0.4 0.0 0.4 193
Laikipia 0.6 0.0 0.6 173
Nakuru 0.8 0.0 0.8 862
Narok 0.0 0.0 0.0 374
Kajiado 0.7 0.0 0.7 451
Kericho 0.3 0.0 0.3 372
Bomet 0.0 0.0 0.0 327
Kakamega 0.4 0.0 0.4 652
Vihiga 0.5 0.0 0.5 201
Bungoma 0.8 0.0 0.8 572
Busia 0.3 0.0 0.3 336
Siaya 0.0 0.0 0.0 275
Kisumu 0.0 0.0 0.0 396
Homa Bay 0.4 0.6 0.9 344
Migori 0.2 0.0 0.2 350
Kisii 0.1 0.0 0.1 463
Nyamira 0.4 0.0 0.4 168
Nairobi City 1.1 0.3 1.1 2,157
Total 0.7 0.1 0.8 16,716
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short
questionnaire.
1
Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) use
2
Cigarettes include kreteks.
3
Includes pipes full of tobacco, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes.

Table 3.9.2 Tobacco smoking: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who smoke various tobacco products, and percent distribution of men by smoking frequency, according to
Percentage who smoke:1 Smoking frequency
Background Other type of Any type of Daily Occasional Number of
characteristic Cigarettes2 tobacco3 tobacco smoker smoker4 Non-smoker Total men
Age
15–19 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.5 0.7 98.8 100.0 3,175
20–24 5.2 0.6 5.6 2.9 2.7 94.4 100.0 2,404
25–29 8.2 1.3 9.1 5.0 4.1 90.9 100.0 2,268
30–34 14.6 0.9 14.7 10.4 4.5 85.1 100.0 1,787
35–39 18.4 0.6 18.6 13.0 5.7 81.3 100.0 1,577
40–44 21.3 0.6 21.4 17.4 4.0 78.6 100.0 1,332
45–49 25.9 1.2 26.3 21.7 4.6 73.7 100.0 1,109
Residence
Urban 8.8 0.8 9.2 5.7 3.5 90.8 100.0 5,382
Rural 12.0 0.6 12.3 9.1 3.2 87.7 100.0 8,270
Education5
No education 13.6 0.3 13.8 8.7 5.1 86.2 100.0 369
Primary 17.3 1.1 17.6 13.3 4.4 82.3 100.0 4,894
Secondary 7.5 0.5 7.8 5.3 2.4 92.2 100.0 5,592
More than secondary 5.4 0.6 5.8 2.9 3.0 94.1 100.0 2,797
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.1 1.1 16.8 12.0 4.8 83.2 100.0 2,062
Second 13.3 0.6 13.5 10.6 3.0 86.5 100.0 2,584
Middle 10.9 1.0 11.1 7.9 3.3 88.8 100.0 2,754
Fourth 10.2 0.7 10.5 7.1 3.5 89.4 100.0 3,325
Highest 5.3 0.3 5.4 3.0 2.5 94.5 100.0 2,927
Total 15–49 10.7 0.7 11.1 7.8 3.3 88.9 100.0 13,652
50–54 27.9 0.7 28.1 23.3 4.8 71.9 100.0 801
Total 15–54 11.7 0.7 12.0 8.6 3.4 88.0 100.0 14,453
1
2
Includes manufactured cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes, and kreteks
3
Includes pipes, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes.
4
Occasional refers to less often than daily use.
5

Table 3.9.2C Tobacco smoking by county: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who smoke various tobacco products, and percent distribution of men by smoking frequency, according
to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who smoke:1 Smoking frequency
Other type of Any type of Daily Occasional Number
County Cigarettes2 tobacco3 tobacco smoker smoker4 Non-smoker Total of men
Mombasa 19.9 0.4 20.3 11.1 9.2 79.7 100.0 442
Kwale 12.4 3.2 15.7 6.4 9.3 84.3 100.0 209
Kilifi 11.3 1.4 12.8 10.3 2.4 87.2 100.0 405
Tana River 11.2 0.7 11.2 5.5 5.7 88.8 100.0 64
Lamu 12.3 4.8 15.1 12.3 2.8 84.9 100.0 41
Taita/Taveta 16.8 0.5 16.8 11.9 4.9 83.2 100.0 103
Garissa 5.9 0.0 5.9 3.0 2.9 94.1 100.0 117
Wajir 1.8 0.2 1.8 1.2 0.5 98.2 100.0 63
Mandera 5.9 0.0 5.9 2.8 3.1 94.1 100.0 81
Marsabit 16.4 0.0 16.4 11.9 4.5 83.6 100.0 45
Isiolo 23.8 0.0 23.8 19.6 4.9 75.4 100.0 55
Meru 28.1 0.7 28.4 16.7 11.8 71.6 100.0 489
Tharaka-Nithi 25.6 2.1 25.6 17.2 8.4 74.4 100.0 137
Embu 25.3 0.4 25.6 16.4 9.3 74.2 100.0 176
Kitui 20.2 1.1 20.6 15.2 5.8 79.0 100.0 312
Machakos 15.1 0.3 15.1 14.9 0.3 84.9 100.0 480
Makueni 25.0 0.0 25.0 18.4 6.6 75.0 100.0 279
Nyandarua 16.6 2.5 17.1 14.8 2.3 82.9 100.0 168
Nyeri 18.5 0.0 18.5 15.4 3.1 81.5 100.0 235
Kirinyaga 16.0 0.0 16.0 14.5 1.9 83.6 100.0 191
Murang’a 26.5 2.3 27.3 23.8 3.5 72.7 100.0 297
Kiambu 12.9 0.4 12.9 10.2 2.7 87.1 100.0 911
Turkana 10.1 0.1 10.1 8.4 1.7 89.9 100.0 111
West Pokot 6.8 0.8 7.2 5.8 1.4 92.8 100.0 150
Samburu 13.3 0.0 13.3 6.3 7.0 86.7 100.0 51
Trans Nzoia 8.9 1.1 10.0 8.1 1.9 90.0 100.0 272
Uasin Gishu 6.4 0.7 6.7 4.3 2.4 93.3 100.0 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 5.6 0.0 5.6 4.2 1.4 94.4 100.0 110
Nandi 9.3 0.2 9.4 7.8 1.6 90.6 100.0 265
Baringo 5.4 0.0 5.4 3.9 1.5 94.6 100.0 165
Laikipia 14.8 0.0 14.8 14.1 0.7 85.2 100.0 145
Nakuru 8.7 0.8 9.2 7.4 1.8 90.8 100.0 670
Narok 7.0 0.0 7.0 4.0 3.0 93.0 100.0 313
Kajiado 5.3 1.5 5.8 5.8 0.0 94.2 100.0 339
Kericho 5.1 0.0 5.1 4.8 0.3 94.9 100.0 330
Bomet 5.8 0.0 5.8 3.6 2.2 94.2 100.0 268
Kakamega 4.6 0.7 5.2 3.9 1.3 94.8 100.0 532
Vihiga 15.0 2.0 15.7 13.9 1.8 84.3 100.0 156
Bungoma 4.5 0.5 4.5 2.3 2.2 95.5 100.0 448
Busia 3.7 1.3 3.7 2.2 1.5 96.3 100.0 262
Siaya 4.0 0.1 4.1 2.7 1.7 95.6 100.0 227
Kisumu 3.6 0.2 3.6 2.4 1.2 96.4 100.0 345
Homa Bay 4.3 0.7 4.3 0.8 3.6 95.7 100.0 258
Migori 2.7 0.6 2.9 0.6 2.4 97.1 100.0 246
Kisii 3.2 0.0 3.2 2.0 1.2 96.8 100.0 326
Nyamira 2.5 0.8 2.5 2.0 0.5 97.5 100.0 133
Nairobi City 6.7 1.0 7.1 2.7 4.5 92.8 100.0 1,777
Total 15–49 10.7 0.7 11.1 7.8 3.3 88.9 100.0 13,652
1
2
Includes manufactured cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes, and kreteks
3
Includes pipes, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water pipes
4
Occasional refers to less often than daily use.

Table 3.10 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men
Among men age 15–49 who smoke cigarettes daily, percent distribution by average number of cigarettes smoked per day, according to
Number of
respondents
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day1
who smoke
Background cigarettes
characteristic <5 5–9 10–14 15–24 ≥25 Total daily1
Age
15–19 * * * * * 100.0 13
20–24 41.3 30.4 11.6 12.7 4.0 100.0 63
25–29 37.2 39.2 11.2 6.1 6.3 100.0 106
30–34 48.2 31.5 10.9 7.5 1.9 100.0 180
35–39 34.6 32.0 11.2 12.5 9.8 100.0 201
40–44 38.0 28.1 10.2 12.7 10.9 100.0 232
45–49 33.7 35.3 14.7 10.0 6.3 100.0 237
Residence
Urban 40.1 36.6 11.7 10.2 1.4 100.0 299
Rural 38.0 30.4 11.6 10.3 9.7 100.0 732
Education2
No education 36.9 35.2 11.3 5.0 11.6 100.0 31
Primary 39.6 30.8 12.4 8.6 8.6 100.0 635
Secondary 38.6 33.3 9.8 12.7 5.6 100.0 289
More than
secondary 31.3 38.1 12.4 17.0 1.2 100.0 75
Wealth quintile
Lowest 44.3 33.9 9.2 3.6 9.0 100.0 236
Second 39.7 28.7 12.1 9.1 10.4 100.0 268
Middle 37.8 31.0 13.9 13.4 3.9 100.0 213
Fourth 32.2 35.7 12.8 12.6 6.7 100.0 231
Highest 38.9 31.5 7.6 19.0 2.9 100.0 82
Total 15–49 38.6 32.2 11.6 10.3 7.3 100.0 1,031
50–54 39.7 28.4 20.0 7.3 4.6 100.0 185
Total 15–54 38.8 31.6 12.9 9.8 6.9 100.0 1,216
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Includes manufactured cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes, and kreteks.
2

Table 3.11 Smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who currently use
smokeless tobacco, according to type of tobacco product, and
percentage who use any type of tobacco, Kenya DHS 2022
Tobacco product Women Men
Snuff, by mouth 0.1 0.9
Snuff, by nose 0.1 0.6
Chewing tobacco 0.4 0.4
Betel quid with tobacco 0.0 0.3
Any type of smokeless tobacco1 0.6 2.0
Any type of tobacco2 1.3 12.4
Number 16,716 13,652
Note: Table includes women and men who use smokeless tobacco
daily or occasionally (less than daily). Data for this table were
collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short
questionnaire.
1
Includes snuff by mouth, snuff by nose, chewing tobacco, and betel
quid with tobacco.
2
Includes all types of smokeless tobacco shown in this table plus
cigarettes, kreteks, pipes, cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, and water
pipes.
Table 3.12 Any tobacco use by background characteristics
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who are currently using any type of tobacco, according
Women Men
Percentage Percentage
Background using any type Number of using any type Number of
characteristic of tobacco women of tobacco men
Age
15–19 0.5 3,125 1.4 3,175
20–24 1.2 3,063 7.0 2,404
25–29 1.3 2,916 10.4 2,268
30–34 1.3 2,364 17.1 1,787
35–39 1.0 2,288 21.0 1,577
40–44 1.7 1,615 22.9 1,332
45–49 2.9 1,346 27.6 1,109
Residence
Urban 1.2 6,850 10.5 5,382
Rural 1.3 9,866 13.7 8,270
Education1
No education 9.5 920 25.5 369
Primary 1.0 6,107 19.0 4,894
Secondary 0.4 6,481 8.6 5,592
More than secondary 1.0 3,208 6.7 2,797
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.7 2,599 19.7 2,062
Second 0.4 2,974 14.7 2,584
Middle 0.9 3,086 12.0 2,754
Fourth 0.9 3,729 11.9 3,325
Highest 0.9 4,328 6.2 2,927
Total 15–49 1.3 16,716 12.4 13,652
50–54 na na 29.1 801
Total 15–54 na na 13.3 14,453
questionnaire.
na = not applicable
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than
secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who
reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 3.12C Any tobacco use by county
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who are currently using any type of tobacco, according
Women Men
using any type Number of using any type Number of
County of tobacco women of tobacco men
Mombasa 3.0 493 21.7 442
Kwale 0.6 260 15.7 209
Kilifi 2.8 489 13.5 405
Tana River 0.3 79 12.1 64
Lamu 2.7 54 16.8 41
Taita/Taveta 1.8 122 20.1 103
Garissa 2.1 163 8.4 117
Wajir 0.3 90 2.4 63
Mandera 0.0 113 5.9 81
Marsabit 10.4 72 31.9 45
Isiolo 3.6 76 28.5 55
Meru 0.3 488 29.2 489
Tharaka-Nithi 0.1 131 26.3 137
Embu 0.0 180 26.2 176
Kitui 0.0 373 21.0 312
Machakos 0.4 544 15.5 480
Makueni 0.0 356 25.3 279
Nyandarua 0.8 225 18.4 168
Nyeri 1.6 261 19.0 235
Kirinyaga 0.0 262 17.0 191
Murang’a 1.7 339 30.7 297
Kiambu 1.1 1,095 16.8 911
Turkana 32.9 172 27.1 111
West Pokot 2.0 197 14.0 150
Samburu 15.6 79 35.6 51
Trans Nzoia 0.0 359 10.0 272
Uasin Gishu 1.2 527 9.7 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.0 116 5.9 110
Nandi 0.0 332 9.7 265
Baringo 1.6 193 6.6 165
Laikipia 1.8 173 17.4 145
Nakuru 0.8 862 9.5 670
Narok 0.2 374 8.5 313
Kajiado 0.7 451 8.5 339
Kericho 0.3 372 5.1 330
Bomet 0.0 327 6.5 268
Kakamega 0.4 652 5.2 532
Vihiga 0.5 201 16.1 156
Bungoma 0.8 572 5.2 448
Busia 0.3 336 3.9 262
Siaya 0.0 275 4.4 227
Kisumu 0.0 396 4.1 345
Homa Bay 0.9 344 4.3 258
Migori 0.2 350 3.8 246
Kisii 0.1 463 3.2 326
Nyamira 0.4 168 2.7 133
Nairobi City 1.1 2,157 7.6 1,777
Total 15–49 1.3 16,716 12.4 13,652
questionnaire.

Table 3.13.1 Alcohol consumption: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month; and among women who have
consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking (number of days at least one drink
was consumed), according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
Among women who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in women who
Consumed the last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking: consumed
at least one at least one
alcoholic Every day/ alcoholic
Background drink in the Number of almost every drink in the
characteristic last month women 1–5 days 6–10 days 11–24 days day1 Total last month
Age
15–19 3.1 3,125 80.5 9.5 10.0 0.0 100.0 98
20–24 6.6 3,063 72.2 18.0 5.0 4.8 100.0 202
25–29 6.6 2,916 79.6 8.7 5.7 6.0 100.0 193
30–34 6.1 2,364 66.5 17.2 9.2 7.2 100.0 143
35–39 6.0 2,288 75.5 8.9 2.8 12.8 100.0 137
40–44 4.1 1,615 65.0 18.3 4.3 12.4 100.0 66
45–49 4.9 1,346 58.1 13.9 16.2 11.9 100.0 66
Residence
Urban 8.6 6,850 74.2 12.2 7.0 6.6 100.0 590
Rural 3.2 9,866 69.9 15.3 6.4 8.3 100.0 316
Education2
No education 4.5 920 56.8 17.7 15.0 10.5 100.0 41
Primary 4.1 6,107 70.3 8.4 6.9 14.5 100.0 248
Secondary 3.7 6,481 74.7 13.1 6.2 6.0 100.0 243
More than secondary 11.7 3,208 74.8 16.2 6.2 2.8 100.0 375
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.5 2,599 56.8 16.5 11.2 15.5 100.0 91
Second 2.4 2,974 73.4 10.8 5.2 10.6 100.0 71
Middle 2.9 3,086 68.0 12.6 3.0 16.4 100.0 91
Fourth 4.9 3,729 73.8 15.3 6.6 4.4 100.0 185
Highest 10.8 4,328 76.2 12.4 7.0 4.4 100.0 469
Total 5.4 16,716 72.7 13.3 6.8 7.2 100.0 906
Note: One drink of alcohol corresponds to one can or bottle of beer, one glass of wine, one shot of spirits, or one cup of changáa, busaa,
muratina, mnazi, or Keg.
1
The respondent reported that she drank alcohol every day, almost every day, or 25 or more days in the last month.
2

Table 3.13.1C Alcohol consumption by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month; and among women who have
consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking (number of days at least one
drink was consumed), according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
Among women who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in women who
Consumed the last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking: consumed
drink in the Number of almost every drink in the
County last month women 1–5 days 6–10 days 11–24 days day1 Total last month
Mombasa 6.5 493 * * * * 100.0 32
Kwale 1.6 260 * * * * 100.0 4
Kilifi 3.3 489 * * * * 100.0 16
Tana River 0.4 79 * * * * 100.0 0
Lamu 2.4 54 * * * * 100.0 1
Taita/Taveta 4.0 122 * * * * 100.0 5
Garissa 1.7 163 * * * * 100.0 3
Wajir 0.0 90 * * * * 0.0 0
Mandera 0.0 113 * * * * 0.0 0
Marsabit 0.0 72 * * * * 0.0 0
Isiolo 0.8 76 * * * * 100.0 1
Meru 5.7 488 * * * * 100.0 28
Tharaka-Nithi 5.3 131 * * * * 100.0 7
Embu 3.5 180 * * * * 100.0 6
Kitui 3.5 373 * * * * 100.0 13
Machakos 5.9 544 (70.5) (11.5) (13.4) (4.6) 100.0 32
Makueni 2.0 356 * * * * 100.0 7
Nyandarua 2.6 225 * * * * 100.0 6
Nyeri 8.2 261 (87.0) (2.1) (0.0) (10.9) 100.0 21
Kirinyaga 6.7 262 * * * * 100.0 18
Murang’a 10.9 339 (72.8) (17.5) (6.8) (2.9) 100.0 37
Kiambu 11.3 1,095 (72.1) (22.6) (3.1) (2.3) 100.0 124
Turkana 14.8 172 (44.8) (26.6) (19.7) (8.9) 100.0 26
West Pokot 3.9 197 * * * * 100.0 8
Samburu 5.5 79 * * * * 100.0 4
Trans Nzoia 2.6 359 * * * * 100.0 9
Uasin Gishu 6.4 527 * * * * 100.0 34
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3.4 116 * * * * 100.0 4
Nandi 1.5 332 * * * * 100.0 5
Baringo 7.0 193 (79.0) (7.7) (5.9) (7.5) 100.0 13
Laikipia 4.5 173 * * * * 100.0 8
Nakuru 5.2 862 * * * * 100.0 45
Narok 2.7 374 * * * * 100.0 10
Kajiado 7.7 451 * * * * 100.0 35
Kericho 1.5 372 * * * * 100.0 6
Bomet 0.9 327 * * * * 100.0 3
Kakamega 4.4 652 * * * * 100.0 28
Vihiga 1.8 201 * * * * 100.0 4
Bungoma 8.5 572 (76.6) (17.3) (5.2) (1.0) 100.0 48
Busia 5.7 336 (76.5) (5.1) (6.8) (11.6) 100.0 19
Siaya 1.1 275 * * * * 100.0 3
Kisumu 2.4 396 * * * * 100.0 9
Homa Bay 2.6 344 * * * * 100.0 9
Migori 2.3 350 * * * * 100.0 8
Kisii 3.6 463 * * * * 100.0 17
Nyamira 2.2 168 * * * * 100.0 4
Nairobi City 8.7 2,157 (70.3) (9.0) (11.6) (9.1) 100.0 187
Total 5.4 16,716 72.7 13.3 6.8 7.2 100.0 906
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. One drink of alcohol
corresponds to one can or bottle of beer, one glass of wine, one shot of spirits, or one cup of changáa, busaa, muratina, mnazi, or
Keg. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1

Table 3.13.2 Alcohol consumption: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month; and among men who have consumed
at least one alcoholic drink in the last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking (number of days at least one drink was
consumed), according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
Among men who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the men who
Consumed last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking: consumed
Background drink in the Number almost every drink in the
characteristic last month men 1–5 days 6–10 days 11–24 days day1 Total last month
Age
15–19 5.7 3,175 78.1 12.0 5.0 4.9 100.0 181
20–24 21.8 2,404 75.4 12.7 6.2 5.7 100.0 523
25–29 32.2 2,268 68.4 13.4 8.5 9.7 100.0 730
30–34 36.8 1,787 59.6 14.4 10.8 15.2 100.0 658
35–39 35.6 1,577 50.0 17.9 15.3 16.8 100.0 561
40–44 36.6 1,332 50.7 16.7 14.0 18.6 100.0 488
45–49 36.1 1,109 53.4 14.7 12.6 19.4 100.0 401
Residence
Urban 29.9 5,382 66.0 12.3 10.2 11.4 100.0 1,607
Rural 23.4 8,270 57.3 16.7 11.1 14.9 100.0 1,935
Education2
No education 17.0 369 42.2 28.1 18.7 11.0 100.0 63
Primary 27.8 4,894 53.8 16.3 12.4 17.5 100.0 1,358
Secondary 21.0 5,592 63.3 14.0 10.6 12.1 100.0 1,177
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24.8 2,062 50.3 18.5 12.6 18.6 100.0 511
Second 23.1 2,584 53.7 16.4 11.9 18.0 100.0 598
Middle 22.2 2,754 57.9 17.0 12.1 13.0 100.0 611
Fourth 24.6 3,325 63.1 13.7 10.6 12.5 100.0 817
Highest 34.3 2,927 71.9 11.2 8.3 8.7 100.0 1,005
Total 15–49 25.9 13,652 61.3 14.7 10.7 13.3 100.0 3,542
50–54 37.7 801 53.4 17.4 10.5 18.6 100.0 302
Total 15–54 26.6 14,453 60.6 14.9 10.7 13.8 100.0 3,845
muratina, mnazi, or Keg.
1
The respondent reported that he drank alcohol every day, almost every day, or 25 or more days in the last month.
2

Table 3.13.2C Alcohol consumption by county: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month; and among men who have consumed
at least one alcoholic drink in the last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking (number of days at least one drink was
consumed), according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
Among men who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the men who
Consumed last month, percent distribution by frequency of drinking: consumed
drink in the Number almost every drink in the
County last month men 1–5 days 6–10 days 11–24 days day1 Total last month
Mombasa 18.1 442 72.9 2.4 14.0 10.7 100.0 80
Kwale 13.2 209 (50.7) (21.9) (13.9) (13.5) 100.0 28
Kilifi 20.3 405 64.1 14.5 5.6 15.8 100.0 82
Tana River 4.6 64 * * * * 100.0 3
Lamu 11.0 41 * * * * 100.0 5
Taita/Taveta 36.7 103 59.5 12.2 13.1 15.2 100.0 38
Garissa 2.8 117 * * * * 100.0 3
Wajir 1.6 63 * * * * 100.0 1
Mandera 0.7 81 * * * * 100.0 1
Marsabit 5.9 45 * * * * 100.0 3
Isiolo 10.7 55 * * * * 100.0 6
Meru 26.1 489 54.0 15.6 14.8 15.6 100.0 127
Tharaka-Nithi 49.6 137 53.8 20.1 8.4 17.7 100.0 68
Embu 39.7 176 48.7 14.9 21.2 15.2 100.0 70
Kitui 29.9 312 80.3 17.5 2.1 0.0 100.0 93
Machakos 40.0 480 46.8 30.2 11.1 12.0 100.0 192
Makueni 33.3 279 61.3 15.5 4.3 18.9 100.0 93
Nyandarua 35.8 168 70.8 7.0 9.2 13.1 100.0 60
Nyeri 31.7 235 58.6 13.8 9.3 18.3 100.0 74
Kirinyaga 30.9 191 50.2 35.1 11.1 3.6 100.0 59
Murang’a 39.5 297 67.0 13.5 5.2 14.3 100.0 117
Kiambu 35.6 911 56.6 8.6 12.1 22.7 100.0 325
Turkana 27.1 111 35.3 22.0 32.2 10.5 100.0 30
West Pokot 22.6 150 74.8 8.7 10.7 5.8 100.0 34
Samburu 25.4 51 (70.9) (12.9) (9.5) (6.7) 100.0 13
Trans Nzoia 22.8 272 53.4 24.5 13.7 8.4 100.0 62
Uasin Gishu 27.4 451 59.6 17.0 14.4 9.0 100.0 124
Elgeyo/Marakwet 31.3 110 62.3 14.1 8.2 15.4 100.0 35
Nandi 23.3 265 32.1 29.2 26.5 12.2 100.0 62
Baringo 14.5 165 (54.8) (11.4) (8.4) (25.5) 100.0 24
Laikipia 27.8 145 72.4 9.6 8.6 9.5 100.0 40
Nakuru 16.4 670 43.6 27.5 15.5 13.5 100.0 110
Narok 22.0 313 61.4 29.8 8.8 0.0 100.0 69
Kajiado 18.2 339 (72.7) (10.7) (7.2) (9.3) 100.0 62
Kericho 17.3 330 62.3 12.6 6.8 18.2 100.0 57
Bomet 16.8 268 54.6 14.8 17.2 13.5 100.0 45
Kakamega 12.0 532 (55.3) (12.1) (16.7) (15.9) 100.0 64
Vihiga 25.6 156 51.3 4.2 6.4 38.1 100.0 40
Bungoma 26.6 448 51.0 14.4 13.9 20.7 100.0 119
Busia 27.1 262 57.5 9.4 11.5 21.5 100.0 71
Siaya 12.7 227 (40.3) (31.3) (4.7) (23.7) 100.0 29
Kisumu 14.8 345 23.8 29.3 36.8 10.1 100.0 51
Homa Bay 16.7 258 (64.8) (27.2) (2.1) (5.8) 100.0 43
Migori 25.2 246 78.6 13.8 2.0 5.6 100.0 62
Kisii 21.8 326 52.7 21.5 10.7 15.0 100.0 71
Nyamira 27.3 133 52.4 4.3 5.1 38.1 100.0 36
Nairobi City 37.3 1,777 79.3 5.9 7.0 7.8 100.0 663
Total 15–49 25.9 13,652 61.3 14.7 10.7 13.3 100.0 3,542
muratina, mnazi, or Keg. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1

Table 3.14.1 Usual number of alcoholic drinks consumed: Women
Among women age 15–49 who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month, percent distribution of usual number of
drinks consumed on days when alcohol was consumed, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
women who
consumed
at least one
Percent distribution of usual number of drinks consumed on days when alcohol was consumed alcoholic
Background drink in the
characteristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more Total last month
Age
15–19 56.5 19.0 13.5 3.3 4.0 3.7 100.0 98
20–24 44.5 23.9 15.8 6.7 2.3 6.8 100.0 202
25–29 34.9 34.6 12.0 9.7 1.5 7.4 100.0 193
30–34 34.1 21.3 21.1 5.8 8.6 9.2 100.0 143
35–39 35.6 24.9 11.6 7.2 3.8 16.8 100.0 137
40–44 19.2 28.9 13.0 15.4 13.9 9.7 100.0 66
45–49 35.1 31.7 13.1 0.6 3.6 15.9 100.0 66
Frequency of
drinking in last 1
month
1–5 days 41.2 26.8 12.1 7.9 4.6 7.5 100.0 659
6–10 days 39.9 24.4 10.0 7.0 2.4 16.3 100.0 120
11–24 days 17.8 27.6 39.1 2.2 8.9 4.4 100.0 62
Every day/almost
every day1 23.9 23.6 24.7 3.9 3.5 20.2 100.0 65
Residence
Urban 35.7 29.0 15.0 7.0 3.1 10.2 100.0 590
Rural 43.0 21.4 13.7 7.2 7.1 7.7 100.0 316
Education2
No education 34.6 24.9 14.8 4.0 7.5 14.2 100.0 41
Primary 37.7 25.3 12.6 6.1 6.6 11.7 100.0 248
Secondary 39.5 21.5 16.2 4.8 5.1 12.9 100.0 243
More than secondary 38.1 30.3 14.7 9.6 2.4 5.0 100.0 375
Wealth quintile
Lowest 34.5 30.9 11.3 6.0 4.4 13.0 100.0 91
Second 56.9 17.0 11.0 3.2 5.9 6.0 100.0 71
Middle 51.9 19.5 12.9 5.5 6.0 4.1 100.0 91
Fourth 33.9 22.5 16.0 6.7 6.7 14.2 100.0 185
Highest 35.2 29.7 15.4 8.3 3.1 8.3 100.0 469
Total 38.2 26.3 14.5 7.1 4.5 9.3 100.0 906
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. One drink of alcohol
corresponds to one can or bottle of beer, one glass of wine, one shot of spirits, or one cup of changáa, busaa, muratina, mnazi, or Keg.
1
2

Table 3.14.2 Usual number of alcoholic drinks consumed: Men
Among men age 15–49 who have consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last month, percent distribution of usual number of
drinks consumed on days when alcohol was consumed, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
men who
consumed
Percent distribution of usual number of drinks consumed on days when alcohol was consumed at least one
alcoholic
Background drink in the
characteristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more Total last month
Age
15–19 48.3 18.5 16.2 12.0 2.5 2.5 100.0 181
20–24 34.1 31.5 17.5 7.9 4.6 4.4 100.0 523
25–29 27.3 25.1 24.6 10.6 6.4 5.9 100.0 730
30–34 16.8 29.4 24.4 10.0 7.5 12.0 100.0 658
35–39 19.3 27.4 24.7 12.2 8.5 7.9 100.0 561
40–44 22.0 27.8 20.9 10.8 7.9 10.6 100.0 488
45–49 22.3 29.1 20.5 10.6 10.2 7.2 100.0 401
Frequency of
drinking in last 1
month
1–5 days 28.3 30.0 21.1 9.2 5.9 5.5 100.0 2,170
6–10 days 19.3 27.4 23.3 12.1 9.7 8.1 100.0 521
11–24 days 17.9 26.4 23.8 10.9 7.9 13.1 100.0 379
Every day/almost
every day1 20.7 18.7 24.3 13.9 9.0 13.4 100.0 472
Residence
Urban 21.1 27.2 25.9 11.2 6.7 8.0 100.0 1,607
Rural 28.0 28.1 19.0 9.8 7.5 7.6 100.0 1,935
Education2
No education 45.8 24.7 12.6 7.3 5.1 4.5 100.0 63
Primary 25.6 29.9 20.7 10.5 5.7 7.6 100.0 1,358
Secondary 25.4 25.3 22.5 10.0 8.2 8.6 100.0 1,177
More than
secondary 21.8 27.8 24.3 11.1 7.8 7.2 100.0 945
Wealth quintile
Lowest 33.8 30.1 16.0 9.2 6.4 4.6 100.0 511
Second 26.9 30.0 20.3 8.8 6.0 8.0 100.0 598
Middle 26.4 26.8 17.7 10.7 8.0 10.4 100.0 611
Fourth 25.1 27.2 23.4 12.0 6.9 5.4 100.0 817
Highest 18.0 26.1 28.0 10.7 7.7 9.5 100.0 1,005
Total 15–49 24.9 27.7 22.1 10.4 7.1 7.8 100.0 3,542
50–54 25.7 31.9 20.4 10.3 5.8 5.9 100.0 302
Total 15–54 24.9 28.0 22.0 10.4 7.0 7.6 100.0 3,845
Note: One drink of alcohol corresponds to one can or bottle of beer, one glass of wine, one shot of spirits, or one cup of changáa,
busaa, muratina, mnazi, or Keg.
1
2

Table 3.15.1 Residence at birth and recent migration: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who were born in their current place of residence, who were born in Kenya but outside of
current place of residence, and who were born in another country, and among women who were born outside of current place of
residence, percentage who moved to current place of residence in the last 5 years, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Among women who
were born outside of current
Percent distribution by residence place of residence
Percentage
who moved to
Born in Kenya current place
Born in but outside of of residence
Background current place current place Born outside Number of in the last Number of
characteristic of residence1 of residence of Kenya Total women 5 years women2
Age
15–19 70.0 28.8 1.2 100.0 5,960 55.5 1,787
20–24 42.7 55.7 1.6 100.0 5,928 69.0 3,400
25–29 32.6 65.4 2.0 100.0 5,648 45.1 3,806
30–34 37.4 61.2 1.5 100.0 4,502 26.4 2,819
35–39 35.1 63.4 1.5 100.0 4,287 17.8 2,782
40–44 37.6 60.8 1.6 100.0 3,074 13.1 1,918
45–49 36.9 61.8 1.2 100.0 2,509 11.3 1,582
Residence
Urban 28.0 69.3 2.6 100.0 13,075 41.6 9,413
Rural 53.9 45.3 0.8 100.0 18,832 32.4 8,681
Education3
No education 72.3 25.5 2.3 100.0 1,763 22.3 489
Primary 43.8 54.5 1.8 100.0 11,598 27.9 6,524
Secondary 45.5 53.2 1.3 100.0 12,441 42.2 6,775
More than secondary 29.5 69.2 1.4 100.0 6,106 44.9 4,306
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.6 32.4 0.9 100.0 4,989 25.8 1,664
Second 53.2 45.8 0.9 100.0 5,648 30.6 2,641
Middle 49.7 49.2 1.1 100.0 6,006 34.8 3,021
Fourth 34.8 64.2 1.0 100.0 7,085 43.3 4,618
Highest 24.8 72.1 3.1 100.0 8,180 39.6 6,150
Total 43.3 55.2 1.5 100.0 31,908 37.2 18,094
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table.
1
May include respondents who were born elsewhere in Kenya but moved to their current place of residence when very young.
2
Includes respondents who reported that they were born outside of Kenya and that they always lived in their current place of residence.
Such respondents are assumed not to have moved in the last 5 years.
3

Table 3.15.1C Residence at birth and recent migration by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who were born in their current place of residence, who were born in Kenya but outside of
current place of residence, and who were born in another country, and among women who were born outside of current place of
residence, percentage who moved to current place of residence in the last 5 years, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women who
were born outside of current
Percentage
who moved to
current place current place Born outside Number of in the last Number of
County of residence1 of residence of Kenya Total women 5 years women2
Mombasa 31.7 65.4 2.9 100.0 936 36.5 639
Kwale 82.7 16.5 0.8 100.0 498 42.5 86
Kilifi 49.0 50.9 0.1 100.0 918 39.7 468
Tana River 82.2 17.8 0.0 100.0 149 52.7 27
Lamu 54.5 45.3 0.3 100.0 100 32.3 46
Taita/Taveta 53.2 44.6 2.2 100.0 233 45.8 109
Garissa 66.2 33.2 0.6 100.0 290 50.7 98
Wajir 85.3 13.6 1.1 100.0 160 35.2 23
Mandera 94.8 2.1 3.1 100.0 205 (32.2) 11
Marsabit 97.1 2.4 0.5 100.0 129 * 4
Isiolo 65.7 33.9 0.4 100.0 137 43.2 47
Meru 53.3 46.7 0.0 100.0 958 40.7 447
Tharaka-Nithi 40.2 59.8 0.0 100.0 265 38.2 159
Embu 55.6 44.0 0.3 100.0 358 41.2 159
Kitui 31.3 68.7 0.0 100.0 733 15.1 504
Machakos 31.8 67.6 0.6 100.0 982 33.6 669
Makueni 44.9 55.1 0.0 100.0 675 37.3 372
Nyandarua 42.0 57.9 0.1 100.0 406 31.3 236
Nyeri 49.3 50.6 0.1 100.0 490 33.6 248
Kirinyaga 34.1 65.2 0.6 100.0 480 39.9 316
Murang’a 44.9 54.0 1.1 100.0 684 44.7 377
Kiambu 20.2 77.5 2.3 100.0 2,091 47.9 1,668
Turkana 87.5 12.3 0.2 100.0 330 31.5 41
West Pokot 92.0 7.4 0.6 100.0 384 44.4 31
Samburu 53.2 46.7 0.1 100.0 156 38.0 73
Trans Nzoia 41.6 56.4 1.9 100.0 673 39.0 393
Uasin Gishu 36.1 62.5 1.3 100.0 966 36.7 617
Elgeyo/Marakwet 75.3 24.4 0.2 100.0 228 45.5 56
Nandi 58.5 40.8 0.7 100.0 622 38.7 258
Baringo 86.5 13.4 0.2 100.0 378 28.5 51
Laikipia 35.5 64.1 0.4 100.0 331 38.7 213
Nakuru 42.3 57.7 0.0 100.0 1,651 36.3 953
Narok 53.4 46.0 0.7 100.0 717 37.3 334
Kajiado 28.4 68.7 2.8 100.0 887 44.9 634
Kericho 64.7 35.0 0.3 100.0 723 26.0 255
Bomet 57.4 42.6 0.0 100.0 647 33.1 276
Kakamega 35.1 64.1 0.8 100.0 1,238 40.9 804
Vihiga 57.4 42.3 0.3 100.0 371 42.2 158
Bungoma 67.6 31.4 1.0 100.0 1,129 42.9 365
Busia 52.1 43.1 4.8 100.0 620 37.1 297
Siaya 63.6 35.1 1.3 100.0 536 33.2 195
Kisumu 44.5 54.6 0.9 100.0 767 38.2 426
Homa Bay 37.6 61.6 0.8 100.0 656 30.0 409
Migori 30.8 65.3 3.8 100.0 666 30.7 460
Kisii 26.7 72.9 0.4 100.0 810 38.1 594
Nyamira 56.8 42.8 0.5 100.0 323 31.9 140
Nairobi City 20.7 74.3 5.0 100.0 4,223 33.2 3,348
Total 43.3 55.2 1.5 100.0 31,908 37.2 18,094
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
2
Includes respondents who reported that they were born outside of Kenya and that they always lived in their current place of
residence. Such respondents are assumed not to have moved in the last 5 years.

Table 3.15.2 Residence at birth and recent migration: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 who were born in their current place of residence, who were born in Kenya but outside of current
place of residence, and who were born in another country, and among men who were born outside of current place of residence,
percentage who moved to current place of residence in the last 5 years, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among men who were
born outside of current
Percentage
who moved to
Background current place current place Born outside Number of in the last Number of
characteristic of residence1 of residence of Kenya Total men 5 years men2
Age
15–19 79.9 19.4 0.7 100.0 3,166 46.0 636
20–24 59.6 37.1 3.3 100.0 2,397 64.9 968
25–29 51.3 47.9 0.9 100.0 2,265 44.9 1,104
30–34 54.7 44.1 1.2 100.0 1,782 31.1 807
35–39 60.9 37.8 1.2 100.0 1,574 19.4 615
40–44 61.0 37.3 1.7 100.0 1,327 18.3 517
45–49 62.4 36.6 1.0 100.0 1,108 14.8 417
Residence
Urban 34.7 62.5 2.7 100.0 5,373 36.7 3,507
Rural 81.1 18.3 0.6 100.0 8,246 42.2 1,557
Education3
No education 76.2 20.6 3.3 100.0 369 38.0 88
Primary 73.2 25.7 1.1 100.0 4,885 31.5 1,307
Secondary 63.1 35.3 1.6 100.0 5,579 42.4 2,058
Wealth quintile
Lowest 89.8 10.0 0.2 100.0 2,058 37.6 210
Second 82.9 16.2 0.9 100.0 2,577 35.3 440
Middle 73.0 25.9 1.1 100.0 2,748 50.8 742
Fourth 46.4 52.1 1.5 100.0 3,318 42.8 1,778
Highest 35.1 61.8 3.1 100.0 2,919 30.1 1,895
Total 15–49 62.8 35.7 1.4 100.0 13,620 38.4 5,064
50–54 62.3 36.6 1.1 100.0 799 14.6 301
Total 15–54 62.8 35.8 1.4 100.0 14,419 37.0 5,365
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table.
1
2
Includes respondents who reported that they were born outside of Kenya and that they always lived in their current place of residence.
Such respondents are assumed not to have moved in the last 5 years.
3

Table 3.15.2C Residence at birth and recent migration by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 who were born in their current place of residence, who were born in Kenya but outside of
current place of residence, and who were born in another country, and among men who were born outside of current place of
residence, percentage who moved to current place of residence in the last 5 years, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among men who were
born outside of current
Percentage
who moved to
current place current place Born outside Number of in the last Number of
County of residence1 of residence of Kenya Total men 5 years men2
Mombasa 32.0 67.2 0.8 100.0 441 26.4 300
Kwale 84.8 15.2 0.0 100.0 209 42.2 32
Kilifi 71.6 28.4 0.0 100.0 404 50.0 115
Tana River 84.8 15.2 0.0 100.0 64 (54.6) 10
Lamu 66.8 33.2 0.0 100.0 41 22.0 14
Taita/Taveta 58.7 40.7 0.6 100.0 103 38.5 43
Garissa 68.7 31.0 0.3 100.0 117 (79.5) 37
Wajir 70.0 29.2 0.9 100.0 63 53.8 19
Mandera 97.7 1.3 1.0 100.0 81 * 2
Marsabit 93.2 5.6 1.2 100.0 45 * 3
Isiolo 44.6 55.2 0.2 100.0 55 47.8 30
Meru 80.7 19.3 0.0 100.0 489 39.0 94
Tharaka-Nithi 76.0 24.0 0.0 100.0 135 42.5 32
Embu 83.0 16.8 0.1 100.0 166 29.4 28
Kitui 89.6 10.4 0.0 100.0 312 (51.7) 33
Machakos 65.0 34.6 0.4 100.0 480 44.2 168
Makueni 88.4 11.6 0.0 100.0 279 (59.0) 32
Nyandarua 50.7 49.3 0.0 100.0 168 22.4 83
Nyeri 49.7 49.9 0.4 100.0 235 43.2 118
Kirinyaga 86.7 13.3 0.0 100.0 191 (35.4) 25
Murang’a 60.3 39.2 0.5 100.0 297 56.1 118
Kiambu 45.6 51.6 2.9 100.0 911 45.5 496
Turkana 86.5 13.5 0.0 100.0 111 (27.0) 15
West Pokot 92.4 6.3 1.3 100.0 150 (33.1) 11
Samburu 81.0 19.0 0.0 100.0 51 (46.6) 10
Trans Nzoia 96.0 3.0 0.9 100.0 270 * 11
Uasin Gishu 39.5 59.8 0.7 100.0 451 50.1 273
Elgeyo/Marakwet 86.1 13.1 0.8 100.0 110 45.0 15
Nandi 81.6 18.4 0.0 100.0 265 60.3 49
Baringo 92.8 7.2 0.0 100.0 164 (67.6) 12
Laikipia 50.7 48.9 0.4 100.0 141 39.5 70
Nakuru 55.7 44.3 0.0 100.0 670 34.5 297
Narok 82.7 17.3 0.0 100.0 313 40.2 54
Kajiado 79.9 14.6 5.6 100.0 338 (39.8) 68
Kericho 84.9 14.2 0.9 100.0 330 48.1 50
Bomet 88.7 11.3 0.0 100.0 268 9.5 30
Kakamega 90.1 9.9 0.0 100.0 532 (42.0) 53
Vihiga 71.2 28.7 0.1 100.0 154 58.2 44
Bungoma 84.8 14.2 1.0 100.0 448 33.5 68
Busia 82.2 16.1 1.7 100.0 262 36.8 47
Siaya 71.6 25.4 3.1 100.0 227 50.6 65
Kisumu 65.2 33.3 1.5 100.0 345 42.7 120
Homa Bay 58.9 39.9 1.2 100.0 251 47.9 103
Migori 63.8 35.7 0.5 100.0 245 46.5 89
Kisii 67.2 31.5 1.2 100.0 325 58.0 106
Nyamira 85.1 14.9 0.0 100.0 133 (42.8) 20
Nairobi City 12.6 81.9 5.6 100.0 1,777 27.9 1,553
Total 15–49 62.8 35.7 1.4 100.0 13,620 38.4 5,064
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed
1
2
Includes respondents who reported that they were born outside of Kenya and that they always lived in their current place of
residence. Such respondents are assumed not to have moved in the last 5 years.

Table 3.16 Type of migration
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 who have moved to their current place
of residence in the last 5 years by type of migration, according to age, Kenya DHS 2022
Type of migration
Urban to Urban to Rural to Rural to
Age urban rural urban rural Total Number
WOMEN 15–49
15–19 19.0 15.0 32.7 33.2 100.0 992

20–24 24.7 12.1 38.5 24.7 100.0 2,345
25–29 34.9 16.5 27.4 21.2 100.0 1,718
30–34 32.8 24.6 18.6 24.0 100.0 744
35–39 32.2 24.3 17.0 26.4 100.0 495
40–44 29.0 15.2 23.4 32.4 100.0 251
45–49 25.9 25.6 24.6 23.9 100.0 178
Total 15–49 28.1 16.4 30.1 25.4 100.0 6,723
MEN 15–49
15–19 20.7 16.2 39.6 23.4 100.0 292
20–24 25.4 12.6 43.7 18.2 100.0 628
25–29 41.2 11.7 36.2 10.9 100.0 496
30–34 43.2 20.3 21.2 15.3 100.0 251
35–39 34.4 26.7 11.0 27.8 100.0 119
40–44 25.0 34.7 22.5 17.8 100.0 95
45–49 26.2 20.0 24.4 29.4 100.0 62
Total 15–49 31.6 16.1 34.6 17.7 100.0 1,943
50–54 (12.7) (41.0) (23.2) (23.1) 100.0 44
Total 15–54 31.2 16.7 34.4 17.8 100.0 1,987
WOMEN AND MEN AGE 15–49
15–19 19.4 15.3 34.3 31.0 100.0 1,285
20–24 24.9 12.2 39.6 23.4 100.0 2,973
25–29 36.3 15.4 29.4 18.9 100.0 2,214
30–34 35.4 23.5 19.3 21.8 100.0 994
35–39 32.7 24.8 15.9 26.7 100.0 614
40–44 27.9 20.6 23.2 28.4 100.0 346
45–49 26.0 24.1 24.5 25.3 100.0 240
Total 15–49 28.9 16.3 31.1 23.7 100.0 8,666
Note: Type of migration is based on categorizing the previous place of residence and the
current place of residence as urban or rural. The previous place of residence is the place
the person moved from just before moving to the current place of residence. Figures in
parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.

Table 3.17.1 Reason for migration: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who have moved to their current place of residence by the reason for migration, according
Family
reunify-
cation/other
family- Forced
Background Education/ Marriage related displace- Number of
characteristic Employment training formation reason ment Other Total women
Age
15–19 14.8 23.4 7.9 49.8 1.4 2.6 100.0 1,787
20–24 29.8 18.7 26.7 23.1 0.3 1.4 100.0 3,399
25–29 38.7 8.3 34.1 16.4 0.6 1.9 100.0 3,806
30–34 39.1 3.8 37.1 17.2 0.7 2.1 100.0 2,818
35–39 38.6 3.5 38.3 15.9 1.1 2.6 100.0 2,782
40–44 33.2 3.1 41.8 18.2 1.7 1.9 100.0 1,918
45–49 29.7 1.6 45.7 18.4 2.2 2.4 100.0 1,581
Timing of move to
current place of
residence
0–4 years 40.3 11.7 21.7 22.7 0.7 2.9 100.0 6,723
5–9 years 37.3 9.3 29.6 20.6 1.0 2.1 100.0 4,000
10 years or more 24.8 6.8 45.3 20.6 1.2 1.2 100.0 7,368
Type of migration1
Urban to urban 50.5 13.1 12.5 17.9 1.0 5.0 100.0 1,890
Urban to rural 30.1 6.2 24.2 35.6 0.7 3.3 100.0 1,102
Rural to urban 51.2 16.7 13.7 16.6 0.5 1.3 100.0 2,024
Rural to rural 22.9 7.6 39.7 26.8 0.8 2.1 100.0 1,707
Residence
Urban 48.5 13.8 15.4 19.1 0.9 2.3 100.0 9,411
Rural 16.9 4.2 52.3 23.8 1.1 1.8 100.0 8,681
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.0 2.0 66.8 21.3 1.6 1.3 100.0 1,663
Second 12.0 3.6 57.9 23.3 1.6 1.5 100.0 2,641
Middle 22.3 5.3 45.6 23.6 1.0 2.2 100.0 3,021
Fourth 42.1 9.8 24.5 21.6 0.7 1.2 100.0 4,617
Highest 48.4 15.0 13.6 19.3 0.8 3.0 100.0 6,150
Total 33.3 9.2 33.1 21.4 1.0 2.0 100.0 18,091
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table. Respondents who stated that they were born
outside of Kenya and that they have always lived in their current place of residence were not asked about the reason for migration
and are excluded from this table.
1
Restricted to respondents who migrated within the last 5 years.

Table 3.17.1C Reason for migration by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who have moved to their current place of residence by the reason for migration, according to county,
Kenya DHS 2022
Family
reunification/
other family-
Education/ Marriage related Forced Number of
County Employment training formation reason displacement Other Total women
Mombasa 50.3 14.2 16.3 16.5 0.9 1.9 100.0 639
Kwale 23.7 4.5 54.2 17.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 86
Kilifi 30.6 3.9 50.2 13.4 1.6 0.2 100.0 468
Tana River 55.8 1.4 20.4 19.8 2.6 0.0 100.0 27
Lamu 35.9 2.3 26.5 28.7 2.4 4.3 100.0 46
Taita/Taveta 29.0 3.9 31.0 34.1 0.0 2.0 100.0 109
Garissa 49.8 5.9 17.0 24.1 0.8 2.4 100.0 98
Wajir 18.8 7.6 48.9 21.9 2.2 0.6 100.0 23
Mandera (29.3) (11.3) (33.8) (15.9) (9.7) (0.0) 100.0 9
Marsabit * * * * * * 100.0 4
Isiolo 46.5 7.5 20.3 22.2 1.3 2.2 100.0 47
Meru 24.9 2.5 49.5 20.1 0.2 2.8 100.0 447
Tharaka-Nithi 15.8 5.2 58.8 18.1 0.7 1.4 100.0 159
Embu 26.0 3.1 44.2 25.9 0.0 0.8 100.0 159
Kitui 12.6 8.5 56.8 21.9 0.0 0.2 100.0 504
Machakos 26.1 6.9 38.5 22.4 0.0 6.3 100.0 669
Makueni 24.3 5.9 52.7 14.9 0.3 1.9 100.0 372
Nyandarua 35.5 1.1 31.9 23.1 6.3 2.1 100.0 236
Nyeri 35.8 16.5 23.3 22.0 0.3 2.0 100.0 248
Kirinyaga 33.2 0.7 30.5 32.6 0.4 2.5 100.0 316
Murang’a 31.9 3.7 33.4 26.2 2.1 2.7 100.0 377
Kiambu 39.9 9.9 19.9 22.8 0.2 7.3 100.0 1,668
Turkana 31.9 6.0 38.3 21.1 2.4 0.3 100.0 41
West Pokot 44.8 4.7 36.4 13.7 0.3 0.0 100.0 31
Samburu 21.0 2.5 39.5 28.1 7.5 1.2 100.0 73
Trans Nzoia 37.7 4.9 23.5 28.6 1.9 3.4 100.0 393
Uasin Gishu 30.2 14.8 22.7 30.9 1.2 0.4 100.0 617
Elgeyo/Marakwet 25.1 5.4 40.0 27.2 2.1 0.2 100.0 56
Nandi 24.1 13.3 44.2 15.9 1.7 0.8 100.0 258
Baringo 30.1 2.7 54.7 12.1 0.4 0.0 100.0 51
Laikipia 35.5 5.5 20.0 30.6 6.7 1.7 100.0 213
Nakuru 42.1 8.1 22.0 24.2 2.7 0.9 100.0 953
Narok 31.4 4.4 46.8 14.7 2.0 0.7 100.0 334
Kajiado 50.5 4.0 9.9 33.2 0.9 1.6 100.0 634
Kericho 21.9 9.3 62.1 5.6 0.0 1.1 100.0 255
Bomet 20.4 3.7 60.3 14.8 0.4 0.4 100.0 276
Kakamega 11.5 4.5 57.5 23.3 0.4 2.9 100.0 804
Vihiga 16.0 6.9 34.1 35.7 0.1 7.1 100.0 158
Bungoma 16.8 4.9 47.0 29.5 1.5 0.3 100.0 365
Busia 14.6 1.7 57.4 24.9 0.8 0.5 100.0 297
Siaya 11.4 8.7 59.5 20.1 0.3 0.0 100.0 195
Kisumu 27.5 10.1 49.2 11.1 0.7 1.4 100.0 426
Homa Bay 11.9 7.7 40.7 37.7 1.2 0.8 100.0 409
Migori 12.7 4.3 60.1 20.0 0.6 2.3 100.0 460
Kisii 14.5 7.6 63.1 13.6 0.4 0.8 100.0 594
Nyamira 12.0 2.1 59.0 21.1 4.8 0.9 100.0 140
Nairobi City 53.1 18.6 10.8 16.2 0.6 0.6 100.0 3,348
Total 33.3 9.2 33.1 21.4 1.0 2.0 100.0 18,091
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

Table 3.17.2 Reason for migration: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 who have moved to their current place of residence by the reason for migration, according to
Family
reunification/
other family- Forced
Background Education/ Marriage related displace- Number of
characteristic Employment training formation reason ment Other Total men
Age
15–19 17.4 28.6 0.0 47.5 0.9 5.6 100.0 632
20–24 49.6 25.5 0.0 21.3 0.7 2.9 100.0 963
25–29 68.4 14.0 0.0 15.2 0.6 1.7 100.0 1,104
30–34 70.6 7.2 1.0 18.2 0.7 2.3 100.0 805
35–39 72.6 4.7 0.2 19.6 2.4 0.6 100.0 615
40–44 73.7 1.4 0.3 21.6 0.7 2.2 100.0 516
45–49 70.3 2.5 0.4 19.0 2.7 5.1 100.0 411
Timing of move to
current place of
residence
0–4 years 68.1 15.5 0.2 15.0 0.3 1.1 100.0 1,943
5–9 years 60.7 16.9 0.4 20.6 1.4 0.1 100.0 1,137
10 years or more 51.6 9.9 0.3 30.8 1.7 5.8 100.0 1,967
Type of migration1
Urban to urban 70.9 14.0 0.3 13.2 0.0 1.5 100.0 614
Urban to rural 55.1 9.6 0.3 32.6 0.3 2.1 100.0 313
Rural to urban 76.6 17.3 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 672
Rural to rural 58.0 19.9 0.0 19.9 1.2 0.9 100.0 343
Residence
Urban 65.9 15.1 0.2 15.0 0.5 3.2 100.0 3,497
Rural 46.5 10.2 0.4 39.0 2.4 1.6 100.0 1,550
Wealth quintile
Lowest 37.9 6.3 0.2 49.2 4.2 2.2 100.0 209
Second 43.4 6.3 0.6 45.8 2.6 1.3 100.0 431
Middle 56.6 11.3 0.1 29.4 1.5 0.9 100.0 742
Fourth 69.7 11.6 0.1 16.0 1.1 1.5 100.0 1,776
Highest 58.4 18.9 0.3 17.3 0.2 4.9 100.0 1,888
Total 15–49 60.0 13.6 0.3 22.4 1.1 2.7 100.0 5,047
50–54 64.4 1.6 0.8 26.9 2.2 4.1 100.0 301
Total 15–54 60.2 12.9 0.3 22.6 1.2 2.8 100.0 5,348
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table. Respondents who stated that they were born outside of
Kenya and that they have always lived in their current place of residence were not asked about the reason for migration and are excluded
from this table.
1
Restricted to respondents who migrated within the last 5 years.

Table 3.17.2C Reason for migration by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 who have moved to their current place of residence by the reason for migration, according to county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Family
reunification/
other family-
Education/ Marriage related Forced Number of
County Employment training formation reason displacement Other Total men
Mombasa 66.1 14.7 0.0 18.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 300
Kwale 58.9 9.2 0.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 32
Kilifi 63.7 18.7 0.0 16.4 0.0 1.2 100.0 115
Tana River (80.5) (3.1) (0.0) (16.4) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 10
Lamu 61.0 6.3 0.8 31.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 14
Taita/Taveta 56.9 5.3 0.0 32.3 1.5 3.9 100.0 43
Garissa (86.9) (6.1) (0.0) (7.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 37
Wajir 29.9 22.5 0.4 31.5 10.5 5.2 100.0 19
Mandera * * * * * * 100.0 1
Marsabit * * * * * * 100.0 3
Isiolo 69.8 10.8 0.9 16.8 1.7 0.0 100.0 30
Meru 55.1 14.8 0.0 30.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 94
Tharaka-Nithi 43.2 17.6 0.0 37.2 0.0 2.0 100.0 32
Embu 60.3 2.7 2.6 34.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 28
Kitui (36.3) (51.7) (0.0) (8.8) (0.0) (3.3) 100.0 33
Machakos 50.4 15.6 0.7 31.9 0.8 0.6 100.0 168
Makueni (52.4) (20.5) (0.0) (25.4) (0.0) (1.7) 100.0 32
Nyandarua 36.3 8.5 1.6 39.3 14.2 0.0 100.0 83
Nyeri 60.3 10.7 0.0 27.3 1.7 0.0 100.0 118
Kirinyaga (76.3) (2.6) (0.0) (21.1) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 25
Murang’a 68.7 5.7 1.3 17.6 1.4 5.3 100.0 118
Kiambu 68.9 11.4 0.0 18.2 0.0 1.6 100.0 496
Turkana (69.9) (17.8) (0.0) (12.3) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 15
West Pokot (84.3) (5.5) (0.0) (9.4) (0.0) (0.8) 100.0 11
Samburu (72.2) (15.9) (0.0) (10.3) (0.0) (1.6) 100.0 10
Trans Nzoia * * * * * * 100.0 8
Uasin Gishu 48.6 16.5 0.0 34.1 0.8 0.0 100.0 273
Elgeyo/Marakwet 74.4 9.5 0.0 16.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 15
Nandi 41.4 29.0 2.4 24.7 2.5 0.0 100.0 49
Baringo (85.6) (7.9) (0.0) (6.5) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 12
Laikipia 52.9 10.2 0.6 31.9 2.1 2.2 100.0 70
Nakuru 56.4 10.3 0.0 28.1 4.4 0.8 100.0 297
Narok 78.2 7.4 0.6 13.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 54
Kajiado (70.2) (3.2) (0.0) (10.8) (0.0) (15.8) 100.0 54
Kericho 87.7 6.2 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 50
Bomet 61.6 25.7 0.0 9.7 2.9 0.0 100.0 30
Kakamega (58.7) (13.0) (0.0) (21.8) (0.0) (6.4) 100.0 53
Vihiga 44.4 11.7 0.0 43.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 44
Bungoma 38.1 6.9 0.0 53.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 68
Busia 39.9 7.6 0.0 52.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 47
Siaya 35.5 10.7 0.0 51.8 0.5 1.6 100.0 65
Kisumu 79.1 4.1 0.0 16.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 120
Homa Bay 39.2 13.1 0.0 47.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 103
Migori 24.2 6.7 1.3 63.7 2.0 2.1 100.0 89
Kisii 23.7 21.5 0.0 53.3 1.5 0.0 100.0 106
Nyamira (44.4) (7.9) (0.0) (47.7) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 20
Nairobi City 66.5 16.2 0.3 10.2 0.7 6.2 100.0 1,553
Total 15–49 60.0 13.6 0.3 22.4 1.1 2.7 100.0 5,047
Note: Respondents who are visitors in the household are excluded from this table. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 4
Key Findings
 Current marital status: Fifty-five percent of women and

46% of men age 15–49 are currently in union.
 Marriage registration: Nineteen percent of currently
married have their marriages registered with a civil
authority.
 Polygyny: Nine percent of currently married women have
co-wives.
 Age at first marriage: The median age at first marriage
among women age 25–49 is 21.0 years, while that of men
age 30–54 is 25.8 years.
 Age at first sexual intercourse: Fifteen percent of
women and 20% of men age 25–49 had first sexual
intercourse before age 15.
 Recent sexual activity: Forty-eight percent of women
age 15–49 had sex within the last four weeks before the
survey compared with 50% of men of the same age.
M
arriage and sexual activity help determine the extent to which women are exposed to the risk of
pregnancy. Thus, they are important determinants of fertility levels (Shallo 2020; Ayele and
Malese 2017). The timing and circumstances of marriage and sexual activity also have profound
consequences for women’s and men’s lives.
4.1 MARITAL STATUS
Currently in union
Women and men who report being married or living together with a partner as
though married at the time of the survey. In this report, the terms currently in
union and currently married are used interchangeably except where noted.
Fifty-five percent of women and 46% of men are currently in union. Among women and men age 15–49,
33% of women and 48% of men have never been married (Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1).
Overall, the percentage of women who are separated or divorced is slightly higher than that of the male
counterparts; 11% of women are separated or widowed compared with 5% among men.
Marriage and Sexual Activity • 127

Figure 4.1 Marital status
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49
Women Men
Divorced/ Married
Married or living
or living separated Divorced/
9% together
together 46% separated
55% 6%
Widowed Widowed
3% Never <1%
Never
married
married
48%
33%
4.2 MARRIAGE REGISTRATION
Registered marriage
A woman whose marriage is registered with the civil authorities regardless of
whether or not she has a marriage certificate.
Sample: Currently married women age 15–49; does not include women who
are living together with a man as if married but do not report themselves to be
married
Nineteen percent of currently married women are in unions that are registered with a civil authority.
However, 16% of married women have a marriage certificate (Table 4.2).
 The percentage of women in union with a marriage certificate increases with age, from 4% among
women age 15–19 to 30% among women age 45–49.
 The percentage of women in union with a marriage certificate increases with wealth quintile, from 6%
among women in the lowest wealth quintile, 14% among women in the middle wealth quintile and up,
to 27% among those in the highest wealth quintile.
 Married women in urban areas are more likely to be in a registered union, and to have a marriage
certificate (19%) than married women in rural areas (13%).
 Counties with the highest percentage of women in a registered union with a marriage certificate are
Garissa (34%), Lamu (33%), Mombasa (30), Isiolo (29%), and Kericho (29). The counties with the
lowest percentage are Marsabit (3%), Mandera (5%), Samburu (6%), Wajir (7%), Nyamira (7%), and
Tana River (7%).
4.3 POLYGYNY
Polygyny
Women who report that their husband or partner has other wives are
considered to be in a polygynous marriage.
Sample: Currently married women age 15–49
128 • Marriage and Sexual Activity

Nine percent of currently married Figure 4.2 Trends in polygyny
women reported having one or more Percentage of currently married women age 15–49
co-wives, while 5% of currently in a polygynous union
married men reported having two or
more wives (Table 4.3.1, Table
4.3.1C, Table 4.3.2, and Table
4.3.2C).
Trends: The percentage of married 23

19
16 16
women age 15–49 in polygynous 13 11 9
union has declined gradually, from
23% in 1989 to 9% in 2022
(Figure 4.2). 1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
 The percentage of women with one or more co-wives increases with age from 4% among women age
15–19 to 15% among those age 45–49.
 The percentage of women with one or more co-wives in rural areas is more than double that of urban
areas (12% versus 5%).
 The percentage of women with one or more co-wives declines with level of education, from 34%
among women with no education to 3% among women with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of women in polygynous union decreases as wealth quintile increases; it is highest
among women in the lowest wealth quintile (21%) and lowest among women in the highest quintile
(4%).
 Counties with the highest percentage of married women with one or more co-wives are Turkana
(48%), Wajir (38%), Samburu (31%) and West Pokot (31%), while Kitui (1%), Vihiga (2%),
Machakos (3%), Kiambu (3%), Tharaka-Nithi (3%), Kericho (3%), and Nakuru (3%) have the lowest
percentage (Map 4.1).

Map 4.1 Polygyny by county
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 with one or more co-wives
4.4 AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE
Median age at first marriage

Age by which half of respondents have been married.
Sample: Women age 20–49 and 25–49, and men age 30–49 and 30–54

The median age at first marriage is 21.0 years among Figure 4.3 Median age at first sex and
women age 25–49 and 25.8 years for men age 30–49 first marriage
(Figure 4.3). Median age in years
The percentage of respondents who married by their Women age 25–49 Men age 25–49
18th birthday is much higher among women than
among men; 25% of women age 25–49 married by 25.8*
their 18th birthday compared with 4% of men in the 21.0
17.9 17.6
same age group (Table 4.4).
Trends: The percentage of women who married for

the first time by the age of 18 has been declining; and
has reduced from 42% in 1993 to 25% in 2022. For
men age 25–49, the percentage of those who married
before the age of 18 remained constant at 4% Median age at first Median age at first
sex marriage
between 1993 and 2022 (Figure 4.4). * Men age 30–49 years, not calculated for men age 25–49
because less than 50% of the men began living with their
Patterns by background characteristics spouse or partner for the first time before reaching age 25
 Rural women age 25–49 marry earlier than their Figure 4.4 Trends in early marriage
urban counterparts; median age at first marriage Percentage of women and men age
is 20.1 in rural areas and 22.4 years in urban 25–49 who were first married by age 18
areas (Table 4.5).
 Median age at first marriage increases with

wealth quintile. This increases from 18.8 years 42 Women age 25–49
39
among women age 25–49 in the lowest quantile 33 32
29
to 23.4 years among those in the highest wealth 25
quintile. Among men age 30–54, it increases Men age 25–49
from 24.7 years to 27.0 years (Figure 4.5). 4 6 4 4 4 4
 The counties with the highest median age at first 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
marriage for women age 25–49 are Nairobi (23.0 KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
years), Nyeri (22.9 years), Kiambu (22.4 years),
Machakos (22.2 years), Mombasa (22.1 years), Figure 4.5 Median age at marriage by
Kajiado (22.0 years), and Uasin Gishu (22.0 household wealth
years). Counties with the lowest median age are
Median age at first marriage
Samburu (17.7 years), Migori (18.0 years),
Homa Bay (18.4 years), Narok (18.5 years), Women age 25–49 Men age 30–54
Garisssa (18.7 years), Tana River (18.8 years), 26.0 27.0
24.7 24.9 25.3
and Mandera (18.8 years) (Table 4.5C). 23.4
21.8
19.2 20.4
18.8
 The counties with the highest median age at first
marriage for men age 30–54 are Taita-Taveta
(28.0 years), Samburu (28.0 years), Marsabit
(27.5 years), Nyeri (27.3 years), and Kirinyaga
(27.3 years). Counties with the lowest median
age are Migori (23.3 years) and Homa Bay (23.4
years). Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
Poorest Wealthiest

4.5 AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
Median age at first sexual intercourse

Age by which half of respondents have had sexual intercourse.
Sample: Women age 20–49 and 25–49 and men age 20–49, 25–49, 20–54,
and 25–54
Twenty percent of men age 25–49 had first sexual intercourse before age 15 compared with 15% among
women in the same age group. By age 20, 72% of both women and men age 25–49 have had first sexual
intercourse (Table 4.6).
The median age at first sexual intercourse and the median age at first marriage among women 25–49 are
17.9 and 21.0 years, respectively (Figure 4.3).
Trends: There has been a gradual decline in the Figure 4.6 Trends in early sexual
percentage of both women and men age 25–49 who intercourse
had first sexual intercourse by age 18. For women, Percentage who had first sexual
the percentage declined from 67% in 1998 to 52%, intercourse by age 18
and for men, from 63% in 1998 to 54% in 2022
(Figure 4.6).
Men age 25–49
63 67
55 54
63 63
 The median age at first sexual intercourse is 54
48 50 52
lower among women age 25–49 in rural areas
Women age 25–49
than among those in urban areas (17.1 years
versus 18.8 years). A similar pattern is observed
in men age 25–54 (17.3 years in rural areas
versus 18.0 years in urban areas) (Table 4.7). 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
 Among women age 25–49, the median age at first sexual intercourse increases with the level of
education; from 16.2 years among those with no education to 20.3 years among those with more than
secondary education.
 Counties with the highest median age at first sexual intercourse among women age 25–49 are
Mombasa (19.6 years), Nyeri (19.4 years), and Kiambu (19.3 years), while counties with the lowest
median age are Samburu (15.6 years), West Pokot (15.7 years), Homa Bay (15.7 years), Kericho (15.8
years), Migori (15.8 years), and Nyamira (15.9 years) (Table 4.7C).
 Among men age 25–54, the counties with the highest median age at first sexual intercourse are
Mandera (24.9 years), Wajir (22.4 years), Garissa (22.3 years) and Kirinyaga (22.1 years), while the
counties with the lowest median age are West Pokot (15.4 years), Kericho (15.7 years), Elgeyo-
Marakwet (15.7 years), Machakos (15.7 years), Nakuru (15.7 years) and Tharaka-Nithi (15.7 years).
4.6 RECENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY

Forty-eight percent of women age 15–49 had sex within the last four weeks before the survey compared
with 50% of men in the same age group. Fifteen percent of women and 17% of men had never had sex by
the time of the survey (Table 4.8.1, Table 4.8.1C, Table 4.8.2, and Table 4.8.2C).
 Fifty-four percent of men in urban areas compared with 47% of men in rural areas had sex within the
last four weeks before the survey.

 Counties with the highest percentage of men who had sex within the last four weeks before the survey
are West Pokot (70%), Narok (68%), Tharaka-Nithi (61%), Kericho (59%) and Kirinyaga (59%),
while the counties with the lowest percentage are Wajir (20%), Garissa (30%), Turkana (34%),
Marsabit (35%), Vihiga (35%), Siaya (35%) and Mandera (35%).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on marriage and sexual activity, see the following tables:
 Table 4.1 Current marital status

 Table 4.2 Marriage registration
 Table 4.2C Marriage registration by county
 Table 4.3.1 Number of women’s co-wives
 Table 4.3.1C Number of women’s co-wives by county
 Table 4.3.2 Number of men’s wives
 Table 4.3.2C Number of men’s wives by county
 Table 4.4 Age at first marriage
 Table 4.5 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics
 Table 4.5C Median age at first marriage by county
 Table 4.6 Age at first sexual intercourse
 Table 4.7 Median age at first sexual intercourse according to background characteristics
 Table 4.7C Median age at first sexual intercourse according to county
 Table 4.8.1 Recent sexual activity: Women
 Table 4.8.1C Recent sexual activity by county: Women
 Table 4.8.2 Recent sexual activity: Men
 Table 4.8.2C Recent sexual activity by county: Men

Table 4.1 Current marital status
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 by current marital status, according to age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
of respon-
Marital status dents Number
Never Living currently of respon-
Age married Married together Divorced Separated Widowed Total in union dents
WOMEN
15–19 91.6 5.9 1.7 0.1 0.8 0.0 100.0 7.6 6,025
20–24 50.1 35.2 8.7 0.5 5.4 0.1 100.0 43.9 6,001
25–29 16.9 61.2 10.2 1.4 9.6 0.9 100.0 71.3 5,687
30–34 9.1 66.0 10.3 1.8 10.4 2.3 100.0 76.4 4,530
35–39 5.8 66.7 8.3 2.4 11.4 5.3 100.0 75.0 4,311
40–44 5.5 66.5 6.3 2.8 11.8 7.0 100.0 72.8 3,084
45–49 4.8 64.3 4.6 2.8 11.6 11.9 100.0 68.9 2,518
Total 15–49 32.5 48.1 7.3 1.4 7.9 2.8 100.0 55.4 32,156
MEN
15–19 99.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 100.0 0.4 3,175
20–24 82.7 12.3 1.9 0.6 2.6 0.0 100.0 14.2 2,404
25–29 42.3 46.5 4.7 1.3 5.2 0.0 100.0 51.2 2,268
30–34 16.3 69.9 4.0 2.3 7.5 0.1 100.0 73.8 1,787
35–39 6.7 80.5 3.0 1.3 8.1 0.4 100.0 83.5 1,577
40–44 3.7 79.8 3.9 1.8 9.1 1.6 100.0 83.7 1,332
45–49 2.5 86.9 2.6 1.2 5.1 1.8 100.0 89.5 1,109
Total 15–49 48.2 43.3 2.6 1.0 4.6 0.4 100.0 45.8 13,652
50–54 2.5 85.2 2.2 2.4 4.8 2.9 100.0 87.5 801
Total 15–54 45.6 45.6 2.5 1.1 4.6 0.5 100.0 48.1 14,453

Table 4.2 Marriage registration
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 whose current marriage is

registered with the civil authorities and percentage whose current marriage is
registered with the civil authorities and have a marriage certificate, according to
Percentage whose
current marriage is
registered with the
Percentage whose civil authority and
current marriage is who have a Number of
Background registered with the marriage currently married
1
characteristic civil authority certificate women2
Age
15–19 7.1 3.9 456
20–24 9.3 5.9 2,635
25–29 15.6 11.8 4,055
30–34 18.8 14.5 3,460
35–39 22.6 19.2 3,234
40–44 25.0 21.8 2,246
45–49 33.8 29.5 1,735
Residence
Urban 23.4 19.2 6,953
Rural 16.7 13.3 10,869
Education3
No education 20.2 14.2 1,373
Primary 13.6 11.0 7,376
Secondary 15.7 12.8 5,734
More than secondary 37.8 31.1 3,339
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.0 5.9 2,994
Second 12.6 8.9 3,125
Middle 17.2 14.3 3,330
Fourth 19.1 16.0 3,945
Highest 32.8 27.4 4,427
Total 19.3 15.6 17,822
1
Includes currently married women with a marriage certificate for their current
marriage.
2
Excludes women who are living with a man as if married but did not report
themselves as currently married.
3
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and
more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary
includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level
attended.

Table 4.2C Marriage registration by county
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 whose current marriage is

registered with the civil authorities and percentage whose current marriage is
registered with the civil authorities and have a marriage certificate, according to
Percentage whose
current marriage is
registered with the
Percentage whose civil authority and
current marriage is who have a Number of
registered with the marriage currently married
1
County civil authority certificate women2
Mombasa 35.0 29.9 546
Kwale 26.1 25.1 302
Kilifi 13.2 11.9 483
Tana River 9.3 7.4 107
Lamu 46.6 32.9 59
Taita/Taveta 16.1 13.4 130
Garissa 52.2 34.3 170
Wajir 7.5 6.6 92
Mandera 32.1 5.0 138
Marsabit 3.4 3.4 94
Isiolo 40.3 28.9 76
Meru 21.5 17.7 569
Tharaka-Nithi 26.2 21.2 171
Embu 26.6 24.7 214
Kitui 16.5 15.7 449
Machakos 17.4 15.0 553
Makueni 20.4 18.5 366
Nyandarua 14.3 10.0 225
Nyeri 20.1 16.8 254
Kirinyaga 17.1 14.2 253
Murang’a 17.8 10.6 344
Kiambu 14.8 10.4 1,116
Turkana 18.2 18.2 204
West Pokot 9.4 7.9 264
Samburu 6.9 5.9 106
Trans Nzoia 17.4 13.1 361
Uasin Gishu 24.6 21.7 525
Elgeyo/Marakwet 14.8 13.2 143
Nandi 25.8 24.8 327
Baringo 18.4 11.3 200
Laikipia 15.6 13.3 161
Nakuru 15.6 12.6 906
Narok 12.9 10.6 444
Kajiado 22.5 19.7 520
Kericho 37.6 28.8 395
Bomet 30.1 16.9 351
Kakamega 14.5 11.0 715
Vihiga 11.7 8.3 171
Bungoma 14.3 11.3 614
Busia 12.1 10.6 360
Siaya 10.5 8.0 299
Kisumu 12.8 11.6 413
Homa Bay 11.4 8.2 391
Migori 15.8 8.4 397
Kisii 12.4 11.3 470
Nyamira 8.6 6.6 178
Nairobi City 24.3 21.3 2,195
Total 19.3 15.6 17,822
1
Includes currently married women with a marriage certificate for their current
marriage.
2
Excludes women who are living with a man as if married but did not report
themselves as currently married.

Table 4.3.1 Number of women’s co-wives
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 by number of co-wives, and percentage of currently married women with
one or more co-wives, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
Number of co-wives with one
Background Don’t or more Number of
characteristic 0 1 2+ know Total co-wives1 women
Age
15–19 96.3 3.5 0.2 0.0 100.0 3.7 244
20–24 92.2 3.6 1.2 3.0 100.0 4.7 1,358
25–29 90.5 5.2 1.0 3.3 100.0 6.2 2,085
30–34 86.5 8.0 1.2 4.3 100.0 9.2 1,824
35–39 81.9 10.1 3.2 4.8 100.0 13.3 1,707
40–44 85.0 8.2 2.4 4.4 100.0 10.6 1,147
45–49 81.6 11.8 2.8 3.8 100.0 14.6 954
Residence
Urban 91.2 4.5 0.7 3.6 100.0 5.2 3,616
Rural 84.3 9.2 2.5 4.0 100.0 11.7 5,703
Education2
No education 64.3 25.6 8.0 2.0 100.0 33.6 724
Primary 86.1 8.6 1.9 3.4 100.0 10.5 3,842
Secondary 90.0 4.1 1.1 4.7 100.0 5.2 3,002
More than secondary 93.0 2.8 0.3 3.9 100.0 3.0 1,751
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.1 15.3 5.4 2.2 100.0 20.7 1,559
Second 87.7 8.2 1.5 2.6 100.0 9.7 1,631
Middle 85.8 7.8 1.6 4.8 100.0 9.4 1,711
Fourth 89.8 4.9 0.7 4.6 100.0 5.6 2,096
Highest 91.4 3.5 0.7 4.4 100.0 4.3 2,322
Total 87.0 7.4 1.8 3.8 100.0 9.2 9,319
1
Excludes women who responded "don’t know" when asked if their husband has other wives.
2

Table 4.3.1C Number of women’s co-wives by county
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 by number of co-wives, and percentage of currently married women with one or more co-
wives, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of co-wives Percentage
Don’t with one or Number of
County 0 1 2+ know Total more co-wives1 women
Mombasa 83.2 7.7 0.0 9.1 100.0 7.7 281
Kwale 85.4 11.4 3.2 0.0 100.0 14.6 159
Kilifi 86.7 10.0 1.2 2.1 100.0 11.2 255
Tana River 83.1 13.9 1.4 1.6 100.0 15.3 56
Lamu 84.6 13.7 1.2 0.5 100.0 14.8 33
Taita/Taveta 93.0 5.8 0.0 1.3 100.0 5.8 67
Garissa 77.2 20.2 2.1 0.6 100.0 22.3 94
Wajir 62.5 30.9 6.6 0.0 100.0 37.5 52
Mandera 73.8 21.9 4.4 0.0 100.0 26.2 75
Marsabit 89.5 8.8 1.8 0.0 100.0 10.5 50
Isiolo 88.9 10.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 11.1 43
Meru 78.9 5.5 1.4 14.2 100.0 6.9 291
Tharaka-Nithi 94.9 2.8 0.0 2.3 100.0 2.8 86
Embu 90.7 3.0 0.8 5.5 100.0 3.8 109
Kitui 94.3 1.2 0.0 4.6 100.0 1.2 218
Machakos 84.7 2.6 0.0 12.8 100.0 2.6 297
Makueni 91.8 2.8 1.2 4.1 100.0 4.0 199
Nyandarua 93.1 4.4 1.5 1.1 100.0 5.8 119
Nyeri 81.3 4.1 0.0 14.6 100.0 4.1 132
Kirinyaga 85.1 3.3 2.4 9.3 100.0 5.7 135
Murang’a 91.2 7.4 1.0 0.4 100.0 8.4 164
Kiambu 91.3 2.2 0.4 6.2 100.0 2.6 574
Turkana 51.0 34.4 13.2 1.4 100.0 47.6 105
West Pokot 68.3 20.2 10.6 1.0 100.0 30.7 138
Samburu 68.9 21.9 8.8 0.4 100.0 30.7 52
Trans Nzoia 86.7 10.7 0.6 2.0 100.0 11.3 180
Uasin Gishu 89.1 5.7 0.0 5.2 100.0 5.7 284
Elgeyo/Marakwet 88.8 9.6 0.0 1.5 100.0 9.6 72
Nandi 92.6 3.8 1.0 2.6 100.0 4.8 173
Baringo 75.1 18.6 4.5 1.8 100.0 23.1 103
Laikipia 94.6 3.5 1.5 0.4 100.0 5.0 84
Nakuru 95.1 2.6 0.4 1.9 100.0 3.0 501
Narok 79.9 15.2 2.9 1.9 100.0 18.2 242
Kajiado 89.3 7.5 2.5 0.8 100.0 10.0 262
Kericho 97.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.9 197
Bomet 93.1 6.5 0.0 0.4 100.0 6.5 187
Kakamega 82.2 8.3 3.4 6.1 100.0 11.7 381
Vihiga 90.0 1.9 0.0 8.2 100.0 1.9 98
Bungoma 81.5 11.2 3.8 3.5 100.0 15.0 311
Busia 82.9 11.9 3.0 2.2 100.0 14.9 195
Siaya 87.7 10.5 1.8 0.0 100.0 12.3 155
Kisumu 92.6 5.9 1.1 0.3 100.0 7.0 207
Homa Bay 73.3 17.1 7.8 1.7 100.0 24.9 200
Migori 80.3 15.1 4.1 0.5 100.0 19.2 205
Kisii 91.6 5.2 0.5 2.7 100.0 5.7 277
Nyamira 83.2 4.9 1.0 10.9 100.0 6.0 92
Nairobi City 92.9 2.9 1.2 3.0 100.0 4.0 1,129
Total 87.0 7.4 1.8 3.8 100.0 9.2 9,319
1
Excludes women who responded "don’t know" when asked if their husband has other wives.

Table 4.3.2 Number of men’s wives
Percent distribution of currently married men age 15–49 by number of wives,

Number of wives
Background Number of
characteristic 1 2+ Total men
Age
15–19 * * 100.0 12
20–24 99.1 0.9 100.0 341
25–29 98.2 1.8 100.0 1,161
30–34 96.0 4.0 100.0 1,319
35–39 95.6 4.4 100.0 1,317
40–44 94.0 6.0 100.0 1,115
45–49 91.8 8.2 100.0 992
Residence
Urban 96.9 3.1 100.0 2,689
Rural 94.3 5.7 100.0 3,568
Education1
No education 84.6 15.4 100.0 267
Primary 94.1 5.9 100.0 2,544
Secondary 97.1 2.9 100.0 1,987
More than secondary 97.6 2.4 100.0 1,459
Wealth quintile
Lowest 89.3 10.7 100.0 873
Second 95.8 4.2 100.0 1,059
Middle 96.1 3.9 100.0 1,166
Fourth 96.4 3.6 100.0 1,632
Highest 97.2 2.8 100.0 1,527
Total 15–49 95.5 4.5 100.0 6,257
50–54 91.4 8.6 100.0 700
Total 15–54 95.0 5.0 100.0 6,958
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted

cases and has been suppressed.
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education),
and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities.
Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest
education level attended.

Table 4.3.2C Number of men’s wives by county
Percent distribution of currently married men age 15–49 by number of wives,

Number of wives Number of
County 1 2+ Total men
Mombasa 94.7 5.3 100.0 228
Kwale 68.4 31.6 100.0 85
Kilifi 93.8 6.2 100.0 164
Tana River 93.2 6.8 100.0 35
Lamu 93.5 6.5 100.0 21
Taita/Taveta 94.8 5.2 100.0 48
Garissa 91.9 8.1 100.0 56
Wajir 83.5 16.5 100.0 21
Mandera 80.3 19.7 100.0 35
Marsabit 97.2 2.8 100.0 25
Isiolo 93.4 6.6 100.0 28
Meru 97.5 2.5 100.0 219
Tharaka-Nithi 98.4 1.6 100.0 70
Embu 99.2 0.8 100.0 79
Kitui 99.1 0.9 100.0 124
Machakos 98.2 1.8 100.0 201
Makueni 96.9 3.1 100.0 111
Nyandarua 100.0 0.0 100.0 71
Nyeri 98.4 1.6 100.0 104
Kirinyaga 99.2 0.8 100.0 92
Murang’a 95.2 4.8 100.0 124
Kiambu 97.2 2.8 100.0 431
Turkana 82.1 17.9 100.0 60
West Pokot 85.0 15.0 100.0 86
Samburu 85.3 14.7 100.0 28
Trans Nzoia 98.2 1.8 100.0 112
Uasin Gishu 98.7 1.3 100.0 228
Nandi 98.0 2.0 100.0 125
Baringo 95.7 4.3 100.0 70
Laikipia 97.6 2.4 100.0 64
Nakuru 95.3 4.7 100.0 320
Narok 91.5 8.5 100.0 155
Kajiado 95.4 4.6 100.0 174
Kericho 98.4 1.6 100.0 160
Bomet 97.9 2.1 100.0 132
Kakamega 100.0 0.0 100.0 212
Vihiga 98.4 1.6 100.0 52
Bungoma 97.5 2.5 100.0 179
Busia 89.3 10.7 100.0 107
Siaya 90.2 9.8 100.0 99
Kisumu 95.1 4.9 100.0 182
Homa Bay 85.7 14.3 100.0 119
Migori 84.9 15.1 100.0 126
Kisii 98.0 2.0 100.0 164
Nyamira 95.5 4.5 100.0 59
Nairobi City 98.2 1.8 100.0 818
Total 15–49 95.5 4.5 100.0 6,257

Table 4.4 Age at first marriage
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who were first married by specific exact ages and median age at first marriage, according
to current age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage first married by exact age: Percentage Median age
never Number of at first
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 married respondents marriage
WOMEN
15–19 1.0 na na na na 91.6 6,025 a

20–24 2.2 12.5 28.1 na na 50.1 6,001 a
25–29 5.6 20.3 35.5 53.7 73.4 16.9 5,687 21.6
30–34 9.0 26.8 41.2 56.1 72.6 9.1 4,530 21.0
35–39 10.0 30.1 45.1 58.7 75.7 5.8 4,311 20.7
40–44 6.6 26.5 46.5 61.3 76.7 5.5 3,084 20.4
45–49 7.9 24.7 42.3 58.6 76.4 4.8 2,518 20.9
20–49 6.5 22.4 38.3 na na 18.8 26,131 a
25–49 7.7 25.4 41.4 57.1 74.6 9.5 20,130 21.0
MEN
15–19 0.0 na na na na 99.3 3,175 a
20–24 0.2 1.8 4.9 na na 82.7 2,404 a
25–29 0.3 2.7 7.4 15.8 40.6 42.3 2,268 a
30–34 0.3 4.3 9.8 20.4 40.6 16.3 1,787 26.0
35–39 0.5 5.3 12.5 23.8 45.2 6.7 1,577 25.5
40–44 0.3 2.6 10.3 20.7 42.6 3.7 1,332 26.1
45–49 1.1 5.1 9.4 19.3 44.3 2.5 1,109 25.7
20–49 0.4 3.4 8.6 na na 32.7 10,477 a
25–49 0.5 3.9 9.7 19.7 42.3 17.8 8,073 a
20–54 0.4 3.4 8.6 na na 30.5 11,278 a
25–54 0.5 3.8 9.7 19.7 42.5 16.4 8,874 a
30–49 0.5 4.4 10.6 21.2 43.0 8.2 5,805 25.8
30–54 0.5 4.2 10.4 21.0 43.1 7.5 6,606 25.8
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner.
na = not applicable due to censoring.
a = Omitted because less than 50% of the women or men began living with their spouse or partner for the first time before reaching
the beginning of the age group.

Table 4.5 Median age at first marriage by background
characteristics
Median age at first marriage among women age 20–49 and age
25–49, and median age at first marriage among men age 25–54
and 30–54, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Women age Men age
Background
characteristic 20–49 25–49 25–54 30–54
Residence
Urban a 22.4 a 26.4
Rural a 20.1 a 25.4
Education1
No education 17.9 17.9 24.8 25.0
Primary 19.0 19.0 24.7 24.8
Secondary a 21.8 a 26.0
More than secondary a a a 27.4
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.1 18.8 24.7 24.7
Second 19.7 19.2 a 24.9
Middle a 20.4 a 25.3
Fourth a 21.8 a 26.0
Highest a 23.4 a 27.0
Total a 21.0 a 25.8
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the
respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner.
a = Omitted because fewer than 50% percent of the respondents
began living with their spouse/partners for the first time before
reaching the beginning of the age group.
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/
Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes
middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes
individuals who reported vocational training as the highest

Table 4.5C Median age at first marriage by county
Median age at first marriage among women age 20–49 and age
25–49, and median age at first marriage among men age 25–54 and
30–54, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women age Men age
County 20–49 25–49 25–54 30–54
Mombasa a 22.1 a 25.5
Kwale 19.7 19.2 24.4 24.2
Kilifi a 19.5 a 25.7
Tana River 18.7 18.8 23.9 24.5
Lamu a 20.3 a 25.5
Taita/Taveta a 21.6 a 28.0
Garissa 19.1 18.7 a 25.1
Wajir 19.5 19.2 a 26.0
Mandera 19.0 18.8 a 25.7
Marsabit 19.5 19.7 a 27.5
Isiolo a 20.0 a 24.9
Meru a 20.0 a 25.5
Tharaka-Nithi a 21.3 24.5 24.2
Embu a 21.9 a 26.7
Kitui a 20.6 a 26.4
Machakos a 22.2 a 25.4
Makueni a 21.9 a 25.7
Nyandarua a 20.5 a 25.7
Nyeri a 22.9 a 27.3
Kirinyaga a 21.6 a 27.3
Murang’a a 21.9 a 25.1
Kiambu a 22.4 a 26.6
Turkana a 20.4 25.0 25.4
West Pokot 19.7 19.6 24.1 23.9
Samburu 18.2 17.7 a 28.0
Trans Nzoia a 20.3 a 26.4
Uasin Gishu a 22.0 a 26.7
Elgeyo/Marakwet a 21.5 a 25.3
Nandi a 21.8 a 25.6
Baringo a 21.6 a 26.2
Laikipia a 21.4 a 25.8
Nakuru a 21.3 a 25.5
Narok 19.1 18.5 a 25.7
Kajiado a 22.0 a 26.9
Kericho a 21.1 a 26.1
Bomet 19.7 19.2 a 25.6
Kakamega a 20.8 a 26.3
Vihiga a 20.6 24.8 24.5
Bungoma a 20.0 24.4 23.8
Busia a 20.0 24.1 23.6
Siaya 19.9 19.2 a 25.2
Kisumu a 19.7 a 25.1
Homa Bay 19.1 18.4 23.9 23.4
Migori 18.4 18.0 23.3 23.0
Kisii 19.9 19.5 24.7 24.5
Nyamira 19.6 19.2 a 25.2
Nairobi City a 23.0 a 26.7
Total a 21.0 a 25.8
Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the
respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner.
a = Omitted because fewer than 50% percent of the respondents
began living with their spouse/partners for the first time before
reaching the beginning of the age group.

Table 4.6 Age at first sexual intercourse
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who had first sexual intercourse by specific exact ages, percentage who never had sexual
intercourse, and median age at first sexual intercourse, according to current age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
Percentage who had first sexual intercourse by exact age: who never Median age
had at first
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 intercourse Number intercourse
WOMEN
15–19 6.8 na na na na 66.7 6,025 a

20–24 8.5 39.6 67.7 na na 13.3 6,001 18.7
25–29 13.8 47.6 70.4 86.2 94.5 1.6 5,687 18.2
30–34 14.4 52.6 72.0 83.6 91.1 0.7 4,530 17.8
35–39 17.1 54.4 71.5 83.3 91.7 0.2 4,311 17.6
40–44 13.5 53.7 73.3 84.8 91.9 0.2 3,084 17.7
45–49 14.8 51.4 71.1 82.8 90.4 0.2 2,518 17.9
20–49 13.3 48.9 70.6 na na 3.6 26,131 18.1
25–49 14.7 51.6 71.5 84.4 92.2 0.7 20,130 17.9
15–24 7.6 na na na na 40.1 12,026 a
MEN
15–19 18.4 na na na na 59.9 3,175 a
20–24 19.4 53.0 76.5 na na 12.7 2,404 17.8
25–29 24.3 57.8 76.2 88.3 95.4 1.8 2,268 17.2
30–34 19.5 54.1 73.2 86.3 92.9 0.6 1,787 17.7
35–39 17.2 51.9 70.2 83.1 92.2 0.4 1,577 17.8
40–44 16.6 49.3 67.7 82.7 90.2 0.3 1,332 18.1
45–49 18.7 55.4 70.0 80.6 90.5 0.4 1,109 17.6
20–49 19.7 53.9 73.1 na na 3.5 10,477 17.7
25–49 19.8 54.1 72.1 84.9 92.7 0.8 8,073 17.6
15–24 18.8 na na na na 39.6 5,579 a
20–54 19.7 53.7 72.9 na na 3.3 11,278 17.7
25–54 19.8 53.9 72.0 84.8 92.6 0.8 8,874 17.6

a = Omitted because fewer than 50% of the respondents had sexual intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of
the age group.

Table 4.7 Median age at first sexual intercourse according to
background characteristics
Median age at first sexual intercourse among women age 20–49 and
age 25–49, and median age at first sexual intercourse among men
age 20–54 and age 25–54, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Women age Men age
Background
characteristic 20–49 25–49 20–54 25–54
Residence
Urban 18.9 18.8 18.0 18.0
Rural 17.4 17.1 17.4 17.3
Education1
No education 16.3 16.2 18.4 18.4
Primary 16.6 16.6 17.2 17.2
Secondary 18.4 18.3 17.5 17.4
More than secondary a 20.3 18.3 18.3
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.5 16.2 17.1 17.1
Second 16.9 16.7 16.9 16.9
Middle 17.7 17.5 17.5 17.4
Fourth 18.4 18.2 17.7 17.7
Highest 19.5 19.4 18.3 18.3
Total 18.1 17.9 17.7 17.6
a = Omitted because fewer than 50% of the respondents had

intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age
group.
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult
education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges
and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported
vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 4.7C Median age at first sexual intercourse
according to county
Median age at first sexual intercourse among women age
20–49 and age 25–49, and median age at first sexual
intercourse among men age 20–54 and age 25–54, according
Women age Men age
County 20–49 25–49 20–54 25–54
Mombasa 19.7 19.6 18.7 18.6
Kwale 18.1 17.4 18.2 18.2
Kilifi 18.3 17.9 18.7 18.8
Tana River 17.7 17.4 a 20.9
Lamu 18.5 18.4 a 20.7
Taita/Taveta 18.6 18.6 18.1 18.3
Garissa 17.7 17.1 a 22.3
Wajir 17.7 17.4 a 22.4
Mandera 18.1 17.8 a 24.9
Marsabit 18.2 18.2 19.9 20.3
Isiolo 18.6 18.4 17.4 17.4
Meru 17.9 17.8 17.8 17.6
Tharaka-Nithi 19.1 18.9 15.8 15.7
Embu 18.6 18.6 18.9 19.6
Kitui 18.2 18.0 18.5 18.6
Machakos 18.5 18.3 15.9 15.7
Makueni 18.4 18.0 18.2 18.4
Nyandarua 18.8 18.5 18.9 19.3
Nyeri 19.5 19.4 18.7 19.0
Kirinyaga 18.5 18.4 a 22.1
Murang’a 17.9 17.5 18.2 18.0
Kiambu 19.4 19.3 18.2 18.0
Turkana 18.4 18.4 18.1 18.4
West Pokot 15.8 15.7 15.2 15.4
Samburu 15.6 15.6 18.6 19.0
Trans Nzoia 18.0 18.0 17.6 17.3
Uasin Gishu 19.0 18.7 17.4 17.2
Elgeyo/Marakwet 18.0 17.9 15.7 15.7
Nandi 17.7 17.1 16.9 16.4
Baringo 16.6 16.2 16.5 16.5
Laikipia 18.8 18.6 17.7 17.9
Nakuru 18.7 18.4 15.9 15.7
Narok 16.4 16.0 16.5 16.7
Kajiado 18.6 18.7 16.9 16.5
Kericho 15.9 15.8 15.7 15.7
Bomet 17.2 16.8 18.1 18.3
Kakamega 17.6 17.4 16.9 16.7
Vihiga 17.7 17.5 17.5 17.1
Bungoma 17.8 17.6 18.1 18.4
Busia 16.4 16.2 17.7 17.4
Siaya 16.3 16.0 17.0 16.4
Kisumu 16.5 16.1 17.1 17.0
Homa Bay 16.0 15.7 17.0 16.9
Migori 16.0 15.8 15.9 16.0
Kisii 16.6 16.3 16.9 16.8
Nyamira 16.1 15.9 16.4 16.3
Nairobi City 19.0 18.9 18.1 18.2
Total 18.1 17.9 17.7 17.6
a = Omitted because fewer than 50% of the respondents had

intercourse for the first time before reaching the beginning of the
age group.

Table 4.8.1 Recent sexual activity: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Timing of last sexual intercourse Never had
Background Within the last Within One or more sexual Number of
characteristic 4 weeks 1 year1 years Missing intercourse Total women
Age
15–19 9.6 15.5 8.0 0.0 66.9 100.0 3,125
20–24 42.8 32.5 11.4 0.0 13.3 100.0 3,063
25–29 62.4 28.3 7.7 0.0 1.6 100.0 2,916
30–34 65.6 25.0 8.5 0.0 0.8 100.0 2,364
35–39 61.2 26.0 12.6 0.0 0.2 100.0 2,288
40–44 58.8 24.9 16.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 1,615
45–49 56.6 20.5 22.8 0.1 0.1 100.0 1,346
Marital status
Never married 10.1 25.9 15.9 0.0 48.1 100.0 5,348
Married or living together 77.4 20.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 9,319
Divorced/separated/widowed 16.6 44.2 39.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 2,049
Duration of current union2
< 1 year 78.7 20.6 0.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 528
1–4 years 78.4 20.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,960
5–9 years 78.7 19.7 1.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,937
10–14 years 79.9 18.8 1.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,622
15–19 years 75.3 21.3 3.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,331
20–24 years 73.6 21.8 4.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 1,103
25+ years 74.9 19.5 5.4 0.2 0.0 100.0 838
Residence
Urban 48.2 26.3 11.8 0.0 13.8 100.0 6,850
Rural 48.6 24.0 10.9 0.0 16.5 100.0 9,866
Education3
No education 53.1 25.8 15.9 0.0 5.2 100.0 920
Primary 53.5 24.4 10.9 0.0 11.1 100.0 6,107
Secondary 40.9 23.6 10.8 0.0 24.6 100.0 6,481
Wealth quintile
Lowest 45.9 25.4 12.4 0.0 16.4 100.0 2,599
Second 45.0 25.1 11.4 0.0 18.5 100.0 2,974
Middle 48.8 24.3 10.4 0.0 16.5 100.0 3,086
Fourth 51.3 24.4 11.5 0.0 12.9 100.0 3,729
Highest 49.5 25.5 10.9 0.0 14.0 100.0 4,328
Total 48.4 24.9 11.2 0.0 15.4 100.0 16,716
1
Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks.
2
Excludes women who are not currently married.
3

Table 4.8.1C Recent sexual activity by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Timing of last sexual intercourse
Within the last Within One or Never had sexual Number
County 4 weeks 1 year1 more years intercourse Total of women
Mombasa 42.6 27.2 12.7 17.5 100.0 493
Kwale 44.9 22.0 8.4 24.8 100.0 260
Kilifi 48.7 23.7 5.2 22.4 100.0 489
Tana River 50.0 23.6 10.8 15.6 100.0 79
Lamu 49.5 21.4 10.0 19.1 100.0 54
Taita/Taveta 50.6 23.5 12.1 13.8 100.0 122
Garissa 44.1 15.9 8.4 31.7 100.0 163
Wajir 37.0 20.3 10.5 32.2 100.0 90
Mandera 47.1 19.6 8.2 25.2 100.0 113
Marsabit 30.3 19.3 34.6 15.7 100.0 72
Isiolo 44.3 20.3 11.4 23.9 100.0 76
Meru 55.7 24.2 7.4 12.4 100.0 488
Tharaka-Nithi 55.4 19.3 17.4 7.8 100.0 131
Embu 57.5 16.0 11.2 15.2 100.0 180
Kitui 42.1 26.3 10.7 20.9 100.0 373
Machakos 49.6 22.9 9.6 17.9 100.0 544
Makueni 42.9 26.8 13.2 17.0 100.0 356
Nyandarua 47.0 19.4 12.1 21.5 100.0 225
Nyeri 50.8 19.9 13.0 16.3 100.0 261
Kirinyaga 54.9 19.4 11.5 14.2 100.0 262
Murang’a 56.6 16.1 9.3 18.1 100.0 339
Kiambu 52.6 22.8 11.2 13.4 100.0 1,095
Turkana 45.9 20.0 19.4 14.7 100.0 172
West Pokot 50.2 31.4 9.3 9.1 100.0 197
Samburu 43.7 39.1 12.0 5.2 100.0 79
Trans Nzoia 41.8 25.8 16.1 16.3 100.0 359
Uasin Gishu 45.0 31.9 9.3 13.8 100.0 527
Elgeyo/Marakwet 48.0 31.8 11.3 8.9 100.0 116
Nandi 51.9 23.9 7.5 16.6 100.0 332
Baringo 45.3 24.2 14.6 15.9 100.0 193
Laikipia 46.4 23.4 11.9 18.4 100.0 173
Nakuru 51.5 29.2 9.0 10.3 100.0 862
Narok 57.6 24.0 8.4 10.0 100.0 374
Kajiado 48.7 25.7 15.5 10.1 100.0 451
Kericho 54.4 25.9 8.6 11.0 100.0 372
Bomet 50.9 16.4 12.7 20.0 100.0 327
Kakamega 44.6 29.9 10.1 15.4 100.0 652
Vihiga 35.4 26.2 12.4 26.1 100.0 201
Bungoma 46.8 27.0 11.2 15.0 100.0 572
Busia 43.6 27.2 7.1 22.1 100.0 336
Siaya 44.7 25.7 10.2 19.5 100.0 275
Kisumu 48.7 20.7 11.8 18.8 100.0 396
Homa Bay 45.2 30.1 11.6 13.1 100.0 344
Migori 50.1 24.6 11.5 13.8 100.0 350
Kisii 50.2 27.2 9.7 12.9 100.0 463
Nyamira 45.3 27.4 12.2 15.1 100.0 168
Nairobi City 47.9 25.9 14.1 12.1 100.0 2,157
Total 48.4 24.9 11.2 15.4 100.0 16,716
1
Excludes women who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks.

Table 4.8.2 Recent sexual activity: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Timing of last sexual intercourse
Background Within the Within One or Never had sexual Number
characteristic last 4 weeks 1 year1 more years intercourse Total of men
Age
15–19 9.3 16.4 14.4 59.9 100.0 3,175
20–24 37.3 36.0 14.0 12.7 100.0 2,404
25–29 62.4 26.9 8.9 1.8 100.0 2,268
30–34 72.0 21.7 5.7 0.6 100.0 1,787
35–39 73.1 21.2 5.2 0.4 100.0 1,577
40–44 74.7 18.7 6.3 0.3 100.0 1,332
45–49 71.1 21.9 6.6 0.4 100.0 1,109
Marital status
Never married 21.3 27.9 16.2 34.6 100.0 6,576
Married or living together 81.7 16.8 1.4 0.0 100.0 6,257
Divorced/separated/widowed 38.6 39.5 21.8 0.0 100.0 819
Marital duration2
< 1 year 87.6 12.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 258
1–4 years 82.7 16.6 0.6 0.0 100.0 1,342
5–9 years 82.4 15.4 2.2 0.0 100.0 1,183
10–14 years 82.0 17.1 0.8 0.0 100.0 1,046
15–19 years 83.3 15.1 1.5 0.0 100.0 797
20–24 years 76.1 22.8 1.1 0.0 100.0 636
25+ years 73.7 20.5 5.8 0.0 100.0 217
Married more than once 82.0 15.9 2.0 0.0 100.0 777
Residence
Urban 54.1 25.3 7.9 12.7 100.0 5,382
Rural 47.4 22.4 11.0 19.2 100.0 8,270
Education
No education 52.2 27.7 10.4 9.7 100.0 369
Primary 52.4 20.3 9.5 17.8 100.0 4,894
Secondary 41.7 24.4 11.5 22.4 100.0 5,592
More than secondary 62.4 26.9 6.7 4.0 100.0 2,797
Wealth quintile
Lowest 45.4 21.6 12.1 20.8 100.0 2,062
Second 44.2 23.7 12.0 20.1 100.0 2,584
Middle 46.6 23.8 11.1 18.4 100.0 2,754
Fourth 53.4 25.2 7.7 13.7 100.0 3,325
Highest 57.8 22.4 7.3 12.4 100.0 2,927
Total 15–49 50.0 23.5 9.8 16.7 100.0 13,652
50–54 73.5 17.9 8.2 0.4 100.0 801
Total 15–54 51.3 23.2 9.7 15.8 100.0 14,453
1
Excludes men who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks.
2
Excludes men who are not currently married.
3
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities.
Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 4.8.2C Recent sexual activity by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by timing of last sexual intercourse, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Timing of last sexual intercourse Never had
Within the Within One or more sexual Number
County last 4 weeks 1 year1 years intercourse Total of men
Mombasa 52.1 27.7 7.6 12.6 100.0 442
Kwale 44.0 24.8 7.5 23.7 100.0 209
Kilifi 43.9 26.7 9.6 19.8 100.0 405
Tana River 50.4 8.7 9.8 31.1 100.0 64
Lamu 50.0 17.4 6.7 25.9 100.0 41
Taita/Taveta 46.3 28.1 11.6 13.9 100.0 103
Garissa 29.8 20.4 7.1 42.6 100.0 117
Wajir 20.4 29.6 13.7 36.3 100.0 63
Mandera 35.3 11.6 8.4 44.7 100.0 81
Marsabit 34.8 23.2 22.3 19.7 100.0 45
Isiolo 46.7 32.8 8.2 12.3 100.0 55
Meru 50.2 21.4 15.3 13.2 100.0 489
Tharaka-Nithi 61.3 21.2 9.6 7.9 100.0 137
Embu 53.5 22.0 8.6 15.9 100.0 176
Kitui 45.3 24.2 13.0 17.5 100.0 312
Machakos 50.1 22.7 8.5 18.7 100.0 480
Makueni 47.8 26.0 13.7 12.5 100.0 279
Nyandarua 48.9 17.8 8.7 24.5 100.0 168
Nyeri 50.3 23.9 7.4 18.3 100.0 235
Kirinyaga 58.6 14.0 7.7 19.7 100.0 191
Murang’a 47.5 26.3 11.4 14.8 100.0 297
Kiambu 51.7 21.1 10.5 16.8 100.0 911
Turkana 33.7 30.4 21.3 14.6 100.0 111
West Pokot 69.6 20.5 6.6 3.3 100.0 150
Samburu 42.7 34.3 11.0 12.0 100.0 51
Trans Nzoia 41.6 27.2 13.2 18.0 100.0 272
Uasin Gishu 57.9 28.6 6.3 7.3 100.0 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 54.3 25.0 12.6 8.1 100.0 110
Nandi 56.1 21.4 9.5 13.0 100.0 265
Baringo 37.8 25.7 15.5 21.0 100.0 165
Laikipia 45.6 29.5 9.7 14.7 100.0 145
Nakuru 50.5 14.9 12.0 22.6 100.0 670
Narok 68.4 20.6 3.1 7.9 100.0 313
Kajiado 53.2 25.4 8.8 12.6 100.0 339
Kericho 59.4 24.9 6.8 8.9 100.0 330
Bomet 50.0 25.2 8.8 16.0 100.0 268
Kakamega 41.5 14.7 12.7 31.0 100.0 532
Vihiga 35.0 26.8 12.8 25.3 100.0 156
Bungoma 47.0 25.5 8.9 18.7 100.0 448
Busia 39.8 21.3 9.4 29.5 100.0 262
Siaya 35.0 23.6 13.9 27.5 100.0 227
Kisumu 54.5 24.2 2.3 18.9 100.0 345
Homa Bay 50.2 21.6 14.6 13.5 100.0 258
Migori 55.2 23.1 12.3 9.4 100.0 246
Kisii 49.4 17.6 14.9 18.1 100.0 326
Nyamira 54.5 15.4 11.1 19.0 100.0 133
Nairobi City 53.8 29.3 6.7 10.2 100.0 1,777
Total 15–49 50.0 23.5 9.8 16.7 100.0 13,652
1
Excludes men who had sexual intercourse within the last 4 weeks.

FERTILITY 5
Key Findings
 Total fertility rate: The total fertility rate is 3.4 children

per woman, which is a decline from 3.9 children in 2014.
 Patterns of fertility: Total fertility rate declines with level
of education, from 6.3 children per woman for women with
no education to 2.8 children per woman for women with
more than secondary education.
 Birth intervals: The median birth interval increased from
29.0 months in 1989 to 42.1 months in 2022.
 Age at first birth: The median age at first birth among
women age 25–49 increased over time, from 18.6 years in
1989 to 20.7 years in 2022.
 Teenage childbearing: Fifteen percent of women age
15–19 have ever been pregnant.
T
he number of children that a woman bears depends on many factors, including the age she begins
childbearing, how long she waits between births, and her fecundity. Postponing first births and
extending the interval between births have played a role in reducing fertility levels in many
countries. These factors also have positive health consequences. In contrast, short birth intervals—of less
than 24 months—can lead to harmful outcomes for both newborns and their mothers, such as preterm birth,
low birth weight, and death. Childbearing at a very young age is associated with an increased risk of
complications during pregnancy and childbirth and higher rates of neonatal mortality.
This chapter describes the current level of fertility in Kenya and some of its proximate determinants. The
chapter presents information on the total fertility rate, birth intervals, insusceptibility to pregnancy
(because of postpartum amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, or menopause), age at first birth, teenage
pregnancy, and induced abortion rates.
5.1 CURRENT FERTILITY
Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman would have by the end of her
childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-speciﬁc fertility rates.
Age-specific fertility rates are calculated for the 3 years before the survey,
based on detailed pregnancy histories provided by women.
Sample: Women age 15–49
The total fertility rate (TFR) is 3.4 children per woman. The age-specific fertility rate for women age
15–19 is 73 births per 1,000 women. The rate peaks at age 20–24 (179 births per 1,000 women) and drops
thereafter to reach 35 births per 1,000 women at age 40–44 (Table 5.1).
Fertility • 151
Trends: The TFR sharply declined Figure 5.1 Trends in fertility by residence
between 1989 and 1998 (from 6.7 to TFR for the 3 years before each survey
4.7 children per woman). In 2003,
fertility rose marginally to 4.9
children per woman. Thereafter,
TFR decreased to 4.6 in 2008/09
to3.9 in 2014, and to 3.4 in 2022. A 7.1
Rural
similar trend was observed among 5.8
women in rural areas (7.1 in 1989 to 6.7 5.4
Total
5.2 5.2
3.4 in 2022) and urban areas (4.5 in 5.4 4.5 4.5
4.9 3.9
1989 to 2.8 in 2022) (Table 5.3.2 4.5
4.7 4.6 3.6
and Figure 5.1). Over the years, the 3.9 3.7
Urban 3.3 3.4
fertility level has been declining 3.4 3.3
3.1 2.9 3.1
2.8 2.7 2.8
across the age cohorts (Table 5.3.1)
Patterns by background
characteristics 1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2015 2020 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KMIS KMIS KDHS
 On average, women in rural Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative, while data
collected before 2003 exclude the North Eastern region and several northern
areas have 1.1 more children districts in the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
than their urban counterparts
(3.9 versus 2.8 children)
(Table 5.2).
 TFR declines with increase in level of education, Figure 5.2 Fertility by education
from 6.3 children for women with no education TFR for the 3 years before the survey
to 2.8 children for women with more than
secondary education (Figure 5.2).
6.3
 TFR declines with increase in wealth quintile,
from 5.3 children for women in the lowest
wealth quintile to 2.7 children for women in the 3.9
3.1 2.8
 On average, rural women age 40–49 have given

birth to 4.8 children, as compared to 3.4 among
their urban counterparts. No education Primary Secondary More than
secondary
 The mean number of children ever born to women age 40–49 declines with level of education from 6.5
for women with no education to 2.8 for women with more than secondary education.
 Counties with the lowest TFR are Nairobi City (2.6), Nyamira (2.7), Machakos (2.8), Kirinyaga (2.8),
Mombasa (2.9) and Kiambu (2.9). Counties with the highest TFR are Mandera (7.7), West Pokot (6.9),
Wajir (6.8) and Marsabit (6.3) (Table 5.2C and Map 5.1).
152 • Fertility
Map 5.1 Fertility by county
Total fertility rate for the 3 years before the survey
5.2 CHILDREN EVER BORN AND LIVING

The average number of children ever born to women age 15–49 is 2.2, with 2.1 still living. For women
who are currently married, the average number of children is higher, with 3.1 children ever born and 3.0
surviving children.
Women age 45–49 have an average of 4.6 children ever born, with 4.2 still living at the time of the survey.
Among currently married women in this age group, the average number of children ever born is 4.9, with
4.5 surviving at the time of the survey. About 2% of women age 45–49 have never given birth (Table 5.4).
5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS
Median birth interval

Number of months since the preceding birth by which half of children are born.
Sample: Non-first births in the 5 years before the survey
Fertility • 153
Short birth intervals, particularly those less than 18 Figure 5.3 Fertility by education
months, place newborns and their mothers at Percent distribution of non-first births
increased health risk (Fotso et al. 2012). The median by number of months since the
birth interval in Kenya is 42.1 months. Seven percent preceding birth
of non-first births occur in less than 18 months after 7–17
the preceding birth, while 17% occur within two 7%
years after the preceding birth (Table 5.5 and 60+
30%
Figure 5.3).
18–23
Trends: The median birth interval has increased 48–59 10%
from 29.0 months in 1989 to 42.1 months in 2022 13%
(Figure 5.4). 24–35
36–47 23%
17%
 Median birth interval increases

with the age of a woman. Figure 5.4 Trends in birth interval
Women age 15–19 have a
Median number of months since preceding birth
median interval of 27.3 months
compared with women age
45–49 whose interval is 55.4 42.1
36.3
months. 32.9 32.6 33.1
29.0 30.1
 The median birth interval is
shorter when the previous child
has died (26.6 months) than
when the previous child had
survived (43.0 months).
1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
 Women with no education have
shortest birth intervals (29.7
months) compared to those with more than secondary education (49.6 months).
 Counties with the highest median birth interval are Embu (61.5 months), Tharaka-Nithi (59.9 months)
and Kirinyaga (58.6 months). Those with the lowest median birth interval are Wajir (24.7 months),
Garissa (24.8 months) and Mandera (25.0) (Table 5.5C).
154 • Fertility
5.4 INSUSCEPTIBILITY TO PREGNANCY
Postpartum amenorrhoea
The period of time after the end of a pregnancy and before the resumption of
menstruation.
Postpartum abstinence
The period of time after the end of a pregnancy and before the resumption of
sexual intercourse.
Postpartum insusceptibility
The period of time during which a woman is considered not at risk of
pregnancy either because she is postpartum amenorrhoeic and/or abstaining
from sexual intercourse postpartum.
Median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea

Calculated as the number of months after the end of a pregnancy by which
time half of women have begun menstruating.
Sample: Women who had a live birth or stillbirth in the 3 years before the
survey
Median duration of postpartum insusceptibility

Calculated as the number of months after the end of a pregnancy by which
time half of women are no longer protected against pregnancy either by
postpartum amenorrhoea or abstinence from sexual intercourse.
Sample: Women who had a live birth or stillbirth in the 3 years before the
survey
In the three years before the survey, the median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea was 4.5 months,
while the median duration of abstinence from sexual intercourse was 3.7 months. Overall, women are
insusceptible to pregnancy after childbirth for a median duration of 7.0 months (Table 5.6).
 The median number of months for postpartum insusceptibility is greater in rural areas (8.3 months)
compared with urban areas (5.6 months) (Table 5.7).
 Postpartum insusceptibility declines as the level of education increases. Women with no education
have shorter duration of postpartum insusceptibility (10.7 months) compared with those with more
than secondary education (5.2 months).
5.5 AGE AT FIRST MENSTRUATION

Menarche marks the beginning of sexual maturity in female adolescents by the onset of their first
menstrual bleeding. The average age at which women age 15–49 experience menarche is 14.5 years and
1% of these women had their first menstrual bleeding by age ten (Table 5.8).
Fertility • 155
5.6 ARRIVAL OF MENOPAUSE
Menopause
Women are considered to have reached menopause if they are neither
pregnant nor postpartum amenorrhoeic and have not had a menstrual period
in the 6 months before the survey, or if they report being menopausal or
having had a hysterectomy, or if they have never menstruated.
Ten percent of women age 30–49 are menopausal. The percentage of women who are menopausal
increases with age, ranging from 5% among those age 30–34 to 38% among those age 48–49 (Table 5.9).
5.7 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH
Median age at first birth

Age by which half of women have had their first child.
Sample: Women age 20–49 and 25–49
The age at which a woman starts Figure 5.5 Trends in age at first birth
having children has an influence on Median age at first live birth among women age 25–49
her overall fertility as well as the
health and welfare of herself and
her child. In Kenya, approximately
half of women age 25–49 give birth
for the first time after the age of 20,
with the median age at 20.7 years 18.6 19.1 19.4 19.8 19.8 20.3 20.7
(Table 5.10).
Trends: The median age at first

birth for women age 25–49 has
increased from 18.6 years in 1989 1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
to 20.7 years in 2022 (Figure 5.5). KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative, while data
Patterns by background collected before 2003 exclude the North Eastern region and several northern
districts in the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
characteristics
 Women age 25–49 in urban areas have a higher Figure 5.6 Median age at first birth by
median age at first birth (22.0 years) compared household wealth
with their counterparts in rural areas (19.9 years) Median age at first birth among women
(Table 5.11). age 25–49
23.0
 The median age at first birth for women age 21.3
19.1 19.3 20.1
25–49 increases with level of education from
19.0 years for those with no education or with
only primary education to 24.8 years for those
with more than a secondary education.
 The median age at first birth increases with

wealth quintile, with women in the lowest wealth
quintile having a median age of 19.1 years and Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
those in the highest wealth quintile having a Poorest Wealthiest
median age of 23.0 years (Figure 5.6).
156 • Fertility
 The counties with the highest median age at first birth are Nairobi City (22.3 years), Mombasa (22.2
years), Kiambu (21.9 years), Embu (21.7 years) and Nyeri (21.6 years); while those with the lowest
median age at first birth are Migori (17.9 years), Homa Bay (18.4 years), Kisumu (18.9 years) and
Siaya (18.9 years) (Table 5.11C).
5.8 TEENAGE PREGNANCY
Teenage pregnancy
Percentage of women age 15–19 who have ever been pregnant.
Fifteen percent of women age 15–19 have ever been pregnant; 12% had a live birth, 1% had a pregnancy
loss, and 3% are pregnant with their first child (Table 5.12).
 The percentage of women age 15–19 who have ever been pregnant increases with age, from 3%
among women age 15 to 31% among those age 19.
 Teenage pregnancy declines as the level of education increases, from 38% for women with no
education to 5% for women with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of women age 15–19 who have Figure 5.7 Teenage pregnancy by
ever been pregnant decreases from 21% among household wealth
women in the lowest wealth quintile to 7% Percentage of women age 15–19 who
among those in the highest wealth quintile have ever been pregnant
(Figure 5.7).
21
 Samburu (50%), West Pokot (36%), Marsabit 18
(29%), Narok (28%) and Meru (24%) counties 13 13
have the highest percentages of women age
15–19 who have ever been pregnant, while Nyeri 7
(5%), Nyandarua (5%), Kirinyaga (7%),
Murang’a (7%), Vihiga (8%) and Nairobi City
(8%) counties have the lowest percentages
(Table 5.12C and Map 5.2).
Poorest Wealthiest
Fertility • 157
Map 5.2 Teenage pregnancy by county
Percentage of women age 15–19 who have ever been pregnant
Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15
Men are more likely to initiate sexual intercourse before the age of 15 than women (18% versus 7%). In
addition, by age 15, 1% of women age 15–19 are already married, while 2% have given birth (Table 5.13).
5.9 PREGNANCY OUTCOMES AND INDUCED ABORTION RATES
Pregnancy outcomes
Live birth: A child who was born alive, even if for a very short time.
Stillbirth: A child who was born dead (no signs of life) following a
pregnancy that lasted 7 months (28 weeks) or longer.
Miscarriage: A pregnancy that ended involuntarily before completing
7 months (28 weeks).
Induced abortion: A pregnancy that was ended voluntarily.
Sample: Pregnancies among women age 15–49 ending in the 3 years before
the survey
158 • Fertility
Of all the pregnancy outcomes in the three years Figure 5.8 Pregnancy outcome
before the survey, 88% were live births, 10% Percent distribution of pregnancies ending
miscarriages, 2% stillbirths, and less than 1% in the 3 years before the survey
induced abortions (Table 5.14 and Figure 5.8). The
general induced abortion rate was 1 abortion per
1,000 women age 15–44 (Table 5.15). Stillbirth
2%
Miscarriage
Live birth
10%
 The percentage of miscarriages is greater among 88%
women age 45–49 than among those younger Induced
than 20 years (35% versus 4%). abortion
<1%
 The percentage of live births decreases with
increasing level of mother’s education from 91%
for those with no education to 84% for those
with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of live births declines as wealth quintile increases from 93% for those in the lowest
wealth quintile to 83% for those in the highest wealth quintile.
 The percentage of miscarriages is lower among women in the lowest wealth quintile (6%) compared
with those in the highest wealth quintile (14%).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on fertility levels and some of the determinants of fertility, see the following tables:
 Table 5.1 Current fertility

 Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics
 Table 5.2C Fertility by county
 Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates
 Table 5.3.2 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates
 Table 5.4 Children ever born and living
 Table 5.5 Birth intervals
 Table 5.5C Birth intervals by county
 Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence and insusceptibility
 Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence and postpartum
insusceptibility
 Table 5.8 Age at first menstruation
 Table 5.9 Menopause
 Table 5.10 Age at first birth
 Table 5.11 Median age at first birth
 Table 5.11C Median age at first birth by county
 Table 5.12 Teenage pregnancy
 Table 5.12C Teenage pregnancy by county
 Table 5.13 Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15
 Table 5.14 Pregnancy outcome by background characteristics
 Table 5.14C Pregnancy outcome by county
 Table 5.15 Induced abortion rates
Fertility • 159
Table 5.1 Current fertility
Age-specific and total fertility rates, the general fertility
rate, and the crude birth rate for the 3 years before the
survey, by residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Residence
Age group Urban Rural Total
10–14 [0] [3] [2]
15–19 56 83 73
20–24 138 219 179
25–29 143 200 172
30–34 121 150 137
35–39 76 94 87
40–44 32 36 35
45–49 [2] [7] [5]
TFR(15–49) 2.8 3.9 3.4
GFR 105 134 122
CBR 30.1 26.6 27.7
Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.

Estimates in brackets are truncated. Rates are for the
period 1–36 months before the interview. Rates for the
10–14 age group are based on retrospective data from
women age 15–17.
TFR: Total fertility rate expressed per woman.
GFR: General fertility rate expressed per 1,000 women
age 15–44.
CBR: Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 population.
Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics

Total fertility rate for the 3 years before the survey, percentage of women age
15–49 currently pregnant, and mean number of children ever born to women age
40–49 years, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of Mean number of
women age children ever
Background Total fertility 15–49 currently born to women
characteristic rate pregnant age 40–49
Residence
Urban 2.8 5.8 3.4
Rural 3.9 5.3 4.8
Education1
No education 6.3 9.4 6.5
Primary 3.9 5.2 4.9
Secondary 3.1 5.4 3.6
More than secondary 2.8 5.1 2.8
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.3 7.1 6.2
Second 3.8 4.9 5.2
Middle 3.4 5.0 4.4
Fourth 3.0 5.4 3.6
Highest 2.7 5.3 3.1
Total 3.4 5.5 4.4
Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1–36 months before the interview.
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education),
and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities.
Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest
160 • Fertility
Table 5.2C Fertility by county
Total fertility rate for the 3 years before the survey, percentage of women age
15–49 currently pregnant, and mean number of children ever born to women age
40–49 years, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of Mean number of
women age children ever
Total 15–49 currently born to women
County fertility rate pregnant age 40–49
Mombasa 2.9 4.7 3.6
Kwale 4.2 7.2 5.1
Kilifi 3.4 6.8 5.5
Tana River 5.7 8.6 5.8
Lamu 4.6 8.8 4.9
Taita/Taveta 3.5 3.9 3.8
Garissa 5.3 6.8 7.1
Wajir 6.8 11.0 7.8
Mandera 7.7 10.5 7.4
Marsabit 6.3 8.3 5.3
Isiolo 4.5 5.6 5.2
Meru 3.4 4.9 3.5
Tharaka-Nithi 3.1 4.2 4.1
Embu 3.1 4.0 3.2
Kitui 3.2 2.4 4.6
Machakos 2.8 4.0 3.4
Makueni 3.3 4.9 4.1
Nyandarua 3.6 3.6 4.3
Nyeri 3.1 3.4 2.9
Kirinyaga 2.8 4.0 2.8
Murang’a 3.5 3.5 3.4
Kiambu 2.9 4.6 3.3
Turkana 6.0 7.5 5.9
West Pokot 6.9 13.2 7.3
Samburu 5.8 6.4 6.4
Trans Nzoia 3.6 4.5 5.2
Uasin Gishu 3.1 6.8 4.1
Elgeyo/Marakwet 4.1 4.5 5.0
Nandi 3.0 3.9 4.5
Baringo 4.4 7.4 5.6
Laikipia 3.4 5.9 4.3
Nakuru 3.4 5.2 4.3
Narok 4.9 7.3 6.4
Kajiado 3.5 7.5 3.9
Kericho 3.2 4.7 4.7
Bomet 3.4 3.9 5.0
Kakamega 3.7 5.3 5.0
Vihiga 3.5 4.2 4.6
Bungoma 3.6 6.0 5.5
Busia 3.7 6.5 5.6
Siaya 4.0 4.7 5.5
Kisumu 3.5 5.6 5.1
Homa Bay 3.7 5.5 5.6
Migori 4.4 5.0 6.3
Kisii 3.0 4.2 4.3
Nyamira 2.7 2.7 4.7
Nairobi City 2.6 6.4 3.1
Total 3.4 5.5 4.4
Fertility • 161
Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates
Age-specific fertility rates for 5-year periods before the survey,
according to age group, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of years before survey
Age group 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19
10–14 [2] 4 11 11
15–19 74 88 115 121
20–24 182 191 213 214
25–29 177 182 209 223
30–34 142 148 178 [200]
35–39 90 102 [126] *
40–44 36 [50] * *
45–49 [7] * * *
Notes: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women.

Estimates in brackets are truncated. Rates exclude the month of
interview. For the 0–4 year period, rates for the 10–14 age group
are based on retrospective data from women age 15–19.
Table 5.3.2 Trends in age-specific and total fertility rates

Age specific and total fertility rates (TFR) for the 3-year period before several surveys, according to mother’s age at the time of the birth, Kenya
DHS 2022
Mother’s age at KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
birth 1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
10–14 [2] [3] [3] [3] [2] [2] [2]
15–19 153 110 111 114 103 96 73
20–24 324 257 248 243 238 206 179
25–29 301 241 218 231 216 183 172
30–34 243 197 188 196 175 148 137
35–39 184 154 109 123 118 100 87
40–44 99 70 51 55 50 38 35
45–49 [29] [50] [16] [15] [12] [9] [5]
TFR (15–49) 6.7 5.4 4.7 4.9 4.6 3.9 3.4
Note: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women. Estimates in brackets are truncated. For the 0–4 year period, rates for the 10–14 age group
are based on retrospective data from women age 15–19.
Table 5.4 Children ever born and living
Percent distribution of all women and currently married women age 15–49 by number of children ever born, mean number of children ever born, and
mean number of living children, according to age group, Kenya DHS 2022
Mean Mean
Number of children ever born number of number of
Number of children living
Age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+ Total women ever born children
ALL WOMEN
15–19 87.8 10.8 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 6,025 0.14 0.13
20–24 43.8 34.9 16.0 4.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 6,001 0.84 0.81
25–29 12.7 29.3 28.0 17.0 8.2 3.3 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 5,687 1.96 1.87
30–34 4.9 12.8 26.3 24.4 14.5 8.7 4.7 2.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 100.0 4,530 2.97 2.83
35–39 1.9 6.5 19.7 24.3 18.4 12.4 7.5 5.0 2.2 1.3 0.8 100.0 4,311 3.72 3.52
40–44 1.7 5.2 15.4 21.9 18.3 13.8 8.8 6.1 3.9 2.7 2.3 100.0 3,084 4.18 3.92
45–49 1.6 5.3 13.5 19.2 16.0 12.1 11.1 8.0 5.2 4.0 4.1 100.0 2,518 4.59 4.20
Total 28.1 17.3 17.1 14.1 9.1 5.8 3.5 2.3 1.2 0.8 0.7 100.0 32,156 2.21 2.08
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN
15–19 29.9 56.0 13.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 456 0.85 0.83
20–24 15.6 44.9 28.7 8.3 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 2,635 1.38 1.33
25–29 5.6 26.4 31.6 20.2 10.2 4.0 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 4,055 2.24 2.15
30–34 2.9 8.4 25.6 27.2 16.2 9.6 5.6 2.7 1.1 0.3 0.3 100.0 3,460 3.21 3.07
35–39 1.1 3.5 16.1 26.5 20.0 13.3 8.5 5.8 2.6 1.6 1.1 100.0 3,234 3.99 3.79
40–44 0.9 3.2 12.2 21.6 19.7 14.9 9.7 7.2 4.5 3.1 2.9 100.0 2,246 4.49 4.22
45–49 0.9 3.3 10.9 19.0 17.4 12.2 12.1 9.1 5.8 4.4 4.9 100.0 1,735 4.89 4.49
Total 5.3 17.1 22.3 20.5 13.6 8.3 5.3 3.5 1.9 1.2 1.1 100.0 17,822 3.13 2.96
162 • Fertility
Table 5.5 Birth intervals
Percent distribution of non-first births in the 5 years before the survey by number of months since preceding birth, and median number of months
since preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
number of
Months since preceding birth months
Number of since
Background non-first preceding
characteristic 7–17 18–23 24–35 36–47 48–59 60+ Total births birth
Mother’s age
15–19 18.5 22.1 36.9 19.3 2.3 1.0 100.0 87 27.3
20–29 8.7 13.1 26.7 20.3 13.5 17.7 100.0 5,172 36.6
30–39 5.4 8.2 20.8 15.2 12.2 38.3 100.0 5,754 48.4
40–49 4.1 7.8 17.4 13.1 11.6 46.0 100.0 1,167 55.4
Sex of preceding birth
Male 7.2 10.2 23.5 16.6 12.9 29.7 100.0 6,043 42.3
Female 6.3 10.5 22.7 17.8 12.4 30.2 100.0 6,137 41.9
Survival of preceding birth
Living 5.7 10.2 23.2 17.3 13.0 30.7 100.0 11,603 43.0
Dead 29.2 13.6 20.9 15.4 5.2 15.7 100.0 577 26.6
Birth order
2–3 6.3 9.5 19.3 18.1 13.7 33.2 100.0 7,207 45.8
4–6 6.6 10.2 27.3 15.7 11.9 28.2 100.0 3,845 39.9
7+ 10.7 16.2 33.1 16.4 8.5 15.2 100.0 1,128 31.4
Residence
Urban 6.5 9.7 17.6 17.1 12.6 36.4 100.0 4,187 47.4
Rural 6.9 10.7 25.9 17.2 12.6 26.6 100.0 7,993 39.6
No education 11.9 16.9 36.5 17.0 6.6 11.0 100.0 1,621 29.7
Primary 6.4 10.2 24.4 16.2 12.6 30.1 100.0 5,466 41.9
Secondary 5.7 8.8 17.9 18.1 14.4 35.1 100.0 3,384 47.6
More than secondary 5.2 7.6 16.4 18.5 15.0 37.4 100.0 1,709 49.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.0 13.8 34.0 18.2 10.4 14.6 100.0 3,136 32.9
Second 7.1 10.9 23.2 17.8 13.8 27.1 100.0 2,272 41.2
Middle 5.8 8.6 23.4 16.8 12.2 33.2 100.0 2,157 44.1
Fourth 6.1 9.0 16.2 16.1 13.4 39.2 100.0 2,190 49.8
Highest 4.9 8.1 14.8 16.6 14.1 41.4 100.0 2,425 51.9
Total 6.8 10.3 23.1 17.2 12.6 30.0 100.0 12,180 42.1
Note: First-order births are excluded. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that ended in a live
birth.
1
Fertility • 163
Table 5.5C Birth intervals by county
Percent distribution of non-first births in the 5 years before the survey by number of months since preceding birth, and median number
of months since preceding birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
number of
months
Months since preceding birth Number of since
non-first preceding
County 7–17 18–23 24–35 36–47 48–59 60+ Total births birth
Mombasa 9.1 12.9 17.1 19.1 10.9 30.8 100.0 300 41.2
Kwale 6.1 13.3 33.2 16.7 11.5 19.2 100.0 221 34.4
Kilifi 10.3 9.5 29.2 19.7 13.2 18.1 100.0 374 37.2
Tana River 11.4 16.8 36.6 18.3 8.1 8.8 100.0 114 29.6
Lamu 7.4 12.2 23.5 21.5 8.8 26.6 100.0 49 39.1
Taita/Taveta 4.5 4.6 15.8 15.5 16.8 42.7 100.0 86 53.8
Garissa 22.0 24.9 29.4 12.3 4.3 7.2 100.0 205 24.8
Wajir 22.5 23.7 32.9 12.6 4.2 4.1 100.0 131 24.7
Mandera 23.8 22.1 35.8 10.3 4.6 3.5 100.0 220 25.0
Marsabit 7.5 12.4 36.8 22.0 10.1 11.2 100.0 106 34.3
Isiolo 7.3 15.4 31.5 22.2 10.5 13.2 100.0 75 34.1
Meru 3.5 4.4 18.8 22.4 12.9 37.9 100.0 324 50.0
Tharaka-Nithi 5.0 3.0 15.7 15.1 11.5 49.8 100.0 81 59.9
Embu 2.8 5.0 10.0 16.2 14.3 51.7 100.0 111 61.5
Kitui 6.9 10.1 21.4 18.1 11.9 31.6 100.0 231 43.0
Machakos 2.9 10.2 19.3 13.8 12.4 41.5 100.0 263 51.4
Makueni 5.9 8.8 14.8 19.0 17.8 33.6 100.0 182 48.4
Nyandarua 7.2 7.7 12.4 19.2 14.9 38.6 100.0 148 51.0
Nyeri 2.3 5.8 13.9 18.0 13.6 46.4 100.0 140 57.7
Kirinyaga 6.2 6.0 12.5 10.9 15.3 49.1 100.0 138 58.6
Murang’a 0.9 7.8 21.8 19.3 15.3 34.9 100.0 242 48.1
Kiambu 2.8 6.2 18.2 14.0 13.3 45.4 100.0 708 54.6
Turkana 5.1 14.2 43.6 20.5 7.8 8.9 100.0 256 31.3
West Pokot 11.2 18.9 41.2 13.9 7.7 7.1 100.0 336 28.6
Samburu 5.3 12.6 37.7 21.1 8.5 14.9 100.0 115 33.8
Trans Nzoia 3.9 6.7 22.7 18.4 15.2 33.2 100.0 260 47.0
Uasin Gishu 3.9 8.2 20.7 16.8 14.5 35.9 100.0 337 48.2
Elgeyo/Marakwet 6.6 12.1 29.9 14.1 19.3 18.0 100.0 120 36.9
Nandi 5.9 6.3 19.2 12.8 14.7 41.1 100.0 211 53.6
Baringo 10.6 12.9 34.9 15.0 8.2 18.5 100.0 200 32.7
Laikipia 5.0 10.1 24.4 14.6 11.1 34.8 100.0 116 44.6
Nakuru 7.2 10.1 18.3 18.2 13.2 33.0 100.0 551 44.2
Narok 7.7 14.7 32.5 17.9 10.0 17.3 100.0 405 33.1
Kajiado 7.0 8.4 22.3 17.6 13.6 31.1 100.0 362 44.9
Kericho 5.3 10.3 19.9 19.5 10.6 34.3 100.0 257 44.5
Bomet 5.7 10.4 24.6 19.1 10.5 29.7 100.0 231 41.5
Kakamega 3.1 7.2 22.8 17.7 18.0 31.3 100.0 401 47.4
Vihiga 4.4 5.2 26.2 17.7 14.3 32.2 100.0 115 44.8
Bungoma 5.5 11.3 22.6 18.1 16.4 26.1 100.0 411 41.7
Busia 4.6 10.0 19.0 18.2 18.4 29.8 100.0 246 47.1
Siaya 11.8 8.0 21.3 17.9 10.4 30.5 100.0 226 41.7
Kisumu 6.5 9.1 18.9 14.5 13.4 37.6 100.0 329 49.6
Homa Bay 4.8 8.7 22.1 17.7 15.2 31.4 100.0 282 44.1
Migori 8.9 10.6 27.8 16.1 13.9 22.7 100.0 351 38.2
Kisii 3.0 6.2 21.6 17.2 14.0 38.0 100.0 264 48.8
Nyamira 6.1 8.0 17.6 20.3 15.6 32.4 100.0 94 47.0
Nairobi City 6.3 10.5 15.6 18.1 12.2 37.3 100.0 1,253 47.7
Total 6.8 10.3 23.1 17.2 12.6 30.0 100.0 12,180 42.1
Note: First-order births are excluded. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding pregnancy that ended
in a live birth.
164 • Fertility
Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence and insusceptibility
Percentage of live births and stillbirths in the 3 years before the survey for which mothers are postpartum amenorrhoeic,
abstaining, and insusceptible, by number of months since birth, and median and mean durations, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of births for which the mother is: Number of
Months since birth Amenorrhoeic Abstaining Insusceptible1 births
<2 87.1 86.9 95.9 351
2–3 52.8 52.4 73.9 292
4–5 46.3 30.6 59.0 289
6–7 37.2 22.3 47.7 314
8–9 32.5 22.6 44.6 332
10–11 31.1 12.6 36.3 289
12–13 19.2 15.7 28.8 311
14–15 19.3 14.7 30.6 317
16–17 19.9 10.6 26.5 277
18–19 10.4 7.6 16.7 299
20–21 8.0 5.2 12.4 283
22–23 6.3 5.2 11.6 311
24–25 6.2 10.1 15.4 294
26–27 3.4 2.1 5.5 337
28–29 5.2 5.6 10.8 274
30–31 2.6 4.1 5.7 278
32–33 3.2 3.9 6.3 274
34–35 2.8 6.2 9.0 277
Total 22.7 18.5 30.7 5,401
Median 4.5 3.7 7.0 na
Mean 8.9 7.4 11.7 na
Note: Estimates are based on status at the time of the survey.

1
Includes live births and stillbirths for which mothers are either still amenorrhoeic or still abstaining (or both) following birth.
2
Includes live birth and stillbirths.
Table 5.7 Median duration of amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence and postpartum insusceptibility
Median number of months of postpartum amenorrhoea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility following live
births and stillbirths in the 3 years before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Background Postpartum Postpartum Postpartum
characteristic amenorrhoea abstinence insusceptibility1
Mother’s age
15–29 4.1 3.7 6.8
30–49 5.7 3.8 7.6
Residence
Urban 4.4 3.4 5.6
Rural 4.6 3.9 8.3
No education 9.8 4.1 10.7
Primary 5.0 3.5 8.8
Secondary 4.1 3.8 6.1
More than secondary 3.7 3.8 5.2
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.0 4.0 11.3
Second 4.6 3.6 7.9
Middle 4.3 4.4 6.6
Fourth 4.1 3.3 5.1
Highest 4.3 3.6 5.8
Total 4.5 3.7 7.0
Note: Medians are based on the status at the time of the survey (current status).
1
Includes births for which mothers are either still amenorrhoeic or still abstaining (or both) following birth.
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-
level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level
attended.
Fertility • 165
Table 5.8 Age at first menstruation
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by age at menarche and mean age at menarche, according to current age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age who
Age at menarche have never Mean
Don’t menstru- Number of age at
Current age ≤10 11 12 13 14 15 ≥16 know ated Total women menarche
Age
15–19 1.1 1.1 10.1 19.4 31.8 21.2 12.6 0.1 2.6 100.0 3,125 14.0
20–24 1.0 1.5 8.8 17.7 22.3 23.7 24.4 0.6 0.1 100.0 3,063 14.4
25–29 0.9 1.6 9.3 18.1 21.8 22.6 24.8 0.8 0.0 100.0 2,916 14.5
30–34 1.0 1.5 10.1 15.7 22.6 21.6 25.2 2.2 0.1 100.0 2,364 14.5
35–39 0.8 0.5 8.4 18.4 21.2 23.2 24.7 2.6 0.0 100.0 2,288 14.6
40–44 0.7 0.5 8.2 15.6 20.6 23.6 29.7 1.1 0.1 100.0 1,615 14.7
45–49 1.0 1.1 7.0 14.6 19.1 25.0 29.0 2.9 0.2 100.0 1,346 14.8
Total 0.9 1.2 9.1 17.5 23.5 22.8 23.3 1.3 0.6 100.0 16,716 14.5
Table 5.9 Menopause

Percentage of women age 30–49 who are menopausal,
according to age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage Number of
Age menopausal1 women
30–34 4.6 2,364
35–39 5.6 2,288
40–41 7.3 623
42–43 9.5 676
44–45 15.9 677
46–47 29.9 544
48–49 37.9 440
Total 10.3 7,612
1
Percentage of women who 1) are not pregnant, and 2) have
had a birth in the past 5 years and are not postpartum
amenorrhoeic, and 3) for whom one of the following additional
conditions applies: a) whose last menstrual period occurred
6 or more months before the survey, or b) declared that they
are in menopause or have had a hysterectomy, or c) have
never menstruated.
Table 5.10 Age at first birth
Percentage of women age 15–49 who had a live birth by exact ages, percentage who have never had a live birth, and median
age at first live birth, according to current age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
Percentage who had a live birth by exact age who have Median age
never had a Number of at first live
Current age 15 18 20 22 25 live birth women birth
15–19 0.9 na na na na 87.8 6,025 a
20–24 2.5 15.3 32.8 na na 43.8 6,001 a
25–29 5.1 21.9 39.6 58.0 79.5 12.7 5,687 21.1
30–34 6.1 26.0 45.8 63.0 80.0 4.9 4,530 20.5
35–39 6.6 27.4 46.2 62.2 80.8 1.9 4,311 20.4
40–44 3.8 21.1 43.5 62.5 81.8 1.7 3,084 20.6
45–49 6.0 21.8 41.8 60.0 80.9 1.6 2,518 20.8
20–49 4.8 21.9 40.9 na na 14.3 26,131 a
25–49 5.5 23.9 43.3 61.0 80.4 5.6 20,130 20.7

a = Omitted because fewer than 50% of women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group.
166 • Fertility
Table 5.11 Median age at first birth
Median age at first live birth among women age
20–49 and age 25–49, according to background
Women age
Background
characteristic 20–49 25–49
Residence
Urban a 22.0
Rural a 19.9
Education1
No education 19.1 19.0
Primary 18.9 19.0
Secondary a 21.3
More than secondary a 24.8
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.2 19.1
Second 19.5 19.3
Middle a 20.1
Fourth a 21.3
Highest a 23.0
Total a 20.7
a = Omitted because fewer than 50% of the

women had a birth before reaching the
beginning of the age group
1
No education includes informal education
(Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more
than secondary includes middle-level colleges
and universities. Secondary includes individuals
who reported vocational training as the highest
Fertility • 167
Table 5.11C Median age at first birth by county
Median age at first live birth among women age 20–49 and
age 25–49 years, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women age
County 20–49 25–49
Mombasa a 22.2
Kwale a 20.0
Kilifi a 19.9
Tana River 19.8 19.9
Lamu a 21.3
Taita/Taveta a 21.3
Garissa a 20.0
Wajir a 21.0
Mandera a 20.7
Marsabit a 21.0
Isiolo a 21.0
Meru a 20.2
Tharaka-Nithi a 21.2
Embu a 21.7
Kitui a 20.7
Machakos a 21.4
Makueni a 21.4
Nyandarua a 20.5
Nyeri a 21.6
Kirinyaga a 21.2
Murang’a a 20.8
Kiambu a 21.9
Turkana a 21.2
West Pokot 19.6 19.7
Samburu 19.4 19.5
Trans Nzoia a 20.0
Uasin Gishu a 21.1
Elgeyo/Marakwet a 21.0
Nandi a 20.0
Baringo a 20.8
Laikipia a 21.1
Nakuru a 20.9
Narok 19.6 19.2
Kajiado a 21.5
Kericho a 20.2
Bomet 19.6 19.3
Kakamega a 20.3
Vihiga a 20.6
Bungoma a 20.1
Busia 19.6 19.2
Siaya 19.2 18.9
Kisumu 19.4 18.9
Homa Bay 18.6 18.4
Migori 18.2 17.9
Kisii 19.9 19.4
Nyamira 19.6 19.4
Nairobi City a 22.3
Total a 20.7
a = Omitted because fewer than 50% of the women had a

birth before reaching the beginning of the age group.
168 • Fertility
Table 5.12 Teenage pregnancy
Percentage of women age 15–19 who have ever had a live birth, percentage who have ever had a pregnancy
loss, percentage who are currently pregnant, and percentage who have ever been pregnant, according to
Percentage of women age 15–19 who:
Have ever had
Background Have ever had a pregnancy Are currently Have ever Number of
characteristic a live birth loss1 pregnant been pregnant women
Age
15 2.1 0.0 0.8 2.7 1,163
16 4.2 0.3 1.2 5.5 1,197
17 10.0 1.2 2.4 12.8 1,203
18 16.4 1.1 5.3 20.9 1,195
19 27.4 1.6 5.0 31.1 1,266
Residence
Urban 9.7 0.7 2.9 12.1 1,783
Rural 13.3 0.9 3.0 16.0 4,242
Education2
No education 30.8 3.9 9.6 37.8 134
Primary 16.3 1.4 4.4 19.8 1,907
Secondary 9.9 0.5 2.1 12.0 3,791
More than secondary 4.0 0.0 0.8 4.8 194
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.8 1.6 4.0 21.1 1,235
Second 14.9 0.6 3.4 17.5 1,443
Middle 10.6 1.1 2.6 13.4 1,279
Fourth 10.0 0.4 3.0 12.9 1,064
Highest 6.0 0.4 1.6 7.1 1,004
Total 12.2 0.9 3.0 14.8 6,025
1
Stillbirth, miscarriage, or abortion.
2
includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training
as the highest education level attended.
Fertility • 169
Table 5.12C Teenage pregnancy by county
Percentage of women age 15–19 who have ever had a live birth, percentage who have ever had a pregnancy
loss, percentage who are currently pregnant, and percentage who have ever been pregnant, according to
Percentage of women age 15–19 who:
Have ever had
Have ever had a pregnancy Are currently Have ever Number of
County a live birth loss1 pregnant been pregnant women
Mombasa 5.4 1.0 2.9 9.4 143
Kwale 11.5 2.9 3.7 14.8 118
Kilifi 10.3 1.3 3.8 12.5 224
Tana River 12.4 1.4 5.2 17.2 27
Lamu 11.5 0.8 1.9 13.7 24
Taita/Taveta 18.4 1.8 1.8 18.4 30
Garissa 11.6 0.2 4.2 14.8 85
Wajir 7.5 0.5 5.9 10.8 45
Mandera 11.4 0.4 3.0 13.9 49
Marsabit 20.6 5.2 9.0 29.4 20
Isiolo 13.6 0.4 3.1 16.7 27
Meru 16.9 1.0 7.6 23.6 206
Tharaka-Nithi 9.1 0.0 0.8 9.9 39
Embu 9.1 0.4 4.9 14.4 49
Kitui 9.2 0.0 0.0 9.2 142
Machakos 9.5 0.0 1.7 11.3 178
Makueni 8.2 0.0 2.9 11.1 151
Nyandarua 4.3 0.2 1.5 5.2 93
Nyeri 4.5 0.0 0.0 4.5 74
Kirinyaga 7.3 0.0 0.0 7.3 64
Murang’a 3.8 0.0 3.6 7.4 139
Kiambu 8.3 0.0 3.6 11.9 267
Turkana 15.0 0.0 4.4 18.5 56
West Pokot 32.2 2.7 6.1 36.3 82
Samburu 41.5 5.2 8.7 50.1 28
Trans Nzoia 14.8 1.9 2.6 17.8 146
Uasin Gishu 7.9 1.9 5.3 10.7 158
Elgeyo/Marakwet 9.6 1.4 2.5 12.1 32
Nandi 9.7 0.8 0.0 10.5 118
Baringo 14.0 1.5 6.3 20.3 86
Laikipia 8.6 0.6 1.3 9.1 69
Nakuru 13.6 0.8 3.7 16.5 283
Narok 25.9 2.5 3.0 28.1 176
Kajiado 20.3 0.0 3.0 21.8 97
Kericho 14.5 0.0 0.0 14.5 135
Bomet 7.2 1.2 1.2 9.0 152
Kakamega 12.3 0.5 2.8 15.1 328
Vihiga 3.9 0.0 4.6 7.7 113
Bungoma 14.8 1.8 4.2 18.6 294
Busia 13.1 2.9 3.0 18.3 149
Siaya 18.4 0.5 3.3 20.9 130
Kisumu 9.2 0.0 3.8 11.1 157
Homa Bay 18.7 2.6 2.9 23.2 159
Migori 20.4 0.6 4.0 22.4 159
Kisii 13.7 0.4 1.5 14.2 192
Nyamira 14.7 0.0 1.5 15.5 81
Nairobi City 8.0 0.0 0.4 8.4 452
Total 12.2 0.9 3.0 14.8 6,025
1
Stillbirth, miscarriage, or abortion.
Table 5.13 Sexual and reproductive health behaviours before age 15
Among women and men age 15–19, percentage who initiated sexual intercourse, were married, and had a live birth/fathered
a child before age 15, according to sex, and percentage or women who have ever been pregnant before age 15, Kenya
DHS 2022
Had sexual Birthed/fathered Have ever been
intercourse Married a live birth pregnant
Sex before age 15 before age 15 before age 15 before age 15 Number
Women 6.8 1.0 0.9 2.0 6,025
Men 18.4 0.0 0.0 na 3,175
170 • Fertility
Table 5.14 Pregnancy outcome by background characteristics
Percent distribution of pregnancies ending in the 3 years before the survey by type of outcome, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Pregnancy outcome
Background Live Induced Number of
characteristic birth Stillbirth1 Miscarriage2 abortion Total pregnancies
Age at pregnancy outcome
<20 93.3 1.7 4.0 1.0 100.0 1,461
20–24 90.6 1.2 7.3 1.0 100.0 3,483
25–34 88.0 1.3 10.4 0.3 100.0 5,242
35–44 79.4 2.4 17.6 0.6 100.0 1,638
45–49 60.3 4.3 35.4 0.0 100.0 40
Pregnancy order
First 92.2 1.3 5.5 1.0 100.0 3,223
Second 86.4 1.7 11.2 0.6 100.0 2,743
Third 87.8 1.3 10.7 0.2 100.0 2,118
Fourth 86.9 1.4 11.3 0.3 100.0 1,412
Fifth or higher 85.6 1.7 12.0 0.6 100.0 2,367
Residence
Urban 84.3 1.7 13.1 0.8 100.0 4,574
Rural 90.5 1.3 7.7 0.5 100.0 7,289
Education3
No education 90.5 1.7 7.3 0.5 100.0 1,127
Primary 89.4 1.7 8.5 0.5 100.0 4,185
Secondary 88.4 1.4 9.5 0.7 100.0 4,231
Wealth quintile
Lowest 92.7 1.5 5.5 0.3 100.0 2,523
Second 90.9 1.1 7.6 0.5 100.0 2,062
Middle 89.2 1.8 8.6 0.5 100.0 2,074
Fourth 85.6 1.7 12.2 0.5 100.0 2,510
Highest 83.3 1.5 14.1 1.2 100.0 2,695
Total 88.1 1.5 9.8 0.6 100.0 11,863
1
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal
death in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months.
2
Miscarriages are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting less than 28 weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, miscarriages are
foetal death in pregnancies lasting less than 7 months.
3
Fertility • 171
Table 5.14C Pregnancy outcome by county
Percent distribution of pregnancies ending in the 3 years before the survey by type of outcome, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Pregnancy outcome
Live Induced Number of
County birth Stillbirth1 Miscarriage2 abortion Total pregnancies
Mombasa 82.1 1.7 15.4 0.8 100.0 339
Kwale 91.9 1.2 6.5 0.4 100.0 201
Kilifi 83.1 2.6 13.6 0.7 100.0 343
Tana River 91.6 1.8 6.6 0.0 100.0 91
Lamu 85.9 0.4 13.4 0.2 100.0 47
Taita/Taveta 88.0 1.3 9.3 1.3 100.0 86
Garissa 89.9 1.6 8.5 0.0 100.0 155
Wajir 83.0 5.0 12.0 0.0 100.0 101
Mandera 96.9 0.4 2.7 0.0 100.0 150
Marsabit 98.3 0.3 1.4 0.0 100.0 82
Isiolo 91.8 1.1 7.1 0.0 100.0 61
Meru 92.7 0.6 6.7 0.0 100.0 311
Tharaka-Nithi 88.9 2.5 8.6 0.0 100.0 87
Embu 89.3 1.7 8.9 0.0 100.0 114
Kitui 95.2 0.8 4.0 0.0 100.0 213
Machakos 90.8 0.7 8.5 0.0 100.0 266
Makueni 93.0 0.5 6.5 0.0 100.0 202
Nyandarua 89.5 2.5 8.0 0.0 100.0 126
Nyeri 86.1 1.2 12.7 0.0 100.0 163
Kirinyaga 78.5 2.2 19.3 0.0 100.0 148
Murang’a 91.3 2.0 4.2 2.5 100.0 218
Kiambu 87.2 1.9 10.4 0.6 100.0 725
Turkana 89.3 1.7 9.0 0.0 100.0 204
West Pokot 93.8 2.0 4.2 0.0 100.0 278
Samburu 85.8 2.4 11.9 0.0 100.0 106
Trans Nzoia 87.6 1.3 11.1 0.0 100.0 247
Uasin Gishu 80.5 3.1 14.6 1.8 100.0 395
Elgeyo/Marakwet 94.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 100.0 103
Nandi 89.6 1.3 8.9 0.2 100.0 197
Baringo 92.5 1.4 5.8 0.4 100.0 160
Laikipia 86.7 0.9 12.0 0.5 100.0 112
Nakuru 88.3 2.5 8.9 0.2 100.0 590
Narok 91.8 1.5 5.7 1.0 100.0 391
Kajiado 85.2 1.5 12.0 1.3 100.0 365
Kericho 91.9 1.9 6.2 0.0 100.0 240
Bomet 91.7 1.4 6.4 0.4 100.0 218
Kakamega 87.1 1.6 11.1 0.2 100.0 481
Vihiga 86.0 1.7 12.3 0.0 100.0 114
Bungoma 84.0 0.4 14.6 1.0 100.0 423
Busia 87.2 2.1 5.7 5.0 100.0 235
Siaya 90.0 2.6 6.6 0.7 100.0 213
Kisumu 89.9 1.2 8.0 0.9 100.0 292
Homa Bay 86.5 0.9 11.8 0.8 100.0 262
Migori 90.1 1.1 8.8 0.0 100.0 301
Kisii 94.3 0.5 5.3 0.0 100.0 251
Nyamira 91.9 0.8 7.3 0.0 100.0 87
Nairobi City 84.5 0.8 13.7 1.0 100.0 1,371
Total 88.1 1.5 9.8 0.6 100.0 11,863
1
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are
foetal death in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months.
2
Miscarriages are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting less than 28 weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months,
miscarriages are foetal death in pregnancies lasting less than 7 months.
172 • Fertility
Table 5.15 Induced abortion rates
Age-specific and total induced abortion rates, and general
abortion rates, for the 3 years before the survey, according to
residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Residence
Age group Urban Rural Total
10–14 [0] [0] [0]
15–19 1 1 1
20–24 2 2 2
25–29 1 0 0
30–34 0 1 1
35–39 1 0 1
40–44 [0] [0] [0]
TAR(15–49) 0.0 0.0 0.0
GAR 1 1 1
Note: Age-specific induced abortion rates are per 1,000

women. Estimates in brackets are truncated. Rates are for the
period 1–36 months before the interview. Rates for the 10–14
age group are based on retrospective data from women age
15–17.
TAR: Total induced abortion rate expressed per woman.
GAR: General induced abortion rate expressed per 1,000
women age 15–44.
Fertility • 173
FERTILITY PREFERENCES 6
Key Findings
 Desire for another child: Forty-seven percent of

currently married women age 15–49 and 57% of currently
married men age 15–49 want to have another child in the
future.
 Ideal family size: For women age 15–49, the mean ideal
number of children is 3.7, while the mean ideal number of
children is 4.2 for men age 15–49.
 Planning status for all pregnancies: Sixty-three percent
of pregnancies among women age 15–49 that occurred in
the 3 years before the survey were wanted at the time,
29% wanted later, while 9% were not wanted at all.
 Wanted fertility: The wanted fertility rate is 2.9 children
per woman, while the total fertility rate is 3.4 children per
woman.
I
nformation on fertility preferences can help family planning stakeholders assess the desire for children,
the extent of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies, and the demand for contraception to space or limit
births. This information suggests the direction that fertility patterns could take in the future.
This chapter presents information on whether and when married women and men want more children, their
ideal family size, if the last birth was wanted, and the theoretical fertility rate if all unwanted births were
prevented.
6.1 DESIRE FOR ANOTHER CHILD
Desire for another child

Women and men were asked if they wanted more children and, if so, how long
they would prefer to wait before the birth of the next child. Women and men
who are sterilised are assumed not to want any more children.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15–49
Overall, 47% of currently married women and 57% of currently married men want to have another child;
17% of women and 20% of men want to have another child soon, while 30% of women and 37% of men
want to wait at least 2 years before having another child (Table 6.1).
For currently married women, the percentage who desire to have another child is highest among women
with no children (88%) and those with one child (88%), and lowest (16%) among those who have six or
more children. For currently married men, the percentage who desire to have another child is highest
(92%) among those with no children and lowest (33%) among those who have six or more children.
Irrespective of the number of children one has, a higher percentage of currently married men compared to
women desire another child.
Fertility Preferences • 175

Trends: Among married women Figure 6.1 Trends in desire to limit childbearing by
with two children, the percentage number of living children
that want no more children Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who
increased from 25% to 36% want no more children
between 1989 and 2008/09 before
declining to 30% in 2022. For those
4 children
with three children, the percentage 74
72 74
that want no more children 71
increased from 34% to 52% 65 67
between 1989 and 1998 before 3 children
dropping slightly to 50% in 2003
60
and increasing to 59% in 2022. For 52 58 59
married women with four children, 52
50
the percentage of those who want 47
2 children
no more children increased from
52% in 1989 to 72% in 1998 after 36
34 35
which it dropped to 67% in 2003. It 34 34
30
increased thereafter to 74% in 2014 26
25
before declining slightly to 71% in
2022 (Figure 6.1).
characteristics
1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
 The percentage of currently KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
married women who do not
want more children increases with the number of Figure 6.2 Desire to limit childbearing by
children a woman already has. Among currently number of living children
married women with no children, only 3% do Percentage of currently married women
not desire to have children in future. For those age 15–49 who want no more children
with six or more children, 75% do not desire to
have any more children (Figure 6.2).
71 75 75
 Half of currently married women living in rural 59
areas and 38% of those living in urban areas do
not want to have any more children (Table 30
6.2.1).
3 6
 Among currently married women with six or
more children and no formal education, 49% do 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+
not want to have any more children. Eighty-four Number of living children
percent of married women with primary education
and 92% of women with secondary education do
not want any more children.
 The percentage of currently married men with six or more children who do not want any more children
is lowest (29%) among those with no education and highest (71%) among those with secondary
education (Table 6.2.2).
 Forty-seven percent of currently married men in the lowest wealth quintile with six or more children
and 69% of those in the highest wealth quintile do not want any more children.
176 • Fertility Preferences

6.2 IDEAL FAMILY SIZE
Ideal family size

Respondents with no children were asked, “If you could choose exactly the
number of children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?”
Respondents who had children were asked: “If you could go back to the time
when you did not have any children and could choose exactly the number of
children to have in your whole life, how many would that be?”
The mean ideal number of children is higher for men Figure 6.3 Ideal family size
(4.2 children) than for women (3.7 children). A Mean ideal number of children among
comparison of currently married men and women women and men age 15–49
also shows that men’s mean ideal number of children Women Men
(4.6 children) is more than that of women (4.1
children) (Figure 6.3). 4.6
4.2 4.1
For all women age 15–49 with no children, the mean 3.7
ideal number of children is 3.2, while for those with
six or more children it is 6.1. This is lower than the
mean ideal number of children desired by men age
15–49, which is 3.8 among those with no children
and 7.7 among those with six or more children
respectively (Figure 6.4).
All Currently married
Figure 6.4 Ideal family size by number

of living children
Mean ideal number of children
Women Men
7.7
6.1
5.6
4.8 4.8
4.3 4.4
3.8 3.7 3.9 3.9
3.2 3.1 3.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6+
Number of living children

Trends: The mean ideal number of Figure 6.5 Trends in mean ideal family size
children for women age 15–49 Mean ideal number of children for women age 15–49
declined from 4.4 in 1989 to 3.7 in
1993 and thereafter remained the
same. For men of the same age, the
mean ideal number of children was
3.8 in 1993 after which it fluctuated
before reaching 4.2 in 2022
(Figure 6.5).
Women
3.8 Men 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.9 4.2
Patterns by background 4.4 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7
characteristics
1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
 The mean ideal number of
children among women increases with age from 3.3 children for those age 15–19 and 20–24 to 4.4
children among those age 45–49 (Table 6.4).
 The mean ideal number of children for women age 15–49 decreases as education attainment increases,
from 7.3 among women with no education to 3.1 among women with more than secondary education.
 The mean ideal number of children for women age 15–49 in the lowest wealth quintile is 4.9, while for
those in the highest wealth quintile it is 3.2.
 Mandera (9.8), Wajir (8.9) and Garissa (8.1) counties have the highest mean ideal number of children
for women age 15–49, while Kericho (2.8), Machakos (2.9) and Kirinyaga (2.9) have the lowest
(Table 6.4C).
6.3 FERTILITY PLANNING STATUS
Planning status of births/pregnancies

Women reported if their births/pregnancies were wanted at the time (planned
birth), at a later time (mistimed birth), or not at all (unwanted birth).
Sample: Current pregnancies and live births in the 3 years before the survey
to women age 15–49; all pregnancy outcomes in the 3 years before the survey
to women age 15–49
Sixty-three percent of pregnancies among women Figure 6.6 Fertility planning status
age 15–49 that occurred in the 3 years before the
Percent distribution of pregnancy
survey were wanted at the time, and 29% wanted outcomes to women age 15–49 in the
later, while 9% were not wanted at all (Table 6.6 and three years before the survey by planning
Figure 6.6). status of pregnancy
Unwanted
9%
Wanted
then
Mistimed 63%
29%
Note: Total exceeds 100% due to rounding.

Trends: The percentage of live Figure 6.7 Trends in fertility planning status
births and current pregnancies Percentage of live births and current pregnancies to
among women age 15–49 that were women age 15–49 in the 3 years before the survey
wanted then has increased steadily
from 45% in 1993 to 63% in 2022,
while the percentage of live births Wanted then 62 63
51 53 54
and current pregnancies that were 45
not wanted at all has declined from
18% in 1993 to 9% in 2022 18 20 19 Unwanted
(Figure 6.7). 11 11 9
Patterns by background 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022

characteristics KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
 Fifty-five percent of first live districts in the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
births and current pregnancies
of women age 15–49 in the three years before the survey were wanted then, while 44% were wanted
later.
 Twenty percent of fourth and higher order live births and current pregnancies were unwanted
compared with 8% or less among lower order live births and current pregnancies.
 Sixty-three percent of live births and current pregnancies that occurred to women who were below age
20 at the time of the event were wanted later.
 Seventy-one percent of live births of women who had a live birth at age 25–29 or 30–34 were wanted
then.
 More than two-thirds (68%) of Figure 6.8 Fertility planning status

current pregnancies were Percent distribution of pregnancy outcomes to women
wanted then. Slightly less than age 15–49 in the three years before the survey by
two-thirds of the live births planning status of pregnancy
(62%) and stillbirths (63%) of
6 9 10 10 6
women age 15–49 during the Unwanted
three-year period before the
survey were wanted then. At the 26 20 Mistimed
30 27
same time, 70% of pregnancies
that occurred within the three Wanted
65 then
years before the survey but
resulted in miscarriages were
wanted then. However, seven in
ten pregnancies that resulted in 68 70
abortions were either mistimed 62 63
(65%) or unwanted (6%)
(Figure 6.8). 30
Current Live Stillbirths Miscarriages Abortions

pregnancies births
Note: Total does not add to 100% due to rounding.

6.4 WANTED FERTILITY RATES
Unwanted birth
Any birth in excess of the number of children a woman reported as
her ideal number.
Wanted birth
Any birth less than or equal to the number of children a woman
reported as her ideal number.
Wanted fertility rate
The average number of children a woman would have by the end of
her childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-
speciﬁc fertility rates, excluding unwanted births.
Wanted fertility rate is a hypothetical estimate of number of children a woman would give birth to in her
childbearing years if all unwanted births were avoided. In the last three years before the survey, the total
wanted fertility rate is 2.9 children per woman compared with total fertility rate of 3.4 children per woman
(Table 6.6).
Trends: The wanted fertility rate Figure 6.9 Trends in wanted and total fertility
declined from 4.5 children per Wanted and actual number of children
woman in 1989 to 2.9 in 2022, and per woman
total fertility rate also declined from
6.7
6.7 to 3.4 children per woman in the
same period. Consequently, the gap
5.4
between total and wanted fertility 2.2
4.9
4.7 4.6
rate declined from 2.2 children in
2.0
1989 to 0.5 children in 2022 1.2 1.3
1.2
3.9
3.4 TFR
(Figure 6.9). 0.9
0.5 Difference
Patterns by background 4.5 Total
characteristics 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.4 wanted
3.0 2.9 fertility
 The wanted fertility rate is

higher in rural than in urban
1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
areas (3.3 versus 2.5 children KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
per woman).
 The wanted fertility rate decreases as level of education and wealth status increase. It declines from 5.9
children for women with no education to 2.4 children for women with more than secondary level of
education. It also varies from 4.2 children for women in the lowest wealth quintile to 2.3 children for
women in the highest wealth quintile.
 The wanted fertility rate varies by county and ranges from 2.0 children per woman to 7.8 children per
woman. In counties where wanted fertility rate is high, the fertility rate is also high.
 Mandera, West Pokot, Wajir, Tana River, Marsabit, Turkana, Samburu and Garissa counties have both
wanted and total fertility of more than 5 children per woman each, while Kilifi, Nairobi City, Kisii,
Nandi, Nyamira, Kericho, and Machakos have a wanted fertility of less than 2.5 children per woman
each (Table 6.6C and Map 6.1).

Map 6.1 Wanted fertility rates by county
Total wanted fertility rates for the 3 years before the survey
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on fertility preferences, see the following tables:
 Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children

 Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women
 Table 6.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men
 Table 6.3 Ideal number of children by number of living children
 Table 6.4 Mean ideal number of children according to background characteristics
 Table 6.4C Mean ideal number of children according to county
 Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
 Table 6.6 Wanted fertility rates
 Table 6.6C Wanted fertility rates by county

Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children
Percent distribution of currently married women and currently married men age 15–49 by desire for children, according to
number of living children, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of living children Total Total
Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ 15–49 15–54
WOMEN1
Have another soon2 66.0 30.2 18.1 10.4 7.7 6.4 7.8 16.7 na
Have another later3 22.1 58.2 43.3 22.7 14.3 11.9 8.5 30.1 na
Have another, undecided when 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.6 na
Undecided 3.4 3.7 6.4 6.4 4.6 4.7 6.0 5.4 na
Want no more 2.5 5.6 29.5 56.2 66.2 69.6 68.6 43.0 na
Sterilised4 0.7 0.1 0.6 2.4 4.7 5.5 6.0 2.5 na
Declared infecund 4.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 2.1 1.9 2.6 1.7 na
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 na
Number 349 1,555 2,320 1,947 1,377 764 1,007 9,319 na
MEN5
Have another soon2 77.3 30.9 18.7 15.5 10.5 12.2 12.1 20.4 19.1
Have another later3 14.4 59.2 48.2 31.5 25.6 20.3 21.2 37.0 33.8
Have another, undecided when 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
Undecided 1.6 4.0 7.6 7.0 6.9 5.7 5.3 6.1 5.8
Want no more 5.3 5.5 24.8 45.1 56.4 60.7 60.2 35.7 40.5
Sterilised4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1
Declared infecund 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2
Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 278 1,091 1,586 1,258 851 495 699 6,257 6,958
1
The number of living children includes a woman’s current pregnancy.
2
Wants next birth within 2 years.
3
Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years.
4
Includes both female and male sterilisation.
5
The number of living children includes one additional child if respondent’s wife is pregnant (or if any wife is pregnant for
men with more than one current wife).
Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who want no more children by number of living children,
Number of living children1
Background
characteristic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
Residence
Urban 1.6 6.7 30.2 66.3 73.3 71.2 64.1 38.0
Rural 5.8 4.6 30.0 54.0 70.1 76.0 76.3 50.2
Education2
No education 9.2 3.3 6.9 12.9 25.4 34.3 48.9 31.5
Primary 5.7 9.7 30.2 55.4 73.7 80.5 84.2 58.1
Secondary 0.9 5.0 29.1 63.2 76.9 85.9 92.2 39.2
More than secondary 3.2 4.6 34.1 67.1 80.9 (86.2) * 34.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.2 2.0 19.6 37.3 57.4 52.1 64.3 42.7
Second (4.8) 4.6 24.3 48.0 70.3 85.2 83.5 52.9
Middle 4.2 6.9 35.1 59.3 73.3 81.9 85.3 52.7
Fourth 0.3 5.1 32.9 63.6 73.1 84.0 74.7 41.9
Highest 3.4 7.2 31.3 71.0 82.0 77.0 (63.4) 40.2
Total 3.2 5.7 30.1 58.6 71.0 75.0 74.5 45.5
Women who have been sterilised or whose husband has been sterilised are considered to want no more
children. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure
is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
The number of living children includes a woman’s current pregnancy.
2

Table 6.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men
Percentage of currently married men age 15–49 who want no more children by number of living children,
Background
characteristic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
Residence
Urban 7.3 7.4 26.6 46.2 60.7 57.7 55.3 31.3
Rural 2.3 2.8 23.0 44.9 54.3 61.8 62.0 39.3
Education2
No education * (5.6) 16.6 18.6 32.0 28.0 29.1 24.0
Primary 1.7 3.4 23.5 43.6 51.9 63.1 64.1 41.0
Secondary 0.7 8.3 23.8 47.8 63.3 63.3 70.8 34.9
More than
secondary 8.6 3.8 28.5 49.0 64.9 63.4 63.9 30.3
Wealth quintile
Lowest (0.0) 2.6 15.6 26.9 46.7 39.7 46.6 31.0
Second (2.6) 2.5 19.6 43.7 53.3 71.1 63.6 41.1
Middle (6.5) 5.9 27.0 49.8 58.9 66.9 68.8 42.3
Fourth 2.0 3.6 22.2 47.1 58.6 63.4 66.7 31.6
Highest 9.4 9.0 31.3 50.2 62.8 (63.4) 68.6 34.6
Total 15–49 5.3 5.5 24.8 45.4 56.4 60.7 60.5 35.9
50–54 * * 77.3 84.1 89.2 85.2 80.9 *
Total 15–54 5.5 5.9 26.8 49.1 61.3 65.4 65.5 40.6
Note: Men who have been sterilised or who state in response to the question about desire for children
that their wife has been sterilised are considered to want no more children. Figures in parentheses are
based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
unweighted cases and has been suppressed
1
The number of living children includes one additional child if respondent’s wife is pregnant (or if any
wife is pregnant for men with more than one current wife).
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more than
secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported

Table 6.3 Ideal number of children by number of living children
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children for all
respondents and for currently married respondents, according to the number of living children, Kenya DHS 2022
Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
WOMEN1
0 3.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.4 2.0 2.0

1 2.1 4.1 2.4 1.4 1.6 0.8 1.6 2.2
2 26.4 26.1 22.4 11.8 11.3 8.4 4.9 19.5
3 32.7 37.6 26.0 27.2 8.6 13.6 6.8 26.2
4 23.0 19.7 32.7 33.8 42.2 22.7 19.6 27.4
5 6.1 6.3 8.0 12.1 11.7 24.6 9.6 9.2
6+ 5.3 3.7 6.3 11.3 20.8 25.5 49.2 11.9
Non-numeric responses 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.9 2.2 2.9 6.4 1.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 4,480 2,931 3,125 2,405 1,643 947 1,185 16,716
Mean ideal number of
children for:2
All women 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.8 6.1 3.7
Number of women 4,424 2,908 3,102 2,382 1,607 920 1,110 16,453
Currently married women 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 6.3 4.1
Number of currently married
women 342 1,537 2,302 1,930 1,344 738 936 9,130
3
MEN
0 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.0
1 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.9
2 16.8 15.5 13.8 7.1 5.7 3.9 3.0 13.3
3 30.0 40.0 26.6 27.7 13.2 10.8 6.6 27.4
4 28.5 26.3 34.7 31.3 36.5 21.6 14.1 28.9
5 10.9 8.3 15.1 17.5 20.2 25.2 11.7 13.0
6+ 9.9 8.1 8.2 14.2 22.5 35.5 57.8 14.2
Non-numeric responses 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.9 6.1 1.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 6,614 1,663 1,877 1,358 896 517 727 13,652
children for men 15–49:2
All men 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.6 7.7 4.2
Number of men 6,557 1,659 1,865 1,339 883 507 683 13,493
Currently married men 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.7 7.8 4.6
men 278 1,087 1,574 1,239 837 485 657 6,157
children for men 15–54:2
All men 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.5 7.7 4.2
Number of men 6,583 1,675 1,943 1,482 1,043 626 900 14,252
Currently married men 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.7 5.5 7.8 4.7
men 281 1,096 1,634 1,369 983 593 862 6,817
1
The number of living children includes current pregnancy for women.
2
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
3
The number of living children includes one additional child if respondent’s wife is pregnant (or if any wife is pregnant for men
with more than one current wife).

Table 6.4 Mean ideal number of children
according to background characteristics
Mean ideal number of children for all women
age 15–49, according to background
Background Number of
characteristic Mean women1
Age
15–19 3.3 3,086
20–24 3.3 3,037
25–29 3.6 2,877
30–34 3.9 2,323
35–39 4.0 2,248
40–44 4.2 1,576
45–49 4.4 1,305
Residence
Urban 3.5 6,769
Rural 3.9 9,684
Education2
No education 7.3 846
Primary 4.0 5,984
Secondary 3.3 6,427
More than secondary 3.1 3,197
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.9 2,498
Second 3.8 2,926
Middle 3.6 3,044
Fourth 3.5 3,688
Highest 3.2 4,297
Total 3.7 16,453
Note: Data for this table were collected in the

full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short
questionnaire.
1
Number of women who gave a numeric
response.
2
No education includes informal education
(Madrassa/Duksi/adult education), and more
than secondary includes middle-level colleges
and universities. Secondary includes
individuals who reported vocational training as
the highest education level attended.

Table 6.4C Mean ideal number of children
by county
Mean ideal number of children for all women age
15–49, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
County Mean women1
Mombasa 4.0 482
Kwale 4.9 247
Kilifi 4.3 466
Tana River 6.3 75
Lamu 4.5 50
Taita/Taveta 3.6 118
Garissa 8.1 163
Wajir 8.9 86
Mandera 9.8 76
Marsabit 7.1 72
Isiolo 4.7 72
Meru 3.2 476
Tharaka-Nithi 3.3 130
Embu 3.2 179
Kitui 3.3 373
Machakos 2.9 544
Makueni 3.1 352
Nyandarua 3.5 223
Nyeri 3.2 259
Kirinyaga 2.9 262
Murang’a 3.3 335
Kiambu 3.2 1,095
Turkana 5.9 171
West Pokot 5.7 177
Samburu 5.7 78
Trans Nzoia 4.0 341
Uasin Gishu 3.4 527
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3.6 116
Nandi 3.4 332
Baringo 4.5 190
Laikipia 3.5 173
Nakuru 3.6 860
Narok 4.5 356
Kajiado 3.8 447
Kericho 2.8 372
Bomet 3.5 326
Kakamega 3.8 618
Vihiga 3.9 196
Bungoma 3.9 566
Busia 3.9 335
Siaya 3.5 275
Kisumu 3.4 390
Homa Bay 3.6 341
Migori 4.3 349
Kisii 3.2 463
Nyamira 3.1 168
Nairobi City 3.3 2,145
Total 3.7 16,453
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full

Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short
questionnaire.
1
Number of women who gave a numeric
response.

Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
Percent distribution of live births and current pregnancies to women age 15–49 in the 3 years before the
survey by planning status of the pregnancy, according to birth order and mother’s age at birth; and percent
distribution of all pregnancy outcomes to women age 15–49 in the 3 years before the survey by planning
status of the pregnancy, according to type of pregnancy outcome, Kenya DHS 2022
Planning status of pregnancy outcome Number of
Wanted Wanted Wanted no pregnancy
Characteristic then later more Total outcomes1
LIVE BIRTHS AND CURRENT PREGNANCIES
Birth order
1 54.8 43.9 1.3 100.0 3,698
2 70.2 26.4 3.4 100.0 2,956
3 68.5 23.5 8.0 100.0 2,150
4+ 60.5 19.1 20.4 100.0 3,412
Mother’s age at birth2
<20 34.1 62.8 3.1 100.0 1,448
20–24 60.3 36.7 3.1 100.0 3,416
25–29 71.3 22.5 6.2 100.0 2,985
30–34 70.6 17.1 12.3 100.0 2,107
35–39 64.1 14.1 21.8 100.0 1,066
40–44 55.9 6.5 37.6 100.0 334
45–49 (72.4) (3.0) (24.6) 100.0 31
Total 62.5 29.1 8.3 100.0 12,217
ALL PREGNANCY OUTCOMES
Pregnancy outcome
type
Current pregnancies 67.8 25.8 6.4 100.0 1,762
Live births 61.7 29.7 8.6 100.0 10,454
Stillbirths 63.1 26.6 10.3 100.0 177
Miscarriages 70.2 19.8 10.0 100.0 1,159
Abortions 29.5 64.8 5.6 100.0 73
Total 63.0 28.5 8.5 100.0 13,626
Note: A pregnancy outcome refers to a miscarriage, abortion, live birth, or stillbirth. Some pregnancies
produce multiple outcomes, for example, in the case of twins. In this table, each pregnancy outcome is
counted individually. Therefore, a pregnancy will be counted more than once if it produces multiple births (live
births or stillbirths). Current pregnancies, miscarriages, and abortions are always counted as one pregnancy
outcome. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1
For pregnancies that resulted in multiple outcomes (such as twins), each outcome is counted individually.
2
For current pregnancies, the maternal age at birth is estimated as the mother’s expected age at the time of
the birth.

Table 6.6 Wanted fertility rates
Total wanted fertility rates and total fertility rates for the 3
years before the survey, according to background
Background Total wanted Total fertility
characteristic fertility rates rate
Residence
Urban 2.5 2.7
Rural 3.3 4.0
Education1
No education 5.9 6.5
Primary 3.2 3.9
Secondary 2.8 3.1
More than secondary 2.4 2.6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.2 5.1
Second 3.0 3.8
Middle 2.9 3.5
Fourth 2.7 3.1
Highest 2.3 2.5
Total 2.9 3.4
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s
Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Rates are
calculated based on births to women age 15–49 in the
period 1–36 months before the survey. The total fertility
rates are the same as those presented in Table 5.2.
1
Duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes

Table 6.6C Wanted fertility rates by county
Total wanted fertility rates and total fertility rates for the 3 years
before the survey, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Total wanted Total fertility
County fertility rates rate
Mombasa 2.9 3.2
Kwale 3.7 4.8
Kilifi 2.4 3.0
Tana River 5.2 6.2
Lamu 4.4 4.9
Taita/Taveta 2.8 3.3
Garissa 5.4 5.4
Wajir 6.1 6.3
Mandera 7.8 7.8
Marsabit 5.9 5.9
Isiolo 3.8 4.5
Meru 2.8 3.3
Tharaka-Nithi 2.9 3.4
Embu 2.8 3.0
Kitui 2.7 3.3
Machakos 2.0 2.6
Makueni 2.5 3.3
Nyandarua 3.3 3.8
Nyeri 2.6 3.1
Kirinyaga 2.7 3.1
Murang’a 3.1 3.5
Kiambu 2.5 2.6
Turkana 5.6 5.9
West Pokot 6.1 6.6
Samburu 5.1 5.6
Trans Nzoia 3.1 3.7
Uasin Gishu 2.5 2.8
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3.6 4.0
Nandi 2.3 3.0
Baringo 3.5 4.4
Laikipia 2.6 3.1
Nakuru 2.8 3.1
Narok 4.3 4.9
Kajiado 3.1 3.5
Kericho 2.0 3.3
Bomet 2.5 3.4
Kakamega 3.0 3.7
Vihiga 3.6 3.7
Bungoma 2.6 3.3
Busia 3.0 3.8
Siaya 2.6 3.7
Kisumu 2.5 3.2
Homa Bay 2.5 3.3
Migori 3.6 4.6
Kisii 2.3 3.1
Nyamira 2.2 3.0
Nairobi City 2.4 2.7
Total 2.9 3.4
Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
Rates are calculated based on births to women age 15–49 in
the period 1–36 months before the survey. The total fertility
rates are the same as those presented in Table 5.2.

FAMILY PLANNING 7
Key Findings
 Contraceptive use: Sixty-three percent of currently

married women use any method, with 57% using a
modern method and 6% a traditional method.
 Contraceptive discontinuation: Thirty-five percent of
episodes of contraceptive use in the 5 years before the
survey were discontinued within 12 months. The primary
reasons for discontinuing a method were desire to
become pregnant (27%) and method-related health
concerns or side effects (22%).
 Unmet need for family planning (FP): Fourteen percent
of currently married women have unmet need for FP, with
8% wanting to space and 6% wanting to limit births.
 Demand for family planning: Seventy-six percent of
currently married women age 15–49 have a demand for
family planning.
 Future use of contraception: About 48% of currently
married women who are not using a contraceptive method
intend to use it in the future.
W
omen and men use contraceptive methods to limit or space the number of children they have.
This chapter presents information on knowledge, use, and sources of various family planning
methods and discontinuation. It also discusses informed choice, unmet need, demand, non-use,
and plans to use family planning in the future. These topics are of practical use for review and formulation
of family planning strategies and policies. Comparisons are made with findings from previous surveys to
evaluate progress made in family planning in the country over time.
According to the FP2030 Commitments, Kenya targets will increase the modern contraceptive prevalence
from 58% in 2017 to 64% by 2030, and reduce the unmet need for family planning among all women from
14% to 10% by 2030 (NCPD and MoH 2021).
7.1 CONTRACEPTIVE KNOWLEDGE AND USE

Nearly all women and men (99% each) have knowledge of modern contraceptive methods. A lower
percentage of women and men have knowledge of traditional methods, with 85% of women and 86% of
men knowing a traditional method.
The most well-known modern methods among all women are male condoms (97%), injectables (94%),
implants (91%), and contraceptive pills (91%), while the methods mostly frequently reported by men are
male condoms (99%), injectables (88%), contraceptive pills (84%), and implants (80%) (Table 7.1).
Knowledge of at least one contraceptive method is universal across background characteristics for both
currently married women and men age 15–49 (Table 7.2 and Table 7.2C).
Family Planning  191

Contraceptive prevalence
Percentage of women who use any contraceptive method.
Sample: All women age 15–49, currently married women age 15–49, and
sexually active unmarried women age 15–49
Modern methods
Include male and female sterilisation, intrauterine devices (IUDs), injectables,
implants, contraceptive pills, male and female condoms, emergency
contraception, the standard days method, and the lactational amenorrhoea
method.
Sixty-three percent of currently married women are Figure 7.1 Contraceptive use
using any contraceptive method, with 57% using a
Percentage of women age 15–49 currently
modern method and 6% a traditional method. The using a contraceptive method
most commonly used methods among currently
married women are injectables (20%), implants Any method 63
70
(19%), and contraceptive pills (8%) (Figure 7.1).
Any modern method 57
59
Among sexually active unmarried women age 15–49,
70% use any contraceptive method, and 59% use a Injectables 20
16
modern method. For sexually active unmarried Currently
women, male condoms are the most commonly used Male condom 2 married
20
modern contraceptive method (20%), followed by women
8
injectables (16%) and implants (11%). Pill
6
Sexually
active,
19 unmarried
The use of traditional methods is more common Implants
11 women
among sexually active unmarried women than among
IUD 4
currently married women (11% versus 6%). 3
2
Trends: The use of modern family planning methods Female sterilization
1
by currently married women age 15–49 has increased
Traditional method 6
over time, from 18% in 1989 to 32% in 2003, and 11
57% in 2022. The greatest gains
were in the use of implants, which Figure 7.2 Trends in contraceptive use
increased from less than 1% before
Percentage of currently married women currently using a
2003 to 19% in 2022. Use of contraceptive method
injectables increased from 3% in
1989 to 26% in 2014 before
declining to 20% in 2022. Use of
any traditional method has
remained more or less the same
Any modern method
over the last three decades at about 57
53
6% (Figure 7.2 and Table 7.4.1).
39
32 32
27
18 Any traditional method
9 6 8 8 6 5 6
1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022

192  Family Planning

 The use of modern contraceptive methods among currently married women increases from 16%
among women with no living children to 65% among women with three to four living children
(Table 7.4.2).
 The use of any contraceptive method among currently married women increases with level of
education, from 25% among those with no education to 68% with more than secondary education
 Ten percent of currently married women with more than secondary education use traditional
contraceptive methods compared with 5% or less among women with lower levels of education.
 The use of IUDs among currently married women increases with wealth quintile, ranging from 1%
among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 10% in the highest wealth quintile.
 The percentage of sexually active unmarried women in rural areas using implants (16%) is twice as
high as those in urban areas (7%).
 The use of any modern contraceptive method among currently married women is highest in Embu
(75%), Kirinyaga (71%), Nyeri (71%) and Meru (70%) counties and lowest in Mandera (2%), Wajir
(3%), and Marsabit (6%) counties (Table 7.4.2C and Map 7.1).
Map 7.1 Modern contraceptive use by county

Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 using a modern contraceptive method

Timing of Sterilisation
The median age at sterilisation among women age 15–49 is 33.6 years (Table 7.5). The majority of women
(62%) reported having undergone sterilisation between the ages of 30 to 39.
Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press
Ten percent of the current injectable users age 15–49 are using DMPA-SC/Sayana Press (Table 7.6 and
Table 7.6C).
Over 99% of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press users reported receiving their last injection from a health care
provider.
7.1.1 Use of Emergency Contraception
Five percent of women age 15–49 reported using emergency contraception in the last 12 months
(Table 7.7).
 The uptake of emergency contraceptive is highest among women age 20–24 (10%).
 Use of emergency contraception among women in urban areas (8%) is twice as high as in rural areas
(4%).
 About 1% of women with no education use emergency contraception compared with 13% of women
 Use of emergency contraception increases with level of education, from 1% among those with no
education to 13% among those with more than secondary education.
 Uasin Gishu (11%), Trans Nzoia (9%), Kiambu (9%), Murang’a (8%), Kajiado (8%) and Nairobi City
(8%) counties have the highest percentage of women who used emergency contraception in 12 months
before the survey. Fewer than 1% of women in Wajir, Mandera and Garissa counties used emergency
contraception (Table 7.7C).
7.1.2 Knowledge of the Fertile Period
Thirty-eight percent of women age 15–49 have correct knowledge of the fertile period during the ovulatory
cycle, which is “halfway between two menstrual periods” (Table 7.8 and Table 7.9).
Nearly half (47%) of women using the rhythm method and more than half (51%) using the standard days
method cited “halfway between two menstrual periods” as the fertile period.
7.2 SOURCE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Source of modern contraceptives

The place where the modern method currently being used was obtained from
the place where it was acquired the last time.
Sample: Women age 15–49 currently using a modern contraceptive method

About 6 in 10 (62%) of all modern Figure 7.3 Source of modern contraceptive methods
contraceptive users obtain their Percent distribution of current users of modern methods
methods from the public sector, age 15–49 by most recent source of method
including hospitals (24%),
Public sector Private medical sector Other source
dispensaries (23%) and health
centres (14%). The non-NGO
private medical sector represents
Pill 35 63 2
the second most common source of
modern methods (33%), including
pharmacies (15%), private hospitals
(9%), and private clinics (7%) Implant 86 14
(Table 7.10).
The public sector is the most

popular source for implants (86%) Injectables 63 37
and injectables (63%), while the
private sector is the most popular
source for contraceptive pills (63%)
(Figure 7.3).
Use of Social Marketing Brand Pills and Condoms
Combined oral contraceptives (84%) and progestin only pills (14%) are the most popular brand pills
(Table 7.11).
The most popular condom brands include: Sure (40%), Trust (34%), and Kiss (15%), and the least
common are Lifeguard (1%) and Power Play (<1%).
7.3 INFORMED CHOICE
Informed choice
Informed choice indicates that women were informed about the method’s side
effects, about what to do if they experience side effects, and about other
methods they could use.
Sample: Women age 15–49 who are currently using selected modern
contraceptive methods and who started the last episode of use within the
5 years before the survey
Fifty-one percent of women were informed about side effects of the method, what to do if they experience
side effects, and information about other methods they could use (Table 7.12).
Among current users, 68% were informed of other methods that they could use, 62% were informed about
what to do if they experienced side effects, and 60% were informed about side effects or problems of the
methods used. Seventy-one percent of current users were informed that they could switch to another
method if they wanted or needed to.

7.4 DISCONTINUATION OF CONTRACEPTIVES
Contraceptive discontinuation rate

Percentage of contraceptive use episodes discontinued within 12 months.
Sample: Episodes of contraceptive use in the 5 years before the survey,
experienced by women who are currently age 15–49 (one woman may
contribute more than one episode)
About one in three (35%) episodes of contraceptive Figure 7.4 Contraceptive

use in the 5 years before the survey were discontinuation rates
discontinued within 12 months. Pills (56%) and Percentage of contraceptive episodes
injectables (42%) had higher than the overall discontinued within 12 months
discontinuation rates (Figure 7.4). Only 8% of
episodes of contraceptive use were discontinued
because the woman switched to another method
(Table 7.13). 56
42
The desire to become pregnant (27%) and method- 33 35
related health concerns or side effects (22%) are the
13
main reasons for discontinuing a method. Other
reasons for discontinuation were the need for a more
effective method (15%), infrequent sex or husband Pill Injectables Implants Male All
was away (12%), and changes in menstrual bleeding condom methods
(9%) (Table 7.14).
7.5 DEMAND FOR FAMILY PLANNING
Unmet need for family planning

Proportion of women who:
(1) are not pregnant and not postpartum amenorrhoeic and are considered
fecund and want to postpone their next birth for 2 or more years or stop
childbearing altogether but are not using a contraceptive method, or
(2) have a mistimed or unwanted current pregnancy, or
(3) are postpartum amenorrhoeic and their last birth in the last 2 years was
mistimed or unwanted.
Met need for family planning
Current contraceptive use (any method).
Sample: All women age 15–49, currently married women age 15–49, and
sexually active unmarried women age 15–49
Demand for Unmet need for family planning

family planning: + met need (current contraceptive use (any method))
Proportion of Current contraceptive use (any method)

demand Unmet need + current contraceptive use (any method)
satisfied:
Proportion of Current contraceptive use (any modern method)

demand Unmet need + current contraceptive use (any method)
satisfied by
modern methods:

Seventy-six percent of currently married women age Figure 7.5 Demand for family planning
15–49 in Kenya have a demand for family planning; Percent distribution of currently married
38% want to space births, and another 38% want to women age 15–49 by need for family
limit births. Of those with a demand for family planning
planning, 62% are already using a contraceptive
method either to space (30%) or to limit births (32%)
and therefore have their need met. However, 14% of Met need
currently married women have an unmet need for for spacing
Unmet 30%
family planning, and want to space (8%) or limit need for
(6%) births but are not currently using contraception limiting
Met need
(Table 7.15.1 and Figure 7.5). 6%
for limiting
32%
If all currently married women who want to space or Unmet
need for No need
limit their births were to use a family planning for family
spacing
method, the contraceptive prevalence among 8% planning
currently married women would increase from 62% 24%
(currently using) to 76% (total demand).
The demand for family planning among sexually active unmarried women is higher than among currently
married women (89% versus 76%). Seventy percent of sexually active unmarried women have met their
need for family planning, while 19% have unmet need (Table 7.15.2).
Trends: Total demand for family Figure 7.6 Trends in demand for family planning
planning among currently married Percentage of currently married women age 15–49
women age 15–49 increased from
67% in 2003 to 76% but remained 100
unchanged between 2014 and 2022 90 Total
80 76 76 demand
(76%). Over the same period, unmet 68 67 71
70 67 Met need,
need for family planning among 60 modern
currently married women declined 50 methods
from 35% in 1993 to 18% in 2014 40 Met need,
30 traditional
and 14% in 2022 (Figure 7.6). methods
20 Unmet
10 need
0
1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
Patterns by background KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
characteristics
 The unmet need for family districts in the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
planning declines as the level of
education increases. Twenty-three percent of Figure 7.7 Unmet need by education
currently married women with no education and Percentage of currently married women
10% of those with more than secondary age 15–49 with unmet need for family
education have unmet need (Figure 7.7). planning
 Unmet need for family planning declines as

wealth quintile increases, from 22% among
currently married women in the lowest wealth
quintile to 10% in the highest wealth quintile.
23
15 13 10
No education Primary Secondary More than

secondary

 The counties with the highest unmet need for family planning are Marsabit (38%), Tana River (34%),
West Pokot (30%), Samburu (29%), Siaya (27%), and Isiolo (27%), while counties with the lowest
total unmet need are Embu (2%), Laikipia (5%), Nyeri (5%), and Murang’a (5%) (Table 7.15.1C and
Map 7.2).
Map 7.2 Unmet need by county

Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 with unmet need for family planning
7.5.1 Decision Making about Family Planning and Opinion about Using Family
Planning
About 9 in 10 currently married women participated in making decisions about family planning. Fifty
percent of currently married women reported that the decision to use or not use family planning is usually
a joint decision between the wife and her husband, while 42% said that it is mainly the wife’s decision, 7%
said it is mainly the husband’s decision, while 1% reported it was someone else (Table 7.16).
Thirty-nine percent of the currently married women felt their opinions and those of their husbands or
partners were equally important.

 The percentage of currently married women who participate in decision making about family planning
increases with level of education, from 79% among women with no education to 97% among those
with more than secondary education (Table 7.17).
 Counties with the highest percentage of women who participate in decision making about family
planning are Nairobi City (98%), Nyamira (98%), Wajir (97%), and Nyandarua (97%), while counties
with the lowest are Mandera (61%), Garissa (69%), Turkana (75%), Kwale (82%), and Busia (83%)
(Table 7.17C).
7.5.2 Pressure to Become Pregnant and Future Use of Contraception
Tables 7.18 and 7.18C show the percentage of currently married women who were ever pressured by their
husbands, partners, or any other family member to become pregnant when they did not want to. Eleven
percent of currently married women reported having been pressured by their husbands, partners, or any
other family member to become pregnant when they did not want to.
The percentage of currently married women who reported having been pressured to become pregnant by
their husbands, partners, or any other family member declined as the number of living children increased.
This varies from 16% for those with no living children to 9% among those with five or more children.
At the county level, Murang’a County had the highest percentage of currently married women to have ever
been pressured by their husbands, partners, or any other family member (21%), while Kwale and Kitui
counties had the lowest percentage (2% each).
Forty-eight percent of currently married women age 15–49 who are not using a contraceptive method
intend to use one in the future. However, 6 in 10 currently married women age 15–49 with 4 or more living
children who are not using a contraceptive method do not intend to use one in the future (Table 7.19).
7.5.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages
Information on exposure to family planning messages in the media and other sources among women and
men age 15–49 in the 12 months before the survey indicates that peers or friends, radio, and television are
the most common sources of family planning information for both women and men with 81% of women
and 66% of men receiving family planning messages from peers or friends, 59% of women and 69% of
men hearing family planning messages on the radio, and 50% of women and 55% men seeing family
planning messages on television (Table 7.20.1 and Table 7.20.2).
Other sources of family planning messages include community meetings or events (45% for women and
42% for men), poster or leaflet brochure (41% for women and 46% for men), social media platforms such
as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (32% for women and 40% for men), Internet (31% for women and 39%
for men), and outdoor signs or billboards (35% for women and 41% for men). Despite the vast availability
of sources for family planning messages, 8% of women and 10% of men were not exposed to any family
planning messages in the past few months.
 Women (16%) and men (22%) age 15–19 had the highest percentage of those who have not heard or
seen specific family planning messages in the last 12 months from any of the ten media sources.
 The percentage of the respondents who were not exposed to family planning from any of the media
sources decreases as education level increases from 23% among women with no education to 2%
among women with more than secondary education, and from 33% among men with no education to
2% among men with more than secondary education.

 No exposure to any media messages decreases with an increase in wealth quintile, from 15% of
women and 20% of men in the lowest wealth quintile to 4% of women and 5% of men in the highest
wealth quintile.
 Mandera (57%), Wajir (44%), Garissa (38%) and Tana River (32%) counties had the highest
percentage of women who reported not hearing or seeing specific family planning messages from any
media in the last 12 months, while Wajir (54%), Mandera (53%), Turkana (34%), Kitui (29%), and
Marsabit (29%) had the highest percentage of men who reported not hearing or seeing specific family
planning messages in the last 12 months (Table 7.20.1C and Table 7.20.2C).
7.6 CONTACT OF NONUSERS WITH FAMILY PLANNING PROVIDERS
Contact of nonusers with family planning providers

Respondent discussed family planning in the 12 months before the survey with
a fieldworker or during a visit to a health facility.
Sample: Women age 15–49 who are not currently using any contraceptive
methods
Eighty-five percent of women age 15–49 who are not using a contraceptive method said they had not
discussed family planning with a fieldworker or health facility staff member in the 12 months before the
survey. Overall, only 2% reported discussing family planning with a fieldworker and 14% with a provider
at a health facility in the past 12 months. However, 35% of nonusers had visited a health facility but did
not discuss family planning during that visit (Table 7.21).
The percentage of nonusers of contraception who did not discuss family planning ranges from 69% in
Homa Bay County to 97% in Garissa and West Pokot counties (Table 7.21C).

LIST OF TABLES
For more information on family planning, see the following tables:
 Table 7.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods

 Table 7.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to background characteristics
 Table 7.2C Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to county
 Table 7.3 Current use of contraception by age
 Table 7.4.1 Trends in the current use of contraception
 Table 7.4.2 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics
 Table 7.4.2C Current use of contraception according to county
 Table 7.5 Timing of sterilisation
 Table 7.6 Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press
 Table 7.6C Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press by county
 Table 7.7 Use of emergency contraception
 Table 7.7C Use of emergency contraception by county
 Table 7.8 Knowledge of fertile period
 Table 7.9 Knowledge of fertile period by age
 Table 7.10 Source of modern contraception methods
 Table 7.11 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms
 Table 7.12 Informed choice
 Table 7.13 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates
 Table 7.14 Reasons for discontinuation
 Table 7.15.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women
 Table 7.15.1C Need and demand for family planning among currently married women by
county
 Table 7.15.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for sexually active
unmarried women
 Table 7.16 Decision-making about family planning
 Table 7.17 Decision-making about family planning by background characteristics
 Table 7.17C Decision-making about family planning by county
 Table 7.18 Pressure to become pregnant
 Table 7.18C Pressure to become pregnant by county
 Table 7.19 Future use of contraception
 Table 7.20.1 Exposure to family planning messages: Women
 Table 7.20.1C Exposure to family planning messages by county: Women
 Table 7.20.2 Exposure to family planning messages: Men
 Table 7.20.2C Exposure to family planning messages by county: Men
 Table 7.21 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers
 Table 7.21C Contact of nonusers with family planning providers by county

Table 7.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods
Percentage of all respondents, currently married respondents, and sexually active unmarried respondents age 15–49 who know any
contraceptive method, by specific method, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Sexually active Sexually active
Currently unmarried Currently unmarried
Method All women married women women1 All men married men men1
Any method 98.7 99.6 99.7 99.1 99.8 99.8
Any modern method 98.7 99.5 99.7 99.1 99.8 99.8
Female sterilisation 69.7 77.1 78.7 61.5 72.3 67.4
Male sterilisation 45.7 49.8 52.7 52.0 62.4 58.8
IUD 77.2 87.6 87.4 57.9 74.0 64.4
Injectables 94.3 98.5 98.5 87.5 97.3 92.8
Implants 91.1 97.3 96.3 79.7 93.3 86.5
Pill 90.7 96.0 95.8 84.2 93.6 90.3
Male condom 96.5 97.4 99.3 98.5 99.3 99.5
Female condom 72.6 76.4 85.6 77.1 87.9 84.6
Emergency contraception 70.7 71.6 87.4 72.1 80.8 81.7
Standard days method 39.5 45.0 40.1 39.6 48.3 44.5
Lactational amenorrhoea method
(LAM) 59.0 71.4 56.8 34.8 45.5 36.6
Other modern method 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3
Any traditional method 85.3 90.8 93.6 86.0 94.1 93.8
Rhythm 78.6 83.6 88.7 72.9 83.3 81.0
Withdrawal 70.5 77.5 84.4 79.1 88.1 87.9
Other traditional method 3.0 3.9 3.2 1.1 1.7 1.0
Mean number of methods known by
respondents 15–49 9.6 10.3 10.6 9.0 10.3 9.8
Number of respondents 32,156 17,822 880 13,652 6,257 1,717
Mean number of methods known by
respondents 15–54 na na na 9.1 10.3 9.8
Number of respondents na na na 14,453 6,958 1,745
1
Had last sexual intercourse within 30 days before the survey

Table 7.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to background characteristics
Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15–49 who have heard of at least
one contraceptive method and who have heard of at least one modern method by background
Women Men
Heard of Heard of
Background Heard of any modern Heard of any modern
characteristic any method method1 Number any method method1 Number
Age
15–19 98.3 98.3 456 * * 12
20–24 99.5 99.5 2,635 99.7 99.7 341
25–29 99.7 99.7 4,055 100.0 100.0 1,161
30–34 99.7 99.6 3,460 99.7 99.7 1,319
35–39 99.6 99.6 3,234 99.8 99.8 1,317
40–44 99.6 99.6 2,246 99.9 99.9 1,115
45–49 99.3 99.3 1,735 99.8 99.8 992
Residence
Urban 99.7 99.7 6,953 99.9 99.9 2,689
Rural 99.5 99.4 10,869 99.7 99.7 3,568
Education2
No education 95.3 95.0 1,373 99.1 99.1 267
Primary 99.9 99.9 7,376 99.7 99.7 2,544
Secondary 100.0 100.0 5,734 99.9 99.9 1,987
More than secondary 100.0 100.0 3,339 100.0 100.0 1,459
Wealth quintile
Lowest 98.3 98.2 2,994 99.4 99.4 873
Second 99.7 99.7 3,125 100.0 100.0 1,059
Middle 99.9 99.9 3,330 99.8 99.8 1,166
Fourth 99.7 99.7 3,945 99.9 99.9 1,632
Highest 99.9 99.9 4,427 99.9 99.9 1,527
Total 15–49 99.6 99.5 17,822 99.8 99.8 6,257
50–54 na na na 100.0 99.7 700
Total 15–54 na na na 99.8 99.8 6,958
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Female sterilisation, male sterilisation, IUD, injectables, implants, pill, male condom, female condom,
emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and
other modern methods.
2
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary

Table 7.2C Knowledge of contraceptive methods according to county
Percentage of currently married women and currently married men age 15–49 who have heard of at least
one contraceptive method and who have heard of at least one modern method by county, Kenya DHS
2022
Women Men
Heard of Heard of
Heard of any modern Heard of any modern
County any method method1 Number any method method1 Number
Mombasa 99.2 99.2 546 100.0 100.0 228
Kwale 100.0 100.0 302 100.0 100.0 85
Kilifi 100.0 100.0 483 100.0 100.0 164
Tana River 96.9 96.6 107 97.4 97.4 35
Lamu 99.8 99.8 59 100.0 100.0 21
Taita/Taveta 100.0 100.0 130 100.0 100.0 48
Garissa 88.4 87.6 170 100.0 100.0 56
Wajir 99.7 99.7 92 100.0 100.0 21
Mandera 82.3 82.1 138 100.0 100.0 35
Marsabit 94.0 92.5 94 100.0 100.0 25
Isiolo 98.6 98.6 76 100.0 100.0 28
Meru 100.0 100.0 569 100.0 100.0 219
Tharaka-Nithi 99.7 99.7 171 100.0 100.0 70
Embu 99.9 99.9 214 99.2 99.2 79
Kitui 99.2 99.2 449 100.0 100.0 124
Machakos 100.0 100.0 553 100.0 100.0 201
Makueni 100.0 100.0 366 100.0 100.0 111
Nyandarua 100.0 100.0 225 100.0 100.0 71
Nyeri 100.0 100.0 254 100.0 100.0 104
Kirinyaga 100.0 100.0 253 100.0 100.0 92
Murang’a 100.0 100.0 344 100.0 100.0 124
Kiambu 100.0 100.0 1,116 100.0 100.0 431
Turkana 98.4 97.9 204 98.8 98.8 60
West Pokot 99.4 99.4 264 100.0 99.5 86
Samburu 98.7 98.7 106 100.0 100.0 28
Trans Nzoia 100.0 100.0 361 100.0 100.0 112
Uasin Gishu 100.0 100.0 525 100.0 100.0 228
Elgeyo/Marakwet 100.0 100.0 143 100.0 100.0 54
Nandi 100.0 100.0 327 100.0 100.0 125
Baringo 98.5 98.5 200 97.9 97.9 70
Laikipia 100.0 100.0 161 99.0 99.0 64
Nakuru 100.0 100.0 906 98.8 98.8 320
Narok 100.0 100.0 444 100.0 100.0 155
Kajiado 99.6 99.6 520 100.0 100.0 174
Kericho 100.0 100.0 395 100.0 100.0 160
Bomet 99.8 99.8 351 100.0 100.0 132
Kakamega 99.9 99.9 715 100.0 100.0 212
Vihiga 100.0 100.0 171 100.0 100.0 52
Bungoma 100.0 100.0 614 98.4 98.4 179
Busia 100.0 100.0 360 100.0 100.0 107
Siaya 100.0 99.8 299 100.0 100.0 99
Kisumu 100.0 100.0 413 100.0 100.0 182
Homa Bay 100.0 100.0 391 100.0 100.0 119
Migori 100.0 100.0 397 100.0 100.0 126
Kisii 100.0 100.0 470 100.0 100.0 164
Nyamira 100.0 100.0 178 100.0 100.0 59
Nairobi City 100.0 100.0 2,195 100.0 100.0 818
Total 15–49 99.6 99.5 17,822 99.8 99.8 6,257
1
Female sterilisation, male sterilisation, IUD, injectables, implants, pill, male condom, female condom,
emergency contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and
other modern methods.

Table 7.3 Current use of contraception by age
Percent distribution of all women, currently married women, and sexually active unmarried women age 15–49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to age, Kenya DHS 2022
Modern method Traditional method
Emer- Any
Any Female Male gency tradi- Not Number
Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Male Female contra- tional With- currently of
Age method method sation sation IUD ables Implants Pill condom condom ception SDM LAM Other method Rhythm drawal Other using Total women
ALL WOMEN
15–19 12.2 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.9 3.1 0.3 4.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.8 1.4 0.4 0.0 87.8 100.0 6,025
20–24 45.2 39.8 0.0 0.0 0.7 12.1 13.5 3.8 7.1 0.0 1.5 0.5 0.6 0.0 5.5 3.4 2.0 0.0 54.8 100.0 6,001
25–29 59.9 55.2 0.3 0.0 2.7 19.9 19.6 7.1 3.3 0.0 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.0 4.7 2.9 1.3 0.5 40.1 100.0 5,687
30–34 60.8 55.9 1.1 0.0 4.6 18.2 19.5 8.5 2.4 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.0 4.9 3.6 1.1 0.2 39.2 100.0 4,530
35–39 59.6 54.3 2.2 0.0 5.4 19.0 15.9 8.2 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 5.3 4.0 0.8 0.5 40.4 100.0 4,311
40–44 56.4 49.7 5.0 0.1 4.7 16.1 12.6 6.3 3.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.1 6.7 5.2 0.9 0.7 43.6 100.0 3,084
45–49 42.4 37.2 7.4 0.1 4.4 9.8 7.4 5.2 2.3 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 5.1 4.1 0.7 0.3 57.6 100.0 2,518
Total 46.6 42.0 1.6 0.0 2.8 13.6 13.2 5.3 3.8 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.0 4.6 3.3 1.1 0.3 53.4 100.0 32,156
15–19 40.7 36.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 12.8 17.1 1.3 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 3.8 2.9 0.9 0.0 59.3 100.0 456
20–24 59.2 53.4 0.1 0.0 1.3 20.1 20.6 6.9 2.0 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.0 5.8 3.4 2.3 0.1 40.8 100.0 2,635
25–29 64.8 60.6 0.2 0.0 3.2 23.1 22.2 8.4 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.6 0.0 4.2 2.7 1.0 0.5 35.2 100.0 4,055
30–34 66.2 60.6 1.3 0.0 5.3 20.4 21.2 9.3 1.7 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.1 5.6 4.0 1.3 0.2 33.8 100.0 3,460
35–39 66.0 60.1 2.4 0.0 6.4 21.2 17.5 9.5 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.2 5.9 4.7 0.9 0.3 34.0 100.0 3,234
40–44 64.6 57.1 6.0 0.1 5.8 18.4 14.6 7.8 2.3 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.1 7.5 5.5 1.2 0.9 35.4 100.0 2,246
45–49 51.7 45.6 8.5 0.1 5.9 12.3 8.9 7.0 2.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.0 6.2 5.1 0.7 0.3 48.3 100.0 1,735
Total 62.5 56.9 2.3 0.0 4.4 19.9 18.5 8.1 1.8 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.1 5.6 4.0 1.2 0.4 37.5 100.0 17,822
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN 1
15–19 58.4 43.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 3.0 3.2 27.3 1.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 9.9 4.7 0.0 41.6 100.0 120
20–24 73.1 60.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.1 8.5 3.4 30.6 0.0 4.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 12.2 5.9 6.4 0.0 26.9 100.0 283
25+ 71.1 62.1 1.0 0.0 5.2 19.7 15.0 7.2 11.7 0.0 1.5 0.7 0.0 0.1 9.0 5.0 2.6 1.4 28.9 100.0 477
Total 70.0 59.2 0.5 0.0 2.8 16.1 11.3 5.5 19.9 0.1 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 10.8 6.0 4.1 0.8 30.0 100.0 880
Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation.
SDM = standard days method
LAM = lactational amenorrhoea method
1
Women who had last sexual intercourse within 30 days before the survey. Data for sexually active unmarried women were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
Family Planning • 205
Table 7.4.1 Trends in the current use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to several surveys
Method 1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
Any method 26.9 32.7 39.0 39.3 45.5 58.0 62.5
Any modern method 17.9 27.3 31.5 31.5 39.4 53.2 56.9
Female sterilisation 4.7 5.5 6.2 4.3 4.8 3.2 2.3
IUD 3.7 4.2 2.7 2.4 1.6 3.4 4.4
Injectables 3.3 7.2 11.8 14.3 21.6 26.4 19.9
Implants 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.7 1.9 9.9 18.5
Pill 5.2 9.5 8.5 7.5 7.2 8.0 8.1
Male condom 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.8
Other modern
method 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.9
Any traditional
method 9.0 5.5 7.5 7.8 6.0 4.8 5.6
Rhythm 7.5 4.4 6.1 6.3 4.7 3.8 4.0
Withdrawal 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.2
Other 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.4
Not currently using 73.1 67.3 61.0 60.7 54.5 42.0 37.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 4,765 4,629 4,834 4,919 4,928 18,549 17822

Table 7.4.2 Current use of contraception according to background characteristics
Percent distribution of currently married women and sexually active unmarried women age 15–49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Emer- Any
Any Female Male gency tradi- Not Number
Background Any modern sterili- sterili- Injec- Male Female contra- tional With- currently of
characteristic method method sation sation IUD tables Implants Pill condom condom ception SDM LAM Other method Rhythm drawal Other using Total women
Number of living
children
0 26.4 15.9 0.2 0.0 0.1 2.4 1.6 4.6 4.5 0.0 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 10.5 6.8 3.6 0.1 73.6 100.0 1,020
1–2 64.5 59.0 0.4 0.0 4.9 20.5 20.4 9.6 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.0 5.5 3.7 1.3 0.5 35.5 100.0 7,386
3–4 70.2 65.0 3.3 0.0 5.7 23.4 19.6 9.3 1.8 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.1 5.1 3.9 0.8 0.4 29.8 100.0 6,094
5+ 55.3 50.1 5.4 0.0 2.5 17.5 17.6 3.9 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.2 0.1 5.2 4.0 1.1 0.2 44.7 100.0 3,321
Residence
Urban 63.1 56.2 1.4 0.0 6.8 16.2 16.3 11.6 2.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.0 6.9 4.8 1.5 0.6 36.9 100.0 6,953
Rural 62.2 57.4 2.9 0.0 2.9 22.2 20.0 6.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.1 4.8 3.5 1.0 0.3 37.8 100.0 10,869
Education1
No education 25.0 20.5 1.3 0.0 0.5 8.5 6.1 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 4.5 3.2 1.2 0.1 75.0 100.0 1,373
Primary 64.4 60.2 3.1 0.0 2.7 23.8 21.7 6.0 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.1 4.2 3.1 0.8 0.3 35.6 100.0 7,376
Secondary 65.9 60.7 1.7 0.0 3.8 21.4 19.4 10.9 2.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.1 5.2 3.8 1.0 0.4 34.1 100.0 5,734
More than
secondary 68.0 58.0 2.0 0.0 10.9 13.2 15.1 11.1 2.9 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.0 10.0 6.9 2.5 0.6 32.0 100.0 3,339
Wealth quintile
Lowest 46.7 43.0 1.5 0.0 0.9 18.6 16.9 2.2 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.0 3.6 2.7 0.7 0.2 53.3 100.0 2,994
Second 65.7 61.3 3.1 0.0 1.5 25.5 23.3 4.7 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.9 0.1 4.4 3.4 0.7 0.3 34.3 100.0 3,125
Middle 65.1 60.4 3.2 0.1 2.8 23.6 20.5 7.4 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 4.8 3.4 1.1 0.3 34.9 100.0 3,330
Fourth 66.3 60.1 1.9 0.0 4.5 21.8 18.5 9.3 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.1 6.2 4.9 1.2 0.2 33.7 100.0 3,945
Highest 65.7 57.8 2.0 0.0 10.1 12.2 14.8 14.2 2.5 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0 8.0 5.1 2.0 0.8 34.3 100.0 4,427
Total 62.5 56.9 2.3 0.0 4.4 19.9 18.5 8.1 1.8 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.1 5.6 4.0 1.2 0.4 37.5 100.0 17,822
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN2
Residence
Urban 73.1 58.3 0.1 0.0 4.6 11.4 6.9 6.5 24.1 0.0 4.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 14.9 6.8 6.7 1.3 26.9 100.0 434
Rural 67.0 60.2 0.9 0.0 1.1 20.6 15.5 4.5 15.8 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 6.9 5.1 1.5 0.2 33.0 100.0 446
Total 70.0 59.2 0.5 0.0 2.8 16.1 11.3 5.5 19.9 0.1 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 10.8 6.0 4.1 0.8 30.0 100.0 880
1
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest
2
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days before the survey. Data for sexually active unmarried women were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire
208 • Family Planning
Table 7.4.2C Current use of contraception according to county

Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 by contraceptive method currently used, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Emer- Any
Any Female Male gency tradi- Not
Any modern sterili- sterili- Inject- Male Female contra- tional With- current- Number of
County method method sation sation IUD ables Implants Pill condom condom ception SDM LAM Other method Rhythm drawal Other ly using Total women
Mombasa 46.7 42.1 0.8 0.0 3.7 16.6 14.3 3.8 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 4.6 2.5 1.8 0.2 53.3 100.0 546
Kwale 34.6 34.6 0.8 0.0 2.8 18.2 9.6 2.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.4 100.0 302
Kilifi 48.6 44.7 1.6 0.0 2.1 17.4 17.8 3.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.4 0.0 3.9 2.6 1.3 0.0 51.4 100.0 483
Tana River 24.8 23.2 0.5 0.0 1.0 13.1 5.1 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.6 0.7 0.9 0.0 75.2 100.0 107
Lamu 42.4 39.2 0.5 0.4 1.1 13.7 10.5 5.6 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.8 3.4 0.0 3.2 1.5 1.3 0.5 57.6 100.0 59
Taita/Taveta 67.5 64.5 2.8 0.0 4.2 29.3 15.4 7.3 1.8 0.0 0.2 2.5 0.8 0.0 3.0 2.6 0.5 0.0 32.5 100.0 130
Garissa 12.7 11.1 1.4 0.0 0.2 4.3 3.5 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.0 87.3 100.0 170
Wajir 3.0 2.8 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 97.0 100.0 92
Mandera 2.1 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 97.9 100.0 138
Marsabit 5.9 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 94.1 100.0 94
Isiolo 30.7 28.7 0.8 0.0 1.4 15.8 4.4 5.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.2 1.2 0.5 69.3 100.0 76
Meru 76.0 69.7 0.7 0.0 3.3 31.3 22.9 9.7 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 6.3 4.1 1.6 0.6 24.0 100.0 569
Tharaka-Nithi 74.7 67.9 3.0 0.0 4.5 31.3 19.5 7.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 6.7 4.9 1.8 0.0 25.3 100.0 171
Embu 81.7 75.2 1.8 0.0 7.5 21.1 19.6 22.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.1 0.0 6.6 5.6 0.6 0.4 18.3 100.0 214
Kitui 68.3 62.4 1.2 0.0 1.0 35.2 16.3 4.8 0.7 0.0 2.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 6.0 2.7 3.2 0.1 31.7 100.0 449
Machakos 76.3 66.4 3.4 0.0 4.9 26.5 13.4 16.0 1.9 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 9.8 7.5 0.6 1.8 23.7 100.0 553
Makueni 73.3 64.4 4.4 0.0 2.9 24.8 19.6 10.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 8.9 7.6 0.8 0.5 26.7 100.0 366
Nyandarua 71.4 66.7 2.3 0.0 12.2 22.9 13.1 12.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.5 4.7 4.4 0.4 0.0 28.6 100.0 225
Nyeri 81.0 70.5 3.7 0.0 18.8 16.9 12.6 15.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 10.5 8.2 2.3 0.0 19.0 100.0 254
Kirinyaga 76.6 70.8 0.8 0.0 15.4 17.5 16.2 19.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.8 4.6 0.6 0.7 23.4 100.0 253
Murang’a 72.7 67.3 1.4 0.0 7.0 17.4 14.9 20.4 1.9 0.0 1.3 0.7 2.2 0.0 5.4 5.4 0.0 0.0 27.3 100.0 344
Kiambu 77.4 68.2 2.5 0.0 9.7 14.7 22.5 16.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 9.2 7.0 1.0 1.2 22.6 100.0 1,116
Turkana 43.8 30.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 9.3 5.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 13.2 0.0 13.1 11.9 0.8 0.4 56.2 100.0 204
West Pokot 23.5 23.2 0.9 0.0 0.2 8.3 11.7 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 76.5 100.0 264
Samburu 33.7 25.4 0.3 0.0 2.8 8.3 10.6 2.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 8.3 6.1 2.2 0.0 66.3 100.0 106
Trans Nzoia 69.8 65.4 3.0 0.0 2.2 24.4 27.0 4.9 1.5 0.0 0.1 1.0 1.2 0.0 4.4 2.6 0.6 1.2 30.2 100.0 361
Uasin Gishu 71.1 62.7 1.5 0.0 5.8 22.9 23.2 5.7 1.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 8.4 6.6 1.8 0.0 28.9 100.0 525
Elgeyo/Marakwet 74.3 59.0 3.4 0.0 2.8 24.4 20.4 3.0 2.2 0.2 0.8 0.1 1.7 0.0 15.3 10.9 4.1 0.3 25.7 100.0 143
Nandi 65.6 60.0 1.6 0.0 0.2 29.8 21.0 3.4 3.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.0 5.6 4.6 1.0 0.0 34.4 100.0 327
Baringo 57.8 47.7 0.5 0.0 3.3 16.6 17.8 3.8 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.6 3.5 0.0 10.1 9.1 1.0 0.0 42.2 100.0 200
Laikipia 72.3 64.5 4.5 0.0 6.9 24.0 15.0 12.1 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 7.8 7.3 0.5 0.0 27.7 100.0 161
Nakuru 72.5 66.6 3.2 0.0 7.4 23.5 18.5 8.6 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.2 1.7 0.0 5.9 3.8 1.6 0.5 27.5 100.0 906
Narok 65.2 52.2 1.6 0.0 1.0 16.5 24.5 1.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.0 13.0 6.4 6.2 0.5 34.8 100.0 444
Kajiado 63.9 57.3 1.1 0.0 7.6 21.9 12.9 10.5 2.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 6.6 3.7 2.9 0.0 36.1 100.0 520
Kericho 60.2 60.0 2.8 0.0 1.6 20.8 29.6 3.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 39.8 100.0 395
Bomet 63.9 57.8 8.3 0.0 1.2 22.6 21.3 2.2 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 6.1 5.9 0.3 0.0 36.1 100.0 351
Kakamega 66.7 63.4 4.1 0.0 2.9 25.0 26.4 2.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 3.4 2.9 0.5 0.0 33.3 100.0 715
Vihiga 62.4 60.1 3.3 0.0 2.1 15.1 34.6 4.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.0 0.3 0.0 37.6 100.0 171
Bungoma 66.0 63.7 3.4 0.3 1.7 23.4 26.8 4.3 1.4 0.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 0.0 2.3 1.2 1.1 0.0 34.0 100.0 614
Busia 56.4 55.4 5.1 0.3 3.2 14.1 27.6 1.4 2.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.3 43.6 100.0 360
Siaya 43.5 42.9 2.2 0.0 0.5 15.6 17.0 3.7 3.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.0 56.5 100.0 299
Kisumu 60.0 56.6 0.7 0.0 1.7 19.1 25.0 4.3 4.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.0 3.4 3.1 0.3 0.0 40.0 100.0 413
Homa Bay 56.8 54.3 3.6 0.0 0.7 20.7 20.9 1.8 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.9 0.7 0.0 43.2 100.0 391
Migori 60.2 54.7 2.5 0.0 2.1 15.9 28.0 1.2 4.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 5.5 4.8 0.2 0.4 39.8 100.0 397
Kisii 68.1 63.5 3.2 0.0 3.5 26.4 19.9 5.8 1.4 0.0 0.2 2.1 1.1 0.0 4.5 2.7 0.5 1.3 31.9 100.0 470
Nyamira 67.9 64.8 5.3 0.0 1.8 33.7 18.3 2.7 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.0 3.1 2.6 0.5 0.0 32.1 100.0 178
Nairobi City 62.5 56.2 1.3 0.0 6.3 14.4 12.9 16.4 3.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 6.3 4.0 1.7 0.6 37.5 100.0 2,195
Total 62.5 56.9 2.3 0.0 4.4 19.9 18.5 8.1 1.8 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.1 5.6 4.0 1.2 0.4 37.5 100.0 17,822
Table 7.5 Timing of sterilisation
Percent distribution of sterilised women age 15–49 by age at the time of sterilisation and median age at sterilisation, according to
the number of years since the operation, Kenya DHS 2022
Age at time of sterilisation Number of Median
Years since operation <25 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 Total women age1
<2 0.8 10.9 30.6 21.9 22.5 13.3 100.0 111 33.6
2–3 1.5 9.6 19.2 22.4 43.3 4.0 100.0 69 34.4
4–5 0.9 13.5 20.5 40.8 24.3 0.0 100.0 69 36.3
6–7 1.8 6.0 21.7 48.7 21.8 0.0 100.0 55 35.8
8–9 (0.6) (22.4) (27.3) (41.7) (8.1) (0.0) 100.0 53 (34.6)
10+ 5.7 21.3 52.7 20.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 144 a
Total 2.4 14.8 32.6 29.2 17.5 3.5 100.0 501 33.6
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses
are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
1
Median age at sterilisation is calculated only for women sterilised before age 40 to avoid problems of censoring.
a
= not calculated due to censoring
Table 7.6 Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press
Percentage of current injectable users age 15–49 using DMPA-SC/Sayana Press; and among women using DMPA-SC/Sayana Press,
percent distribution by the person administering the injection the last time, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among DMPA-SC/Sayana Press users,
Percentage person administering injection the last time:
using DMPA- Number of Injection given
Background SC/Sayana women using Self by health care Don’t Number of
characteristic Press injectables injection provider know Total women
Age
15–19 9.9 55 * * * 100.0 5
20–24 9.6 361 (0.0) (100.0) (0.0) 100.0 35
25–29 10.7 618 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 66
30–34 12.3 457 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 56
35–39 10.4 439 (1.4) (98.6) (0.0) 100.0 45
40–44 8.0 229 * * * 100.0 18
45–49 8.2 112 * * * 100.0 9
Residence
Urban 8.3 777 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 65
Rural 11.4 1,493 0.4 99.6 0.0 100.0 171
Education1
No education 13.0 54 * * * 100.0 7
Primary 11.5 1,092 0.5 99.5 0.0 100.0 126
Secondary 9.4 846 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 79
More than secondary 8.3 279 (0.0) (100.0) (0.0) 100.0 23
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.0 354 (0.0) (100.0) (0.0) 100.0 39
Second 12.7 498 1.0 99.0 0.0 100.0 63
Middle 9.5 495 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 47
Fourth 10.3 543 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 56
Highest 7.8 380 (0.0) (100.0) (0.0) 100.0 30
Total 10.4 2,271 0.3 99.7 0.0 100.0 235
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Subcutaneous (SC) depot
medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a self-injectable contraceptive; brand name is Sayana Press. Figures in parentheses are based
on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges

Table 7.6C Use of DMPA-SC/Sayana Press by county
Percentage of current injectable users age 15–49 using DMPA-SC/Sayana Press; and among women using DMPA-SC/Sayana
Press, percent distribution by the person administering the injection the last time, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among DMPA-SC/Sayana Press users,
Percentage person administering injection the last time:
using DMPA- Number of Injection given
Background SC/Sayana women using Self by health care Number of
characteristic Press injectables injection provider Total women
Mombasa (39.6) 47 * * 100.0 18
Kwale (28.4) 29 * * 100.0 8
Kilifi (6.1) 60 * * 100.0 4
Tana River (7.7) 7 * * 100.0 1
Lamu (0.0) 6 * * 0.0 0
Taita/Taveta (9.0) 22 * * 100.0 2
Garissa * 6 * * 0.0 0
Wajir * 1 * * 100.0 1
Mandera * 0 * * 0.0 0
Marsabit * 2 * * 100.0 0
Isiolo (28.6) 8 * * 100.0 2
Meru 8.4 111 * * 100.0 9
Tharaka-Nithi 8.1 33 * * 100.0 3
Embu 11.8 32 * * 100.0 4
Kitui 2.6 90 * * 100.0 2
Machakos 4.2 91 * * 100.0 4
Makueni 3.6 57 * * 100.0 2
Nyandarua (0.0) 28 * * 0.0 0
Nyeri (9.6) 29 * * 100.0 3
Kirinyaga (1.8) 36 * * 100.0 1
Murang’a (13.8) 45 * * 100.0 6
Kiambu (0.0) 123 * * 0.0 0
Turkana * 10 * * 100.0 5
West Pokot * 13 * * 0.0 0
Samburu * 6 * * 100.0 2
Trans Nzoia (2.2) 46 * * 100.0 1
Uasin Gishu 22.7 84 * * 100.0 19
Elgeyo/Marakwet 15.3 23 * * 100.0 4
Nandi 20.4 53 * * 100.0 11
Baringo (0.0) 22 * * 0.0 0
Laikipia (26.3) 27 * * 100.0 7
Nakuru 5.3 116 * * 100.0 6
Narok (6.3) 42 * * 100.0 3
Kajiado 5.9 75 * * 100.0 4
Kericho 40.7 60 * * 100.0 24
Bomet 0.0 48 * * 0.0 0
Kakamega 21.4 121 * * 100.0 26
Vihiga (39.3) 18 * * 100.0 7
Bungoma 5.2 82 * * 100.0 4
Busia (40.1) 30 * * 100.0 12
Siaya (29.0) 24 * * 100.0 7
Kisumu 27.6 56 * * 100.0 15
Homa Bay 2.9 61 * * 100.0 2
Migori (10.6) 44 * * 100.0 5
Kisii 0.0 79 * * 0.0 0
Nyamira 4.6 31 * * 100.0 1
Nairobi City (0.0) 236 * * 0.0 0
Total 10.4 2,271 0.3 99.7 100.0 235
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Subcutaneous (SC)
depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a self-injectable contraceptive; brand name is Sayana Press. Figures in parentheses
are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.

Table 7.7 Use of emergency contraception
Percentage of women age 15–49 who used emergency contraception

in the last 12 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Percentage who used
Background emergency Number
characteristic contraception of women
Age
15–19 3.0 3,125
20–24 10.2 3,063
25–29 7.6 2,916
30–34 4.2 2,364
35–39 3.7 2,288
40–44 3.1 1,615
45–49 1.2 1,346
Residence
Urban 7.6 6,850
Rural 3.6 9,866
Education1
Primary 2.5 6,107
Secondary 4.9 6,481
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.4 2,599
Second 2.3 2,974
Middle 5.4 3,086
Fourth 6.3 3,729
Highest 8.6 4,328
Total 5.3 16,716
1
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult

Table 7.7C Use of emergency contraception by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who used emergency contraception in

the last 12 months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who used
emergency Number
County contraception of women
Mombasa 3.9 493
Kwale 3.3 260
Kilifi 1.8 489
Tana River 2.2 79
Lamu 2.4 54
Garissa 0.2 163
Wajir 0.0 90
Mandera 0.0 113
Marsabit 1.5 72
Isiolo 1.7 76
Meru 4.5 488
Embu 2.6 180
Kitui 2.2 373
Machakos 5.5 544
Makueni 2.2 356
Nyandarua 4.5 225
Nyeri 6.7 261
Kirinyaga 5.5 262
Murang’a 7.6 339
Kiambu 8.8 1,095
Turkana 1.7 172
West Pokot 1.9 197
Samburu 3.2 79
Trans Nzoia 9.2 359
Uasin Gishu 10.9 527
Nandi 3.5 332
Baringo 6.1 193
Laikipia 6.1 173
Nakuru 5.6 862
Narok 6.5 374
Kajiado 8.1 451
Kericho 3.9 372
Bomet 2.2 327
Kakamega 3.1 652
Vihiga 1.9 201
Bungoma 4.1 572
Busia 4.8 336
Siaya 3.2 275
Kisumu 5.6 396
Homa Bay 6.2 344
Migori 1.9 350
Kisii 4.5 463
Nyamira 4.7 168
Total 5.3 16,716

Table 7.8 Knowledge of fertile period
Percent distribution of rhythm users, SDM users, and all women age 15–49
by knowledge of the fertile period during the ovulatory cycle, Kenya DHS
2022
Users of
rhythm Users of
Perceived fertile period method SDM All women
Just before her menstrual period begins 15.4 4.4 12.4
During her menstrual period 0.4 0.7 1.5
Right after her menstrual period has
ended 30.1 36.7 29.8
Halfway between two menstrual periods 46.7 51.2 38.3
Other 0.0 0.0 0.2
No specific time 4.5 3.8 8.2
Don’t know 2.8 3.2 9.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 534 72 16,716
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but
not in the short questionnaire.
Table 7.9 Knowledge of fertile period by age
Percentage of women age 15–49 with correct

knowledge of the fertile period during the ovulatory
cycle, according to age, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage with
correct
knowledge of the Number of
Age fertile period women
15–19 28.4 3,125
20–24 39.1 3,063
25–29 41.2 2,916
30–34 38.9 2,364
35–39 40.3 2,288
40–44 43.2 1,615
45–49 42.6 1,346
Total 38.3 16,716
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full

Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short
questionnaire. Correct knowledge of the fertile period is
defined as “halfway between two menstrual periods.”

Table 7.10 Source of modern contraception methods
Percent distribution of users of modern contraceptive methods age 15–49 by most recent source of method, according to method, Kenya DHS 2022
Emer-
Female Male gency Other
sterili- sterili- Inject- Male Female contra- modern
Source sation sation IUD ables Implants Pill condom condom ception SDM method Total
Public sector 68.3 * 65.6 63.1 86.1 34.8 22.5 * 3.2 24.6 * 62.1
Government hospital 51.6 * 39.5 17.4 33.7 15.4 11.8 * 1.3 10.0 * 24.3
Government health centre 12.2 * 14.3 14.1 20.4 6.9 3.0 * 1.1 2.8 * 13.8
Government dispensary 4.3 * 11.3 31.4 30.8 12.0 7.1 * 0.7 11.1 * 23.4
Mobile clinic 0.2 * 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.5 * 0.0 0.6 * 0.5
Community health worker/
fieldworker 0.0 * 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.1
Private medical sector (non-
NGO) 22.4 * 31.5 36.0 12.7 62.6 44.5 * 91.2 3.9 * 32.5
Private hospital 20.8 * 21.1 11.9 7.8 5.7 1.2 * 0.0 0.0 * 9.4
Private clinic 0.4 * 8.7 13.7 4.0 4.8 1.6 * 4.2 1.6 * 7.3
Pharmacy 0.0 * 0.0 10.3 0.5 51.9 41.6 * 87.0 0.3 * 15.4
Private doctor 0.0 * 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 * 0.0 0.3 * 0.2
Mobile clinic 1.2 * 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.1
Community health worker/
fieldworker 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 1.7 * 0.0
Private medical sector (NGO) 0.5 * 2.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 * 0.0 0.1 * 0.3
NGO hospital 0.5 * 0.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.1 * 0.1
NGO clinic 0.0 * 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.2
FBO medical sector 8.4 * 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.8 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.8
FBO/mission clinic 8.4 * 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.8
FBO mobile clinic 0.0 * 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.1
Other source 0.1 * 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.4 25.3 * 5.5 67.0 * 3.5
Shop 0.0 * 0.0 0.2 0.0 2.4 20.7 * 4.4 0.7 * 2.3
Church 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 1.9 * 0.0
Friends/relatives 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.7 * 1.1 44.9 * 0.9
Other 0.1 * 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 19.5 * 0.2
Don’t know 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 * 0.2 3.4 * 0.7
Total 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 50.5 99.9
Number of women 501 3 902 4,371 4,253 1,710 1,227 10 206 122 13 13,319
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
has been suppressed. Total includes other modern methods but excludes lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM).
NGO = nongovernmental organisation
FBO = faith-based organisation

Table 7.11 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms
Percentage of pill and condom users age 15–49 using a social marketing brand, by background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among pill users Among condom users1
Percentage
using
Combined
Oral Percentage
Contra- using Percentage
ceptives Progestin Percentage using Percentage
Background (Chaguo Only Pills Number of Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage using Rough using Number of
characteristic Langu) (Microlut) women using Sure using Durex using Kiss using Trust Power Play Rider Lifeguard women
Age
15–19 * * 11 52.4 1.0 6.2 40.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 143
20–24 87.2 10.4 95 33.4 7.7 24.9 34.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 215
25–29 84.1 15.9 193 33.6 16.5 23.9 24.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 89
30–34 84.1 15.9 182 35.5 22.1 12.0 25.9 0.0 0.0 4.5 55
35–39 83.5 10.3 199 (37.9) (3.5) (7.3) (36.2) (0.0) (15.2) (0.0) 54
40–44 91.7 6.5 103 (42.8) (11.5) (4.7) (32.2) (0.0) (0.0) (5.5) 50
45–49 69.8 30.2 63 (56.9) (0.5) (6.4) (36.2) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 38
Residence
Urban 83.1 13.5 463 28.6 13.0 17.4 37.9 0.0 2.4 0.5 356
Rural 85.5 14.3 383 54.7 2.3 12.9 28.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 287
Education2
No education * * 8 * * * * * * * 4
Primary 89.5 10.5 264 57.0 1.2 14.5 23.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 133
Secondary 87.0 10.0 375 47.4 6.1 10.3 31.7 0.0 3.5 0.5 248
More than
secondary 72.8 24.6 199 24.7 13.9 21.0 40.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 259
Wealth quintile
Lowest (86.1) (13.9) 42 (76.9) (0.0) (4.9) (14.3) (0.0) (0.0) (3.9) 49
Second 80.7 19.3 88 58.6 1.8 13.8 22.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 80
Middle 86.4 12.9 139 49.7 1.6 15.7 29.8 0.0 0.0 3.1 108
Fourth 89.9 10.1 232 33.9 6.3 17.7 42.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 174
Highest 80.1 15.4 346 26.7 16.5 16.2 36.6 0.0 3.7 0.0 233
Total 84.2 13.9 847 40.3 8.2 15.4 33.6 0.0 1.3 0.8 644
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Table excludes pill and condom users who do not know the
brand name. Condom use is based on women’s reports. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
1
Among condom users not also using the pill.
2
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary

Table 7.12 Informed choice
Among current users of selected modern methods age 15–49 who started the last episode of use within the 5 years before the survey, percentage who were
informed about possible side effects or problems of that method, percentage who were informed about what to do if they experienced side effects, percentage who
were informed about other methods they could use, percentage who were informed of all three types of information, and percentage who were informed that they
could switch to another method if they wanted to or needed to, according to method and initial source, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women who started last episode of modern contraceptive method within 5 years before the survey:
Percentage who Percentage who
Percentage who Percentage who received all three were informed that
were informed were informed Percentage who types of they could switch
about side effects about what to do were informed of information to another method
or problems of if side effects other methods that (Method if they wanted to Number
Method/source method used experienced could be used Information Index)1 or needed to of women
Method
Female sterilisation 54.3 49.9 56.9 39.3 na 77
IUD 83.5 85.8 88.3 77.5 90.8 361
Injectables 53.9 54.8 63.9 44.3 68.6 1,932
Implants 66.8 70.7 72.7 58.4 77.2 2,013
Pill 46.0 46.7 54.1 37.4 60.2 710
Initial source of method2
Public sector 63.4 66.4 72.8 55.3 75.5 3,590
Government hospital 70.9 73.0 79.3 62.5 78.6 1,355
Government health centre 63.7 66.6 74.1 55.2 77.3 852
Government dispensary 56.5 60.0 66.1 49.0 71.7 1,337
Mobile clinic (33.0) (44.8) (48.3) (31.4) (54.0) 34
Community health worker/fieldworker * * * * * 11
Private medical sector (non-NGO) 51.9 51.9 55.0 41.3 61.0 1,438
Private hospital 64.5 67.7 70.2 55.7 74.6 517
Private clinic 56.8 54.6 57.2 46.1 62.5 353
Pharmacy 35.4 33.2 37.3 22.9 45.9 543
Private doctor * * * * * 13
Mobile clinic * * * * * 5
Community health worker/fieldworker * * * * * 7
Private medical sector (NGO) * * * * * 6
NGO hospital * * * * * 5
NGO clinic * * * * * 1
FBO medical sector (51.9) (52.8) (66.8) (34.8) (63.7) 42
FBO/mission clinic (57.9) (51.8) (65.9) (37.0) (60.6) 34
FBO mobile clinic * * * * * 2
Other NGO medical sector * * * * * 5
Other source * * * * * 18
Shop * * * * * 15
Friends/relatives * * * * * 3
Other * * * * * 0
Total 60.0 62.1 67.6 51.2 71.3 5,094
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Table includes users of only the methods listed
individually. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
has been suppressed.
na = not applicable
1
The Method Information Index is the percentage who were informed: 1) about side effects or problems of method used, 2) about what to do if side effects
experienced, and 3) were informed of other methods that could be used.
2
Source at start of current episode of use.

Table 7.13 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates
Among episodes of contraceptive use experienced within the 5 years before the survey, percentage of episodes discontinued within 12 months, according to
reason for discontinuation and specific method, Kenya DHS 2022
Other Changes Other side Wanted Other Husband/
Desire to fertility in effects/ more method partner Switched Number of
Method become related menstrual health effective related disap- Other Any to another episodes
1 2
Method failure pregnant reasons bleeding concerns method reasons proved reasons3 reason4 method5 of use6
IUD 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.4 4.9 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 11.3 2.8 474
Injectables 1.5 7.5 4.8 7.3 12.2 4.2 3.0 0.4 1.2 41.9 7.6 3,593
Implants 0.4 2.3 0.4 2.2 6.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 13.4 2.5 2,900
Pill 2.5 9.1 8.7 3.2 12.5 11.1 6.4 0.0 2.0 55.6 15.1 1,590
Male condom 1.3 4.2 13.7 0.5 2.5 5.7 1.8 2.4 1.0 33.0 7.0 793
Emergency
contraception (0.8) (7.6) (24.4) (0.6) (16.0) (10.9) (7.3) (0.0) (3.6) (71.1) (9.1) 283
Withdrawal (2.8) (3.2) (9.3) (0.4) (0.0) (18.6) (1.7) (0.5) (3.1) (39.6) (18.5) 271
Other7 3.9 4.4 5.9 1.2 0.1 19.2 0.9 0.5 2.9 38.9 14.4 1,227
All methods 1.5 5.5 5.3 3.7 8.2 6.3 2.4 0.4 1.2 34.7 8.1 11,130
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures are based on life table calculations using
information on episodes of use that occurred 3–62 months before the survey. Figures in parentheses are based on 125–249 unweighted cases.
1
Includes infrequent sex/husband away, difficult to get pregnant/menopausal, and marital dissolution/separation.
2
Includes lack of access/too far, costs too much, and inconvenient to use.
3
Includes up to God/fatalistic and other reasons.
4
Reasons for discontinuation are mutually exclusive and add to the total given in this column.
5
A woman is considered to have switched to another method if she used a different method in the month following discontinuation or if she gave "wanted a more
effective method" as the reason for discontinuation and started another method within two months of discontinuation.
6
All episodes of use that occur within the 5 years before the survey are included. Episodes of use include episodes that were discontinued during the period of
observation and episodes of use that were not discontinued during the period of observation.
7
Includes lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), female condom, rhythm method, standard days method, other modern method, and other traditional method.

Table 7.14 Reasons for discontinuation
Percent distribution of discontinuations of contraceptive methods in the 5 years before the survey by main reason stated for discontinuation, according to specific
method, Kenya DHS 2022
Emer-
gency
Inject- Male Female contra- With- All
Reason IUD ables Implants Pill condom condom ception SDM Rhythm drawal Other1 methods
Became pregnant
while using 3.3 2.6 2.1 5.5 4.1 * 3.0 (1.3) 15.2 13.7 5.0 4.0
Wanted to become
pregnant 47.5 26.3 31.0 25.6 20.6 * 15.3 (24.3) 29.1 21.3 8.2 26.6
Husband/partner
disapproved 0.0 0.9 1.5 0.3 4.8 * 0.0 (2.7) 1.1 0.8 0.5 1.1
Wanted a more
effective method 3.8 9.3 12.7 16.9 17.9 * 12.6 (20.2) 20.6 32.8 60.5 14.7
Changes in menstrual
bleeding 5.0 13.3 10.0 4.8 0.6 * 2.1 (0.0) 1.1 0.8 3.7 8.6
Other side effects/
health concerns 27.4 25.7 33.0 18.8 5.7 * 19.9 (0.0) 1.2 1.2 1.8 22.2
Lack of access/too far 2.3 3.9 1.6 1.1 0.4 * 0.7 (0.0) 0.3 0.0 0.7 2.2
Cost too much 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.9 0.9 * 1.2 (0.0) 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7
Inconvenient to use 2.6 2.0 1.2 7.7 3.6 * 7.3 (6.7) 1.2 2.6 2.1 3.0
Up to God/fatalistic 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 * 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1
Difficult to get
pregnant/
menopausal 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 * 0.8 (0.8) 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.6
Infrequent sex/
husband away 1.2 10.5 4.4 12.0 35.0 * 30.7 (27.5) 20.7 12.4 8.9 11.6
Marital dissolution/
separation 0.0 1.2 0.4 1.3 1.0 * 1.2 (0.0) 1.0 3.0 0.7 1.0
Other 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 * 0.0 (5.6) 0.0 1.1 3.4 0.5
Don’t know 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.4 * 2.8 (0.0) 0.0 3.1 0.2 0.5
Missing 1.8 1.8 1.0 3.8 3.1 * 2.4 (10.8) 6.9 6.9 3.5 2.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of
discontinuations 263 3,209 1,850 1,389 459 16 228 27 406 198 282 8,327
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49
unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
SDM = standard days method.
1
Lactational amenorrhoea, other traditional method, other modern method.

Table 7.15.1 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, total demand
for family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied
by modern methods, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Unmet need for family Met need for family planning Total demand for family Percent-
planning (currently using) planning1 age of
Percent- demand
Number age of satisfied
Background For For For For For For of demand by modern
characteristic spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total women satisfied methods3
2
Age
15–19 21.1 0.5 21.6 40.8 3.1 43.9 61.9 3.6 65.5 244 67.0 59.4
20–24 15.1 1.7 16.9 48.5 9.2 57.7 63.6 10.9 74.6 1,358 77.4 69.5
25–29 9.2 2.6 11.8 47.1 17.9 65.0 56.3 20.5 76.9 2,085 84.6 79.5
30–34 6.7 6.3 13.0 34.4 31.2 65.6 41.1 37.5 78.6 1,824 83.4 76.1
35–39 5.2 9.1 14.3 19.7 47.3 67.0 24.9 56.4 81.3 1,707 82.4 75.8
40–44 2.5 11.5 14.0 7.6 56.1 63.6 10.0 67.6 77.6 1,147 82.0 73.5
45–49 1.6 11.8 13.4 2.1 47.7 49.8 3.7 59.5 63.2 954 78.8 70.7
Residence
Urban 6.9 4.8 11.7 35.4 27.1 62.4 42.2 31.9 74.1 3,616 84.2 75.2
Rural 8.0 7.4 15.4 26.8 35.1 62.0 34.9 42.5 77.3 5,703 80.1 74.4
Education4
No education 13.6 9.2 22.8 11.8 10.8 22.5 25.3 20.0 45.3 724 49.7 42.0
Primary 7.0 8.2 15.2 23.4 40.8 64.3 30.4 49.1 79.5 3,842 80.9 76.1
Secondary 7.6 5.0 12.6 37.4 28.5 65.9 45.0 33.5 78.5 3,002 83.9 77.5
More than
secondary 6.2 3.5 9.7 40.1 27.3 67.4 46.4 30.7 77.1 1,751 87.4 74.7
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.1 9.5 21.6 22.9 23.0 45.9 35.0 32.5 67.5 1,559 68.0 63.8
Second 8.1 6.6 14.7 28.1 38.5 66.6 36.2 45.1 81.3 1,631 82.0 77.3
Middle 7.4 6.4 13.8 27.3 37.6 64.8 34.6 44.0 78.6 1,711 82.5 76.9
Fourth 6.6 5.4 12.0 34.0 31.1 65.1 40.5 36.6 77.1 2,096 84.5 76.6
Highest 5.2 4.9 10.1 35.1 30.1 65.2 40.3 35.0 75.3 2,322 86.5 76.0
Total 7.6 6.4 13.9 30.2 32.0 62.1 37.7 38.4 76.1 9,319 81.7 74.7
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Numbers in this table correspond to the
revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al. 2012.
1
Total demand is the sum of unmet need and met need.
2
Percentage of demand satisfied is met need divided by total demand.
3
Modern methods include female sterilisation, male sterilisation, IUD, injectables, implants, pill, male condom, female condom, emergency
contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern methods.
4
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities.

Table 7.15.1C Need and demand for family planning among currently married women by county
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, total demand
for family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is
satisfied by modern methods, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
Unmet need for family Met need for family Total demand for family age of
planning planning (currently using) planning1 Percent- demand
Number age of satisfied
For For For For For For of demand by modern
County spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total women satisfied methods3
2
Mombasa 11.8 7.2 19.1 27.2 19.6 46.8 39.0 26.9 65.9 281 71.0 62.0
Kwale 14.8 9.6 24.4 22.9 9.6 32.5 37.8 19.1 56.9 159 57.1 57.1
Kilifi 8.5 9.4 17.9 27.3 23.7 51.0 35.8 33.2 68.9 255 74.0 68.1
Tana River 29.4 4.2 33.6 18.9 5.6 24.5 48.3 9.8 58.1 56 42.2 39.4
Lamu 8.0 8.8 16.8 28.1 18.4 46.5 36.0 27.3 63.3 33 73.4 64.8
Taita/Taveta 6.6 6.2 12.8 31.0 36.1 67.1 37.7 42.3 80.0 67 84.0 80.0
Garissa 9.7 1.2 10.8 12.2 3.1 15.2 21.8 4.2 26.1 94 58.5 48.4
Wajir 10.1 2.6 12.7 3.9 0.3 4.2 14.0 2.9 16.9 52 24.9 24.9
Mandera 17.3 0.0 17.3 0.7 0.0 0.7 18.0 0.0 18.0 75 4.1 4.1
Marsabit 35.4 2.2 37.6 4.2 0.6 4.8 39.6 2.8 42.4 50 11.4 11.4
Isiolo 20.4 6.8 27.3 26.6 6.4 33.0 47.1 13.2 60.2 43 54.8 51.5
Meru 4.3 3.5 7.8 27.1 50.7 77.7 31.3 54.2 85.5 291 90.9 83.1
Tharaka-Nithi 2.7 7.7 10.4 32.5 40.3 72.9 35.2 48.1 83.3 86 87.5 81.0
Embu 0.7 1.5 2.2 35.1 46.6 81.7 35.8 48.1 83.9 109 97.4 89.3
Kitui 6.2 11.5 17.7 29.0 38.3 67.4 35.2 49.9 85.1 218 79.2 73.4
Machakos 2.6 4.1 6.7 27.7 49.5 77.2 30.3 53.7 84.0 297 92.0 78.6
Makueni 4.5 6.3 10.8 26.2 43.0 69.3 30.7 49.3 80.1 199 86.5 75.7
Nyandarua 3.9 4.6 8.6 33.2 42.7 75.9 37.1 47.3 84.4 119 89.9 85.9
Nyeri 0.8 4.1 4.9 32.6 47.1 79.7 33.5 51.1 84.6 132 94.2 86.2
Kirinyaga 1.3 5.4 6.7 22.9 50.8 73.7 24.3 56.1 80.4 135 91.7 84.5
Murang’a 2.2 3.1 5.3 25.5 47.5 73.0 27.7 50.6 78.4 164 93.2 88.1
Kiambu 3.9 4.1 8.0 35.3 39.1 74.5 39.2 43.2 82.4 574 90.3 80.2
Turkana 10.6 5.0 15.6 28.3 11.2 39.4 38.9 16.2 55.1 105 71.6 54.9
West Pokot 20.0 10.3 30.3 15.5 7.7 23.2 35.5 18.0 53.5 138 43.3 42.3
Samburu 18.9 10.6 29.4 25.4 7.6 33.1 44.3 18.2 62.5 52 52.9 42.5
Trans Nzoia 9.3 4.3 13.6 30.6 38.6 69.2 39.8 43.0 82.8 180 83.6 79.4
Uasin Gishu 7.4 5.9 13.3 33.8 33.6 67.4 41.2 39.4 80.6 284 83.6 74.7
Elgeyo/Marakwet 5.1 8.5 13.5 34.6 36.5 71.1 39.6 45.0 84.6 72 84.0 67.7
Nandi 7.3 10.4 17.7 30.5 33.3 63.8 37.8 43.7 81.6 173 78.3 71.9
Baringo 10.0 6.5 16.6 31.4 24.1 55.4 41.4 30.6 72.0 103 77.0 62.2
Laikipia 2.6 2.2 4.7 35.2 40.5 75.7 37.8 42.7 80.4 84 94.1 83.0
Nakuru 4.6 3.7 8.3 38.0 34.1 72.1 42.6 37.8 80.4 501 89.7 80.3
Narok 9.1 5.7 14.8 34.8 31.0 65.9 43.9 36.7 80.7 242 81.7 68.4
Kajiado 8.8 3.8 12.5 34.8 25.0 59.9 43.6 28.8 72.4 262 82.7 75.7
Kericho 6.7 10.5 17.1 27.6 32.3 60.0 34.3 42.8 77.1 197 77.8 77.8
Bomet 7.2 9.5 16.7 31.2 32.0 63.3 38.5 41.6 80.0 187 79.1 71.1
Kakamega 8.9 4.5 13.4 29.2 39.5 68.7 38.2 44.0 82.2 381 83.6 79.0
Vihiga 8.4 9.9 18.3 27.7 32.3 60.0 36.1 42.2 78.3 98 76.6 73.6
Bungoma 9.6 5.0 14.6 29.3 35.8 65.0 38.9 40.8 79.7 311 81.6 79.0
Busia 11.6 7.0 18.6 22.9 34.8 57.7 34.5 41.9 76.3 195 75.6 73.4
Siaya 9.4 17.8 27.3 17.3 25.0 42.2 26.7 42.8 69.5 155 60.8 59.9
Kisumu 8.8 7.5 16.4 38.8 21.8 60.5 47.6 29.3 76.9 207 78.7 74.2
Homa Bay 9.8 7.3 17.0 27.6 37.3 64.9 37.4 44.5 81.9 200 79.2 77.3
Migori 12.0 8.2 20.1 30.8 29.5 60.3 42.8 37.6 80.4 205 74.9 68.3
Kisii 6.0 8.9 14.9 25.7 42.9 68.7 31.8 51.9 83.6 277 82.1 75.6
Nyamira 3.8 12.1 15.9 23.5 38.6 62.1 27.3 50.7 78.0 92 79.6 75.5
Nairobi City 6.0 6.5 12.5 38.3 24.3 62.5 44.3 30.8 75.1 1,129 83.3 76.6
Total 7.6 6.4 13.9 30.2 32.0 62.1 37.7 38.4 76.1 9,319 81.7 74.7
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Numbers in this table correspond to
the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al. 2012.
1
2
3
contraception, standard days method (SDM), lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern methods.

Table 7.15.2 Need and demand for family planning for all women and for sexually active unmarried women
Percentage of all women and sexually active unmarried women age 15–49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for
family planning, total demand for family planning, and percentage of the demand for family planning that is satisfied, and percentage of the demand
for family planning that is satisfied by modern methods, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
Unmet need for family Met need for family Total demand for family age of
planning planning (currently using) planning1 Percent- demand
age of satisfied
Background For For For For For For Number of demand by modern
characteristic spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total spacing limiting Total women satisfied2 methods3
ALL WOMEN
Age
15–19 4.5 0.3 4.7 12.5 0.9 13.4 16.9 1.2 18.1 3,125 74.0 61.6
20–24 10.5 1.0 11.4 37.9 7.0 44.9 48.4 7.9 56.3 3,063 79.7 70.1
25–29 8.0 2.4 10.4 43.1 16.7 59.8 51.1 19.0 70.1 2,916 85.2 78.9
30–34 5.7 6.0 11.7 31.4 30.2 61.6 37.0 36.2 73.2 2,364 84.1 77.0
35–39 4.0 7.5 11.4 18.5 42.7 61.2 22.4 50.2 72.6 2,288 84.3 77.0
40–44 2.0 8.8 10.9 6.5 49.1 55.6 8.5 57.9 66.4 1,615 83.7 74.6
45–49 1.6 8.7 10.3 1.7 39.2 41.0 3.4 47.9 51.3 1,346 79.9 71.8
Residence
Urban 5.1 2.9 8.0 28.7 19.1 47.8 33.8 22.0 55.8 6,850 85.7 75.7
Rural 6.3 4.8 11.2 21.6 24.7 46.3 28.0 29.5 57.5 9,866 80.5 73.9
Education4
No education 11.4 7.5 18.9 10.3 11.0 21.3 21.7 18.5 40.2 920 53.0 45.6
Primary 5.5 5.8 11.3 19.1 32.8 51.9 24.6 38.6 63.2 6,107 82.1 77.1
Secondary 5.5 2.8 8.3 26.0 16.6 42.6 31.4 19.4 50.9 6,481 83.7 75.9
More than
secondary 5.5 2.2 7.7 36.0 17.5 53.5 41.6 19.6 61.2 3,208 87.4 72.9
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.8 6.5 15.3 18.3 18.1 36.4 27.2 24.6 51.7 2,599 70.4 65.6
Second 6.1 4.3 10.3 21.8 25.9 47.7 27.8 30.2 58.0 2,974 82.2 76.6
Middle 5.8 4.2 10.0 21.9 26.3 48.2 27.8 30.4 58.2 3,086 82.8 76.2
Fourth 5.5 3.5 9.0 27.8 21.8 49.7 33.3 25.4 58.7 3,729 84.7 74.9
Highest 4.1 2.8 6.9 29.1 20.2 49.3 33.2 23.1 56.3 4,328 87.7 76.7
Total 5.8 4.1 9.9 24.5 22.4 46.9 30.3 26.4 56.8 16,716 82.6 74.6
SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNMARRIED WOMEN5
Age
15–19 30.8 3.7 34.5 56.1 2.3 58.4 86.9 6.0 92.8 120 62.9 47.2
20–24 19.6 1.4 21.1 65.2 7.9 73.1 84.8 9.3 94.2 283 77.6 64.6
25–29 12.5 4.0 16.5 58.1 15.2 73.2 70.6 19.2 89.8 146 81.6 70.0
30–34 3.6 12.1 15.7 36.9 31.6 68.5 40.5 43.7 84.2 120 81.4 78.5
35–39 0.2 2.6 2.7 18.7 63.4 82.1 18.9 66.0 84.9 97 96.8 77.4
40–44 5.9 12.7 18.6 11.2 61.7 73.0 17.1 74.5 91.6 66 79.7 70.0
45–49 (13.0) (8.8) (21.8) (2.2) (44.0) (46.3) (15.2) (52.8) (68.1) 48 (68.0) (58.8)
Residence
Urban 13.0 3.7 16.6 53.7 19.4 73.1 66.6 23.1 89.7 434 81.5 64.9
Rural 15.5 6.3 21.8 39.1 27.9 67.0 54.6 34.2 88.8 446 75.5 67.7
Education4
No education * * * * * * * * * 19 * *
Primary 11.0 6.6 17.7 24.6 41.5 66.1 35.6 48.2 83.8 270 78.9 74.7
Secondary 17.9 6.4 24.3 48.5 20.6 69.1 66.4 26.9 93.4 298 74.0 63.2
More than
secondary 13.2 2.4 15.5 65.6 9.8 75.4 78.8 12.2 91.0 294 82.9 62.1
Wealth quintile
Lowest 18.9 5.8 24.7 33.7 24.2 57.9 52.6 30.0 82.6 96 70.1 65.5
Second 19.2 6.5 25.7 39.9 25.0 64.9 59.1 31.6 90.6 107 71.6 68.4
Middle 14.2 5.3 19.5 34.7 34.9 69.6 48.9 40.2 89.0 179 78.1 72.2
Fourth 13.1 7.0 20.1 50.5 19.0 69.6 63.6 26.0 89.7 222 77.6 60.2
Highest 11.7 2.3 14.0 57.2 19.6 76.9 68.9 22.0 90.9 276 84.6 66.9
Total 14.2 5.0 19.2 46.3 23.7 70.0 60.5 28.7 89.3 880 78.5 66.4
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Numbers in this table correspond to
the revised definition of unmet need described in Bradley et al. 2012. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
2
3
contraception, standard days method (SDM), and lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM), and other modern methods.
4
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and
5
Women who have had sexual intercourse within 30 days before the survey.

Table 7.16 Decision-making about family planning
Percent distribution of currently married women by person

who usually makes the decision to use or not use family
planning, Kenya DHS 2022
Decision maker Percentage
Mainly wife 42.0
Wife and husband/partner jointly 50.3
Wife’s opinion more important 7.9
Wife’s and husband’s/partner’s opinion
equally important 39.2
Wife’s opinion less important than
husband’s/partner’s 3.2
Mainly husband 7.1
Someone else/other 0.6
Total 100.0
Number of currently married women 9,319
Table 7.17 Decision-making about family planning by background characteristics

Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by person who usually makes the decision to use or not use family planning and
percentage who participate in the decision to use or not use family planning, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
who
participated
in decision-
Wife and Mainly making about
Background husband/ husband/ Someone family Number of
characteristic Mainly wife partner jointly partner else/other Missing Total planning women
Age
15-19 32.8 50.7 15.9 0.5 0.2 100.0 83.5 244
20-24 31.0 58.6 10.0 0.3 0.0 100.0 89.6 1,358
25-29 35.5 56.0 8.2 0.3 0.0 100.0 91.5 2,085
30-34 42.5 50.4 6.3 0.9 0.0 100.0 92.8 1,824
35-39 49.0 44.3 6.2 0.5 0.0 100.0 93.3 1,707
40-44 50.3 45.0 4.1 0.6 0.0 100.0 95.3 1,147
45-49 50.8 43.0 5.3 0.9 0.0 100.0 93.9 954
Family planning use
Currently using 41.5 52.2 6.0 0.3 0.0 100.0 93.7 5,791
Not currently using1 42.9 47.3 8.9 0.9 0.0 100.0 90.2 3,528
0 31.5 60.2 8.1 0.3 0.0 100.0 91.6 513
1-2 37.9 55.2 6.5 0.3 0.0 100.0 93.2 3,863
3-4 45.3 47.7 6.4 0.5 0.0 100.0 93.0 3,219
5+ 48.2 41.2 9.4 1.2 0.0 100.0 89.4 1,724
Residence
Urban 40.5 54.7 4.5 0.3 0.0 100.0 95.2 3,616
Rural 43.0 47.5 8.8 0.7 0.0 100.0 90.5 5,703
Education2
No education 40.4 38.5 17.9 3.2 0.1 100.0 78.8 724
Primary 46.0 45.3 8.3 0.4 0.0 100.0 91.3 3,842
Secondary 41.0 53.2 5.5 0.2 0.0 100.0 94.2 3,002
Wealth quintile
Lowest 41.3 43.0 14.0 1.7 0.1 100.0 84.2 1,559
Second 44.2 45.8 9.5 0.5 0.0 100.0 90.0 1,631
Middle 43.7 50.2 5.8 0.3 0.0 100.0 93.9 1,711
Fourth 40.0 54.9 4.9 0.2 0.0 100.0 94.9 2,096
Highest 41.6 54.4 3.7 0.3 0.0 100.0 95.9 2,322
Total 42.0 50.3 7.1 0.6 0.0 100.0 92.3 9,319
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full woman's questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
1
Non-users include pregnant women.
2
universities. Secondary includes people who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 7.17C Decision-making about family planning by county
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by person who usually makes the decision to use or not use family planning and
percentage who participate in the decision to use or not use family planning, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
who
participated
in decision-
Wife and Mainly making about
husband/ husband/ Someone family Number of
County Mainly wife partner jointly partner else/other Missing Total planning women
Mombasa 39.3 52.4 8.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.7 281
Kwale 17.9 64.5 17.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 82.4 159
Kilifi 31.6 62.2 6.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.8 255
Tana River 50.1 38.8 9.7 0.0 1.5 100.0 88.9 56
Lamu 32.7 62.7 3.8 0.8 0.0 100.0 95.4 33
Taita/Taveta 52.5 40.6 6.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.1 67
Garissa 10.9 58.4 30.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 69.3 94
Wajir 39.1 57.7 3.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.8 52
Mandera 56.3 5.1 38.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 61.4 75
Marsabit 8.1 81.5 10.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 89.5 50
Isiolo 20.3 65.4 13.0 0.0 1.2 100.0 85.7 43
Meru 45.4 48.4 6.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.8 291
Tharaka-Nithi 35.2 55.7 9.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.0 86
Embu 58.7 30.4 10.2 0.7 0.0 100.0 89.1 109
Kitui 44.1 50.9 3.9 1.1 0.0 100.0 95.0 218
Machakos 43.7 51.0 4.6 0.7 0.0 100.0 94.7 297
Makueni 26.9 66.6 6.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.5 199
Nyandarua 66.3 30.4 2.7 0.5 0.0 100.0 96.7 119
Nyeri 39.3 56.9 3.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.2 132
Kirinyaga 54.9 39.7 1.9 3.4 0.0 100.0 94.7 135
Murang’a 56.5 37.3 6.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.8 164
Kiambu 43.7 50.4 5.3 0.6 0.0 100.0 94.1 574
Turkana 36.2 38.6 4.2 21.0 0.0 100.0 74.8 105
West Pokot 25.3 60.3 12.1 2.3 0.0 100.0 85.7 138
Samburu 49.7 34.8 15.1 0.3 0.0 100.0 84.6 52
Trans Nzoia 34.5 60.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 94.5 180
Uasin Gishu 44.1 51.1 4.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.2 284
Elgeyo/Marakwet 42.9 51.0 5.6 0.6 0.0 100.0 93.9 72
Nandi 22.9 69.5 6.9 0.7 0.0 100.0 92.4 173
Baringo 51.6 36.6 11.2 0.6 0.0 100.0 88.2 103
Laikipia 35.7 60.1 3.4 0.8 0.0 100.0 95.8 84
Nakuru 41.9 51.4 6.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.3 501
Narok 42.7 47.3 10.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 90.0 242
Kajiado 33.8 55.7 9.6 1.0 0.0 100.0 89.4 262
Kericho 37.7 57.7 4.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.5 197
Bomet 28.3 59.3 12.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 87.6 187
Kakamega 52.7 40.6 6.3 0.3 0.0 100.0 93.4 381
Vihiga 63.0 30.7 6.1 0.2 0.0 100.0 93.7 98
Bungoma 46.2 42.5 11.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 88.7 311
Busia 46.2 37.3 14.6 2.0 0.0 100.0 83.4 195
Siaya 46.3 45.2 8.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.5 155
Kisumu 59.3 34.1 6.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 93.4 207
Homa Bay 43.4 43.6 13.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 87.0 200
Migori 40.7 52.3 7.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 93.0 205
Kisii 57.8 38.6 3.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 96.3 277
Nyamira 63.1 35.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.3 92
Nairobi City 38.6 59.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.2 1,129
Total 42.0 50.3 7.1 0.6 0.0 100.0 92.3 9,319
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full woman's questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.

Table 7.18 Pressure to become pregnant
Percentage of currently married women who were ever

pressured by their husbands/partners or any other family
member to become pregnant when they did not want to,
Percentage of
women
pressured to
become
pregnant by their
husband/partner
Background or other family Number of
characteristic member women
Age
15–19 6.7 244
20–24 9.7 1,358
25–29 9.7 2,085
30–34 10.5 1,824
35–39 13.1 1,707
40–44 11.5 1,147
45–49 12.0 954
Number of living
children
0 15.8 513
1–2 11.8 3,863
3–4 9.8 3,219
5+ 9.3 1,724
Family planning use
Currently using 10.0 5,791
Not currently using1 12.3 3,528
Residence
Urban 11.5 3,616
Rural 10.5 5,703
Education2
Primary 10.5 3,842
Secondary 11.4 3,002
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.7 1,559
Second 11.0 1,631
Middle 10.3 1,711
Fourth 10.7 2,096
Highest 12.1 2,322
Total 10.9 9,319
1
Non-users include pregnant women.
2
No education includes informal education (madrassa/
duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes

Table 7.18C Pressure to become pregnant by county
Percentage of currently married women who were ever pressured

by their husbands/partners or any other family member to become
pregnant when they did not want to, according to county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Percentage of
women
pressured to
become
pregnant by their
husband/partner
or other family Number of
County member women
Mombasa 7.1 281
Kwale 2.1 159
Kilifi 6.4 255
Tana River 8.2 56
Lamu 9.5 33
Garissa 6.6 94
Wajir 8.0 52
Mandera 8.1 75
Marsabit 6.6 50
Isiolo 7.2 43
Meru 14.3 291
Embu 6.8 109
Kitui 2.1 218
Machakos 7.4 297
Makueni 2.9 199
Nyandarua 7.9 119
Nyeri 9.3 132
Kirinyaga 11.1 135
Murang’a 20.5 164
Kiambu 17.7 574
Turkana 16.6 105
West Pokot 8.5 138
Samburu 4.6 52
Trans Nzoia 12.9 180
Nandi 7.8 173
Baringo 11.0 103
Laikipia 13.6 84
Nakuru 9.1 501
Narok 10.7 242
Kajiado 10.7 262
Kericho 18.5 197
Bomet 7.5 187
Kakamega 12.4 381
Vihiga 9.6 98
Bungoma 18.1 311
Busia 16.9 195
Siaya 8.9 155
Kisumu 11.2 207
Homa Bay 14.0 200
Migori 11.6 205
Kisii 11.3 277
Nyamira 13.7 92
Total 10.9 9,319

Table 7.19 Future use of contraception
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 who are not using a contraceptive
method by intention to use in the future, according to number of living children, Kenya DHS
2022
Intention to use in the future 0 1 2 3 4+ Total
Intends to use 54.0 58.4 57.5 50.1 33.8 47.5
Unsure 4.1 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.8
Does not intend to use 40.6 36.6 35.3 42.7 60.3 46.2
Missing 1.4 3.4 5.3 5.8 4.3 4.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 211 617 801 616 1,283 3,528
questionnaire.
1
Includes current pregnancy
Table 7.20.1 Exposure to family planning messages: Women

Percentage of women age 15–49 who heard or saw specific family planning messages in the last 12 months, according to background
News- Com- None of
paper/ Poster/ Outdoor munity these ten Number
Background Tele- maga- Mobile Social leaflet/ sign or meeting Friends/ media of
characteristic Radio vision zine phone media1 brochure billboard or events peers Internet sources women
Age
15–19 43.7 37.3 16.7 6.4 19.4 28.2 24.7 28.9 68.1 18.6 16.0 3,125
20–24 59.2 52.4 21.6 17.8 45.9 42.9 37.2 42.4 84.0 41.7 5.6 3,063
25–29 66.3 59.0 22.8 17.9 44.3 43.3 39.4 47.8 84.9 42.0 4.9 2,916
30–34 62.3 52.3 20.4 16.2 33.6 42.5 38.6 50.1 85.3 32.5 5.1 2,364
35–39 62.3 50.0 18.8 13.4 28.0 45.0 35.8 50.5 83.6 27.2 5.4 2,288
40–44 62.2 49.8 22.8 13.5 25.5 45.3 37.2 52.6 82.7 23.9 6.1 1,615
45–49 63.1 44.3 17.9 11.0 17.5 40.3 34.7 55.9 80.0 17.6 8.2 1,346
Residence
Urban 56.9 62.4 24.1 16.1 48.6 43.2 42.2 43.1 82.2 47.1 5.8 6,850
Rural 60.4 40.5 17.4 12.3 20.8 38.6 30.1 46.5 79.9 19.0 8.8 9,866
Education2
No education 28.5 13.1 3.1 5.0 4.7 11.6 9.7 43.9 70.0 5.4 22.9 920
Primary 57.6 38.6 11.8 10.5 12.2 35.9 27.5 46.1 78.5 10.8 9.6 6,107
Secondary 62.1 54.6 22.6 15.6 35.3 40.4 37.1 44.2 81.5 32.5 6.2 6,481
More than
secondary 64.1 70.2 35.9 19.4 72.1 57.6 52.7 45.4 87.1 71.1 2.3 3,208
Wealth quintile
Lowest 44.6 14.4 7.9 7.4 6.0 24.2 18.0 43.5 75.5 5.8 14.7 2,599
Second 62.5 31.9 15.9 11.5 13.3 37.4 28.2 47.9 80.1 11.6 9.4 2,974
Middle 65.8 51.3 20.0 15.2 24.3 43.4 34.1 47.5 80.8 22.0 7.0 3,086
Fourth 61.8 63.0 23.1 16.1 40.0 44.5 41.1 46.1 82.2 36.8 5.6 3,729
Highest 57.9 69.6 28.0 16.6 59.9 46.9 45.5 41.6 83.5 59.0 4.1 4,328
Total 59.0 49.5 20.2 13.9 32.2 40.5 35.1 45.1 80.9 30.5 7.6 16,716
1
Social media includes platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram.
2

Table 7.20.1C Exposure to family planning messages by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who heard or saw specific family planning messages in the last 12 months, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
News- Com- None of
paper/ Poster/ Outdoor munity these ten Number
Tele- maga- Mobile Social leaflet/ sign or meeting Friends/ media of
County Radio vision zine phone media1 brochure billboard or events peers Internet sources women
Mombasa 58.7 57.6 22.2 23.1 42.2 47.6 41.8 52.1 75.6 39.4 6.6 493
Kwale 59.1 42.0 23.2 28.3 31.8 36.7 47.3 72.9 91.4 31.0 3.9 260
Kilifi 40.9 28.3 9.1 9.3 13.1 18.1 12.9 54.7 83.7 15.8 6.8 489
Tana River 18.5 14.0 2.4 5.2 7.2 19.2 14.5 32.3 55.5 11.3 32.0 79
Lamu 38.6 35.3 9.2 9.0 14.1 37.6 32.7 17.9 71.4 15.4 18.1 54
Taita/Taveta 60.8 51.5 15.2 10.3 32.4 38.3 25.9 31.7 72.1 23.9 6.3 122
Garissa 33.0 35.0 19.6 21.3 23.2 19.2 20.0 38.4 47.5 24.7 38.1 163
Wajir 15.3 7.3 4.4 2.0 10.9 1.2 2.1 10.1 43.6 6.9 43.8 90
Mandera 4.2 2.6 0.9 1.8 2.4 1.0 0.9 17.2 41.8 3.2 56.5 113
Marsabit 13.1 7.3 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.2 4.1 43.7 76.2 7.6 17.7 72
Isiolo 50.4 54.5 28.1 35.3 35.1 39.3 35.2 47.7 80.2 35.9 10.8 76
Meru 50.9 39.4 14.3 11.7 23.4 25.2 25.8 21.4 66.3 20.7 16.7 488
Tharaka-Nithi 42.9 30.8 13.0 18.3 18.8 42.1 18.4 29.0 71.2 18.2 15.4 131
Embu 58.7 46.6 22.3 17.0 29.3 47.6 22.6 56.1 75.8 21.6 6.8 180
Kitui 69.0 24.6 8.8 7.1 14.7 18.5 19.2 70.0 87.2 17.6 6.5 373
Machakos 53.8 50.1 17.8 8.3 26.4 44.6 20.8 37.9 81.1 31.0 7.4 544
Makueni 57.9 29.4 8.9 12.6 16.0 26.4 30.1 56.3 80.6 22.6 4.7 356
Nyandarua 70.8 68.8 11.6 11.6 23.7 26.7 35.8 35.1 76.7 24.5 5.8 225
Nyeri 70.6 69.6 31.4 13.4 50.2 43.4 39.5 27.8 81.2 45.5 3.2 261
Kirinyaga 58.1 65.2 11.5 8.2 38.1 51.6 38.5 67.9 88.9 36.3 6.6 262
Murang’a 72.8 68.4 43.8 15.6 30.1 56.4 49.9 40.2 74.1 21.6 6.7 339
Kiambu 50.6 57.3 13.2 7.9 44.2 32.2 31.5 22.7 79.2 39.3 6.5 1,095
Turkana 17.1 9.3 3.8 6.4 10.7 6.0 11.3 54.1 84.6 10.3 14.0 172
West Pokot 56.6 23.3 10.5 21.2 12.3 15.2 10.7 58.7 85.8 15.5 8.1 197
Samburu 29.2 18.6 6.7 3.3 14.8 17.4 16.7 60.7 88.6 12.2 5.5 79
Trans Nzoia 72.0 53.8 16.8 12.0 33.7 64.2 62.3 54.7 89.6 30.3 2.9 359
Uasin Gishu 67.5 67.0 28.7 18.0 49.5 75.1 51.3 47.5 85.8 49.4 2.9 527
Elgeyo/Marakwet 66.1 43.7 21.3 10.1 23.1 20.0 23.9 50.7 88.1 24.8 5.2 116
Nandi 60.8 43.6 18.4 5.1 24.6 47.9 16.0 36.2 77.4 22.3 11.8 332
Baringo 65.4 49.2 29.8 20.5 28.4 57.7 24.7 48.3 87.3 23.3 3.0 193
Laikipia 44.0 52.1 8.4 7.6 34.2 45.0 42.2 11.1 74.4 19.7 7.0 173
Nakuru 55.1 54.7 18.4 8.8 42.7 29.6 30.2 33.1 76.6 43.1 10.9 862
Narok 75.4 40.1 18.8 15.2 24.7 38.7 22.0 64.8 91.1 20.3 2.5 374
Kajiado 66.4 60.7 35.8 13.4 49.3 47.3 40.2 42.1 75.6 53.6 7.0 451
Kericho 78.4 68.5 57.1 32.4 44.6 60.9 65.5 79.1 87.7 37.6 3.9 372
Bomet 54.7 18.3 14.7 5.4 13.6 55.1 14.8 35.4 76.5 12.1 12.5 327
Kakamega 71.0 44.2 18.6 14.5 25.5 42.2 40.9 54.5 80.1 21.8 9.0 652
Vihiga 50.3 30.7 10.2 8.8 21.4 38.6 23.5 44.1 80.7 15.5 7.0 201
Bungoma 69.5 45.5 21.3 23.0 29.1 72.7 36.1 57.8 81.5 26.9 5.9 572
Busia 50.3 32.3 6.5 7.7 12.5 21.3 7.9 31.2 85.7 11.1 5.9 336
Siaya 79.6 62.3 32.5 18.4 24.8 58.4 49.1 63.5 79.5 28.1 4.2 275
Kisumu 70.1 55.7 12.4 12.0 19.8 62.4 71.9 61.4 92.9 22.4 0.7 396
Homa Bay 67.4 46.5 24.6 16.1 26.3 32.8 22.0 44.0 82.7 28.5 6.6 344
Migori 65.7 42.8 8.8 11.2 17.9 32.3 16.7 30.5 79.1 15.9 12.5 350
Kisii 61.5 43.0 16.9 12.1 20.4 43.5 59.4 38.2 87.7 17.9 2.5 463
Nyamira 73.1 51.5 39.3 24.1 21.4 57.3 59.9 52.0 80.3 20.6 6.5 168
Nairobi City 57.4 67.7 28.4 17.8 54.8 38.7 47.2 47.4 85.3 50.3 3.8 2,157
Total 59.0 49.5 20.2 13.9 32.2 40.5 35.1 45.1 80.9 30.5 7.6 16,716
1

Table 7.20.2 Exposure to family planning messages: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who heard or saw specific family planning messages in the last 12 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Com- None of
News- Poster/ Outdoor munity these ten
Background Tele- paper/ Mobile Social leaflet/ sign or meeting Friends/ media Number
characteristic Radio vision magazine phone media1 brochure billboard or events peers Internet sources of men
Age
15–19 50.4 37.3 14.8 5.7 22.3 25.0 21.4 23.0 48.9 19.5 22.1 3,175
20–24 67.6 56.5 28.0 16.1 52.3 48.7 42.8 41.2 70.5 49.1 6.7 2,404
25–29 74.5 62.2 36.4 22.2 56.9 53.6 50.5 49.8 75.6 56.4 4.0 2,268
30–34 76.3 63.2 35.4 18.8 48.1 54.5 47.9 48.8 74.6 47.5 5.7 1,787
35–39 76.3 62.5 34.6 15.0 39.4 52.0 48.3 49.3 71.8 39.4 7.2 1,577
40–44 77.3 58.3 29.4 14.1 32.7 50.2 44.6 47.5 66.2 30.9 6.4 1,332
45–49 76.3 58.8 29.6 14.8 26.5 51.2 46.1 48.7 64.3 26.4 7.1 1,109
Residence
Urban 68.4 64.9 39.2 21.8 58.3 55.4 50.5 48.1 72.0 56.6 7.0 5,382
Rural 68.6 48.4 21.2 10.0 28.2 39.1 34.6 37.3 62.2 26.7 11.6 8,270
Education2
No education 51.2 19.6 0.3 2.1 4.3 17.4 11.7 29.2 42.5 3.0 32.5 369
Primary 66.3 43.0 15.8 9.5 18.1 34.0 28.6 35.7 58.0 15.7 14.3 4,894
Secondary 69.2 58.1 28.4 14.3 43.6 44.9 41.2 39.9 68.0 40.9 8.1 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 59.1 26.3 11.9 6.9 14.2 28.5 24.0 33.1 54.8 12.6 19.8 2,062
Second 68.7 42.8 17.2 9.2 21.7 37.5 31.5 36.9 61.9 19.9 12.0 2,584
Middle 71.8 54.8 24.1 10.7 31.3 41.9 37.0 39.8 64.6 31.0 9.2 2,754
Fourth 71.3 65.6 32.9 17.5 51.8 49.1 46.1 42.5 69.3 48.2 6.5 3,325
Highest 68.8 73.6 48.5 25.2 69.1 63.9 58.7 52.2 75.4 69.1 4.9 2,927
Total 15–49 68.5 54.9 28.3 14.6 40.0 45.5 40.9 41.5 66.1 38.5 9.7 13,652
50–54 78.0 59.3 32.6 17.2 27.5 48.5 45.6 52.8 65.7 25.3 5.5 801
Total 15–54 69.0 55.2 28.6 14.8 39.3 45.7 41.1 42.2 66.0 37.8 9.5 14,453
1
2

Table 7.20.2C Exposure to family planning messages by county: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who heard or saw specific family planning messages in the last 12 months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Com- None of
News- Poster/ Outdoor munity these ten
Tele- paper/ Mobile Social leaflet/ sign or meeting Friends/ media Number
County Radio vision magazine phone media1 brochure billboard or events peers Internet sources of men
Mombasa 70.7 55.7 16.6 4.9 48.2 61.5 6.7 63.1 85.7 35.6 1.6 442
Kwale 52.3 39.8 16.3 14.5 32.9 40.7 37.9 43.8 61.4 28.5 17.7 209
Kilifi 57.9 42.2 12.1 9.2 18.4 20.4 13.0 25.1 47.9 25.5 16.8 405
Tana River 50.0 34.6 22.7 12.7 21.5 24.0 27.1 63.9 79.5 30.6 14.4 64
Lamu 46.5 22.6 2.8 8.3 16.6 37.5 8.8 17.2 83.7 22.6 9.7 41
Taita/Taveta 79.0 69.2 23.3 3.2 39.4 49.7 38.1 32.3 64.8 44.7 7.6 103
Garissa 53.7 33.6 13.8 5.1 3.2 20.7 12.5 6.9 4.3 24.4 26.9 117
Wajir 18.6 10.2 9.2 4.2 15.4 12.5 13.7 14.6 28.3 16.0 53.7 63
Mandera 15.5 9.6 6.2 1.2 8.2 5.7 5.0 8.4 31.4 14.6 53.4 81
Marsabit 48.1 30.1 6.0 1.3 20.4 28.0 1.4 29.6 62.8 17.1 28.6 45
Isiolo 49.7 46.9 10.6 3.8 49.6 22.3 36.4 11.8 56.0 38.0 12.3 55
Meru 59.8 43.8 26.1 10.5 36.0 45.5 33.3 31.9 58.5 31.9 12.4 489
Tharaka-Nithi 66.9 51.9 19.7 10.4 32.7 49.3 44.2 36.0 72.5 30.4 8.8 137
Embu 55.3 39.9 8.8 9.3 15.3 11.6 2.4 8.5 52.4 16.4 16.8 176
Kitui 51.2 27.1 11.7 5.0 8.0 31.2 48.3 8.4 40.6 17.4 29.3 312
Machakos 96.5 88.3 41.1 35.5 37.6 31.1 34.2 35.8 58.6 32.9 1.3 480
Makueni 89.0 49.9 21.0 3.1 28.1 60.8 16.9 17.9 67.5 17.8 4.2 279
Nyandarua 60.6 58.0 33.0 11.3 47.7 36.1 33.8 27.8 63.9 47.0 14.4 168
Nyeri 58.0 54.7 31.5 3.5 42.8 59.5 63.3 8.0 45.3 46.3 9.0 235
Kirinyaga 92.1 88.0 18.6 11.0 56.3 9.1 36.3 71.0 87.9 50.6 2.0 191
Murang’a 66.2 61.3 26.4 15.3 38.5 69.1 56.0 35.7 55.1 34.5 3.8 297
Kiambu 70.3 62.3 25.1 8.4 50.2 32.4 34.1 26.9 69.3 47.0 4.3 911
Turkana 35.4 25.3 9.1 2.3 6.4 13.8 22.4 40.7 33.5 9.9 33.9 111
West Pokot 81.3 34.7 12.5 13.1 19.3 22.5 9.8 38.0 62.7 16.0 9.2 150
Samburu 74.0 51.9 18.9 19.3 38.6 48.5 48.2 40.8 80.8 37.5 4.2 51
Trans Nzoia 79.5 69.0 21.6 8.1 23.0 21.4 20.9 54.7 97.6 37.2 0.4 272
Uasin Gishu 85.9 77.5 53.2 9.5 62.1 86.1 59.9 61.4 83.3 56.2 1.7 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 75.0 59.2 25.4 6.5 37.0 59.4 21.1 29.5 61.6 26.2 5.3 110
Nandi 75.3 46.8 17.0 9.9 16.0 34.4 33.1 31.8 42.6 14.2 10.6 265
Baringo 59.1 30.2 14.9 2.9 26.3 12.1 9.8 17.3 29.0 10.4 19.1 165
Laikipia 57.4 57.6 19.7 7.4 47.7 10.4 19.1 18.5 52.5 38.4 11.1 145
Nakuru 69.1 58.8 36.2 17.1 29.9 42.3 46.6 31.2 79.3 40.9 9.4 670
Narok 85.5 74.4 15.9 18.5 45.0 86.7 33.9 67.5 89.0 31.4 2.4 313
Kajiado 69.3 58.7 41.2 18.6 53.9 57.6 57.1 54.6 68.2 62.6 6.3 339
Kericho 93.0 85.7 66.2 12.5 45.7 75.1 84.2 83.6 84.3 64.3 1.8 330
Bomet 74.8 27.3 14.5 7.1 21.3 80.8 81.8 39.6 67.5 16.0 5.1 268
Kakamega 75.2 46.8 14.5 1.1 11.2 3.4 9.6 34.2 45.8 12.2 12.9 532
Vihiga 63.0 47.1 22.6 17.2 39.4 54.8 53.3 46.5 62.3 25.6 11.4 156
Bungoma 63.6 51.5 34.7 25.6 44.2 46.5 51.2 54.6 67.3 45.0 12.4 448
Busia 48.5 30.8 17.5 11.2 23.6 26.8 23.0 39.9 58.8 23.2 26.6 262
Siaya 80.4 59.1 42.1 6.9 27.3 57.7 20.6 52.2 86.8 36.5 0.9 227
Kisumu 61.2 26.4 11.4 1.9 31.5 26.6 39.6 15.6 56.7 29.7 24.3 345
Homa Bay 69.2 52.5 37.6 22.4 53.5 47.8 49.2 64.9 71.1 42.7 4.7 258
Migori 69.4 46.1 18.9 12.2 36.9 55.1 36.2 39.8 67.9 32.9 4.5 246
Kisii 78.9 46.0 4.4 1.6 33.8 31.3 63.8 53.4 95.6 40.2 1.1 326
Nyamira 71.6 44.2 19.8 20.8 27.3 53.3 56.3 60.9 67.2 24.5 13.5 133
Nairobi City 60.8 66.8 51.5 37.9 75.8 68.7 67.9 59.1 70.3 66.4 9.1 1,777
Total 15–49 68.5 54.9 28.3 14.6 40.0 45.5 40.9 41.5 66.1 38.5 9.7 13,652
1

Table 7.21 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers
Among women age 15–49 who are not using contraception, percentage who during the last 12 months were visited by a
fieldworker who discussed family planning, percentage who visited a health facility and discussed family planning, percentage
who visited a health facility but did not discuss family planning, and percentage who did not discuss family planning either with
a fieldworker or at a health facility, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of Percentage of women who Percentage of
women who were visited a health facility women who did
visited by a in the last 12 months and who: not discuss family
fieldworker who planning either
Background discussed family Discussed family Did not discuss with fieldworker or Number
characteristic planning planning family planning at a health facility of women
Age
15–19 0.9 4.5 30.4 95.0 2,707
20–24 2.5 18.2 36.2 80.5 1,689
25–29 2.8 24.1 36.8 74.4 1,173
30–34 3.0 19.5 37.7 79.0 908
35–39 1.7 17.6 36.6 81.4 888
40–44 2.8 16.2 33.3 82.8 717
45–49 2.4 11.2 42.0 87.2 794
Residence
Urban 1.6 14.2 38.2 84.9 3,577
Rural 2.3 14.0 32.8 84.8 5,299
Education2
No education 2.1 12.5 25.4 86.5 724
Primary 2.5 14.6 31.0 84.1 2,940
Secondary 1.7 12.1 36.1 86.9 3,721
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.7 12.8 28.3 85.8 1,653
Second 2.6 14.5 30.5 83.9 1,556
Middle 2.2 15.2 32.3 83.7 1,598
Fourth 2.0 14.4 38.3 84.6 1,876
Highest 1.1 13.7 42.4 85.8 2,193
Total 2.1 14.1 35.0 84.8 8,876
1
Social media includes platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, or WhatsApp.
2
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level
colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level
attended.

Table 7.21C Contact of nonusers with family planning providers by county
Among women age 15–49 who are not using contraception, percentage who during the last 12 months were visited by a
fieldworker who discussed family planning, percentage who visited a health facility and discussed family planning, percentage
who visited a health facility but did not discuss family planning, and percentage who did not discuss family planning either
with a fieldworker or at a health facility, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of Percentage of women who Percentage of
women who were visited a health facility women who did
visited by a in the last 12 months and who: not discuss family
fieldworker who planning either
discussed family Discussed family Did not discuss with fieldworker or Number
County planning planning family planning at a health facility of women
Mombasa 3.3 19.2 36.3 78.8 330
Kwale 2.1 16.6 13.6 82.6 199
Kilifi 5.1 18.8 29.7 78.6 309
Tana River 4.1 24.2 23.8 74.7 63
Lamu 0.2 8.7 60.4 91.1 35
Taita/Taveta 0.0 6.7 21.6 93.3 60
Garissa 1.1 2.7 15.0 97.2 146
Wajir 0.3 5.2 40.8 94.5 87
Mandera 0.0 4.0 4.8 96.0 112
Marsabit 8.4 8.1 11.1 89.3 69
Isiolo 8.2 11.9 18.0 82.5 59
Meru 2.2 9.4 36.4 89.3 189
Tharaka-Nithi 1.8 14.5 52.3 83.7 55
Embu 1.9 14.6 25.3 84.3 68
Kitui 0.0 5.4 10.7 94.6 202
Machakos 0.9 5.9 57.2 93.2 250
Makueni 3.5 14.8 27.8 85.2 187
Nyandarua 0.3 3.6 44.2 96.2 120
Nyeri 1.0 10.7 47.7 88.3 99
Kirinyaga 1.6 24.8 36.4 73.6 121
Murang’a 0.0 14.2 35.5 85.8 155
Kiambu 0.0 10.8 42.4 89.2 484
Turkana 3.4 26.4 34.9 72.1 122
West Pokot 1.3 1.5 21.1 97.3 156
Samburu 4.4 8.8 57.2 88.0 54
Trans Nzoia 1.0 18.6 31.8 81.4 188
Uasin Gishu 3.4 18.6 46.7 79.6 235
Elgeyo/Marakwet 4.5 7.8 14.9 90.2 45
Nandi 2.9 10.1 39.8 88.3 167
Baringo 2.1 16.7 51.7 82.6 105
Laikipia 0.5 3.7 45.2 95.8 79
Nakuru 1.5 10.5 50.3 88.4 393
Narok 1.4 14.3 41.1 85.0 175
Kajiado 1.2 18.9 47.8 81.1 231
Kericho 0.7 17.4 11.5 81.9 202
Bomet 2.1 12.3 38.1 86.1 188
Kakamega 3.9 15.2 31.9 82.6 306
Vihiga 8.0 13.7 48.4 80.4 126
Bungoma 1.8 15.5 33.8 83.2 312
Busia 3.3 10.5 25.9 88.1 202
Siaya 3.9 20.2 15.3 79.2 192
Kisumu 4.1 10.2 23.1 87.5 219
Homa Bay 5.7 27.7 44.2 69.3 168
Migori 3.3 23.8 36.1 75.0 175
Kisii 2.6 18.6 37.1 79.3 213
Nyamira 1.7 7.6 44.9 91.4 92
Nairobi City 0.0 16.1 38.2 83.9 1,133
Total 2.1 14.1 35.0 84.8 8,876

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY 8
Key Findings
 Under-5 mortality: In the five years before the survey,

the under-5 mortality rate was 41 deaths per 1,000 live
births.
 Neonatal mortality: In the five years before the survey,
the neonatal mortality rate was 21 deaths per 1,000 live
births.
 Infant mortality: The infant mortality rate was 32 deaths
per 1,000 live births in the 5 years before the survey.
 Trends: Since 2003, under-5 mortality has declined from
115 to 41 deaths per 1,000 live births.
 High risk fertility: 71% of currently married women gave
birth when they were in any avoidable high-risk category;
30% were in a single high-risk category and 41% were in
multiple risk categories.
I
nformation on infant and child mortality is relevant to a demographic assessment of the population,
and is an important indicator of the country’s socioeconomic development and the people’s quality of
life. It can also help identify children who may be at higher risk of death and lead to strategies to
reduce this risk.
This chapter presents information on levels, trends, and differentials in perinatal, neonatal, infant, child,
and under-5 mortality rates. It also examines biodemographic factors and fertility behaviours that increase
mortality risks for infants and children. The information is collected as part of a retrospective pregnancy
history, in which female respondents list all the children to whom they have given birth, along with each
child’s date of birth, survivorship status, and current age or age at death.
The quality of mortality estimates calculated from pregnancy histories depends on the mother’s ability to
recall all the children she has given birth to, as well as their birth dates and ages at death. Potential data
quality problems include:
 The selective omission from the pregnancy histories of those births that did not survive, which can
result in underestimation of childhood mortality.
 The displacement of birth dates, which could distort mortality trends. This can occur if an interviewer
knowingly records a birth as occurring in a different year than the one in which it occurred. This could
happen if an interviewer is trying to decrease her overall workload, because live births that occur
during the 3 years before the interview are the subject of a lengthy set of additional questions.
 The quality of reporting of age at death. Misreporting the child’s age at death may distort the age
pattern of mortality, especially if the net effect of the age misreporting is to transfer deaths from one
age bracket to another.
 Any method of measuring childhood mortality that relies on the mothers’ reports (for example, birth
histories) assumes that female adult mortality is not high, or if it is high, that there is little or no
correlation between the mortality risks of the mothers and those of their children.
Infant and Child Mortality • 233

Selected indicators of the quality of the mortality data on which the estimates of mortality in this chapter
are based are presented in Appendix C, Tables C.5 and C.6.
8.1 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
Neonatal mortality: The probability of dying within the first month of life.
Postneonatal mortality: The probability of dying between the first month of
life and the first birthday (computed as the difference between infant and
neonatal mortality).
Infant mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the first birthday.
Child mortality: The probability of dying between the first and fifth birthday.
Under-5 mortality: The probability of dying between birth and the fifth
birthday.
During the five years before the survey, the neonatal mortality rate was 21 deaths per 1,000 live births, the
infant mortality rate was 32 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the under-5 mortality rate was 41 deaths per
1,000 live births (Table 8.1). These results mean that about three-quarters (78%) of all deaths in the first 5
years of life occur during infancy and about half (51%) of all deaths occur during the first month of life.
During the 5-to-9 year period before the survey, the neonatal mortality rate was 25 deaths per 1,000 live
births, the infant mortality rate was 38 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the under-5 mortality rate was 46
deaths per 1,000 live births. During the same period of the 5 to 9 years before the survey, neonatal deaths
accounted for 54% of all deaths in the first 5 years of life.
Trends: Between the 1989 KDHS Figure 8.1 Trends in early childhood mortality rates
and the 2022 KDHS, childhood Deaths per 1,000 live births in the 5-year
mortality peaked in the 5 years period before the survey
before the 2003 KDHS and has
since declined steadily. Under-5 Under-5 mortality 111
115
mortality declined from 115 deaths 96
per 1,000 live births in the 5-year 90
period before 2003 to 41 deaths per Infant mortality 74 77 74
62
1,000 live births in 5-year period 61 52
52
before 2022 (Figure 8.1). Neonatal mortality 39
28 33 31 41
26 32
28 22
Patterns by background 21
characteristics
1989 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
 Under-5 mortality does not KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
differ by place of residence; (41
deaths per 1,000 live births each)
(Table 8.3).
 Under-5 mortality rates are higher for males than females (45 deaths versus 38 deaths per 1,000 live
births).
 Under-5 mortality is higher among children in seventh or higher birth order than among children born
earlier (59 deaths versus 44 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births).
234 • Infant and Child Mortality

 Under-5 mortality is higher among children born Figure 8.2 Under-5 mortality by mother’s
to mothers with primary level education only education
than among children born to mothers with more Deaths per 1,000 live births for the
than secondary education (49 deaths versus 32 10-year period before the survey
deaths per 1000 live births) (Table 8.3 and
Figure 8.2). 49
41 42
32

secondary
8.2 PERINATAL MORTALITY
Perinatal mortality rate

Perinatal deaths include stillbirths (pregnancy loss that occurs after 28 weeks
of gestation) and early neonatal deaths (deaths of live births within the first 7
days of life). The perinatal mortality rate is calculated as the number of
perinatal deaths per 1,000 pregnancies of 28 or more weeks’ duration.
Sample: Number of pregnancies of 28 or more weeks’ duration to women age
15–49 in the 5 years before the survey
In 2014, the Every Newborn Action Plan, a global multi-partner movement to end preventable maternal
and newborn deaths and stillbirths, set a target for national stillbirth rates of 12 or fewer stillbirths per
1,000 births in all countries by 2030, and 10 or fewer stillbirth per 1,000 births by 2035 (WHO and
UNICEF 2014).
The perinatal mortality rate encompasses both stillbirths and early neonatal deaths and offers some
reflection of the level of mortality and quality of service around the time of delivery. In Kenya, the
stillbirth rate is 15 stillbirths per 1,000 pregnancies of 28 or more weeks’ duration, and the early neonatal
rate is 17 early neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a perinatal mortality rate of 32 deaths per
1,000 pregnancies of 28 or more weeks’ duration (Table 8.4).
 The perinatal mortality rate is higher among Figure 8.3 Perinatal mortality by
pregnancies of women age 40–49 (55 deaths per mother’s age at birth
1,000 pregnancies) than pregnancies among Deaths per 1,000 pregnancies of 28 or
other age groups (38 deaths or fewer per 1,000 more weeks’ duration in the 5-year period
pregnancies) (Figure 8.3). before the survey
 By pregnancy interval, the perinatal mortality

rate is highest when the pregnancy occurred less
than 15 months after the previous pregnancy (41
55
deaths versus 34 or fewer deaths per 1,000
38
pregnancies). 34
27
 The highest perinatal mortality rates were
recorded in Wajir (76 deaths per 1,000
pregnancies), Mombasa (57 54 deaths per 1,000 <20 20–29 30–39 40–49

pregnancies), Siaya (54 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies), Murang’a (51 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies),
and Kisumu (47 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies) counties (Table 8.4C).
8.3 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR

The survival of infants and children depends in part on the demographic and biological characteristics of
their mothers. Typically, the probability of dying in infancy is much greater among children born to
mothers who are too young (under age 18) or too old (over age 34), children born after a short birth
interval (less than 24 months after the preceding birth), and children born to mothers of high parity (more
than three children).
Forty-three percent of births that occurred in the five years before the survey were in any avoidable high-
risk category, including 14% that were in a multiple high-risk category (Table 8.5).
Seventy-one percent of currently married women were in any avoidable high-risk category if they were to
conceive at the time of the survey; 30% were in single risk category and 41% were in multiple risk
categories.
The risk ratio denotes the relationship between risk factors and mortality. The risk of dying for a child who
falls into any of the avoidable high-risk categories is 1.48 times that of a child not in any high-risk
category.
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on infant and child mortality, see the following tables:
 Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates

 Table 8.2 Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background
characteristics
 Table 8.3 Ten-year early childhood mortality rates according to additional characteristics
 Table 8.3C Ten-year early childhood mortality rates by county
 Table 8.4 Perinatal mortality
 Table 8.4C Perinatal mortality by county
 Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behaviour

Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for 5-year periods before the survey, Kenya DHS 2022
Neonatal Post-neonatal Infant Child Under-5
Years before the Approximate mortality mortality mortality mortality mortality
survey calendar years (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
0–4 2018–2022 21 11 32 9 41
5–9 2013–2017 25 13 38 8 46
10–14 2008–2012 21 14 34 13 47
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates.
Table 8.2 Five-year early childhood mortality rates according to background characteristics
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 5-year period before the survey,
mortality mortality mortality mortality mortality
Background characteristic (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
Child’s sex
Male 24 12 35 9 45
Female 19 11 29 9 38
Residence
Urban 21 12 33 8 41
Rural 22 11 32 9 41
Total 21 11 32 9 41
1
Table 8.3 Ten-year early childhood mortality rates according to additional characteristics
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the ten-year period before the survey,
according to additional characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Characteristic (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
Mother’s age at birth
<20 24 12 37 8 45
20–29 23 12 35 9 44
30–39 21 12 33 8 41
40–49 34 9 43 (15) (58)
Birth order
1 24 11 35 5 41
2–3 22 14 36 9 44
4–6 21 10 31 11 41
7+ 30 15 44 15 59
Previous birth interval2
<2 years 36 14 50 17 67
2 years 18 12 30 8 37
3 years 16 14 30 9 38
4+ years 21 12 33 8 41
No education 24 9 33 9 41
Primary 24 14 38 12 49
Secondary 24 11 35 7 42
More than secondary 19 11 30 3 32
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24 11 36 11 47
Second 22 13 35 11 46
Middle 23 12 35 6 41
Fourth 25 13 37 9 46
Highest 21 12 33 5 37
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 250–499 unweighted exposed persons.

1
2
Excludes first-order births.
3
No education includes Informal Education (madrassa/duksi/Adult Education) and more than secondary
includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training

Table 8.3C Ten-year early childhood mortality rates by county
Neonatal, post-neonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the ten-year period before the survey,
County (NN) (PNN)1 (1q0) (4q1) (5q0)
Mombasa 32 10 43 8 50
Kwale 19 4 23 7 30
Kilifi 24 10 34 6 40
Tana River 23 14 38 8 45
Lamu 26 15 41 9 50
Taita/Taveta (19) (5) (24) (6) (29)
Garissa 28 13 41 3 44
Wajir 37 6 43 15 57
Mandera 16 4 20 1 21
Marsabit 4 5 9 6 15
Isiolo 22 2 24 9 33
Meru 20 9 29 (6) (35)
Tharaka-Nithi (12) (7) (19) (6) (25)
Embu 24 (11) (36) (8) (44)
Kitui 13 9 23 4 27
Machakos 26 8 34 7 41
Makueni 26 9 35 3 38
Nyandarua 20 16 36 10 45
Nyeri (27) (21) (48) (5) (52)
Kirinyaga 37 (17) (55) (2) (56)
Murang’a 36 (7) (43) (5) (47)
Kiambu 28 7 35 5 40
Turkana 21 7 29 27 55
West Pokot 27 11 38 9 46
Samburu 19 10 29 9 38
Trans Nzoia 23 14 36 6 42
Uasin Gishu 17 14 31 6 37
Elgeyo/Marakwet 27 5 32 1 33
Nandi 24 9 33 7 39
Baringo 33 17 50 5 55
Laikipia 20 23 44 7 50
Nakuru 25 16 41 10 51
Narok 16 8 24 2 26
Kajiado 14 12 25 7 32
Kericho 17 8 25 7 31
Bomet 17 9 26 3 28
Kakamega 16 11 28 18 45
Vihiga 16 18 34 17 51
Bungoma 25 15 39 16 55
Busia 22 12 34 20 53
Siaya 24 22 45 19 63
Kisumu 21 19 40 5 45
Homa Bay 32 11 42 20 61
Migori 37 16 53 21 73
Kisii 21 3 24 16 40
Nyamira 27 4 31 12 42
Nairobi City 20 20 40 4 44
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 250–499 unweighted exposed persons.

1

Table 8.4 Perinatal mortality
Number of stillbirths, number of early neonatal deaths, stillbirth rate, early neonatal mortality rate, perinatal mortality rate, and the ratio of stillbirths
to early neonatal deaths for the 5-year period before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of Ratio of
Number of pregnancies of stillbirths to
Background Number of early neonatal Stillbirth Early neonatal Perinatal 28+ weeks early neonatal
characteristic stillbirths1 deaths2 rate3 mortality rate4 mortality rate5 duration6 deaths
<20 29 50 12 22 34 2,328 0.6
20–29 112 154 11 16 27 9,817 0.7
30–39 108 83 22 17 38 5,008 1.3
40–49 19 13 33 23 55 591 1.5
Previous pregnancy interval
in months7
First pregnancy 56 97 11 19 30 5,038 0.6
<15 47 66 17 24 41 2,799 0.7
15–26 47 44 16 15 31 2,949 1.1
27–38 24 23 11 11 23 2,082 1.0
39+ 95 69 19 14 34 4,876 1.4
Residence
Urban 107 113 16 17 33 6,640 0.9
Rural 161 187 15 17 31 11,104 0.9
No education 33 31 18 17 35 1,829 1.1
Primary 111 128 16 19 35 6,741 0.9
Secondary 82 97 14 16 30 5,998 0.8
More than secondary 42 44 13 14 27 3,176 1.0
Wealth quintile
Lowest 64 65 16 17 32 3,983 1.0
Second 38 48 12 15 27 3,183 0.8
Middle 52 60 17 20 36 3,123 0.9
Fourth 57 71 16 20 36 3,597 0.8
Highest 57 56 15 15 29 3,858 1.0
Total 268 300 15 17 32 17,744 0.9
Note: Respondents may choose to report the duration of their pregnancy in either weeks or months.
1
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal deaths
in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months.
2
Early neonatal deaths are deaths at age 0–6 days among live-born children.
3
Stillbirth rate: the number of stillbirths divided by the number of pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks, expressed per 1,000
4
Early neonatal rate: the number of early neonatal deaths divided by the number of live births, expressed per 1,000
5
Perinatal mortality rate: the sum of the number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths divided by the number of pregnancies lasting 28 or more
weeks, expressed per 1,000
6
Includes pregnancies lasting 7 or more months when duration of pregnancy is reported in months
7
Pregnancy interval categories correspond to birth interval categories of <24 months, 24–35 months, 36–47 months, and 48+ months assuming
a pregnancy duration of 9 months.
8

Table 8.4C Perinatal mortality by county
Number of stillbirths, number of early neonatal deaths, stillbirth rate, early neonatal mortality rate, perinatal mortality rate, and the ratio of
stillbirths to early neonatal deaths for the 5-year period before the survey, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of Ratio of
Number of pregnancies of stillbirths to
Number of early neonatal Stillbirth Early neonatal Perinatal 28+ weeks early neonatal
County stillbirths1 deaths2 rate3 mortality rate4 mortality rate5 duration6 deaths
Mombasa 7 20 15 43 57 463 0.4
Kwale 3 5 10 16 26 306 0.7
Kilifi 15 8 29 16 45 525 1.8
Tana River 2 3 17 18 35 144 1.0
Lamu 1 2 11 30 41 66 0.4
Taita/Taveta 1 3 9 20 29 128 0.4
Garissa 3 6 12 23 35 246 0.5
Wajir 8 4 54 24 76 158 2.4
Mandera 2 3 7 13 20 252 0.5
Marsabit 0 1 3 5 8 131 0.5
Isiolo 1 1 8 14 22 97 0.6
Meru 2 2 4 5 9 474 0.8
Tharaka-Nithi 3 0 22 2 24 130 10.5
Embu 3 2 15 11 25 175 1.4
Kitui 3 3 8 10 19 343 0.8
Machakos 5 8 14 21 34 396 0.7
Makueni 6 3 19 9 28 304 2.0
Nyandarua 4 2 19 8 27 205 2.5
Nyeri 2 4 8 19 27 235 0.4
Kirinyaga 4 5 19 24 43 212 0.8
Murang’a 10 8 29 23 51 336 1.3
Kiambu 24 23 21 21 42 1,112 1.0
Turkana 4 8 13 25 37 317 0.5
West Pokot 9 8 22 20 41 427 1.1
Samburu 3 3 19 18 37 152 1.0
Trans Nzoia 4 4 11 12 23 364 1.0
Uasin Gishu 16 7 31 14 45 524 2.3
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0 2 0 11 11 163 0.0
Nandi 4 5 12 15 28 303 0.8
Baringo 4 8 16 31 46 262 0.5
Laikipia 2 3 11 16 28 166 0.7
Nakuru 17 15 19 17 35 899 1.1
Narok 7 5 12 9 22 575 1.4
Kajiado 7 7 13 13 26 534 1.1
Kericho 4 3 12 9 21 372 1.3
Bomet 6 6 17 18 35 341 0.9
Kakamega 14 7 21 11 32 639 2.0
Vihiga 3 3 19 18 37 170 1.1
Bungoma 5 11 9 19 28 590 0.5
Busia 8 7 22 20 42 343 1.1
Siaya 10 8 29 25 54 323 1.2
Kisumu 9 12 20 28 47 439 0.7
Homa Bay 4 10 10 26 36 381 0.4
Migori 4 14 9 31 40 454 0.3
Kisii 3 11 9 29 38 387 0.3
Nyamira 1 2 6 17 23 135 0.3
Nairobi City 12 18 6 9 14 2,046 0.7
Total 268 300 15 17 32 17,744 0.9
Note: Respondents may choose to report the duration of their pregnancy in either weeks or months.
1
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal
deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months.
2
Early neonatal deaths are deaths at age 0–6 days among live-born children.
3
Stillbirth rate: the number of stillbirths divided by the number of pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks, expressed per 1,000
4
Early neonatal rate: the number of early neonatal deaths divided by the number of live births, expressed per 1,000
5
Perinatal mortality rate: the sum of the number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths divided by the number of pregnancies lasting 28
or more weeks, expressed per 1,000
6
Includes pregnancies lasting 7 or more months when duration of pregnancy is reported in months

Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behaviour
Percent distribution of children born in the 5 years before the survey by category of elevated risk of mortality and the
risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if they were to conceive a child at
the time of the survey, Kenya DHS 2022
Births in the 5 years
before the survey Percentage of
Percentage of Risk currently married
Risk category births ratio women1
Not in any high risk category 31.7 1.00 24.4a
Unavoidable risk category
First order births between age 18 and age 34 25.5 1.34 4.8
In any avoidable high-risk category 42.8 1.48 70.9
Single high-risk category
Mother’s age <18 only 4.7 1.57 0.1
Mother’s age >34 only 3.2 1.63 7.7
Birth interval <24 months only 6.1 2.18 9.4
Birth order >3 only 15.2 1.08 12.9
Subtotal 29.2 1.45 30.2
Multiple high-risk category
Age <18 and birth interval <24 months2 0.2 2.27 0.1
Age >34 and birth interval <24 months 0.2 (1.73) 0.3
Age >34 and birth order >3 7.8 1.33 30.1
Age >34 and birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 1.2 2.86 3.5
Birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 4.2 1.53 6.6
Subtotal 13.7 1.54 40.7
Total 100.0 na 100.0
Subtotals by individual avoidable high-risk category
Mother’s age <18 4.9 1.60 0.2
Mother’s age >34 12.4 1.56 41.7
Birth interval <24 months 11.9 2.01 20.0
Birth order >3 28.4 1.29 53.2
Number of births/women 17,476 na 17,822
Note: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category to the proportion dead
among births not in any high-risk category. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
na = not applicable
1
Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of a child if they were to
conceive at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or older than 34 years and 2 months,
latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest birth being of order 3 or higher.
2
Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3
a
Includes sterilised women

OUNSELLMATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH
CARE 9
Key Findings
 Antenatal care from a skilled provider: Nearly all

women (98%) age 15–49 received antenatal care (ANC)
from a skilled provider for the most recent live birth or
stillbirth in the two years before the survey.
 Timing and number of ANC visits: Two-thirds of the
women had at least four ANC visits during their most
recent pregnancy, including 4% of women who had eight
or more visits. The median number of months pregnant at
first visit for women who received ANC is 4.9 months.
 Components of ANC: Seventy-six percent of the women
who received ANC reported that they were asked about
vaginal bleeding, 81% were counselled about
breastfeeding, and 84% were counselled about a maternal
diet.
 Iron containing supplementation during pregnancy:
Ninety percent of women took iron containing
supplements during pregnancy.
 Protection against neonatal tetanus: Seventy-five
percent of women with a live birth in the two years before
the survey received sufficient tetanus toxoid injections to
protect their baby against neonatal tetanus.
 Institutional deliveries: Eighty-eight percent of live births
and stillbirths in the two years before the survey occurred
at a health facility.
 Delivery by Caesarean: Seventeen percent of births
were delivered by caesarean section.
 Skilled assistance during delivery: Eighty-nine percent
of live births and stillbirths that occurred within two years
before the survey were assisted by a skilled provider.
 Postnatal health check for mothers: More than three
quarters of women (78%) received their first postnatal
health check during the first two days after birth.
 Postnatal health check for newborns: Eighty-three
percent of recent live births in the two years before the
survey received a postnatal check during the first two
days after birth.
H
ealth care services during pregnancy, childbirth, and after delivery are important for the survival
and wellbeing of both the mother and the newborn. Antenatal care (ANC) can reduce health risks
for mothers and newborns by monitoring pregnancies and screening for complications. Delivery
at a health facility, with skilled medical attention and hygienic conditions, reduces the risk of
complications and infections during labour and delivery. Timely postnatal care can treat complications
arising from delivery and teach the mother how to care for herself and her newborn.
Maternal and Newborn Health Care  243

The first part of this chapter presents information on ANC providers, the number and timing of ANC visits,
and various components of care. The second focuses on childbirth and provides information on the place of
delivery, assistance during delivery, and caesarean deliveries. The third section focuses on postnatal care
and presents information on postnatal health checks for mothers and newborns, and men’s involvement in
maternal health care. The fourth section discusses issues that affect women’s health regardless of their
maternal status—whether or not women have been examined for breast or cervical cancer, problems they
experience accessing health care, and the distance from their home to the nearest health facility. The final
section presents information on community health care visits and services.
The National Guidelines on Quality Obstetric and Perinatal Care (NGQOPC) provide specific guidance on
the implementation of policies for reproductive health service delivery, from preconception to post-birth
care of the newborn. The guidelines also specify that pregnant women make eight or more ANC contacts
from previous four or more visits (MoH 2022).
9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CONTENT

9.1.1 Skilled Providers
Antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider

Pregnancy care received from skilled providers, such as doctors, nurses,
midwives, and clinical officers.
Sample: Women age 15–49 who had a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years
before the survey
Nearly all (98%) women age 15–49 who had a live birth or a still birth in the 2 years before the survey
received antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider at least once during pregnancy for the most recent
live birth or stillbirth (Table 9.1).
Trends: The percentage of women Figure 9.1 Trends in antenatal care coverage
who have received ANC from a
Percentage of women age 15–49 who had a live birth in
skilled provider at least once for the 2 years before the survey (for the most recent birth)
their most recent live birth has
steadily increased since 2003, from Received any ANC from
skilled provider
87% in 2003 to 98% in 2022 95 98
94 92
(Figure 9.1). 87
92
characteristics 66
62 Had 4+ ANC visits
58
 Nine percent of women with no 55
49
education did not attend any 44
ANC services for their most
recent birth, compared with less
Had ANC in first
than 1% among women with trimester 29
secondary education or higher.
19
14 13 14
 The percentage of women who 10
did not attend any ANC
1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
services for their most recent KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
birth is highest in Mandera Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative, while data
(23%), Garissa (20 %), and collected before 2003 exclude the North Eastern region and several northern
Wajir counties (16 %)
(Table 9.1C).
244  Maternal and Newborn Health Care

9.1.2 Timing and Number of Antenatal Care Visits
Two-thirds of the women had at least four ANC visits during their most recent pregnancy, including 4% of
women who had eight or more visits (Table 9.2).
Only 29% of women had their first ANC visit during the first trimester. The majority (60%) of women had
their first ANC visit during the fourth to the fifth month of pregnancy, and 9% did not receive any ANC
until the seventh month or later. The median months pregnant at first visit for those who received ANC is
4.9 months.
Trends: There has been a steady increase in the percentage of women who attended ANC visits during the
first trimester, from 10% in 2003 to 29% in 2022. In addition, the percentage of women who have had four
or more ANC visits increased steadily from 48% in 2008–09 to 66% in 2022 (Figure 9.1).
 The percentage of women receiving 4 or more visits declines as birth order for their latest childbirth
increases; from 71% of women for the first-order births to 50% among the sixth or higher order births.
 The percentage of women with four or more ANC visits for their last live birth is higher in urban areas
(74%) than in rural areas (62%).
 As the level of education of mothers increases, the percentage of women who had four or more ANC
visits during the pregnancy of their most recent birth increases from 49% for women with no education
to 83% for those with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of women who attend the first ANC at less than four months pregnant increases with
education level, from 18% among those with no education to 47% among those with more than
 At the county level, the percentage of women who had four or more ANC visits for their last live
births is highest in Nyeri (82%), Kajiado (81%), and Nairobi City (81%) counties, and lowest in
Mandera (40%), West Pokot (35%), and Garissa (31%) counties (Table 9.2C).
9.2 COMPONENTS OF ANTENATAL CARE
Components of antenatal care

Specific antenatal care services performed by a health care provider include
measuring blood pressure, taking a urine sample, taking a blood sample,
listening for a baby’s heartbeat, counselling about the maternal diet,
counselling about breastfeeding, and asking about vaginal bleeding.
Sample – quality of care indicator: Women age 15–49 who had a live birth
or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey and had at least one ANC visit
Sample – population-based indicator: All women age 15–49 who had a live
birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey
The ability for ANC to act as an effective intervention for identifying issues occurring during pregnancy
that could adversely affect pregnancy outcome is dictated in large part by the components of the ANC
services provided by the healthcare provider.

Nearly all women who received ANC for their most Figure 9.2 Components of antenatal care
recent live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the Among women who received ANC for their
survey had their blood pressure measured, blood most recent live birth, the percentage with
sample taken, urine sample taken, and babies’ selected services
heartbeat listened to (Table 9.3.1). Seventy-six
percent of the women reported that they were asked Asked about vaginal
76
about vaginal bleeding, 81% were counselled about bleeding
breastfeeding, and 84% were counselled about
maternal diet (Figure 9.2). Counseled about
81
breastfeeding
A similar pattern was found when all women who
Counseled about
had a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the maternal diet
84
survey were considered (Table 9.3.2).
Baby's heartbeat
Trends: Between 2003 and 2022, the percentage of checked
98
pregnant women who had a urine sample taken for
testing during ANC increased from 49% to 96%. Blood pressure
97
During the same period, the percentage of women measured
who had a blood sample taken during ANC increased
from 56% to 97%, while the percentage who had Urine sample taken 96
their blood pressure measured increased from 81% to
98% (Figure 9.3).
Blood sample taken 98
 The percentage of women asked about vaginal

bleeding is higher in urban areas (81%) than in Figure 9.3 Trends in antenatal care
rural areas (71%) (Table 9.3.2). services
Percentage of women age 15–49 who had
 The percentage of women asked about vaginal a live birth in the 2 years before the survey
bleeding increases with education level from (for the most recent birth)
59% among women with no education to 82% 100
Blood pressure
among women with more than secondary measured
education. 80
Blood sample
taken
 Percentage of women asked about vaginal 60
bleeding increases with wealth quintile from Urine sample
taken
63% among those in the lowest wealth quintile 40
to 85% among those in the highest wealth
quintile. 20
 Counties with the highest percentage of women

0
who were asked about vaginal bleeding are
2003 2008–09 2014 2022
Kwale (94%), Machakos (91%), Isiolo (90%), KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
and Murang’a (90%) counties, while those with Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally
the lowest are Wajir (19%) and Narok (43%) representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
counties (Table 9.3.2C). the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
9.2.1 Deworming and Iron-containing Supplementation During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, women have higher micronutrients needs and are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies,
including iron deficiency, which is a primary cause of anaemia. Severe anaemia can place the mother and
the baby in danger through increased risk of blood loss during labour, preterm delivery, low birth weight,
and perinatal mortality (Haider et al. 2013). To help address maternal anaemia, interventions provide iron

tablets or syrup and/or iron-containing multiple micronutrient supplements to pregnant women (WHO
2016).
Women with a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, whether or not they attended ANC,
were asked if they took iron supplementation and deworming medication during their most recent
pregnancy. Overall, 90% of women age 15–49 who had a live birth or a stillbirth took some form of iron
supplementation, and 28% took deworming medication during their pregnancy. Among women who took
some form of iron supplementation, 17% took the iron supplements for 180 days or more and 37% took the
supplements for 90–179 days (Table 9.4).
Pattern by Background Characteristics
 The percentage of women who took iron-containing supplements during pregnancy increases with
education level, from 79% among those with no education to 94% among those with more than
 The percentage of women who took iron-containing supplements during pregnancy increases with
wealth quintile, from 86% among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 94% among those in the
 The counties with the lowest percentage of women who took iron supplements for more than 180 days
are Garissa (less than 1%), Wajir (1%), and Elgeyo/Marakwet (4%), while those with the highest
percentage are Turkana (48%), Migori (36%), and Kakamega (30%).
9.2.2 Source of Iron-containing Supplements
The source(s) of the iron-containing supplements provides information that can increase understanding of
the distribution patterns of iron-containing supplements.
Among women age 15–49 who took some iron supplementation during the pregnancy of their most recent
live birth or stillbirth, 82% received or purchased iron-containing supplements from a public sector facility,
with 34% obtaining the supplements from a government hospital. Sixteen percent of women received
supplements from the private sector (Table 9.5).
9.3 PROTECTION AGAINST NEONATAL TETANUS
Protection against neonatal tetanus

The number of tetanus toxoid injections needed to protect a baby from
neonatal tetanus depends on the mother’s vaccinations. A birth is protected
against neonatal tetanus if the mother has received any of the following:
 Two tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy
 Two or more injections, the last one within 3 years of the birth
 Three or more injections, the last one within 5 years of the birth
 Four or more injections, the last one within 10 years of the birth
 Five or more injections at any time prior to the birth.
Sample: Women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey
Tetanus toxoid injections are given during pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus, a major cause of early
infant death in many countries. Neonatal tetanus is often caused by failure to observe hygienic procedures
during delivery.
Slightly over one-third (36%) of women received two or more tetanus injections for their most recent live
birth. Overall, 75% women with a live birth in the two years before the survey received sufficient tetanus
toxoid injections to protect their babies against neonatal tetanus (Table 9.6).

Trends: The percentage of live births protected Figure 9.4 Trends in protection against
against neonatal tetanus increased from 70% in neonatal tetanus
2008–09 to 74% in 2014, and to 75% in 2022 Percentage of women age 15–49 with a
(Figure 9.4). live birth in the 2 years before the survey
whose most recent live birth was
Patterns by background characteristics protected against neonatal tetanus
 The percentage of women whose most recent 75

70 74
live birth was protected from tetanus increases
with the mother’s education, from 66% among
women with no education to 81% among those
 Sixty-eight percent of women in the lowest

wealth quintile had their most recent live birth
safeguarded against tetanus compared with 81% 2008–09 2014 2022
of women in the highest wealth quintile. KDHS KDHS KDHS
representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
 The percentage of women whose most recent the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
is slightly higher in urban areas (77%) than in
rural areas (74%).
 The percentage of women whose most recent live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus is
highest in Busia (92%), Taita/Taveta (91%), Nakuru (91%), and Embu (90%) counties, while Mandera
(54%), Garissa (57%), Homa Bay (57%), and Migori (59%) counties have the lowest (Table 9.6C).
9.4 DELIVERY SERVICES

9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries
Institutional deliveries
Deliveries that occur in a health facility.
Sample: All live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years before the survey
Overall, 88% of live births and stillbirths in the 2 years before the survey occurred in a health facility and
11% occurred at home. Sixty-four percent of the live births and stillbirths occurred in a public-sector health
facility, while 18% occurred in a private-sector health facility (Table 9.7).

Trends: Between 1993 and 2003, there was a slight Figure 9.5 Trends in place of birth
decrease in the percentage of live births that took Percentage of live births in the 2 years
place in a health facility, dropping from 42% to 39%. before the survey
However, since 2003, the percentage of live births
occurring in a health facility has more than doubled
Delivered in
to 88% in 2022 (Figure 9.5). health facility
88

57
52 65
Delivered at home
 Ninety-three percent of births for women who
46 34
had four or more ANC visits delivered in a 42 41 39
health facility as opposed to 33% of those who
had no ANC visits. 11
 Ninety-four percent of first-order births that

occurred within two years before the survey 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
were delivered in a health facility. Two-thirds of KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
sixth or higher order births in the same period representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
were delivered in a health facility (Figure 9.6). the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
 Ninety-seven percent of live births in urban areas
Figure 9.6 Health facility births by
are delivered in a health facility compared with
birth order
83% in rural areas.
Percentage of live births in the 2 years
 The percentage of deliveries in a health facility before the survey that were delivered in a
health facility
increases with mother’s level of education, from
50% for mothers with no education to 99% for
mothers with more than secondary level of 94 92
education. 81
66
 The percentage of deliveries in a health facility
ranges from 50% in both Turkana and Mandera
to 99% in both Nairobi City and Nyeri counties
(Table 9.7C and Map 9.1).
1 2–3 4–5 6+
Birth order

Map 9.1 Health facility births by county
Percentage of live births in the 2 years before the survey that were delivered in a health facility
9.4.2 Delivery by Caesarean
A caesarean section is a surgical procedure involving incision of a mother’s abdomen and uterus to deliver
one or more babies. Caesarean sections are essential in situations where vaginal deliveries pose risks to the
mother or the newborn, and they are performed due to emergency maternal or newborn situations such as
foetal distress or maternal complications. However, unnecessary caesarean sections can be harmful to both
the mother and the baby, leading to heavy bleeding, infection, slower recovery times, delays in
breastfeeding, and future complications in pregnancies (Betran et al. 2015). According to the WHO, the
optimal population-level caesarean section rate should be within the range 10–15% based on medical
indications (WHO 2015).
Seventeen percent of live births and stillbirths in the two years before the survey were delivered by
caesarean section.
Trends: Births delivered via caesarean sections have almost doubled in the last eight years, from 9% in
2014 to 17% in 2022.
 The percentage of caesarean section deliveries is twice as high in urban areas (24%) compared with
rural areas (12%).

 Health facilities managed by faith-based organisations and private medical sector (non-NGO) had 28%
each of their live births delivered by caesarean section, compared with 15% in public sector health
facilities.
 Thirty-three percent of live births for women in Figure 9.7 Caesarean section by
the highest wealth quintile were delivered by household wealth
caesarean section compared with 5% of the Percentage of live births in the 2 years
births for women in the lowest wealth quintile before the survey that were delivered by
(Figure 9.7). caesarean section
 The percentage of live births delivered by

caesarean section decreases with increasing birth
order, from 20% among first-order births to 5%
33
among sixth or higher order births. 20
10 14
5
 The percentage of live births delivered by
caesarean section increases with the number of Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
ANC visits; from 4% among women with no
ANC visit to 19% among women with four or Poorest Wealthiest
more visits.
 The percentage of live births delivered by caesarean section increases with mother’s level of
education; from 3% for mothers with no education to 34% for those with more than secondary
education.
 Deliveries by caesarean section in 19 counties is higher than the expected upper limit of 15%.
Kirinyaga has the highest caesarean section delivery rate (40%) followed by Kiambu (33%), Tharaka-
Nithi (30%), Nairobi City (28%), and Taita/Taveta (27%) counties. The counties with the lowest
caesarean section delivery rates are Wajir (2%), Mandera (4%), Turkana (4%), and Samburu (5%)
(Table 9.8C).
9.4.3 Skilled Assistance during Delivery
Skilled assistance during delivery

Births delivered with the assistance of doctors, nurses, midwives, or clinical
officers.
Sample: All live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years before the survey
Access to proper medical attention and hygienic conditions during delivery can reduce the risk of
complications and infections that could lead to death or serious illness for the mother and the baby (Van
Lerberghe and De Brouwere 2001; WHO 2006a).

Overall, 89% of live births and stillbirths that Figure 9.8 Assistance during delivery
occurred in the 2 years before the survey were Percent distribution of births in the 2 years
assisted by a skilled provider. Half of the births were before the survey
assisted by a doctor (51%), while 38% were assisted Relative/
by a nurse, midwife, or a clinical officer (Table 9.9 friend/other No one
and Figure 9.8). 3% 1%
Traditional
Six in ten most recent live births have skin-to-skin birth
contact immediately after birth (Table 9.9). attendant
6%
Trends: The percentage of live births that are Nurse/
midwife/ Doctor
assisted by a skilled provider has increased, from clinical 51%
41% in 2003 to 89% in 2022. officer
38%
 Ninety-seven percent of live births in urban areas

are delivered by a skilled provider compared
with 85% in rural areas.
 Almost all live births (99%) to mothers with more than secondary education were delivered by a
skilled provider compared with 55% of births to mothers with no education.
 The percentage of live births delivered by a skilled provider increases with wealth quintile, from 69%
in the lowest wealth quintile to 99% in the highest quintile.
 The percentage of newborns who had skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth was higher in urban
areas (66%) than in rural areas (57%).
 Seven out of ten live births in public health facilities have skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth
compared with six in ten live births in private medical sector (Non-NGO) health facilities.
 At the county level, the percentage of live births delivered by a skilled provider is lowest in Turkana
(53%), Mandera (55%), Wajir (57%), Samburu (57%), and Tana River (59%) counties (Table 9.9C
and Map 9.2).

Map 9.2 Skilled assistance at delivery by county
Percentage of live births in the two years before the survey assisted by a skilled provider
Duration of Stay in a Health Facility
Twenty-seven percent of women who had a vaginal live birth or stillbirth reported a hospital stay of less
than one day after childbirth. Among women who had a vaginal live birth or stillbirth, 59% stayed in the
health facility for one to two days, while 14% stayed for three or more days. Eighty-four percent of women
who delivered by caesarean section stayed in a health facility for three or more days (Table 9.10).
9.5 POSTNATAL CARE

9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers
A large percentage of maternal and neonatal deaths occur during the first 48 hours after delivery (MOH
2017). Thus, prompt postnatal care (PNC) for both the mother and the child is important to treat any
complications arising from the delivery, as well as to provide the mother with important information on
how to care for herself and her child. Safe motherhood programmes recommend that all women receive a
check of their health during the first two days after birth (MOH 2022).
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, 78% of women
with a live birth and 64% of women with a stillbirth had a postnatal check during the first 2 days after

birth. However, one in five mothers with a live birth or stillbirth did not receive a postnatal check during
the first 2 days after birth (Table 9.11).
Trends: The percentage of women with a live birth who had a postnatal check during the first 2 days after
birth increased from 31% in 2008–09 to 78% in 2022.
 The percentage of women with a live birth who received a postnatal check during the first two days
after a live birth decreases with increasing birth order, from 81% for the first order births to 62% for
sixth or higher order births.
 Fourteen percent of women with a live birth who delivered in a health facility did not receive a
postnatal check, while 62% who delivered elsewhere did not receive a postnatal check.
 Eighty-four percent of women in urban areas received a postnatal check within 2 days after a live birth
compared with 74% of women in rural areas.
 The percentage of women with a live birth who received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after
birth increases with wealth quintile, from 62% in the lowest quintile to 90% in the highest wealth
quintile.
 The percentage of women with a live birth who receive a postnatal check during the first 2 days after
birth is highest in Embu (94%), Kirinyaga (94%), Vihiga (92%), Machakos (92%), and Busia (91%)
counties. Wajir (37%), Marsabit (41%), Garissa (45%), Mandera (46%), and Turkana (58%) have the
lowest percentage of women with a live birth who receive a postnatal check during the first 2 days
after birth (Table 9.11C).
Type of Provider for Mother
Seventy-five percent of women with a live birth or stillbirth received their first postnatal health check
during the 2 days after the most recent live birth from a skilled provider (doctor, nurse, midwife, or clinical
officer). Traditional birth attendants provided the first postnatal check for 2% of women (Table 9.12). At
the county level, the percentage of women who received their first postnatal health check during the 2 days
after the most recent live birth from a skilled provider ranges from 35% in Wajir and Mandera counties
each to 94% in both Kirinyaga and Embu counties (Table 9.12C).
Content of Care for Mother
Thirty-five percent of women with a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey had their blood
pressure checked, 33% were informed about vaginal bleeding, and 29% were counselled about family
planning during the first 2 days after birth by a healthcare provider. Overall, 25% of women had all three
checks performed in the first 2 days after a live birth by a healthcare provider (Table 9.13).
 The percentage of women with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who received all three
checks increases with mother’s level of education, from 16% of women with no education to 29% of
those with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of women with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who received all three
checks increases with wealth quintile, from 17% in the lowest wealth quintile to 29% in the highest
wealth quintile.

 Counties with the highest percentage of women who had all three checks in the first 2 days after birth
were Kwale (47%), Kirinyaga (45%), Kericho (44%), Taita/Taveta (37%), and Nyamira (37%). Those
with the lowest percentage were Wajir (3%), Marsabit (7%), Samburu (9%), Mandera (11%), and
Turkana (12%) counties (Table 9.13C).
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns
About 8 in 10 most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey (83%) received a postnatal check
during the first two days after birth. However, 16% of newborns did not receive any postnatal check
(Table 9.14).
 Ten percent of newborns who were delivered in a health facility did not receive a postnatal check after
birth; 60% who were delivered elsewhere did not receive postnatal check.
 The percentage of newborns who did not receive a postnatal check after birth is two times higher in
rural areas (20%) compared with urban areas (9%).
 The percentage of newborns who received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth increases
with mother’s level of education, from 54% among women with no education to 92% among those
 The percentage of newborns who received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth increases
with wealth quintile, from 68% in the lowest wealth quintile to 92% in the highest wealth quintile.
 The percentage of newborns who received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth ranges
from 38% in Wajir and Garissa counties each to 97% percent in Kirinyaga, Embu, and Vihiga counties
(Table 9.14C).
Type of Provider for Newborns
Eighty percent of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey received their first postnatal
health check during the 2 days after birth from a skilled provider (doctor, nurse, midwife, or clinical
officer). Three percent of the most recent live births received their first postnatal care from a traditional
health attendant (Table 9.15).
The percentage of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey who received their first postnatal
health check during the 2 days after birth from a traditional birth attendant are highest in West Pokot
(18%), Tana River (12%), Mandera (12%), Turkana (11%), and Narok (10%) counties (Table 9.15C).
Content of Care for Newborns
Postnatal counselling about breastfeeding supports exclusive breastfeeding (first 6 months after live birth).
Face-to face-breastfeeding counselling facilitates the observation of positioning and the latch of the infant
and allows for tailored breastfeeding counselling and support (WHO 2018).
Nearly 9 in 10 newborns (88%) were weighed at birth, 77% had their umbilical cord examined, and 71%
had their temperature measured. Sixty-four percent of mothers of newborns were counselled on newborn
danger signs, 76% were counselled on breastfeeding, and 71% were observed while breastfeeding. Overall,
54% of newborns had the five signal functions performed during the first 2 days after birth (Table 9.16).
 The percentage of newborns with the five signal functions performed during the first 2 days after birth
is higher in urban areas (62%) than in rural areas (50%).

increases with level of mother’s education, from 26% for women with no education to 68% among
women with more than a secondary education.
increases with wealth quintile, from 32% in the lowest wealth quintile to 68% in the highest wealth
quintile.
9.5.3 Postnatal Health Checks for Mothers and Newborns
Overall, 74% of both mothers and newborns received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after
delivery, while 13% of both mothers and newborns did not receive a postnatal check (Table 9.17).
 For 83% of births that occurred in a health Figure 9.9 Postnatal care by place
facility, the mother received a postnatal check of delivery
during the first 2 days after delivery, compared Percentage of last live births in the 2 years
with 33% of births that occurred elsewhere. A before the survey for which women and
similar pattern was observed for the newborns; newborns received a postnatal check
during the first 2 days after birth
89% of newborns who were delivered in a health
facility received a postnatal check during the Total Health facility Elsewhere
first 2 days after delivery, compared with 39%
89
who were delivered elsewhere (Figure 9.9). 78
83 83
 The percentage of most recent live births in the 2

years before the survey for which both the
39
mother and the newborn received a postnatal 33
check during the first 2 days after delivery is
higher in urban areas (79%) than in rural areas
(70%).
Women Newborns
 The percentage of most recent live births in the 2
years before the survey for which both the mother and the newborn received a postnatal check during
the first 2 days after delivery decreases with increasing birth order, from 77% of the first order births
to 58% of the sixth or higher order births.
 The percentage of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey for which both the mother
and the newborn received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after delivery increases with level
of mother’s education, from 47% for women with no education to 84% for women with more than
 Similarly, the percentage of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey for which both the
mother and the newborn received a check during the first 2 days after delivery increases with wealth
quintile, from 59% in the lowest wealth quintile to 85% in the highest wealth quintile.
 Embu (93%), Kirinyaga (93%), Vihiga (91%), Machakos (90%), and Busia (90%) counties had the
highest percentage in which both the mother and the newborn received a postnatal check during the
first 2 days after birth. Those with the lowest percentage are Garissa (29%), Wajir (33%), Marsabit
(37%), and Mandera (43%) counties (Table 9.17C).

9.6 MEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN MATERNAL HEALTH CARE
Ninety-five percent of men age 15–49 with the youngest child age 0–2 years reported that the child’s
mother had ANC visits during her pregnancy and 91% reported that their child was born in a health facility
(Table 9.18).
Slightly over half (55%) of men age 15–49 with a youngest child age 0–2 years for whom the mother had
any antenatal check-ups were ever present during any antenatal check-up. Two-thirds of men whose
youngest child age 0–2 years was born in a health facility accompanied the child’s mother to a health
facility.
 The percentage of men age 15–49 who were ever present during any ANC check-up declines with the
number of children ever fathered, from 58% among those with one to three children to 45% among
those with six or more children
 Men in urban areas are more likely to be present during ANC visits (65%) and to accompany the
child’s mother to a health facility during childbirth (72%) than men in rural areas (47% and 62%,
respectively).
 The percentage of men age 15–49 who were ever present during any ANC check-up increases with
their level education, from 34% among those with no education to 70% among those with more than
 The percentage of men age 15–49 who were ever present during any ANC check-up increases with
wealth quintile, from 35% among those in the lowest wealth quintile to 71% among those in the
9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CARE
Problems in accessing health care

Women were asked whether each of the following factors is a big problem in
seeking medical advice or treatment for themselves when they are sick:
 Obtaining permission to go to the doctor
 Obtaining money for advice or treatment
 Distance to a health facility
 Not wanting to go alone.
Slightly more than half (52%) of women age 15-49 have at least one serious problem accessing health care
for themselves when they are sick. The two most common serious problems are obtaining money for
treatment (46%) and the distance to a health facility (24%) (Table 9.19).
 The percentage of women who experienced at least one serious problem in accessing health care for
themselves when they are sick increases with the number of living children, from 47% among those
with no children to 70% among those with 5 or more children.
themselves when they are sick decreases with increasing level of education, from 72% among those
with no education to 31% among those with more than secondary education.

themselves when they are sick decreases with increasing wealth quintile, from 75% among those in the
lowest wealth quintile to 30% among those in the highest wealth quintile.
 Kisumu County reported the highest percentage (94%) of women who experienced at least one serious
problem in accessing health care for themselves when they are sick, followed by Marsabit (90%), Tana
River (88%), Kwale (88%), and Wajir (80%) counties. Those with the lowest percentage are Kericho
(21%), Elgeyo/Marakwet (32%), Laikipia (32%), Kiambu (34%), and Machakos (34%) counties
(Table 9.19C).
 Kisumu County had the highest percentage (92%) of women who reported obtaining money for
treatment as the most serious problem in accessing health care for themselves when they are sick,
followed by Kwale (86%), Marsabit (86%), Tana River (83%) and Wajir (76%) counties. Those with
the lowest percentage are Kericho (17%), Elgeyo/Marakwet (22%), Machakos (26%), Embu (27%)
and Murang’a (28%) counties.
Tana River County had the highest percentage (74%) of women who reported distance to a health
facility as the most serious problem in accessing health care for themselves when they are sick,
followed by Marsabit (67%), Wajir (52%), Kisumu (52%), Kitui (48%), and Samburu (48%) counties.
Those with the lowest percentage are Laikipia (7%), Nairobi City (8%), Kericho (12%), Kiambu
(12%), and Uasin Gishu (14%) counties.
9.8 DISTANCE AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT TO THE NEAREST HEALTH FACILITY

Fifty-two percent of women age 15–49 reported that their travel time from their home to the nearest health
facility is less than 30 minutes. Five percent indicated that their travel time is 2 hours or more. Seven in ten
women (71%) use nonmotorised transportation to travel to the nearest health facility (Table 9.20).
Samburu (39%), Turkana (34%), Marsabit (25%), Kitui (24%), Tana River (22%), and West Pokot (20%)
counties have the highest percentage of women who reported 2 hours or more to travel to the nearest health
facility (Table 9.20C).
9.9 COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE VISITS AND SERVICES

Five percent of women were visited by a community health worker in the 3 months before the survey
(Table 9.21 and Table 9.21C).
The most common health services received or talked about during the community health worker visits are
water, washing, or sanitation (43%), child immunisation (32%), family planning (22%), and child growth
or nutrition (20%).

LIST OF TABLES
For more information on maternal health care, see the following tables:
 Table 9.1 Antenatal care

 Table 9.1C Antenatal care by county
 Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit
 Table 9.2C Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit by county
 Table 9.3.1 Components of antenatal care among women receiving ANC
 Table 9.3.1C Components of antenatal care among women receiving ANC by county
 Table 9.3.2 Components of antenatal care among all women
 Table 9.3.2C Components of antenatal care among all women by county
 Table 9.4 Deworming and iron-containing supplementation during pregnancy
 Table 9.4C Deworming and iron-containing supplementation during pregnancy by county
 Table 9.5 Source of iron-containing supplements
 Table 9.6 Tetanus toxoid injections
 Table 9.6C Tetanus toxoid injections by county
 Table 9.7 Place of delivery
 Table 9.7C Place of delivery by county
 Table 9.8 Caesarean section
 Table 9.8C Caesarean section by county
 Table 9.9 Assistance during delivery
 Table 9.9C Assistance during delivery by county
 Table 9.10 Duration of stay in health facility after birth
 Table 9.11 Timing of first postnatal check for the mother
 Table 9.11C Timing of first postnatal check for the mother by county
 Table 9.12 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother
 Table 9.12C Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother by county
 Table 9.13 Content of postnatal care for the mother
 Table 9.13C Content of postnatal care for the mother by county
 Table 9.14 Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn
 Table 9.14C Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn by county
 Table 9.15 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn
 Table 9.15C Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn by county
 Table 9.16 Content of postnatal care for newborns
 Table 9.16C Content of postnatal care for newborns by county
 Table 9.17 Postnatal checks on mother and newborn
 Table 9.17C Postnatal checks on mother and newborn by county
 Table 9.18 Men’s involvement in maternal health care
 Table 9.18C Men’s involvement in maternal health care by county
 Table 9.19 Problems in accessing health care
 Table 9.19C Problems in accessing health care by county
 Table 9.20 Distance from health care
 Table 9.20C Distance from health care by county
 Table 9.21 Community health care visits and services
 Table 9.21C Community health care visits and services by county

Table 9.1 Antenatal care
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who had a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider
during pregnancy for the most recent live birth or stillbirth and percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider for the most recent live
birth or stillbirth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Antenatal care provider Percentage
receiving
Community antenatal
Nurse/ health Traditional care from a
Background midwife/ worker/ birth skilled Number of
characteristic Doctor clinical officer fieldworker attendant No ANC Total provider1 women
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 47.5 49.6 0.1 0.1 2.7 100.0 97.0 891
20–34 46.3 52.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 100.0 98.4 5,074
35–49 45.0 50.8 0.2 0.0 4.0 100.0 95.8 882
Birth order2
1 49.6 49.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 100.0 98.8 2,043
2–3 46.8 52.2 0.1 0.0 0.9 100.0 99.0 2,879
4–5 44.0 52.5 0.1 0.1 3.2 100.0 96.6 1,242
6+ 38.5 54.5 0.2 0.4 6.4 100.0 93.0 683
Residence
Urban 55.4 43.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 100.0 98.9 2,470
Rural 41.1 56.2 0.1 0.1 2.4 100.0 97.3 4,377
Education3
No education 26.3 63.9 0.2 0.6 9.0 100.0 90.2 639
Primary 47.2 50.5 0.2 0.0 2.1 100.0 97.7 2,417
Secondary 46.9 52.3 0.0 0.0 0.8 100.0 99.1 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 37.8 57.3 0.2 0.3 4.5 100.0 95.1 1,538
Second 41.4 56.4 0.2 0.0 2.0 100.0 97.8 1,244
Middle 42.1 56.2 0.1 0.0 1.6 100.0 98.3 1,234
Fourth 50.2 48.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 100.0 98.8 1,414
Highest 59.6 40.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 99.7 1,417
Total 46.3 51.6 0.1 0.1 2.0 100.0 97.9 6,847
STILLBIRTHS
Total 45.8 44.1 0.8 0.0 9.4 100.0 89.9 110
LIVE BIRTHS AND STILLBIRTHS4
Total 46.3 51.5 0.1 0.1 2.1 100.0 97.8 6,937
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation. Stillbirths
are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal deaths in
pregnancies lasting 7 or more months.
1
Skilled provider includes a doctor, a nurse, a midwife, or a clinical officer.
2
Birth order refers to the order of the birth among the respondent’s live births.
3
4
For women who had both a live birth and a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, data are tabulated for the most recent birth only.

Table 9.1C Antenatal care by county
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who had a live birth in the 2 years before the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during
pregnancy for the most recent live birth and percentage receiving antenatal care from a skilled provider for the most recent live birth,
Antenatal care provider Percentage
receiving
Community antenatal
Nurse/ health Traditional care from a
midwife/ worker/ birth skilled Number of
County Doctor clinical officer fieldworker attendant No ANC Total provider1 women
Mombasa 68.5 30.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 100.0 99.4 170
Kwale 26.9 72.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 99.3 113
Kilifi 34.0 65.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 99.3 188
Tana River 5.6 89.7 0.6 0.7 3.4 100.0 95.3 55
Lamu 38.3 59.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 100.0 97.9 27
Taita/Taveta 21.9 78.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 52
Garissa 6.0 71.5 0.4 1.9 20.2 100.0 77.5 85
Wajir 3.3 80.8 0.0 0.0 16.0 100.0 84.0 52
Mandera 49.9 26.5 0.0 0.9 22.6 100.0 76.4 89
Marsabit 37.4 56.4 1.2 0.0 5.0 100.0 93.8 53
Isiolo 53.2 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 99.3 36
Meru 72.4 26.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 100.0 99.2 206
Tharaka-Nithi 69.4 28.6 0.0 0.0 2.0 100.0 98.0 49
Embu 37.6 62.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 64
Kitui 69.6 24.4 0.0 0.0 5.9 100.0 94.1 142
Machakos 42.6 55.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 100.0 98.0 154
Makueni 12.5 86.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 99.1 121
Nyandarua 49.5 48.8 0.0 0.0 1.7 100.0 98.3 82
Nyeri 64.1 33.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 100.0 97.3 85
Kirinyaga 74.9 25.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 81
Murang’a 70.4 29.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 134
Kiambu 51.9 46.5 0.0 0.0 1.6 100.0 98.4 412
Turkana 8.4 91.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 100.0 99.5 126
West Pokot 53.6 44.2 0.0 0.0 2.1 100.0 97.9 174
Samburu 3.8 89.1 0.0 0.0 7.1 100.0 92.9 59
Trans Nzoia 41.6 57.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 100.0 98.8 135
Uasin Gishu 41.9 56.9 0.0 0.0 1.1 100.0 98.9 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 15.1 84.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 99.3 67
Nandi 62.6 35.1 0.0 0.0 2.4 100.0 97.6 116
Baringo 34.4 65.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 99.3 99
Laikipia 57.1 41.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 100.0 99.0 64
Nakuru 55.7 42.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 100.0 97.7 334
Narok 23.4 73.1 0.0 0.5 3.0 100.0 96.5 235
Kajiado 54.5 45.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 204
Kericho 27.7 68.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 100.0 95.7 141
Bomet 47.7 48.9 0.0 0.0 3.4 100.0 96.6 128
Kakamega 58.3 41.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 287
Vihiga 21.0 78.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 99.1 63
Bungoma 56.3 42.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 98.6 228
Busia 23.7 75.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 100.0 99.4 139
Siaya 20.4 78.7 0.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 99.1 119
Kisumu 30.2 67.8 0.0 0.6 1.4 100.0 98.0 172
Homa Bay 46.6 48.6 3.1 0.0 1.8 100.0 95.1 152
Migori 60.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 182
Kisii 15.3 83.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 98.5 164
Nyamira 37.0 63.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 55
Nairobi City 66.2 33.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 746
Total 46.3 51.6 0.1 0.1 2.0 100.0 97.9 6,847
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualifications is considered in this tabulation.
1

Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who had a live birth and/or a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey by number of antenatal care (ANC) visits during pregnancy
for the most recent live birth or stillbirth, and by the timing of the first visit; and among women with ANC, median months pregnant at first visit, according to background
Median
months
preg-
Number of months pregnant at time nant at
Number of ANC visits of first ANC visit first visit Number
No (for of
ante- Number those women
Background Don’t 4+ ANC natal Don’t of with with
characteristic None 1 2–3 4–7 8+ know Total visits care <4 4–6 7+ know Total women ANC) ANC
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 2.7 4.4 35.6 55.0 2.2 0.2 100.0 57.1 2.7 25.1 57.5 14.5 0.1 100.0 891 5.2 867
20–34 1.5 2.3 27.5 64.2 4.5 0.0 100.0 68.7 1.5 30.2 60.5 7.8 0.0 100.0 5,074 4.8 4,999
35–49 4.0 3.3 32.8 56.6 3.4 0.0 100.0 59.9 4.0 23.0 60.4 12.5 0.1 100.0 882 5.3 847
Birth order1
1 1.2 2.4 25.7 65.8 4.8 0.1 100.0 70.5 1.2 32.8 57.5 8.4 0.0 100.0 2,043 4.7 2,018
2–3 0.9 1.9 28.1 64.7 4.4 0.0 100.0 69.1 0.9 30.5 60.8 7.8 0.0 100.0 2,879 4.8 2,852
4–5 3.2 2.7 33.7 57.3 3.0 0.0 100.0 60.3 3.2 23.5 62.1 11.1 0.1 100.0 1,242 5.1 1,203
6+ 6.4 7.0 36.7 47.8 2.1 0.0 100.0 49.9 6.4 17.5 61.0 15.0 0.2 100.0 683 5.5 640
Residence
Urban 1.1 1.6 23.1 68.5 5.5 0.0 100.0 74.1 1.1 32.8 59.7 6.4 0.0 100.0 2,470 4.7 2,442
Rural 2.4 3.3 32.7 58.3 3.2 0.0 100.0 61.5 2.4 26.3 60.3 10.9 0.1 100.0 4,377 5.0 4,271
Education2
No education 9.0 5.5 36.3 47.5 1.6 0.1 100.0 49.1 9.0 18.4 62.7 9.6 0.4 100.0 639 5.1 582
Primary 2.1 3.6 34.7 56.2 3.5 0.0 100.0 59.6 2.1 24.0 61.5 12.4 0.0 100.0 2,417 5.1 2,366
Secondary 0.8 2.1 28.9 64.4 3.6 0.1 100.0 68.0 0.8 26.9 63.0 9.2 0.1 100.0 2,553 5.0 2,532
More than
secondary 0.4 0.7 15.7 75.9 7.3 0.0 100.0 83.2 0.4 46.5 50.0 3.1 0.0 100.0 1,239 4.1 1,233
Wealth
quintile
Lowest 4.5 5.0 36.6 51.6 2.3 0.0 100.0 53.9 4.5 20.8 63.3 11.4 0.1 100.0 1,538 5.2 1,470
Second 2.0 3.5 35.0 56.2 3.3 0.0 100.0 59.5 2.0 26.2 59.7 12.0 0.1 100.0 1,244 5.1 1,219
Middle 1.6 2.0 31.0 62.0 3.2 0.1 100.0 65.3 1.6 26.8 61.1 10.4 0.1 100.0 1,234 5.0 1,214
Fourth 1.2 2.1 26.9 66.3 3.4 0.0 100.0 69.6 1.2 27.2 61.8 9.8 0.0 100.0 1,414 4.9 1,397
Highest 0.3 0.6 17.1 74.1 8.0 0.0 100.0 82.0 0.3 42.3 54.3 3.1 0.0 100.0 1,417 4.3 1,413
Total 2.0 2.7 29.3 62.0 4.0 0.0 100.0 66.0 2.0 28.6 60.1 9.3 0.1 100.0 6,847 4.9 6,713
STILLBIRTHS
Total 9.4 8.8 34.8 43.7 3.3 0.0 100.0 47.0 9.4 33.4 49.5 7.8 0.0 100.0 110 4.9 99
Total 2.1 2.8 29.3 61.8 4.0 0.0 100.0 65.8 2.1 28.6 60.0 9.3 0.1 100.0 6,937 4.9 6,794
Note: Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies
lasting 7 or more months.
1
2
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes
individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.
3

Table 9.2C Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit by county
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who had a live birth in the 2 years before the survey by number of antenatal care (ANC) visits during pregnancy for the most
recent live birth, and by the timing of the first visit; and among women with ANC, median months pregnant at first visit, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Median
Number of months pregnant at time months
Number of ANC visits of first ANC visit pregnant
at first
No visit (for Number
4+ ante- Number those of
Don’t ANC natal Don’t of with women
County None 1 2–3 4–7 8+ know Total visits care <4 4–6 7+ know Total women ANC) with ANC
Mombasa 0.6 0.6 33.1 61.0 4.3 0.4 100.0 65.3 0.6 21.5 70.2 7.7 0.0 100.0 170 5.4 169
Kwale 0.7 0.0 27.4 68.4 3.5 0.0 100.0 71.9 0.7 24.2 69.5 5.7 0.0 100.0 113 5.0 112
Kilifi 0.7 0.0 22.0 68.5 8.9 0.0 100.0 77.3 0.7 30.9 61.9 6.6 0.0 100.0 188 4.7 186
Tana River 3.4 5.1 30.3 59.9 1.3 0.0 100.0 61.2 3.4 17.1 70.3 9.1 0.0 100.0 55 5.1 53
Lamu 2.1 0.4 27.0 67.1 3.4 0.0 100.0 70.5 2.1 29.9 60.0 8.1 0.0 100.0 27 4.8 26
Taita/Taveta 0.0 6.2 29.0 58.9 6.0 0.0 100.0 64.9 0.0 33.4 53.4 13.2 0.0 100.0 52 4.8 52
Garissa 20.2 9.0 39.6 31.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 31.2 20.2 18.2 55.1 6.4 0.0 100.0 85 4.9 68
Wajir 16.0 5.4 33.7 44.6 0.2 0.0 100.0 44.9 16.0 11.1 59.5 13.5 0.0 100.0 52 5.4 43
Mandera 22.6 4.2 32.3 38.4 2.0 0.5 100.0 40.4 22.6 6.2 68.9 2.3 0.0 100.0 89 5.3 69
Marsabit 5.0 3.5 24.4 64.0 3.1 0.0 100.0 67.1 5.0 27.3 59.7 8.0 0.0 100.0 53 4.8 50
Isiolo 0.7 4.6 41.8 48.6 4.3 0.0 100.0 52.9 0.7 32.1 64.8 2.4 0.0 100.0 36 4.9 36
Meru 0.8 8.2 46.1 41.2 3.8 0.0 100.0 45.0 0.8 20.8 62.8 15.6 0.0 100.0 206 5.3 204
Tharaka-Nithi 2.0 2.4 31.3 60.7 2.4 1.1 100.0 63.2 2.0 24.7 62.6 10.6 0.0 100.0 49 5.0 48
Embu 0.0 1.2 36.7 60.4 1.6 0.0 100.0 62.0 0.0 23.7 67.8 8.5 0.0 100.0 64 5.1 64
Kitui 5.9 1.5 24.3 64.9 3.3 0.0 100.0 68.2 5.9 34.9 53.3 5.8 0.0 100.0 142 4.8 133
Machakos 2.0 6.6 14.5 68.6 8.3 0.0 100.0 76.9 2.0 29.2 59.9 9.0 0.0 100.0 154 4.9 151
Makueni 0.9 3.2 20.2 73.0 2.7 0.0 100.0 75.7 0.9 38.5 48.9 11.7 0.0 100.0 121 4.7 119
Nyandarua 1.7 0.3 37.3 55.2 5.4 0.0 100.0 60.6 1.7 28.7 52.6 16.9 0.0 100.0 82 5.3 81
Nyeri 2.7 0.0 15.1 77.5 4.7 0.0 100.0 82.2 2.7 49.1 45.8 2.4 0.0 100.0 85 4.0 83
Kirinyaga 0.0 0.0 31.3 61.8 5.7 1.1 100.0 67.6 0.0 37.9 52.0 10.2 0.0 100.0 81 4.6 81
Murang’a 0.0 3.0 38.7 55.7 2.6 0.0 100.0 58.3 0.0 24.7 63.0 12.3 0.0 100.0 134 5.2 134
Kiambu 1.6 1.6 29.9 64.4 2.4 0.0 100.0 66.8 1.6 26.3 59.2 12.9 0.0 100.0 412 4.9 406
Turkana 0.5 3.3 38.5 53.5 4.2 0.0 100.0 57.7 0.5 25.8 66.6 7.1 0.0 100.0 126 4.9 126
West Pokot 2.1 8.2 54.6 34.5 0.5 0.0 100.0 35.0 2.1 8.7 66.6 21.8 0.8 100.0 174 6.1 170
Samburu 7.1 8.4 28.3 54.7 1.5 0.0 100.0 56.3 7.1 32.8 46.6 13.2 0.3 100.0 59 4.7 55
Trans Nzoia 1.2 2.7 28.0 65.6 2.5 0.0 100.0 68.1 1.2 30.5 60.9 7.4 0.0 100.0 135 4.8 133
Uasin Gishu 1.1 1.1 25.9 65.6 6.3 0.0 100.0 71.9 1.1 30.5 60.9 7.4 0.0 100.0 210 4.7 208
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.7 2.6 45.2 50.9 0.6 0.0 100.0 51.5 0.7 14.0 72.9 12.5 0.0 100.0 67 5.5 66
Nandi 2.4 2.7 32.8 59.4 2.8 0.0 100.0 62.1 2.4 15.6 69.0 13.0 0.0 100.0 116 5.6 113
Baringo 0.7 5.4 44.5 48.5 0.9 0.0 100.0 49.4 0.7 17.7 67.3 14.3 0.0 100.0 99 5.3 98
Laikipia 1.0 2.3 31.2 64.1 1.4 0.0 100.0 65.5 1.0 24.4 62.7 11.9 0.0 100.0 64 5.0 64
Nakuru 2.3 1.1 23.2 70.0 3.4 0.0 100.0 73.4 2.3 31.2 59.9 6.7 0.0 100.0 334 4.8 326
Narok 3.0 4.3 37.5 53.6 1.7 0.0 100.0 55.3 3.0 19.8 61.8 15.4 0.0 100.0 235 5.4 228
Kajiado 0.0 1.1 17.7 76.2 5.1 0.0 100.0 81.2 0.0 33.5 60.6 5.8 0.0 100.0 204 4.6 204
Kericho 4.3 2.0 35.1 57.1 1.6 0.0 100.0 58.6 4.3 23.1 61.9 10.7 0.0 100.0 141 5.1 135
Bomet 3.4 3.1 40.2 51.2 2.1 0.0 100.0 53.3 3.4 18.0 65.7 12.8 0.0 100.0 128 5.4 124
Kakamega 0.0 2.0 24.6 66.5 6.9 0.0 100.0 73.3 0.0 33.5 57.5 9.0 0.0 100.0 287 4.6 287
Vihiga 0.9 2.3 17.4 74.2 5.2 0.0 100.0 79.4 0.9 54.1 40.7 4.3 0.0 100.0 63 3.8 63
Bungoma 1.4 0.5 25.6 69.4 3.1 0.0 100.0 72.5 1.4 39.4 50.0 8.6 0.6 100.0 228 4.5 225
Busia 0.6 3.1 25.5 64.5 6.3 0.0 100.0 70.7 0.6 29.8 58.3 11.3 0.0 100.0 139 4.8 138
Siaya 0.9 1.2 32.8 62.0 3.0 0.0 100.0 65.1 0.9 32.7 63.5 2.9 0.0 100.0 119 4.8 118
Kisumu 1.4 3.9 31.5 58.3 5.0 0.0 100.0 63.3 1.4 31.3 57.6 9.7 0.0 100.0 172 4.8 170
Homa Bay 1.8 1.7 27.3 65.5 3.3 0.5 100.0 68.8 1.8 25.3 68.5 3.8 0.6 100.0 152 4.9 149
Migori 0.0 2.8 38.7 56.1 2.4 0.0 100.0 58.5 0.0 30.8 55.7 13.5 0.0 100.0 182 4.8 182
Kisii 1.5 4.5 31.2 60.9 1.7 0.0 100.0 62.7 1.5 30.5 55.3 12.7 0.0 100.0 164 4.9 161
Nyamira 0.0 3.8 30.4 62.9 2.8 0.0 100.0 65.8 0.0 18.0 68.7 13.4 0.0 100.0 55 5.6 55
Nairobi City 0.0 1.7 17.8 72.9 7.6 0.0 100.0 80.5 0.0 38.2 58.0 3.8 0.0 100.0 746 4.4 746
Total 2.0 2.7 29.3 62.0 4.0 0.0 100.0 66.0 2.0 28.6 60.1 9.3 0.1 100.0 6,847 4.9 6,713

Table 9.3.1 Components of antenatal care among women receiving ANC
Among women age 15–49 receiving antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage
receiving specific antenatal services from a healthcare provider, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
women with
ANC for their
Among women who received antenatal care for their most recent live birth or stillbirth
most recent
in the last 2 years, percentage who received specific services during ANC from a healthcare provider:
live birth
Blood Urine Blood Baby’s Counselled Counselled Asked about and/or
Background pressure sample sample heartbeat about about vaginal stillbirth in the
characteristic measured taken taken listened for maternal diet breastfeeding bleeding last 2 years
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 97.3 95.6 96.2 96.6 79.1 75.3 67.1 867
20–34 98.1 96.0 97.6 97.8 84.6 82.5 77.3 4,999
35–49 98.2 96.2 97.2 97.6 84.3 80.4 79.1 847
Birth order1
1 98.0 96.1 97.2 97.4 84.1 81.2 73.4 2,018
2–3 98.2 96.8 98.1 98.1 85.4 84.0 79.0 2,852
4–5 98.1 95.6 97.5 97.7 82.4 80.2 77.2 1,203
6+ 96.9 92.4 94.5 96.1 78.5 72.1 70.6 640
Residence
Urban 99.2 98.4 98.7 98.4 89.0 88.2 81.9 2,442
Rural 97.3 94.6 96.6 97.2 80.9 77.4 72.9 4,271
Education2
No education 95.8 88.2 92.8 91.8 75.2 69.2 65.3 582
Primary 98.1 95.8 97.6 98.5 81.3 79.4 73.5 2,366
Secondary 97.9 96.8 97.4 97.5 84.6 83.1 78.4 2,532
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.9 91.2 95.3 95.5 76.2 71.9 66.4 1,470
Second 98.1 95.8 96.9 97.3 79.7 77.9 74.5 1,219
Middle 98.0 96.9 97.8 98.2 85.4 82.6 77.5 1,214
Fourth 98.9 97.1 98.2 98.3 88.4 85.6 78.1 1,397
Highest 99.3 99.3 98.8 99.2 89.6 88.7 84.9 1,413
Total 98.0 96.0 97.4 97.6 83.8 81.3 76.2 6,713
STILLBIRTHS
Total 98.5 91.7 93.8 94.7 71.5 58.6 61.7 99
Total 98.0 95.9 97.3 97.6 83.7 81.0 76.0 6,794
Note: The denominator for this table includes all women with a birth in the 2 years before the survey who received ANC for this birth. Stillbirths are
foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies
lasting 7 or more months.
1
2
3

Table 9.3.1C Components of antenatal care among women receiving ANC by county
Among women age 15–49 receiving antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent live birth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage receiving
specific antenatal services from a healthcare provider, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women who received antenatal care for their most recent live birth in the last 2 years, Number of
percentage who received specific services during ANC from a healthcare provider: women with
ANC for their
most recent
Blood Urine Blood Baby’s Counselled Counselled Asked about live birth in
pressure sample sample heartbeat about about vaginal the last 2
County measured taken taken listened for maternal diet breastfeeding bleeding years
Mombasa 99.5 100.0 98.4 99.2 94.6 94.0 82.4 169
Kwale 98.0 98.1 97.3 98.9 95.2 94.1 94.9 112
Kilifi 95.3 95.4 96.3 96.3 88.6 84.5 74.0 186
Tana River 98.8 98.4 98.7 97.5 89.1 84.7 87.5 53
Lamu 97.7 98.9 98.4 100.0 81.4 62.3 60.4 26
Taita/Taveta 96.1 97.7 97.7 97.7 76.9 78.3 81.8 52
Garissa 97.4 96.8 97.0 95.3 80.6 74.9 69.9 68
Wajir 93.7 86.3 84.8 84.2 46.7 45.8 22.1 43
Mandera 93.2 89.1 90.2 74.0 69.9 61.1 75.9 69
Marsabit 94.7 89.8 92.8 84.9 88.8 87.7 80.1 50
Isiolo 99.1 97.6 99.1 98.8 86.0 90.9 90.9 36
Meru 99.1 95.0 96.7 99.1 70.7 57.9 55.1 204
Tharaka-Nithi 96.7 97.1 97.0 100.0 85.1 80.7 77.0 48
Embu 100.0 97.0 97.7 100.0 91.2 76.0 85.3 64
Kitui 100.0 98.3 100.0 98.8 87.0 89.8 89.9 133
Machakos 99.1 99.1 98.4 99.1 90.3 89.6 93.0 151
Makueni 97.6 96.5 97.6 98.5 89.8 87.5 78.3 119
Nyandarua 98.0 98.0 97.0 96.6 87.3 84.9 81.7 81
Nyeri 96.1 96.3 98.7 100.0 82.7 81.0 75.5 83
Kirinyaga 99.3 98.5 98.1 100.0 91.0 92.8 83.5 81
Murang’a 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 88.8 90.2 89.8 134
Kiambu 98.6 99.3 98.4 98.0 90.9 93.6 85.5 406
Turkana 93.9 78.3 94.0 93.2 83.8 77.7 65.2 126
West Pokot 96.4 85.8 94.8 98.0 79.0 66.6 62.8 170
Samburu 96.8 73.4 90.6 96.0 68.9 59.9 59.4 55
Trans Nzoia 98.7 95.4 95.1 98.2 85.5 83.2 75.0 133
Uasin Gishu 100.0 97.1 95.7 98.8 86.8 83.3 61.8 208
Elgeyo/Marakwet 98.8 98.8 99.4 98.1 73.5 65.0 67.4 66
Nandi 99.2 99.2 97.1 100.0 85.5 75.9 77.7 113
Baringo 99.1 95.8 98.9 98.9 75.3 78.0 75.4 98
Laikipia 94.3 89.5 91.7 92.2 84.1 85.4 81.1 64
Nakuru 99.5 95.8 99.0 97.0 82.9 84.3 74.0 326
Narok 97.3 98.7 98.3 98.6 65.5 51.9 44.4 228
Kajiado 98.3 97.9 95.8 99.3 84.8 83.9 74.4 204
Kericho 99.0 97.9 98.4 99.1 91.5 97.9 93.3 135
Bomet 97.6 95.4 99.3 100.0 82.3 72.0 61.6 124
Kakamega 97.0 96.3 98.2 97.5 85.4 89.9 84.1 287
Vihiga 100.0 98.2 98.3 100.0 75.8 69.7 77.8 63
Bungoma 99.8 95.8 95.2 96.2 85.8 83.1 78.7 225
Busia 99.2 97.7 99.4 98.9 84.8 74.8 73.3 138
Siaya 93.3 92.5 94.5 91.6 79.7 83.7 81.0 118
Kisumu 98.5 98.5 95.2 96.8 93.1 93.2 90.7 170
Homa Bay 95.5 88.1 96.2 98.0 72.2 72.1 65.1 149
Migori 91.6 92.9 97.1 98.6 69.2 68.3 61.1 182
Kisii 97.0 96.7 97.8 100.0 81.5 83.0 84.6 161
Nyamira 98.8 96.8 97.5 97.6 61.4 65.8 66.0 55
Nairobi City 100.0 98.7 100.0 98.7 89.8 86.6 83.1 746
Total 98.0 96.0 97.4 97.6 83.8 81.3 76.2 6,713
Note: The denominator for this table includes all women with a birth in the 2 years before the survey who received ANC for this birth.

Table 9.3.2 Components of antenatal care among all women
Among all women age 15–49 with a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage receiving specific antenatal services
from a healthcare provider for their most recent live birth and/or stillbirth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who received specific services during ANC from a healthcare provider Number of
for their most recent live birth or stillbirth: women with a
live birth
Blood Urine Blood Baby’s Counselled Counselled Asked about and/or
Background pressure sample sample heartbeat about about vaginal stillbirth in the
characteristic measured taken taken listened for maternal diet breastfeeding bleeding last 2 years
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 94.7 93.0 93.6 93.9 77.0 73.3 65.2 891
20–34 96.6 94.6 96.1 96.4 83.3 81.3 76.1 5,074
35–49 94.3 92.4 93.3 93.7 81.0 77.2 75.9 882
Birth order1
1 96.8 94.9 96.0 96.2 83.1 80.2 72.5 2,043
2–3 97.3 95.9 97.2 97.2 84.7 83.2 78.3 2,879
4–5 95.0 92.6 94.4 94.6 79.8 77.6 74.7 1,242
6+ 90.7 86.5 88.5 89.9 73.5 67.5 66.1 683
Residence
Urban 98.1 97.3 97.6 97.2 88.0 87.2 81.0 2,470
Rural 94.9 92.3 94.3 94.9 78.9 75.5 71.1 4,377
Education2
No education 87.2 80.3 84.5 83.6 68.4 63.0 59.4 639
Primary 96.1 93.8 95.6 96.4 79.6 77.7 72.0 2,417
Secondary 97.1 96.1 96.6 96.7 83.9 82.4 77.7 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 91.6 87.1 91.0 91.2 72.8 68.7 63.4 1,538
Second 96.1 93.8 94.9 95.3 78.1 76.3 73.0 1,244
Middle 96.4 95.3 96.3 96.6 84.0 81.3 76.2 1,234
Fourth 97.6 95.9 97.0 97.1 87.3 84.6 77.1 1,414
Highest 99.0 99.0 98.5 98.9 89.4 88.5 84.7 1,417
Total 96.1 94.1 95.5 95.7 82.2 79.7 74.7 6,847
STILLBIRTHS
Total 89.3 83.1 85.0 85.9 64.8 53.1 55.9 110
Total 96.0 93.9 95.3 95.6 82.0 79.4 74.4 6,937
Note: The denominator for this table includes all women with a birth in the 2 years before the survey, whether or not they received ANC for this
birth. Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal
1
2
3
For women who had both a live birth and a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, data are tabulated for the most recent birth only,

Table 9.3.2C Components of antenatal care among all women by county
Among all women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage receiving specific antenatal services from a healthcare
provider for their most recent live birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who received specific services during ANC from a healthcare provider Number of
for their most recent live birth or stillbirth: women with a
Blood Urine Blood Baby’s Counselled Counselled Asked about live birth in
pressure sample sample heartbeat about about vaginal the last
County measured taken taken listened for maternal diet breastfeeding bleeding 2 years
Mombasa 98.9 99.4 97.8 98.6 94.0 93.4 81.9 170
Kwale 97.3 97.4 96.6 98.2 94.6 93.4 94.3 113
Kilifi 94.7 94.8 95.7 95.7 88.0 83.9 73.5 188
Tana River 95.4 95.0 95.3 94.2 86.0 81.8 84.4 55
Lamu 95.7 96.8 96.4 97.9 79.7 61.1 59.2 27
Taita/Taveta 96.1 97.7 97.7 97.7 76.9 78.3 81.8 52
Garissa 77.7 77.2 77.4 76.0 64.3 59.7 55.7 85
Wajir 78.7 72.5 71.3 70.8 39.2 38.5 18.6 52
Mandera 72.1 69.0 69.8 57.2 54.1 47.2 58.7 89
Marsabit 90.0 85.3 88.2 80.7 84.4 83.3 76.2 53
Isiolo 98.3 96.9 98.3 98.1 85.4 90.2 90.2 36
Meru 98.3 94.3 96.0 98.3 70.2 57.4 54.7 206
Tharaka-Nithi 94.7 95.1 95.1 98.0 83.4 79.1 75.5 49
Embu 100.0 97.0 97.7 100.0 91.2 76.0 85.3 64
Kitui 94.1 92.4 94.1 92.9 81.9 84.5 84.6 142
Machakos 97.1 97.1 96.4 97.1 88.5 87.8 91.1 154
Makueni 96.7 95.6 96.6 97.6 88.9 86.7 77.6 121
Nyandarua 96.3 96.3 95.4 94.9 85.8 83.4 80.3 82
Nyeri 93.5 93.7 96.0 97.3 80.4 78.8 73.4 85
Kirinyaga 99.3 98.5 98.1 100.0 91.0 92.8 83.5 81
Murang’a 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 88.8 90.2 89.8 134
Kiambu 97.0 97.7 96.8 96.5 89.5 92.1 84.1 412
Turkana 93.5 77.9 93.5 92.8 83.4 77.4 64.9 126
West Pokot 94.4 83.9 92.7 95.9 77.3 65.2 61.4 174
Samburu 89.9 68.2 84.2 89.2 64.0 55.6 55.2 59
Trans Nzoia 97.6 94.3 94.0 97.1 84.5 82.3 74.1 135
Uasin Gishu 98.9 96.0 94.6 97.7 85.8 82.3 61.0 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 98.1 98.1 98.7 97.4 73.0 64.5 66.9 67
Nandi 96.9 96.9 94.8 97.6 83.5 74.1 75.9 116
Baringo 98.4 95.2 98.2 98.3 74.8 77.5 74.9 99
Laikipia 93.4 88.6 90.8 91.3 83.2 84.6 80.3 64
Nakuru 97.2 93.6 96.7 94.8 81.0 82.4 72.3 334
Narok 94.5 95.8 95.4 95.7 63.5 50.4 43.1 235
Kajiado 98.3 97.9 95.8 99.3 84.8 83.9 74.4 204
Kericho 94.8 93.7 94.2 94.8 87.5 93.7 89.3 141
Bomet 94.2 92.2 95.9 96.6 79.5 69.5 59.5 128
Kakamega 97.0 96.3 98.2 97.5 85.4 89.9 84.1 287
Vihiga 99.1 97.3 97.5 99.1 75.1 69.1 77.1 63
Bungoma 98.4 94.4 93.9 94.9 84.7 81.9 77.6 228
Busia 98.6 97.1 98.8 98.3 84.2 74.3 72.8 139
Siaya 92.5 91.7 93.7 90.8 79.0 82.9 80.3 119
Kisumu 97.2 97.2 93.9 95.5 91.9 92.0 89.4 172
Homa Bay 93.8 86.5 94.5 96.3 70.9 70.8 63.9 152
Migori 91.6 92.9 97.1 98.6 69.2 68.3 61.1 182
Kisii 95.5 95.2 96.3 98.5 80.2 81.7 83.3 164
Nyamira 98.8 96.8 97.5 97.6 61.4 65.8 66.0 55
Nairobi City 100.0 98.7 100.0 98.7 89.8 86.6 83.1 746
Total 96.1 94.1 95.5 95.7 82.2 79.7 74.7 6,847
Note: The denominator for this table includes all women with a birth in the 2 years before the survey, whether or not they received ANC for this
birth.

Table 9.4 Deworming and iron-containing supplementation during pregnancy
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, percentages who took deworming medication, and took any iron-containing
supplements during the pregnancy of the most recent live birth or stillbirth, and percent distribution of the number of days during which women age 15–49 with
a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey took iron-containing supplements during pregnancy for the most recent live birth or stillbirth, according to
Among women with a live birth
and/or stillbirth in the last 2 years,
percentage who during pregnancy The number of days during which women with a live birth and/or
for the most recent live stillbirth in the last 2 years took iron-containing supplements2
Number of
birth or stillbirth: during pregnancy for the most recent live birth or stillbirth: women with
Took any a live birth
iron- and/or
Took containing stillbirth in
Background deworming Number of supple- Don’t the last
characteristic medication1 women ments2 None <60 60–89 90–179 180+ know Total 2 years
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 20.9 446 86.3 13.7 24.4 12.8 35.5 12.5 1.2 100.0 891
20–34 28.8 2,648 91.4 8.6 22.4 11.5 38.3 18.4 0.9 100.0 5,074
35–49 29.8 429 86.8 13.2 24.0 12.8 33.5 15.6 0.9 100.0 882
Birth order3
1 26.5 978 91.7 8.3 21.4 11.2 38.9 18.7 1.5 100.0 2,043
2–3 29.1 1,530 91.7 8.3 21.1 11.6 40.7 17.3 0.9 100.0 2,879
4–5 27.6 684 88.7 11.3 27.2 12.8 31.7 16.5 0.3 100.0 1,242
6+ 27.6 332 82.1 17.9 26.5 13.0 28.0 14.2 0.4 100.0 683
Residence
Urban 28.0 1,273 91.1 8.9 21.3 10.7 38.9 18.9 1.3 100.0 2,470
Rural 27.9 2,251 89.7 10.3 23.7 12.5 36.4 16.4 0.7 100.0 4,377
Education4
No education 21.7 340 79.0 21.0 25.1 13.4 23.6 16.7 0.4 100.0 639
Primary 29.8 1,232 88.7 11.3 26.3 12.5 34.7 14.5 0.7 100.0 2,417
Secondary 27.0 1,314 92.6 7.4 21.7 11.9 42.0 15.7 1.3 100.0 2,553
More than
secondary 29.4 637 93.6 6.4 17.4 9.5 39.7 26.2 0.9 100.0 1,239
Wealth
quintile
Lowest 26.3 765 86.2 13.8 25.4 11.7 32.9 15.8 0.5 100.0 1,538
Second 28.3 648 89.1 10.9 24.6 12.7 35.7 15.4 0.8 100.0 1,244
Middle 26.7 630 89.8 10.2 21.5 12.6 39.6 15.6 0.6 100.0 1,234
Fourth 28.1 772 92.0 8.0 23.6 12.4 39.9 14.7 1.4 100.0 1,414
Highest 30.2 709 93.8 6.2 19.0 10.0 38.8 24.6 1.3 100.0 1,417
Total 27.9 3,523 90.2 9.8 22.8 11.8 37.3 17.3 0.9 100.0 6,847
STILLBIRTHS
Total 23.7 58 79.3 20.7 16.5 12.9 35.1 14.8 0.0 100.0 110
5
LIVE BIRTHS AND STILLBIRTHS
Total 27.8 3,575 90.0 10.0 22.8 11.8 37.3 17.2 0.9 100.0 6,937
1
Data for this indicator were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
2
Iron tablets, iron syrup, or iron and folic acid supplements.
3
4
5

Table 9.4C Deworming and iron-containing supplementation during pregnancy by county
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey, took deworming medication, and took any iron-containing supplements during
the pregnancy of the most recent live birth, and percent distribution of the number of days during which women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years
before the survey took iron-containing supplements during pregnancy for the most recent live birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women with a live birth
in the last 2 years, percentage The number of days during which women with a live birth
who during pregnancy for in the last 2 years took iron-containing supplements2
the most recent live birth: during pregnancy for the most recent live birth:
Took any Number of
iron- women with
Took containing a live birth
deworming Number of supple- Don’t in the last
County medication1 women ments2 None <60 60–89 90–179 180+ know Total 2 years
Mombasa 46.0 94 94.1 5.9 37.8 8.7 34.7 11.2 1.7 100.0 170
Kwale 69.9 60 96.2 3.8 13.4 10.6 54.1 18.1 0.0 100.0 113
Kilifi 68.0 93 95.1 4.9 18.9 9.5 47.4 19.3 0.0 100.0 188
Tana River 51.3 29 86.6 13.4 21.9 15.1 26.9 22.2 0.5 100.0 55
Lamu 77.8 16 87.1 12.9 18.5 13.7 40.9 13.8 0.3 100.0 27
Taita/Taveta (68.0) 24 92.8 7.2 23.4 3.2 39.4 26.8 0.0 100.0 52
Garissa 2.3 47 48.0 52.0 21.2 17.0 9.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 85
Wajir 11.8 27 72.0 28.0 54.2 5.2 11.6 0.5 0.5 100.0 52
Mandera 16.1 47 61.4 38.6 41.5 5.0 4.3 10.0 0.7 100.0 89
Marsabit 21.3 28 87.0 13.0 27.1 17.1 35.8 7.1 0.0 100.0 53
Isiolo 32.8 21 84.7 15.3 14.6 8.2 28.7 25.0 8.2 100.0 36
Meru 14.5 98 83.7 16.3 43.0 12.4 20.7 7.3 0.3 100.0 206
Tharaka-Nithi 32.4 26 93.3 6.7 30.4 3.7 47.7 11.6 0.0 100.0 49
Embu (70.0) 31 88.2 11.8 9.6 11.0 54.6 12.5 0.4 100.0 64
Kitui 13.7 72 88.6 11.4 10.1 12.3 41.0 25.2 0.0 100.0 142
Machakos 6.1 76 92.5 7.5 21.0 9.1 39.1 22.5 0.9 100.0 154
Makueni 30.5 60 93.1 6.9 12.1 8.4 55.4 17.1 0.0 100.0 121
Nyandarua 30.5 47 92.2 7.8 23.4 14.6 43.5 10.7 0.0 100.0 82
Nyeri (24.6) 49 90.6 9.4 27.3 7.2 35.7 20.4 0.0 100.0 85
Kirinyaga 54.6 45 92.7 7.3 13.1 11.7 36.1 21.7 10.2 100.0 81
Murang’a 45.8 69 90.9 9.1 19.2 11.4 37.7 22.5 0.0 100.0 134
Kiambu 17.5 199 93.2 6.8 22.1 19.6 35.1 13.6 2.9 100.0 412
Turkana 24.1 64 96.9 3.1 10.7 10.2 28.6 47.5 0.0 100.0 126
West Pokot 13.5 87 87.2 12.8 21.4 18.8 36.4 10.6 0.0 100.0 174
Samburu 14.5 29 84.5 15.5 23.3 8.1 29.6 23.1 0.5 100.0 59
Trans Nzoia 11.8 77 92.9 7.1 30.3 9.8 40.9 11.8 0.0 100.0 135
Uasin Gishu 18.1 106 93.5 6.5 23.1 15.8 37.6 17.0 0.0 100.0 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 28.7 33 86.0 14.0 26.9 19.4 35.4 3.7 0.6 100.0 67
Nandi 3.6 58 80.7 19.3 26.7 9.1 35.7 8.9 0.2 100.0 116
Baringo 30.3 52 84.2 15.8 20.2 18.6 40.7 4.7 0.0 100.0 99
Laikipia 16.0 32 91.7 8.3 16.4 14.7 42.0 18.5 0.0 100.0 64
Nakuru 25.9 166 93.5 6.5 24.2 12.8 41.7 14.8 0.0 100.0 334
Narok 13.0 119 83.8 16.2 41.9 9.0 26.5 6.5 0.0 100.0 235
Kajiado 25.8 102 94.8 5.2 23.2 12.4 38.3 20.8 0.0 100.0 204
Kericho 19.2 79 90.4 9.6 28.6 12.8 34.0 15.0 0.0 100.0 141
Bomet 13.9 63 90.8 9.2 27.1 20.0 34.7 8.9 0.0 100.0 128
Kakamega 32.1 152 92.7 7.3 14.3 7.9 39.3 30.0 1.2 100.0 287
Vihiga 28.7 36 98.2 1.8 15.5 18.8 40.3 23.6 0.0 100.0 63
Bungoma 44.5 106 90.3 9.7 9.1 10.5 54.0 13.4 3.1 100.0 228
Busia 34.1 74 94.5 5.5 32.2 19.6 30.3 12.4 0.0 100.0 139
Siaya 55.1 53 89.3 10.7 17.2 9.0 43.9 18.8 0.4 100.0 119
Kisumu 37.0 79 94.8 5.2 15.0 14.2 47.0 18.6 0.0 100.0 172
Homa Bay 32.3 72 89.1 10.9 25.8 8.4 24.8 26.1 3.9 100.0 152
Migori 44.4 97 92.2 7.8 14.6 9.3 32.2 36.1 0.0 100.0 182
Kisii 8.0 94 94.7 5.3 32.4 17.1 35.5 9.6 0.0 100.0 164
Nyamira 6.7 32 93.6 6.4 29.0 6.2 28.0 15.2 15.2 100.0 55
Nairobi City 26.4 403 91.2 8.8 19.4 7.4 41.7 21.5 1.1 100.0 746
Total 27.9 3,523 90.2 9.8 22.8 11.8 37.3 17.3 0.9 100.0 6,847
1
Data for this indicator were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49
unweighted cases.
2

Table 9.5 Source of iron-containing supplements
Among women age 15–49 who had a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey who were
given or bought iron-containing supplements during the pregnancy of the most recent live birth or stillbirth,
percentage who obtained supplements, according to source, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who obtained iron-containing
supplements1 from each source:
Live Live births and
Source births Stillbirths stillbirths2
Public sector 81.5 87.2 81.6
Government hospital 33.7 42.6 33.7
Government health centre 21.1 24.6 21.1
Government dispensary 28.7 24.6 28.7
Mobile clinic 0.2 0.0 0.2
Private medical sector (non-NGO) 16.4 12.3 16.4
Private hospital 11.1 6.0 11.1
Private clinic 2.6 0.0 2.6
Pharmacy 3.0 6.3 3.0
Private medical sector (NGO) 0.3 0.0 0.3
NGO hospital 0.2 0.0 0.2
NGO clinic 0.1 0.0 0.1
FBO Medical Sector 3.7 3.0 3.7
FBO/Mission hospital 3.3 3.0 3.3
FBO/Mission clinic 0.3 0.0 0.3
FBO/Mobile clinic 0.1 0.0 0.1
Other private sector 0.1 0.0 0.1
Shop 0.1 0.0 0.1
Other 0.1 0.0 0.1
Number of women 6,309 90 6,385
Note: Supplements may have been obtained from more than one source. Stillbirths are foetal deaths in
pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal
CHW = community health worker
1
2
For women who had both a live birth and a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, data are tabulated
for the most recent birth only.

Table 9.6 Tetanus toxoid injections
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey,
percentage receiving two or more tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy for
the most recent live birth and percentage whose most recent live birth was protected
against neonatal tetanus, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage
receiving two or Percentage
more injections whose most
during the recent live birth
pregnancy for was protected
Background the most recent against neonatal Number of
characteristic live birth tetanus1 women
Age at birth
<20 55.3 67.9 891
20–34 36.1 77.2 5,074
35–49 18.5 69.7 882
Birth order2
1 69.7 75.9 2,043
2–3 25.8 77.1 2,879
4–5 18.6 73.2 1,242
6+ 13.0 66.9 683
Residence
Urban 41.3 77.0 2,470
Rural 33.5 73.9 4,377
Education3
No education 21.1 66.1 639
Primary 27.5 71.8 2,417
Secondary 43.3 77.2 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 27.9 68.4 1,538
Second 34.1 73.3 1,244
Middle 36.5 74.8 1,234
Fourth 40.0 77.8 1,414
Highest 43.6 81.2 1,417
Total 36.3 75.0 6,847
1
Includes women with two injections during the pregnancy for the most recent live
birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the most recent live birth),
or three or more injections (the last within 5 years of the most recent live birth), or
four or more injections (the last within 10 years of the most recent live birth), or five
or more injections at any time prior to the most recent live birth.
2
3
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and
attended.

Table 9.6C Tetanus toxoid injections by county
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey,
percentage receiving two or more tetanus toxoid injections during the
pregnancy for the most recent live birth and percentage whose most recent
live birth was protected against neonatal tetanus, according to county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Percentage
receiving two or Percentage
more injections whose most
during the recent live birth
pregnancy for was protected
the most recent against neonatal Number of
County live birth tetanus1 women
Mombasa 39.9 62.3 170
Kwale 44.4 75.2 113
Kilifi 36.7 71.0 188
Tana River 20.2 62.2 55
Lamu 31.8 81.8 27
Garissa 32.6 57.2 85
Wajir 22.8 60.7 52
Mandera 18.0 53.6 89
Marsabit 33.0 67.0 53
Isiolo 28.5 77.8 36
Meru 27.1 69.4 206
Embu 58.2 89.6 64
Kitui 28.1 65.7 142
Machakos 35.6 64.2 154
Makueni 41.4 83.5 121
Nyandarua 33.5 75.8 82
Nyeri 55.5 73.7 85
Kirinyaga 44.7 64.6 81
Murang’a 30.8 86.0 134
Kiambu 40.9 86.1 412
Turkana 22.7 86.4 126
West Pokot 25.6 70.6 174
Samburu 20.4 62.1 59
Nandi 33.2 75.7 116
Baringo 26.4 76.0 99
Laikipia 53.6 84.2 64
Nakuru 38.4 90.7 334
Narok 31.3 75.1 235
Kajiado 41.9 78.3 204
Kericho 36.0 87.7 141
Bomet 24.6 82.8 128
Kakamega 43.3 79.4 287
Vihiga 29.7 84.8 63
Bungoma 44.6 74.2 228
Busia 40.5 91.5 139
Siaya 43.3 64.9 119
Kisumu 29.0 73.5 172
Homa Bay 29.6 57.3 152
Migori 32.8 59.2 182
Kisii 30.8 84.4 164
Nyamira 43.3 76.9 55
Nairobi City 40.6 74.5 746
Total 36.3 75.0 6,847
1
Includes women with two injections during the pregnancy for the most recent
live birth, or two or more injections (the last within 3 years of the most recent
live birth), or three or more injections (the last within 5 years of the most recent
live birth), or four or more injections (the last within 10 years of the most recent
live birth), or five or more injections at any time prior to the most recent live
birth.

Table 9.7 Place of delivery
Percent distribution of live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years before the survey by place of delivery and percentage delivered in a health facility,
Health facility
Private Private Faith-based Percentage
medical medical organi- delivered in
Background Public sector sector sation a health Number of
characteristic sector (non-NGO) (NGO) (FBO) Home Other Total facility births
LIVE BIRTHS

<20 70.9 12.6 0.3 4.1 11.8 0.2 100.0 88.0 920
20–34 63.8 19.0 0.3 5.8 10.5 0.5 100.0 89.0 5,274
35–49 56.0 19.6 0.4 7.3 16.0 0.7 100.0 83.3 907
Birth order1
1 68.0 19.6 0.5 6.0 5.8 0.1 100.0 94.1 2,149
2–3 65.5 20.3 0.2 6.1 7.6 0.4 100.0 92.0 2,950
4–5 59.0 16.3 0.1 6.1 17.6 0.8 99.9 81.4 1,287
6+ 52.3 9.5 0.6 3.7 32.4 1.5 100.0 66.1 715
Antenatal care visits2
None 27.6 5.7 0.0 0.1 66.6 0.0 100.0 33.4 135
1–3 64.7 12.9 0.4 4.7 16.6 0.8 100.0 82.6 2,188
4+ 64.3 21.3 0.2 6.6 7.1 0.4 100.0 92.5 4,522
Residence
Urban 61.8 29.4 0.4 5.4 3.0 0.0 100.0 97.0 2,562
Rural 64.8 12.0 0.2 6.0 16.1 0.8 100.0 83.1 4,539
No education 43.1 4.6 0.2 1.7 48.8 1.6 100.0 49.6 666
Primary 68.5 12.2 0.3 4.5 13.8 0.6 99.9 85.5 2,501
Secondary 70.6 18.6 0.1 5.7 4.6 0.4 100.0 95.0 2,653
More than secondary 51.1 36.5 0.5 10.7 1.2 0.0 100.0 98.8 1,281
Wealth quintile
Lowest 56.7 5.5 0.3 3.2 32.7 1.4 99.9 65.8 1,593
Second 69.9 12.0 0.1 6.1 11.4 0.7 100.0 87.9 1,296
Middle 73.1 13.8 0.1 6.6 6.2 0.2 100.0 93.5 1,284
Fourth 71.7 19.0 0.4 6.3 2.6 0.0 100.0 97.4 1,466
Highest 49.9 41.0 0.5 7.2 1.5 0.0 100.0 98.5 1,462
Total 63.7 18.3 0.3 5.8 11.4 0.5 100.0 88.1 7,101
STILLBIRTHS
Total 70.5 11.0 0.0 6.6 10.4 1.5 100.0 88.1 118
Total 63.9 18.1 0.3 5.8 11.4 0.5 100.0 88.1 7,219
Note: Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal
deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months. Total includes 6 births (unweighted) for whom information on antenatal care visit is missing.
1
2
Includes only the most recent birth in the 2 years before the survey.
3

Table 9.7C Place of delivery by county
Percent distribution of live births a in the 2 years before the survey by place of delivery and percentage delivered in a health facility, according to
Health facility
Private Private Faith-based Percentage
medical medical organi- delivered in
Public sector sector sation a health Number of
County sector (non-NGO) (NGO) (FBO) Home Other Total facility births
Mombasa 67.7 26.5 0.0 1.4 4.5 0.0 100.0 95.5 187
Kwale 76.9 7.1 0.0 0.0 14.5 1.4 100.0 84.1 119
Kilifi 68.7 15.2 0.0 0.7 14.1 1.4 100.0 84.5 191
Tana River 49.9 1.2 0.0 0.5 48.2 0.2 100.0 51.6 56
Lamu 87.2 3.1 0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 100.0 90.3 29
Taita/Taveta 70.3 22.9 0.0 0.6 6.2 0.0 100.0 93.8 54
Garissa 49.3 12.2 0.0 0.0 38.6 0.0 100.0 61.4 94
Wajir 47.5 3.6 2.5 0.0 46.4 0.0 100.0 53.6 56
Mandera 46.6 3.8 0.0 0.0 49.6 0.0 100.0 50.4 95
Marsabit 58.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 40.7 0.0 100.0 59.3 54
Isiolo 73.4 10.4 0.0 0.0 16.3 0.0 100.0 83.7 37
Meru 63.8 7.8 0.0 20.5 5.9 2.0 100.0 92.1 207
Tharaka-Nithi 64.0 10.9 0.0 19.6 3.9 1.7 100.0 94.5 50
Embu 57.9 28.5 0.0 8.9 3.5 1.2 100.0 95.3 69
Kitui 64.5 11.7 0.0 3.2 19.8 0.8 100.0 79.5 145
Machakos 70.0 23.1 0.0 2.3 4.7 0.0 100.0 95.3 166
Makueni 75.8 12.2 0.0 2.0 10.0 0.0 100.0 90.0 126
Nyandarua 77.1 18.2 0.0 1.8 2.2 0.8 100.0 97.1 84
Nyeri 88.8 10.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 100.0 99.1 88
Kirinyaga 70.8 20.7 0.0 5.7 2.7 0.0 100.0 97.3 84
Murang’a 78.2 5.8 0.0 12.2 3.8 0.0 100.0 96.2 142
Kiambu 59.5 29.7 0.0 8.5 1.8 0.5 100.0 97.7 420
Turkana 41.6 1.1 0.5 6.2 47.2 3.4 100.0 49.5 130
West Pokot 53.1 2.4 0.0 4.3 39.1 1.2 100.0 59.8 177
Samburu 42.1 7.1 0.0 6.3 44.6 0.0 100.0 55.4 62
Trans Nzoia 72.3 12.8 0.0 7.8 7.1 0.0 100.0 92.9 137
Uasin Gishu 73.4 17.6 0.0 3.2 5.3 0.4 100.0 94.3 219
Elgeyo/Marakwet 70.5 6.3 8.6 10.1 4.5 0.0 100.0 95.5 69
Nandi 69.8 11.1 0.0 4.7 14.4 0.0 100.0 85.6 118
Baringo 49.6 8.5 0.0 21.3 18.6 2.1 100.0 79.3 103
Laikipia 76.8 10.3 0.0 3.0 10.0 0.0 100.0 90.0 65
Nakuru 75.1 18.4 0.0 0.5 6.0 0.0 100.0 94.0 342
Narok 58.4 5.8 0.0 5.2 30.7 0.0 100.0 69.3 242
Kajiado 62.3 20.4 0.0 1.9 15.4 0.0 100.0 84.6 205
Kericho 73.7 16.0 0.0 1.2 9.1 0.0 100.0 90.9 147
Bomet 43.7 12.8 0.0 30.4 12.8 0.3 100.0 86.9 137
Kakamega 76.4 13.7 0.0 6.2 3.2 0.6 100.0 96.3 298
Vihiga 69.9 21.0 0.0 5.3 2.8 1.0 100.0 96.2 67
Bungoma 53.4 25.1 0.8 8.2 11.9 0.0 99.4 87.6 243
Busia 78.4 5.3 0.0 0.9 15.3 0.0 100.0 84.7 145
Siaya 71.1 13.4 0.0 5.9 9.0 0.6 100.0 90.3 125
Kisumu 76.8 17.7 0.0 1.6 3.9 0.0 100.0 96.1 177
Homa Bay 58.5 27.6 0.3 5.1 8.1 0.4 100.0 91.5 156
Migori 69.5 19.6 0.0 3.0 4.5 3.4 100.0 92.1 190
Kisii 60.3 15.7 0.0 17.5 5.7 0.8 100.0 93.5 168
Nyamira 71.7 19.7 0.0 2.2 6.3 0.0 100.0 93.7 57
Nairobi City 48.2 44.0 1.3 6.0 0.6 0.0 100.0 99.4 773
Total 63.7 18.3 0.3 5.8 11.4 0.5 100.0 88.1 7,101


Table 9.8 Caesarean section
Percentage of live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years before the

survey delivered by caesarean section (C-section), according to
Percentage
Background delivered by Number
characteristic C-section of births
LIVE BIRTHS

<20 9.7 920
20–34 17.3 5,274
35–49 18.7 907
Birth order1
1 20.1 2,149
2–3 18.6 2,950
4–5 12.0 1,287
6+ 4.7 715
None 3.6 135
1–3 10.2 2,188
4+ 19.4 4,522
Place of delivery
Health facility 18.0 5,844
Public sector 15.3 4,527
Private medical sector
(non-NGO) 27.8 1,297
(NGO) * 20
Faith-based organisation
(FBO) 28.2 412
Residence
Urban 23.8 2,562
Rural 12.3 4,539
Primary 11.6 2,501
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.4 1,593
Second 10.0 1,296
Middle 14.0 1,284
Fourth 20.3 1,466
Highest 32.5 1,462
Total 16.5 7,101
STILLBIRTHS
Total 16.1 118
Total 16.5 7,219
Note: The question on C-section is asked only of women who

delivered in a health facility. In this table, it is assumed that women
who did not give birth in health facility did not receive a C-section.
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more
weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths
are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months. Total
includes 6 births (unweighted) for whom information on antenatal
care visit is missing. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
1
Birth order refers to the order of the birth among the respondent’s
live births.
2
Includes only the most recent birth in the 2 years before the
survey.
3
education), and more than secondary includes middle-level
colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who
reported vocational training as the highest education level
attended.

Table 9.8C Caesarean section by county
Percentage of live births in the 2 years before the survey

delivered by caesarean section (C-section), according to
Percentage
delivered by Number
County C-section of births
Mombasa 18.8 187
Kwale 6.3 119
Kilifi 9.1 191
Tana River 6.9 56
Lamu 19.4 29
Garissa 11.2 94
Wajir 2.4 56
Mandera 3.7 95
Marsabit 6.2 54
Isiolo 12.3 37
Meru 22.9 207
Embu 22.4 69
Kitui 14.9 145
Machakos 17.2 166
Makueni 22.5 126
Nyandarua 13.4 84
Nyeri 18.1 88
Kirinyaga 40.3 84
Murang’a 19.7 142
Kiambu 33.2 420
Turkana 4.3 130
West Pokot 9.6 177
Samburu 4.9 62
Trans Nzoia 9.8 137
Nandi 10.1 118
Baringo 7.4 103
Laikipia 12.4 65
Nakuru 14.5 342
Narok 8.8 242
Kajiado 23.3 205
Kericho 21.3 147
Bomet 15.9 137
Kakamega 8.2 298
Vihiga 16.5 67
Bungoma 11.3 243
Busia 11.1 145
Siaya 15.7 125
Kisumu 9.8 177
Homa Bay 9.7 156
Migori 6.3 190
Kisii 21.7 168
Nyamira 12.0 57
Nairobi City 28.1 773
Total 16.5 7,101
Note: The question on C-section is asked only of women who

delivered in a health facility. In this table, it is assumed that
women who did not give birth in health facility did not receive a
C-section.

Table 9.9 Assistance during delivery
Percent distribution of live births and/or stillbirths in the 2 years before the survey by person providing assistance during delivery and percentage assisted
by a skilled provider; among most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey, percentage with skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth, according
Among most recent
Person providing assistance during delivery live births
Percent-
age with
Percent- skin-to-skin
Nurse/ age Number of contact
midwife/ Traditional Relative/ delivered live births immedi-
Background clinical birth friend/ by a skilled and/or ately after Number of
characteristic Doctor officer attendant other No one Total provider1 stillbirths birth2 live births
LIVE BIRTHS

<20 50.8 37.4 7.3 4.1 0.5 100.0 88.1 920 63.5 502
20–34 51.6 38.6 5.8 2.8 1.2 100.0 90.2 5,274 60.4 2,926
35–49 49.6 35.6 6.4 4.5 3.9 100.0 85.2 907 53.9 557
Birth order3
1 58.0 36.3 3.7 1.8 0.2 100.0 94.3 2,149 62.7 1,056
2–3 53.3 39.6 3.8 2.4 0.8 100.0 92.9 2,950 62.7 1,583
4–5 45.7 38.0 8.8 4.8 2.7 100.0 83.8 1,287 57.7 771
6+ 32.5 37.0 17.6 7.6 5.3 100.0 69.5 715 49.6 575
None 19.5 18.4 36.6 18.0 7.5 100.0 37.9 135 26.4 148
1–3 46.3 38.1 9.0 4.3 2.3 100.0 84.3 2,188 58.4 1,395
4+ 54.1 39.2 3.8 2.1 0.8 100.0 93.3 4,522 62.7 2,439
Place of delivery
Health facility 57.5 42.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 99.6 5,844 69.2 3,010
Public sector 54.5 45.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 100.0 99.5 4,527 71.2 2,500
(non-NGO) 68.1 31.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.9 1,297 60.0 500
(NGO) * * * * * 100.0 * 20 * 10
Faith-based
organisation (FBO) 59.7 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 99.7 412 67.3 202
Elsewhere 3.9 9.1 50.5 25.2 11.3 100.0 13.0 845 21.3 773
Residence
Urban 64.4 32.9 1.7 0.8 0.2 100.0 97.3 2,562 65.9 1,323
Rural 43.8 41.0 8.6 4.6 2.1 100.0 84.8 4,539 56.8 2,662
No education 18.7 36.0 27.9 13.4 4.1 100.0 54.6 666 42.6 863
Primary 50.6 36.6 6.6 3.6 2.6 100.0 87.2 2,501 62.2 1,289
Secondary 53.5 41.8 2.8 1.6 0.3 100.0 95.3 2,653 66.9 1,255
More than secondary 64.7 34.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 100.0 99.1 1,281 65.1 578
Wealth quintile
Lowest 32.0 37.3 18.1 8.9 3.7 100.0 69.3 1,593 46.7 1,281
Second 46.4 42.5 5.8 3.2 2.1 100.0 89.0 1,296 66.4 688
Middle 51.8 42.2 3.3 2.0 0.7 100.0 94.0 1,284 66.2 687
Fourth 57.3 40.4 0.8 0.9 0.5 100.0 97.8 1,466 66.0 777
Highest 69.8 28.9 0.9 0.3 0.0 100.0 98.8 1,462 65.6 552
Total 51.2 38.1 6.1 3.2 1.4 100.0 89.3 7,101 59.8 3,985
STILLBIRTHS
Total 57.9 31.8 5.7 2.0 2.6 100.0 89.7 118 na na
Total 51.4 38.0 6.1 3.2 1.5 100.0 89.3 7,219 na na
Notes: If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this tabulation.
Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months, stillbirths are foetal deaths in
pregnancies lasting 7 or more months. Total includes 6 births (unweighted) for whom information on antenatal care visit is missing. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
2
3
4
Includes only the most recent birth in the 2 years before the survey.
5

Table 9.9C Assistance during delivery by county
Percent distribution of live births in the 2 years before the survey by person providing assistance during delivery and percentage assisted by a skilled
provider; among most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey, percentage with skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth, according to
Among most recent
Person providing assistance during delivery live births
Percentage
with skin-
to-skin
Nurse/ Percentage contact
midwife/ Traditional Relative/ delivered immedi-
clinical birth friend/ by a skilled Number of ately after Number of
County Doctor officer attendant other No one Total provider1 live births birth2 live births
Mombasa 66.9 28.6 4.1 0.4 0.0 100.0 95.5 187 54.8 73
Kwale 29.1 60.1 7.9 0.7 2.2 100.0 89.3 119 71.4 84
Kilifi 46.1 38.4 9.0 4.5 1.9 100.0 84.5 191 69.4 72
Tana River 8.7 50.5 40.5 0.3 0.0 100.0 59.2 56 30.8 130
Lamu 41.2 51.3 5.6 1.9 0.0 100.0 92.5 29 46.9 96
Taita/Taveta 37.7 58.0 0.0 1.9 2.5 100.0 95.7 54 (48.9) 45
Garissa 19.8 48.3 18.4 13.5 0.0 100.0 68.1 94 37.5 120
Wajir 3.4 53.2 42.9 0.0 0.5 100.0 56.6 56 51.5 132
Mandera 32.7 22.0 28.6 16.7 0.0 100.0 54.7 95 54.2 168
Marsabit 22.0 46.7 29.0 2.3 0.0 100.0 68.7 54 50.9 110
Isiolo 60.0 25.0 12.9 1.3 0.7 100.0 85.0 37 58.6 99
Meru 63.2 27.7 0.0 8.0 1.1 100.0 90.9 207 38.6 57
Tharaka-Nithi 65.9 29.2 1.0 3.9 0.0 100.0 95.1 50 40.0 60
Embu 56.6 39.7 1.0 0.0 2.6 100.0 96.3 69 (65.3) 49
Kitui 63.6 22.3 9.9 4.2 0.0 100.0 86.0 145 35.3 68
Machakos 42.6 52.8 2.1 1.7 0.9 100.0 95.3 166 64.8 54
Makueni 24.8 67.3 2.9 4.6 0.5 100.0 92.1 126 77.4 62
Nyandarua 69.7 28.2 0.4 1.6 0.0 100.0 98.0 84 51.5 66
Nyeri 53.7 45.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 99.1 88 (69.4) 49
Kirinyaga 64.2 33.1 2.1 0.0 0.7 100.0 97.3 84 78.0 59
Murang’a 60.8 35.4 0.4 2.1 1.3 100.0 96.2 142 62.7 59
Kiambu 68.7 29.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 100.0 98.2 420 62.1 66
Turkana 9.7 43.0 12.1 14.8 20.4 100.0 52.6 130 34.7 124
West Pokot 32.9 32.4 32.3 2.4 0.0 100.0 65.3 177 78.7 164
Samburu 10.2 46.4 12.1 26.5 4.8 100.0 56.6 62 57.0 114
Trans Nzoia 48.0 45.3 4.5 1.4 0.7 100.0 93.3 137 60.2 83
Uasin Gishu 46.9 48.4 3.7 0.6 0.4 100.0 95.3 219 59.3 81
Elgeyo/Marakwet 29.7 67.9 2.2 0.3 0.0 100.0 97.5 69 56.3 80
Nandi 73.5 13.6 9.2 3.5 0.2 100.0 87.1 118 81.7 71
Baringo 32.3 50.8 12.0 4.8 0.1 100.0 83.0 103 51.0 96
Laikipia 64.5 28.1 3.5 1.4 2.5 100.0 92.6 65 86.3 51
Nakuru 67.6 25.8 0.6 3.8 2.3 100.0 93.4 342 62.0 79
Narok 25.6 44.5 20.7 7.3 1.9 100.0 70.1 242 53.9 115
Kajiado 58.4 26.8 7.2 7.6 0.0 100.0 85.3 205 45.0 80
Kericho 54.1 38.2 4.2 1.3 2.2 100.0 92.3 147 75.6 86
Bomet 57.5 30.7 1.6 6.9 3.4 100.0 88.2 137 76.3 76
Kakamega 63.4 32.3 1.9 0.6 1.8 100.0 95.7 298 74.5 94
Vihiga 40.8 56.4 0.9 0.9 1.0 100.0 97.2 67 64.9 74
Bungoma 57.9 29.3 8.3 2.5 2.0 100.0 87.2 243 65.9 82
Busia 36.6 50.9 7.6 3.5 1.3 100.0 87.6 145 70.8 96
Siaya 34.5 60.3 1.5 1.5 2.2 100.0 94.9 125 66.2 65
Kisumu 32.0 65.8 1.7 0.0 0.4 100.0 97.9 177 72.7 77
Homa Bay 41.2 50.0 2.1 3.3 3.4 100.0 91.2 156 61.0 82
Migori 55.3 37.3 3.0 3.5 1.0 100.0 92.6 190 80.7 109
Kisii 35.5 58.0 1.5 3.3 1.6 100.0 93.5 168 68.4 79
Nyamira 38.4 54.1 0.0 3.3 4.1 100.0 92.6 57 69.6 56
Nairobi City 74.9 24.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.4 773 66.7 93
Total 51.2 38.1 6.1 3.2 1.4 100.0 89.3 7,101 59.8 3,985
Notes: If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this tabulation.
Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1
2

Table 9.10 Duration of stay in health facility after birth
Among women with a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey who delivered their most recent birth in a
health facility, percent distribution by duration of stay in the health facility following their most recent birth, according to type
of delivery, Kenya DHS 2022
<6 6–11 12–23 1–2 3+ Number of
Type of delivery hours hours hours days days Total women
LIVE BIRTHS
Vaginal birth 8.7 9.5 8.2 59.4 14.2 100.0 4,932

Caesarean section 1.2 0.6 0.3 14.3 83.6 100.0 1,106
STILLBIRTHS
Vaginal birth 8.8 21.4 3.5 37.8 28.5 100.0 78
Caesarean section * * * * * 100.0 18
Vaginal birth 8.7 9.7 8.1 59.1 14.4 100.0 4,994
Caesarean section 1.2 0.6 0.3 14.3 83.5 100.0 1,122
Note: Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months,
stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than
1
For women who had both a live birth and a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, data are tabulated for the most recent
birth only.

Table 9.11 Timing of first postnatal check for the mother
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, percent distribution of the mother’s first postnatal check
for the most recent live birth or stillbirth by time after delivery, and percentage of women with a live birth or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey
who received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after giving birth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
women
with a
Time after delivery of mother’s first postnatal check1 postnatal
check
Don’t No during the
Background Less than 4–23 1–2 3–6 7–41 know/ postnatal first 2 days Number of
characteristic 4 hours hours days days days missing check2 Total after birth1 women
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 54.0 15.5 5.4 0.5 1.2 0.9 22.4 100.0 75.0 891
20–34 59.4 14.3 5.0 0.7 1.7 0.4 18.4 100.0 78.7 5,074
35–49 56.6 14.0 3.6 1.4 1.2 0.5 22.6 100.0 74.2 882
Birth order3
1 59.1 16.1 5.7 0.6 1.7 0.4 16.4 100.0 80.9 2,043
2–3 60.7 15.2 4.4 0.6 1.6 0.8 16.7 100.0 80.3 2,879
4–5 57.7 11.8 5.0 1.3 1.2 0.2 22.8 100.0 74.5 1,242
6+ 47.2 10.6 4.4 1.2 1.9 0.0 34.7 100.0 62.2 683
Place of delivery
Health facility 63.0 15.8 4.8 0.7 1.3 0.6 13.8 100.0 83.6 6,038
Elsewhere 23.4 3.9 5.7 1.2 4.2 0.0 61.6 100.0 32.9 810
Residence
Urban 61.4 18.0 4.5 0.9 2.2 0.8 12.2 100.0 83.8 2,470
Rural 56.6 12.4 5.1 0.7 1.3 0.3 23.6 100.0 74.1 4,377
Education4
No education 42.5 6.9 2.5 0.5 1.0 0.2 46.5 100.0 51.8 639
Primary 56.9 12.5 4.9 1.2 1.5 0.3 22.5 100.0 74.4 2,417
Secondary 61.7 15.1 5.2 0.4 1.9 0.6 15.1 100.0 82.0 2,553
More than secondary 62.3 20.5 5.4 0.9 1.5 0.7 8.8 100.0 88.3 1,239
Wealth quintile
Lowest 49.0 8.7 4.0 0.7 1.3 0.1 36.1 100.0 61.7 1,538
Second 58.0 13.2 6.5 0.8 1.1 0.4 19.9 100.0 77.8 1,244
Middle 61.3 14.1 4.3 1.1 1.5 0.2 17.5 100.0 79.7 1,234
Fourth 60.7 15.2 4.8 0.8 1.7 0.7 16.1 100.0 80.7 1,414
Highest 63.8 21.1 5.0 0.6 2.4 0.9 6.1 100.0 89.9 1,417
Total 58.3 14.4 4.9 0.8 1.6 0.5 19.5 100.0 77.6 6,847
STILLBIRTHS
Total 49.2 9.8 5.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 34.1 100.0 64.1 110
Total 58.2 14.4 4.9 0.8 1.6 0.5 19.7 100.0 77.4 6,937
1
Includes women who received a check from a doctor, nurse/midwife, auxiliary midwife, community health worker/fieldworker, or traditional birth
attendant.
2
Includes women who received a check after 41 days.
3
4
5

Table 9.11C Timing of first postnatal check for the mother by county
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey, percent distribution of the mother’s first postnatal check for the most
recent live birth by time after delivery, and percentage of women with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who received a postnatal check
during the first 2 days after giving birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
women
with a
Time after delivery of mother’s first postnatal check1 postnatal
check
Don’t No during the
Less than 4–23 1–2 3–6 7–41 know/ postnatal first 2 days Number of
County 4 hours hours days days days missing check2 Total after birth1 women
Mombasa 61.9 12.6 2.1 0.0 1.5 1.2 20.8 100.0 76.5 170
Kwale 84.9 2.7 2.1 1.4 1.1 0.0 7.8 100.0 89.7 113
Kilifi 71.8 9.1 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 100.0 83.2 188
Tana River 50.2 8.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.1 100.0 59.9 55
Lamu 64.4 19.7 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 100.0 87.5 27
Taita/Taveta 74.8 7.9 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.7 100.0 87.3 52
Garissa 23.5 13.7 8.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 54.4 100.0 45.4 85
Wajir 27.2 6.0 3.7 2.1 0.0 0.3 60.7 100.0 37.0 52
Mandera 39.8 3.5 2.4 0.6 0.0 0.6 53.2 100.0 45.7 89
Marsabit 34.6 2.9 3.1 0.7 1.0 0.0 57.7 100.0 40.6 53
Isiolo 64.5 5.8 4.7 0.5 1.3 0.0 23.1 100.0 75.1 36
Meru 37.4 19.0 2.3 1.1 4.1 0.9 35.2 100.0 58.7 206
Tharaka-Nithi 64.6 10.2 5.1 0.6 0.9 1.2 17.2 100.0 80.0 49
Embu 67.6 23.6 3.1 2.1 1.1 0.0 2.4 100.0 94.3 64
Kitui 67.0 3.7 7.1 2.0 3.3 0.0 16.9 100.0 77.8 142
Machakos 76.5 10.7 4.4 1.9 0.8 0.0 5.7 100.0 91.6 154
Makueni 68.5 5.6 11.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 14.1 100.0 85.1 121
Nyandarua 49.6 28.1 4.2 2.0 1.0 0.0 15.1 100.0 81.9 82
Nyeri 40.2 20.2 20.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 12.9 100.0 80.4 85
Kirinyaga 65.9 17.4 10.9 0.0 0.0 1.6 4.2 100.0 94.2 81
Murang’a 53.7 23.2 9.9 0.9 0.5 1.3 10.6 100.0 86.7 134
Kiambu 69.0 16.6 3.5 0.0 2.7 2.2 6.0 100.0 89.1 412
Turkana 48.7 5.4 3.7 0.9 0.5 0.0 40.8 100.0 57.8 126
West Pokot 62.7 5.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 29.5 100.0 70.0 174
Samburu 46.5 11.0 1.9 1.0 0.0 0.5 39.1 100.0 59.4 59
Trans Nzoia 54.5 26.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.9 17.4 100.0 81.7 135
Uasin Gishu 57.8 13.5 3.2 2.3 2.9 0.9 19.3 100.0 74.6 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 76.2 6.2 5.6 0.0 4.2 0.0 7.8 100.0 88.0 67
Nandi 59.2 7.8 0.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 31.4 100.0 67.8 116
Baringo 68.7 12.0 1.9 1.0 0.3 0.2 15.9 100.0 82.6 99
Laikipia 52.9 11.8 5.0 1.0 0.6 0.0 28.6 100.0 69.8 64
Nakuru 56.1 24.1 2.2 0.6 1.1 0.0 15.9 100.0 82.4 334
Narok 56.4 8.8 4.0 0.0 2.6 1.6 26.7 100.0 69.1 235
Kajiado 55.7 21.8 4.6 0.7 2.8 1.5 12.8 100.0 82.2 204
Kericho 28.9 30.6 7.0 2.8 1.9 0.0 28.8 100.0 66.5 141
Bomet 64.7 9.6 5.4 0.0 1.7 0.0 18.7 100.0 79.6 128
Kakamega 38.3 14.5 12.0 1.9 0.6 0.5 32.2 100.0 64.7 287
Vihiga 72.1 18.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 100.0 92.4 63
Bungoma 47.6 8.5 2.6 0.0 2.2 0.0 39.1 100.0 58.7 228
Busia 82.2 7.2 2.0 0.4 1.7 0.0 6.4 100.0 91.4 139
Siaya 67.1 11.5 7.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 13.1 100.0 86.3 119
Kisumu 71.2 14.6 3.7 2.7 0.7 0.0 7.1 100.0 89.6 172
Homa Bay 56.6 15.0 4.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 21.7 100.0 76.5 152
Migori 47.4 19.9 5.6 0.4 1.1 0.0 25.6 100.0 72.9 182
Kisii 73.2 5.5 10.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 9.0 100.0 88.7 164
Nyamira 56.0 21.4 10.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 11.2 100.0 87.5 55
Nairobi City 61.3 19.6 5.5 1.0 3.2 0.2 9.3 100.0 86.3 746
Total 58.3 14.4 4.9 0.8 1.6 0.5 19.5 100.0 77.6 6,847
1
Includes women who received a check from a doctor, nurse/midwife, auxiliary midwife, community health worker/fieldworker, or traditional birth
attendant.
2
Includes women who received a check after 41 days.

Table 9.12 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, percent distribution by type of provider for the mother’s
first postnatal health check during the 2 days after the last birth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Type of health provider of mother’s first postnatal check No postnatal
Doctor/nurse/ check during the
Background midwife/clinical Community health Traditional birth first 2 days Number
characteristic officer worker/fieldworker attendant after birth Total of women
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 71.5 0.2 3.3 25.0 100.0 891
20–34 76.5 0.2 2.0 21.3 100.0 5,074
35–49 72.5 0.4 1.3 25.8 100.0 882
Birth order1
1 79.3 0.0 1.6 19.1 100.0 2,043
2–3 78.8 0.2 1.4 19.7 100.0 2,879
4–5 70.7 0.4 3.4 25.5 100.0 1,242
6+ 57.5 0.5 4.1 37.8 100.0 683
Place of delivery
Health facility 83.5 0.1 0.0 16.4 100.0 6,038
Elsewhere 14.5 1.1 17.3 67.1 100.0 810
Residence
Urban 83.6 0.0 0.3 16.2 100.0 2,470
Rural 70.7 0.3 3.1 25.9 100.0 4,377
Education2
No education 43.9 0.1 7.7 48.2 100.0 639
Primary 71.4 0.4 2.6 25.6 100.0 2,417
Secondary 80.9 0.1 1.0 18.0 100.0 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 55.4 0.5 5.8 38.3 100.0 1,538
Second 75.1 0.3 2.4 22.2 100.0 1,244
Middle 77.9 0.2 1.6 20.3 100.0 1,234
Fourth 80.5 0.0 0.2 19.3 100.0 1,414
Highest 89.9 0.0 0.0 10.1 100.0 1,417
Total 75.4 0.2 2.1 22.4 100.0 6,847
STILLBIRTHS
Total 63.4 0.0 0.6 35.9 100.0 110
Total 75.2 0.2 2.1 22.6 100.0 6,937
1
2
3

Table 9.12C Type of provider of first postnatal check for the mother by county
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey, percent distribution by type of provider for the mother’s first postnatal
health check during the 2 days after the last birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Type of health provider of mother’s first postnatal check No postnatal
midwife/clinical Community health Traditional birth first 2 days after Number
County officer worker/fieldworker attendant birth Total of women
Mombasa 76.5 0.0 0.0 23.5 100.0 170
Kwale 85.5 0.0 4.3 10.3 100.0 113
Kilifi 80.6 0.0 2.6 16.8 100.0 188
Tana River 47.8 0.0 12.1 40.1 100.0 55
Lamu 84.1 0.0 3.4 12.5 100.0 27
Taita/Taveta 86.3 0.0 1.1 12.7 100.0 52
Garissa 40.8 0.0 4.6 54.6 100.0 85
Wajir 34.6 0.0 2.4 63.0 100.0 52
Mandera 34.6 0.0 11.1 54.3 100.0 89
Marsabit 37.1 0.0 3.5 59.4 100.0 53
Isiolo 71.8 0.0 3.3 24.9 100.0 36
Meru 57.6 0.0 1.2 41.3 100.0 206
Tharaka-Nithi 80.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 100.0 49
Embu 94.3 0.0 0.0 5.7 100.0 64
Kitui 71.8 0.0 6.0 22.2 100.0 142
Machakos 90.6 0.0 1.0 8.4 100.0 154
Makueni 83.1 0.0 2.0 14.9 100.0 121
Nyandarua 80.6 0.0 1.3 18.1 100.0 82
Nyeri 80.4 0.0 0.0 19.6 100.0 85
Kirinyaga 94.2 0.0 0.0 5.8 100.0 81
Murang’a 86.7 0.0 0.0 13.3 100.0 134
Kiambu 89.1 0.0 0.0 10.9 100.0 412
Turkana 52.2 1.6 4.1 42.2 100.0 126
West Pokot 59.1 0.2 10.6 30.0 100.0 174
Samburu 52.4 0.0 7.0 40.6 100.0 59
Trans Nzoia 81.7 0.0 0.0 18.3 100.0 135
Uasin Gishu 73.5 0.0 1.1 25.4 100.0 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 86.3 0.0 1.7 12.0 100.0 67
Nandi 64.5 0.0 3.3 32.2 100.0 116
Baringo 76.6 0.7 5.3 17.4 100.0 99
Laikipia 69.8 0.0 0.0 30.2 100.0 64
Nakuru 81.9 0.6 0.0 17.6 100.0 334
Narok 60.7 0.0 8.4 30.9 100.0 235
Kajiado 78.8 0.0 3.3 17.8 100.0 204
Kericho 66.5 0.0 0.0 33.5 100.0 141
Bomet 76.5 0.6 2.4 20.4 100.0 128
Kakamega 63.2 0.0 1.5 35.3 100.0 287
Vihiga 91.4 0.0 1.0 7.6 100.0 63
Bungoma 58.7 0.0 0.0 41.3 100.0 228
Busia 84.1 0.7 6.7 8.6 100.0 139
Siaya 84.0 2.3 0.0 13.7 100.0 119
Kisumu 88.5 0.6 0.5 10.4 100.0 172
Homa Bay 73.8 0.6 2.1 23.5 100.0 152
Migori 72.3 0.6 0.0 27.1 100.0 182
Kisii 87.2 0.0 1.6 11.3 100.0 164
Nyamira 86.4 1.1 0.0 12.5 100.0 55
Nairobi City 86.3 0.0 0.0 13.7 100.0 746
Total 75.4 0.2 2.1 22.4 100.0 6,847

Table 9.13 Content of postnatal care for the mother
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth and/or stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage for whom selected
checks were performed during the first 2 days after the most recent birth, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Percentage for whom during the first 2 days after the Percentage with
most recent birth, any healthcare provider: all three checks
performed in the
Background Measured blood Discussed Discussed family first 2 days Number of
characteristic pressure vaginal bleeding planning after birth women
LIVE BIRTHS
Age at birth
<20 31.6 29.9 26.7 21.5 891
20–34 36.3 33.9 29.9 25.0 5,074
35–49 32.4 32.1 29.0 25.0 882
Birth order1
1 34.2 31.8 27.3 23.1 2,043
2–3 37.6 34.8 31.7 26.3 2,879
4–5 35.2 34.5 29.8 24.6 1,242
6+ 27.4 27.4 25.2 21.9 683
Place of delivery
Health facility 38.4 36.4 32.2 27.2 5,635
Public sector 39.0 36.9 33.2 27.8 4,362
(non-NGO) 36.1 34.6 29.1 25.5 1,253
(NGO) * * * * 20
Faith-based organisation
(FBO) 42.3 32.5 30.9 23.7 402
Elsewhere 9.3 10.6 9.1 6.7 810
Residence
Urban 39.4 36.4 32.2 26.9 2,470
Rural 32.8 31.3 27.8 23.3 4,377
No education 21.0 21.1 18.0 16.0 639
Primary 32.6 30.4 27.9 22.4 2,417
Secondary 37.6 36.2 32.0 26.7 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 23.7 23.5 21.0 16.6 1,538
Second 33.9 33.2 29.7 24.7 1,244
Middle 37.0 34.7 30.3 25.6 1,234
Fourth 40.6 37.0 33.3 28.1 1,414
Highest 41.6 38.4 33.3 28.7 1,417
Total 35.2 33.1 29.4 24.6 6,847
STILLBIRTHS
Total 33.0 36.1 23.2 16.9 110
Total 35.2 33.2 29.3 24.5 6,937
Note: Stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 28 or more weeks. When pregnancy duration is reported in months,
stillbirths are foetal deaths in pregnancies lasting 7 or more months. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer
than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed,
1
2
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-
level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education
level attended.
3
For women who had both a live birth and a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, data are tabulated for the most recent
birth only.

Table 9.13C Content of postnatal care for the mother by county
Among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage for whom selected checks
were performed during the first 2 days after the most recent birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage for whom during the first 2 days after the Percentage with
most recent birth, any healthcare provider: all three checks
performed in the
Measured blood Discussed Discussed family first 2 days Number of
County pressure vaginal bleeding planning after birth women
Mombasa 34.5 34.7 32.5 25.7 170
Kwale 49.0 48.8 48.1 46.7 113
Kilifi 33.9 32.9 33.8 28.0 188
Tana River 26.6 26.4 25.9 25.9 55
Lamu 33.6 29.2 19.5 13.6 27
Taita/Taveta 45.2 41.2 39.0 37.0 52
Garissa 26.3 28.3 23.6 22.0 85
Wajir 13.0 7.6 2.5 2.5 52
Mandera 20.4 20.7 11.5 11.2 89
Marsabit 9.6 8.7 8.4 7.4 53
Isiolo 31.3 29.0 22.0 19.9 36
Meru 26.8 18.6 21.9 13.9 206
Tharaka-Nithi 31.4 27.9 25.2 22.7 49
Embu 44.1 46.2 39.5 36.3 64
Kitui 37.9 39.6 37.2 33.7 142
Machakos 43.7 42.3 35.3 34.4 154
Makueni 38.2 37.2 37.2 36.3 121
Nyandarua 42.9 39.8 32.8 30.0 82
Nyeri 48.2 42.9 27.7 25.0 85
Kirinyaga 53.7 47.7 50.0 45.0 81
Murang’a 44.7 43.7 33.3 30.3 134
Kiambu 42.8 38.7 28.5 24.9 412
Turkana 15.9 12.7 12.7 11.8 126
West Pokot 25.1 26.2 16.8 16.8 174
Samburu 13.1 11.0 10.0 9.0 59
Trans Nzoia 37.5 39.5 36.2 23.5 135
Uasin Gishu 37.8 26.4 26.6 17.0 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 37.1 37.3 16.7 16.1 67
Nandi 32.7 33.6 33.4 28.5 116
Baringo 32.4 34.5 18.4 16.9 99
Laikipia 35.3 34.5 29.1 23.7 64
Nakuru 35.4 31.2 27.9 21.4 334
Narok 25.1 23.5 20.9 14.2 235
Kajiado 30.9 28.9 25.9 18.5 204
Kericho 47.9 46.5 46.2 44.4 141
Bomet 27.6 27.0 18.9 14.0 128
Kakamega 34.3 33.0 30.7 22.4 287
Vihiga 41.5 38.8 38.2 27.1 63
Bungoma 22.7 24.2 25.7 17.0 228
Busia 40.6 40.0 39.7 34.9 139
Siaya 27.8 29.6 23.1 22.3 119
Kisumu 36.2 35.6 33.7 33.1 172
Homa Bay 30.1 26.2 21.2 16.0 152
Migori 26.3 26.6 27.7 16.4 182
Kisii 37.8 41.8 33.8 26.7 164
Nyamira 43.1 42.9 36.8 36.8 55
Nairobi City 44.0 39.2 36.2 31.7 746
Total 35.2 33.1 29.4 24.6 6,847

Table 9.14 Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn
Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey by time after birth of first postnatal check, and percentage of births
with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
births
with a
postnatal
check
Time after delivery of newborn’s first postnatal check1 during the
No first 2
Background Less than 1–3 4–23 1–2 3–6 Don’t postnatal days after Number of
characteristic 1 hour hours hours days days know check2 Total birth1 births
<20 23.9 39.6 13.6 6.1 0.8 0.5 15.5 100.0 83.2 891
20–34 25.8 39.6 12.4 5.3 0.7 0.9 15.4 100.0 83.0 5,074
35–49 23.7 38.3 12.4 4.8 2.1 0.2 18.6 100.0 79.1 882
Birth order3
1 28.5 38.8 14.5 5.6 1.1 0.7 10.9 100.0 87.4 2,043
2–3 25.1 41.7 12.6 5.2 0.8 1.2 13.3 100.0 84.6 2,879
4–5 23.2 38.9 10.7 5.4 0.8 0.2 20.8 100.0 78.3 1,242
6+ 19.8 32.9 9.5 4.9 1.1 0.1 31.7 100.0 67.2 683
Place of delivery
Health facility 26.8 42.6 13.7 5.3 0.9 0.8 9.8 100.0 88.5 6,038
Elsewhere 13.7 15.8 3.7 5.3 1.2 0.0 60.3 100.0 38.5 810
Residence
Urban 24.6 43.3 15.1 5.1 1.5 1.2 9.2 100.0 88.1 2,470
Rural 25.6 37.2 11.1 5.4 0.6 0.5 19.5 100.0 79.4 4,377
No education 15.8 30.0 6.0 2.3 0.4 0.3 45.2 100.0 54.1 639
Primary 23.6 39.8 11.1 5.2 0.9 0.5 19.0 100.0 79.6 2,417
Secondary 27.7 41.0 13.5 5.9 0.8 0.9 10.2 100.0 88.1 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.4 32.7 7.6 4.8 0.5 0.3 31.6 100.0 67.5 1,538
Second 26.6 36.5 12.1 6.7 0.7 0.4 16.8 100.0 82.0 1,244
Middle 26.1 40.3 12.9 4.6 0.8 0.8 14.4 100.0 84.0 1,234
Fourth 24.3 44.6 14.3 5.3 0.7 0.3 10.5 100.0 88.6 1,414
Highest 27.4 43.3 16.1 5.3 1.9 1.8 4.2 100.0 92.1 1,417
Total 25.3 39.4 12.5 5.3 0.9 0.7 15.8 100.0 82.6 6,847
1
Includes newborns who received a check from a doctor, a nurse, a midwife, or a clinical officer, community health worker/fieldworker, or traditional
birth attendant.
2
Includes newborns who received a check after the first week of life.
3
4

Table 9.14C Timing of first postnatal check for the newborn by county
Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey by time after birth of first postnatal check, and percentage of births
with a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
births
with a
postnatal
Time after delivery of newborn’s first postnatal check1 check
No during the
Less than 1–3 4–23 1–2 3–6 Don’t postnatal first 2 days Number of
County 1 hour hours hours days days know check2 Total after birth1 births
Mombasa 40.3 27.4 9.6 3.2 3.0 1.2 15.2 100.0 80.6 170
Kwale 33.7 47.6 2.1 2.1 1.0 0.0 13.5 100.0 85.6 113
Kilifi 38.7 43.8 5.9 1.6 0.0 0.0 10.1 100.0 89.9 188
Tana River 26.3 21.5 9.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 40.6 100.0 59.4 55
Lamu 33.8 33.2 19.5 3.1 0.0 0.0 10.4 100.0 89.6 27
Taita/Taveta 33.3 43.9 8.7 5.9 1.0 0.0 7.2 100.0 91.8 52
Garissa 0.2 15.3 12.6 10.2 3.7 0.0 57.9 100.0 38.4 85
Wajir 4.1 26.2 5.0 2.5 0.5 0.3 61.5 100.0 37.8 52
Mandera 7.3 30.3 4.0 2.9 0.0 1.0 54.5 100.0 44.5 89
Marsabit 0.0 39.6 3.3 6.8 1.6 0.0 48.6 100.0 49.8 53
Isiolo 25.0 44.6 4.4 3.0 0.5 0.3 22.3 100.0 76.9 36
Meru 13.5 27.1 26.5 8.1 0.8 2.5 21.6 100.0 75.1 206
Tharaka-Nithi 43.6 25.0 10.7 6.0 0.0 1.0 13.7 100.0 85.4 49
Embu 10.8 61.8 20.8 3.1 0.6 0.0 2.9 100.0 96.6 64
Kitui 26.9 45.4 2.5 9.5 2.1 0.0 13.5 100.0 84.4 142
Machakos 49.8 32.1 8.5 3.2 0.0 0.0 6.5 100.0 93.5 154
Makueni 21.4 45.9 7.1 14.0 1.0 0.0 10.6 100.0 88.4 121
Nyandarua 37.1 32.6 17.7 2.0 2.1 0.0 8.6 100.0 89.4 82
Nyeri 28.2 29.0 13.3 17.1 0.0 1.3 11.2 100.0 87.5 85
Kirinyaga 7.8 60.5 17.7 10.6 0.0 0.7 2.8 100.0 96.5 81
Murang’a 41.8 23.6 14.5 9.7 0.5 0.0 9.9 100.0 89.6 134
Kiambu 17.7 62.3 10.3 1.7 0.8 1.1 6.0 100.0 92.1 412
Turkana 16.8 37.0 6.4 2.0 0.4 0.0 37.4 100.0 62.1 126
West Pokot 29.8 42.4 3.3 1.8 0.0 0.3 22.5 100.0 77.2 174
Samburu 13.3 32.8 12.6 1.3 0.4 0.5 39.1 100.0 60.0 59
Trans Nzoia 20.7 40.8 26.2 1.7 0.8 0.9 8.9 100.0 89.4 135
Uasin Gishu 21.2 34.3 16.1 4.3 0.6 0.4 22.9 100.0 76.0 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 9.9 72.2 4.6 4.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 100.0 90.7 67
Nandi 17.4 49.4 12.1 1.6 1.1 0.0 18.4 100.0 80.5 116
Baringo 52.8 18.7 8.3 4.8 0.0 0.0 15.3 100.0 84.7 99
Laikipia 30.6 34.5 10.5 6.6 0.5 0.0 17.3 100.0 82.2 64
Nakuru 21.1 44.5 21.6 1.7 0.0 0.6 10.5 100.0 88.9 334
Narok 43.0 19.9 6.7 2.9 0.0 0.0 27.5 100.0 72.5 235
Kajiado 43.3 23.0 16.1 3.4 0.7 0.7 12.8 100.0 85.8 204
Kericho 0.6 29.6 30.8 7.1 2.6 0.0 29.3 100.0 68.1 141
Bomet 48.1 23.4 5.7 6.7 0.0 0.0 16.1 100.0 83.9 128
Kakamega 13.9 35.8 13.2 13.3 1.8 2.2 19.8 100.0 76.2 287
Vihiga 48.6 31.2 15.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.3 100.0 96.7 63
Bungoma 47.2 16.8 7.6 3.3 0.8 0.0 24.3 100.0 74.9 228
Busia 48.5 34.7 6.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 8.1 100.0 91.9 139
Siaya 17.8 52.4 10.4 5.3 0.0 0.0 14.1 100.0 85.9 119
Kisumu 14.1 59.4 13.0 3.6 1.2 0.0 8.7 100.0 90.1 172
Homa Bay 23.1 35.5 14.3 5.4 0.6 0.7 20.3 100.0 78.4 152
Migori 5.9 50.5 21.6 6.9 0.9 0.0 14.1 100.0 84.9 182
Kisii 19.0 57.8 6.2 7.9 1.5 1.3 6.3 100.0 91.0 164
Nyamira 46.0 17.3 15.2 9.2 1.4 0.0 10.9 100.0 87.7 55
Nairobi City 18.5 49.3 14.9 7.9 2.1 2.5 4.8 100.0 90.6 746
Total 25.3 39.4 12.5 5.3 0.9 0.7 15.8 100.0 82.6 6,847
1
Includes newborns who received a check from a doctor, a nurse, a midwife, or a clinical officer, community health worker/fieldworker, or traditional
birth attendant.
2
Includes newborns who received a check after the first week of life.

Table 9.15 Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn
Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey by type of provider for the newborn’s first postnatal health check during
the 2 days after the birth, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Type of health provider for newborn’s first postnatal check No postnatal
Background midwife/clinical Community health Traditional birth first 2 days Number
characteristic officer worker/fieldworker attendant after birth Total of births
<20 78.8 0.1 4.3 16.8 100.0 891
20–34 80.1 0.1 2.8 17.0 100.0 5,074
35–49 76.7 0.4 2.0 20.9 100.0 882
Birth order1
1 85.0 0.1 2.4 12.6 100.0 2,043
2–3 82.6 0.1 1.9 15.4 100.0 2,879
4–5 73.4 0.1 4.8 21.7 100.0 1,242
6+ 61.2 0.5 5.5 32.8 100.0 683
Place of delivery
Health facility 88.3 0.1 0.1 11.5 100.0 6,038
Elsewhere 13.8 0.7 23.9 61.5 100.0 810
Residence
Urban 87.7 0.0 0.4 11.9 100.0 2,470
Rural 74.9 0.2 4.3 20.6 100.0 4,377
No education 42.5 0.1 11.6 45.9 100.0 639
Primary 76.2 0.2 3.2 20.4 100.0 2,417
Secondary 86.4 0.1 1.6 11.9 100.0 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 59.0 0.4 8.1 32.5 100.0 1,538
Second 78.0 0.1 3.9 18.0 100.0 1,244
Middle 82.3 0.1 1.6 16.0 100.0 1,234
Fourth 88.2 0.0 0.4 11.4 100.0 1,414
Highest 92.1 0.0 0.0 7.9 100.0 1,417
Total 79.5 0.1 2.9 17.4 100.0 6,847
1
2

Table 9.15C Type of provider of first postnatal check for the newborn by county
Percent distribution of most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey by type of provider for the newborn’s first postnatal health check
during the 2 days after the birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Type of health provider for newborn’s first postnatal check No postnatal
midwife/clinical Community health Traditional birth first 2 days Number
County officer worker/fieldworker attendant after birth Total of births
Mombasa 80.6 0.0 0.0 19.4 100.0 170
Kwale 79.0 0.0 6.6 14.4 100.0 113
Kilifi 85.2 0.0 4.7 10.1 100.0 188
Tana River 47.0 0.0 12.4 40.6 100.0 55
Lamu 86.4 0.0 3.2 10.4 100.0 27
Taita/Taveta 91.8 0.0 0.0 8.2 100.0 52
Garissa 33.8 0.0 4.7 61.6 100.0 85
Wajir 34.0 0.0 3.9 62.2 100.0 52
Mandera 32.1 0.0 12.4 55.5 100.0 89
Marsabit 45.5 0.0 4.3 50.2 100.0 53
Isiolo 73.3 0.0 3.6 23.1 100.0 36
Meru 73.9 0.0 1.2 24.9 100.0 206
Tharaka-Nithi 85.4 0.0 0.0 14.6 100.0 49
Embu 95.4 0.0 1.1 3.4 100.0 64
Kitui 76.7 0.0 7.7 15.6 100.0 142
Machakos 92.6 0.0 1.0 6.5 100.0 154
Makueni 84.2 0.0 4.2 11.6 100.0 121
Nyandarua 88.0 0.0 1.3 10.6 100.0 82
Nyeri 87.5 0.0 0.0 12.5 100.0 85
Kirinyaga 96.5 0.0 0.0 3.5 100.0 81
Murang’a 89.6 0.0 0.0 10.4 100.0 134
Kiambu 92.1 0.0 0.0 7.9 100.0 412
Turkana 50.5 1.1 10.5 37.9 100.0 126
West Pokot 58.9 0.0 18.3 22.8 100.0 174
Samburu 52.6 0.2 7.2 40.0 100.0 59
Trans Nzoia 89.4 0.0 0.0 10.6 100.0 135
Uasin Gishu 74.4 0.0 1.7 24.0 100.0 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 87.4 0.0 3.3 9.3 100.0 67
Nandi 78.0 0.0 2.5 19.5 100.0 116
Baringo 78.0 1.0 5.6 15.3 100.0 99
Laikipia 82.2 0.0 0.0 17.8 100.0 64
Nakuru 88.3 0.6 0.0 11.1 100.0 334
Narok 62.3 0.0 10.2 27.5 100.0 235
Kajiado 81.4 0.0 4.4 14.2 100.0 204
Kericho 67.5 0.0 0.6 31.9 100.0 141
Bomet 81.7 0.6 1.6 16.1 100.0 128
Kakamega 73.3 0.0 2.8 23.8 100.0 287
Vihiga 95.7 0.0 1.0 3.3 100.0 63
Bungoma 73.0 0.0 1.9 25.1 100.0 228
Busia 84.6 0.7 6.6 8.1 100.0 139
Siaya 83.8 0.7 1.5 14.1 100.0 119
Kisumu 89.6 0.0 0.5 9.9 100.0 172
Homa Bay 76.3 0.7 1.3 21.6 100.0 152
Migori 83.6 0.6 0.7 15.1 100.0 182
Kisii 87.7 0.0 3.3 9.0 100.0 164
Nyamira 87.5 0.0 0.3 12.3 100.0 55
Nairobi City 90.6 0.0 0.0 9.4 100.0 746
Total 79.5 0.1 2.9 17.4 100.0 6,847

Table 9.16 Content of postnatal care for newborns
Among most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey, percentage for whom selected functions were performed during the first 2 days
after the birth and percentage with five signal functions performed during the first 2 days after the birth, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of most recent live births for whom a healthcare provider performed
the selected functions during the first 2 days after the birth:
Mother told Percentage
how to Mother both with five2
recognise if counselled signal
the baby on breast- functions
needs Mother feeding and performed
Measured immediate counselled Observed observed during the
Background Examined temper- medical on breast- breast- breast- first 2 days Number of
characteristic the cord ature attention feeding feeding feeding Weighed1 after birth births
<20 76.0 69.0 61.1 75.9 75.8 70.7 88.2 50.5 446
20–34 77.5 71.3 65.0 76.7 74.6 70.7 88.8 55.1 2,648
35–49 74.5 67.4 62.2 74.7 72.3 69.1 84.5 52.5 429
Birth order3
1 78.9 76.0 65.4 80.2 78.0 73.3 92.9 56.4 978
2–3 78.7 73.3 66.5 79.6 77.5 73.9 92.0 57.8 1,530
4–5 73.9 63.3 62.5 72.5 70.8 67.4 83.9 50.3 684
6+ 68.7 57.2 52.7 57.3 57.3 53.4 65.6 39.0 332
Place of delivery
Health facility 81.5 76.9 69.3 82.1 80.0 76.0 97.4 60.4 3,118
Elsewhere 41.5 21.5 24.8 31.8 31.3 28.1 17.2 6.1 405
Residence
Urban 82.7 78.2 70.8 84.3 80.4 77.6 97.3 62.1 1,273
Rural 73.6 66.3 60.3 71.8 71.0 66.5 83.1 49.7 2,251
No education 51.0 40.0 40.1 42.5 40.5 38.7 46.9 25.7 340
Primary 73.5 67.1 61.7 73.6 71.8 67.5 85.7 50.4 1,232
Secondary 82.7 76.2 68.1 82.6 81.2 76.7 95.8 58.4 1,314
More than secondary 85.3 82.0 73.5 86.6 83.7 80.6 99.4 67.9 637
Wealth quintile
Lowest 62.4 49.6 47.1 55.7 53.2 49.8 62.9 32.4 765
Second 75.3 67.3 62.7 74.5 75.6 69.5 88.6 52.6 648
Middle 78.3 76.2 65.8 79.3 79.8 75.6 94.1 57.1 630
Fourth 81.5 76.6 70.0 83.7 79.5 75.6 97.9 61.8 772
Highest 87.9 84.7 75.9 89.6 86.1 83.8 99.4 68.2 709
Total 76.9 70.6 64.1 76.3 74.4 70.5 88.2 54.2 3,523
1
Captures newborns who were weighed “at birth.” May exclude some newborns who were weighed during the 2 days after birth.
2
The functions are 1) examining the umbilical cord, 2) measuring temperature, 3) observing and/or counselling on breastfeeding, 4) telling the
mother about danger signs/how to recognise if the baby needs immediate attention, and 5) weighing. Corresponds to the definition of the five
signal functions to assess the content of postnatal care for newborns described in Moran et al. 2013.
3
4

Table 9.16C Content of postnatal care for newborns by county
Among most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey, percentage for whom selected functions were performed during the first 2 days
after the birth and percentage with five signal functions performed during the first 2 days after the birth, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of most recent live births for whom a healthcare provider performed
the selected functions during the first 2 days after the birth:
Mother told Percentage
how to Mother both with five2
recognise if counselled signal
the baby on breast- functions
needs Mother feeding and performed
Measured immediate counselled Observed observed during the
Examined temper- medical on breast- breast- breast- first 2 days Number of
County the cord ature attention feeding feeding feeding Weighed1 after birth births
Mombasa 59.3 61.9 56.9 71.1 64.8 61.5 97.1 51.0 94
Kwale 97.9 96.1 92.2 93.7 95.2 93.7 89.0 85.5 60
Kilifi 76.4 73.2 63.2 70.4 63.6 62.7 93.3 52.3 93
Tana River 68.8 44.1 57.1 63.2 57.9 57.9 47.9 38.6 29
Lamu 83.6 77.9 68.2 70.1 67.0 61.3 89.5 58.6 16
Taita/Taveta (97.7) (100.0) (90.0) (95.4) (95.6) (93.4) (97.6) (85.4) 24
Garissa 61.4 54.5 57.0 48.2 42.1 37.7 58.1 33.7 47
Wajir 27.4 14.9 8.8 21.6 20.3 18.8 30.9 4.7 27
Mandera 38.3 36.3 28.3 28.9 26.5 26.5 35.5 23.0 47
Marsabit 30.2 21.6 23.2 28.7 27.8 27.8 45.7 10.4 28
Isiolo 61.2 46.0 47.8 48.9 53.7 46.9 80.0 34.0 21
Meru 70.3 52.4 43.9 57.3 63.7 53.5 93.7 35.4 98
Tharaka-Nithi 56.5 57.4 51.4 69.9 62.5 62.5 96.0 45.5 26
Embu (97.4) (94.6) (80.4) (89.6) (89.1) (81.8) (99.1) (76.9) 31
Kitui 78.5 71.5 71.9 80.4 81.8 80.4 75.1 65.5 72
Machakos 88.1 88.5 84.4 90.5 92.7 90.5 93.7 77.6 76
Makueni 82.5 76.3 74.3 79.3 78.1 75.7 92.1 67.5 60
Nyandarua 76.0 75.3 59.9 77.5 73.4 70.8 100.0 54.6 47
Nyeri (90.0) (89.2) (57.1) (85.0) (82.4) (78.7) (100.0) (54.6) 49
Kirinyaga 94.2 99.1 97.0 95.9 90.8 88.7 100.0 92.1 45
Murang’a 94.2 93.7 84.9 95.4 92.5 90.7 97.4 81.7 69
Kiambu 92.4 92.1 76.2 94.2 94.8 90.5 100.0 72.9 199
Turkana 37.4 30.2 30.6 34.3 36.4 33.2 46.6 20.7 64
West Pokot 79.9 60.5 48.5 55.2 55.7 50.9 56.6 34.6 87
Samburu 38.5 27.7 25.9 32.3 31.3 31.3 50.6 23.8 29
Trans Nzoia 85.2 62.9 61.2 77.9 81.7 72.4 95.0 46.8 77
Uasin Gishu 63.8 72.7 53.0 81.1 86.1 77.9 94.7 40.5 106
Elgeyo/Marakwet 76.9 69.6 67.4 73.3 71.7 69.1 92.7 60.3 33
Nandi 67.7 62.4 64.3 76.7 77.3 73.4 85.7 58.6 58
Baringo 81.1 61.1 64.4 75.7 77.7 73.6 75.8 51.0 52
Laikipia 70.6 77.6 73.0 78.4 84.4 78.4 89.0 65.8 32
Nakuru 80.3 63.8 65.7 78.7 78.3 74.9 94.5 51.8 166
Narok 65.6 44.8 45.0 62.8 53.7 47.9 67.2 24.1 119
Kajiado 71.9 70.3 64.2 72.2 69.8 64.1 88.8 54.2 102
Kericho 87.7 86.8 84.0 89.1 90.4 88.7 91.9 78.6 79
Bomet 72.5 56.4 65.6 69.6 58.0 51.8 92.6 35.7 63
Kakamega 69.5 67.4 69.4 78.9 76.4 73.0 100.0 57.0 152
Vihiga 84.3 78.3 52.8 79.0 75.6 68.6 96.9 47.1 36
Bungoma 68.3 65.9 54.5 79.0 75.8 71.7 82.2 41.9 106
Busia 84.5 77.0 79.9 83.7 81.9 78.1 83.7 62.9 74
Siaya 64.2 65.4 55.6 65.1 62.4 59.2 90.1 48.1 53
Kisumu 93.8 91.3 87.0 91.2 87.7 86.3 95.9 82.4 79
Homa Bay 72.3 53.0 48.4 74.3 71.9 68.8 88.8 32.8 72
Migori 63.8 54.0 43.0 57.9 64.0 53.0 94.6 30.5 97
Kisii 78.5 72.4 61.8 81.7 78.6 74.6 89.5 53.5 94
Nyamira 71.3 69.9 63.9 74.6 82.1 74.6 95.1 47.1 32
Nairobi City 93.5 88.5 77.5 92.7 84.9 83.0 100.0 69.5 403
Total 76.9 70.6 64.1 76.3 74.4 70.5 88.2 54.2 3,523
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on
25–49 unweighted cases.
1
Captures newborns who were weighed “at birth.” May exclude some newborns who were weighed during the 2 days after birth.
2
The functions are 1) examining the umbilical cord, 2) measuring temperature, 3) observing and/or counselling on breastfeeding, 4) telling the
mother about danger signs/how to recognise if the baby needs immediate attention, and 5) weighing. Corresponds to the definition of the five
signal functions to assess the content of postnatal care for newborns described in Moran et al. 2013.

Table 9.17 Postnatal checks on mother and newborn
Among most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey, percentage for which the mother age 15–49 received a
postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, percentage for which the newborn who received a postnatal check during
the first 2 days after birth, percentage for which both the mother and newborn received a postnatal check, and percentage for
which neither the mother nor newborn received a postnatal check, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who received a postnatal check1
Neither mother
nor newborn
received
Background Both woman postnatal Number of
characteristic Mother Newborn and newborn check2 births
<20 75.0 83.2 70.5 12.3 891
20–34 78.7 83.0 74.6 12.9 5,074
35–49 74.2 79.1 70.5 17.1 882
Birth order3
1 80.9 87.4 76.9 8.6 2,043
2–3 80.3 84.6 76.1 11.1 2,879
4–5 74.5 78.3 70.3 17.5 1,242
6+ 62.2 67.2 58.3 29.0 683
Place of delivery
Health facility 83.3 88.5 79.3 7.5 5,635
Public sector 82.6 87.8 78.6 8.1 4,362
Private medical sector (non-NGO) 85.6 90.6 81.5 5.2 1,253
Private medical sector (NGO) * * * * 20
Faith-based organisation (FBO) 87.4 88.2 82.8 7.2 402
Elsewhere 32.9 38.5 28.6 57.3 810
Residence
Urban 83.8 88.1 79.3 7.4 2,470
Rural 74.1 79.4 70.2 16.7 4,377
No education 51.8 54.1 47.4 41.5 639
Primary 74.4 79.6 70.3 16.3 2,417
Secondary 82.0 88.1 77.9 7.9 2,553
Wealth quintile
Lowest 61.7 67.5 58.6 29.4 1,538
Second 77.8 82.0 72.8 13.1 1,244
Middle 79.7 84.0 75.0 11.4 1,234
Fourth 80.7 88.6 77.2 7.9 1,414
Highest 89.9 92.1 85.3 3.2 1,417
Total 77.6 82.6 73.5 13.3 6,847
NGO = nongovernmental organisation.
FBO = faith-based organisation.
1
Includes checks from a doctor, a nurse, a midwife, or a clinical officer, community health worker/fieldworker, or traditional
birth attendant.
2
Includes checks after the first 2 days or by other persons.
3
4
attended.

Table 9.17C Postnatal checks on mother and newborn by county
Among most recent live births in the 2 years before the survey, percentage for which the mother age 15–49
received a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, percentage for which the newborn who received
a postnatal check during the first 2 days after birth, percentage for which both the mother and newborn
received a postnatal check, and percentage for which neither the mother nor newborn received a postnatal
check, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who received a postnatal check1
Neither mother
nor newborn
received
Both woman postnatal Number of
County Mother Newborn and newborn check2 births
Mombasa 76.5 80.6 71.3 14.2 170
Kwale 89.7 85.6 82.1 6.8 113
Kilifi 83.2 89.9 80.4 7.3 188
Tana River 59.9 59.4 54.0 34.7 55
Lamu 87.5 89.6 84.6 7.5 27
Taita/Taveta 87.3 91.8 81.2 2.0 52
Garissa 45.4 38.4 29.2 45.3 85
Wajir 37.0 37.8 33.0 58.2 52
Mandera 45.7 44.5 42.9 52.7 89
Marsabit 40.6 49.8 36.9 46.5 53
Isiolo 75.1 76.9 71.7 19.8 36
Meru 58.7 75.1 57.9 24.1 206
Tharaka-Nithi 80.0 85.4 75.9 10.5 49
Embu 94.3 96.6 92.7 1.8 64
Kitui 77.8 84.4 73.2 11.0 142
Machakos 91.6 93.5 90.0 4.9 154
Makueni 85.1 88.4 76.4 2.9 121
Nyandarua 81.9 89.4 79.1 7.9 82
Nyeri 80.4 87.5 75.1 7.2 85
Kirinyaga 94.2 96.5 92.5 1.7 81
Murang’a 86.7 89.6 81.0 4.8 134
Kiambu 89.1 92.1 86.9 5.8 412
Turkana 57.8 62.1 52.0 32.0 126
West Pokot 70.0 77.2 68.6 21.4 174
Samburu 59.4 60.0 55.7 36.4 59
Trans Nzoia 81.7 89.4 80.5 9.5 135
Uasin Gishu 74.6 76.0 65.0 14.4 210
Elgeyo/Marakwet 88.0 90.7 85.7 7.0 67
Nandi 67.8 80.5 64.6 16.3 116
Baringo 82.6 84.7 80.3 13.0 99
Laikipia 69.8 82.2 68.5 16.5 64
Nakuru 82.4 88.9 81.2 9.9 334
Narok 69.1 72.5 63.3 21.7 235
Kajiado 82.2 85.8 79.8 11.9 204
Kericho 66.5 68.1 59.8 25.1 141
Bomet 79.6 83.9 75.2 11.7 128
Kakamega 64.7 76.2 60.8 19.9 287
Vihiga 92.4 96.7 91.3 2.2 63
Bungoma 58.7 74.9 56.4 22.8 228
Busia 91.4 91.9 89.6 6.3 139
Siaya 86.3 85.9 84.5 12.3 119
Kisumu 89.6 90.1 85.4 5.8 172
Homa Bay 76.5 78.4 72.1 17.2 152
Migori 72.9 84.9 69.1 11.3 182
Kisii 88.7 91.0 84.8 5.1 164
Nyamira 87.5 87.7 81.5 6.3 55
Nairobi City 86.3 90.6 79.7 2.8 746
Total 77.6 82.6 73.5 13.3 6,847
1
Includes checks from a doctor, a nurse, a midwife, or a clinical officer, community health worker/fieldworker,
or traditional birth attendant.
2
Includes checks after the first 2 days or by other persons.

Table 9.18 Men’s involvement in maternal health care
Among men age 15–49 with a youngest child age 0–2 years, percentage who report that the child’s mother had any antenatal check-ups
during the pregnancy with the child; among men for whom the mother of the youngest child age 0–2 years had any antenatal check-ups during
the pregnancy with the child, percentage who were present for any antenatal check-up; among men with a child age 0–2 years, percentage
who report their child was born in a health facility; and among men whose youngest child age 0–2 years was born in a health facility, percentage
who went to the health facility with the mother, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among men age 15–49
with a youngest child age Among men age 15–49
Among men age 15–49 0–2 years for whom the Among men age 15–49 whose youngest child
with a youngest child mother had any antenatal with a youngest child age 0–2 years was born
age 0–2 years check-ups age 0–2 years in a health facility
Percentage
who report
the child’s
mother had
any Percentage Percentage
antenatal Percentage who report who went
check-ups ever present their child with the
during during any was born in child’s
Background pregnancy Number of antenatal Number of a health Number of mother to Number of
characteristic with the child men check-up men facility men health facility men
Father’s age at interview
<20 * 27 * 26 * 27 * 22
20–34 95.8 1,833 58.3 1,756 92.7 1,833 64.8 1,699
35–49 94.4 1,103 49.5 1,041 89.3 1,103 70.2 985
Number of children ever
fathered
1 93.8 757 58.3 711 94.3 757 58.7 714
2–3 97.1 1,320 58.0 1,281 94.0 1,320 71.5 1,240
4–5 93.5 515 47.8 481 89.3 515 68.1 460
6+ 94.1 371 44.8 349 78.3 371 61.8 290
Residence
Urban 95.6 1,252 65.1 1,197 97.4 1,252 72.3 1,220
Rural 95.0 1,711 47.1 1,625 86.8 1,711 61.7 1,485
Father’s education1
No education 90.3 161 34.4 146 55.1 161 70.0 89
Primary 95.3 1,100 44.2 1,048 88.1 1,100 62.3 969
Secondary 94.6 1,003 58.5 949 95.5 1,003 66.9 958
More than secondary 97.3 698 69.9 679 98.6 698 71.4 689
Wealth quintile
Lowest 92.7 495 35.1 459 68.1 495 59.5 337
Second 96.3 512 46.3 493 89.9 512 61.4 460
Middle 94.3 544 54.2 513 94.6 544 59.3 515
Fourth 96.1 771 59.2 741 98.1 771 67.3 757
Highest 96.2 641 71.0 616 99.2 641 78.8 636
Total 15–49 95.3 2,963 54.7 2,822 91.3 2,963 66.5 2,705
50–54 96.4 60 36.8 58 74.6 60 67.3 45
Total 15–54 95.3 3,023 54.3 2,881 91.0 3,023 66.5 2,750
1

Table 9.18C Men’s involvement in maternal health care by county
Among men age 15–49 with a youngest child age 0–2 years, percentage who report that the child’s mother had any antenatal check-
ups during the pregnancy with the child; among men for whom the mother of the youngest child age 0–2 years had any antenatal check-
ups during the pregnancy with the child, percentage who were present for any antenatal check-up; among men with a child age 0–2
years, percentage who report their child was born in a health facility; and among men whose youngest child age 0–2 years was born in
a health facility, percentage who went to the health facility with the mother, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among men age 15–49
with a youngest child age Among men age 15–49
Among men age 15–49 0–2 years for whom the Among men age 15–49 whose youngest child
with a youngest child mother had any antenatal with a youngest child age 0–2 years was born
age 0–2 years check-ups age 0–2 years in a health facility
Percentage
who report
the child’s
mother had
any Percentage Percentage
antenatal Percentage who report who went
check-ups ever present their child with the
during during any was born in child’s
pregnancy Number of antenatal Number of a health Number of mother to Number of
County with the child men check-up men facility men health facility men
Mombasa 95.6 112 49.8 107 94.3 112 55.8 105
Kwale 100.0 48 70.2 48 86.9 48 52.1 42
Kilifi 100.0 73 41.0 73 89.2 73 (63.0) 65
Tana River 81.5 21 47.6 17 53.9 21 73.4 11
Lamu 99.3 12 68.9 12 92.4 12 83.1 12
Taita/Taveta (96.4) 21 (62.6) 21 (92.6) 21 (77.9) 20
Garissa 97.8 35 55.0 34 75.9 35 (56.9) 26
Wajir 77.9 14 (67.0) 11 73.0 14 (84.9) 10
Mandera 84.0 28 20.3 24 47.9 28 89.4 14
Marsabit 91.5 17 64.9 16 60.1 17 (85.5) 10
Isiolo 98.9 17 56.4 17 87.2 17 53.9 15
Meru 100.0 94 42.1 94 95.3 94 52.8 90
Tharaka-Nithi 99.5 30 43.3 30 90.5 30 64.5 27
Embu 94.3 31 52.1 29 100.0 31 67.5 31
Kitui 90.5 54 (77.2) 49 95.9 54 39.2 52
Machakos 100.0 75 69.3 75 100.0 75 77.7 75
Makueni (97.6) 36 (47.5) 35 (87.0) 36 (68.3) 31
Nyandarua (93.4) 27 (51.2) 25 (93.4) 27 (72.8) 25
Nyeri (94.8) 37 (65.0) 35 (100.0) 37 (51.8) 37
Kirinyaga (78.4) 31 (95.0) 25 (100.0) 31 (88.9) 31
Murang’a (100.0) 55 (43.3) 55 (95.7) 55 (87.7) 53
Kiambu 99.0 196 57.0 194 94.6 196 69.7 186
Turkana 90.1 33 43.7 30 48.5 33 (32.8) 16
West Pokot 95.4 64 23.3 61 59.4 64 68.6 38
Samburu 91.9 17 57.1 16 59.2 17 (94.3) 10
Trans Nzoia 92.5 55 50.6 51 91.3 55 63.1 51
Uasin Gishu 100.0 111 45.7 111 94.6 111 59.4 105
Elgeyo/Marakwet 89.7 27 31.1 24 92.6 27 45.3 25
Nandi 91.6 48 58.7 44 92.4 48 79.9 44
Baringo 92.0 38 40.3 35 85.4 38 54.3 33
Laikipia (96.6) 30 (47.1) 29 (93.9) 30 (61.6) 28
Nakuru 95.8 158 50.2 151 96.6 158 64.6 153
Narok 98.4 85 33.5 83 67.4 85 75.5 57
Kajiado 99.3 80 53.6 79 88.4 80 (73.6) 71
Kericho 97.9 72 58.7 70 97.1 72 59.3 70
Bomet 97.1 61 42.5 59 87.4 61 57.0 53
Kakamega 93.9 94 56.5 88 98.2 94 79.1 92
Vihiga 96.5 28 65.2 27 99.0 28 67.9 28
Bungoma 97.4 81 52.3 79 89.8 81 65.0 73
Busia 91.0 52 41.9 48 84.7 52 64.4 44
Siaya 75.2 39 (78.7) 30 93.9 39 (62.7) 37
Kisumu 98.8 93 9.0 92 98.9 93 30.6 92
Homa Bay 92.6 58 47.6 53 96.8 58 74.7 56
Migori 96.8 83 59.2 81 90.4 83 59.4 75
Kisii 98.4 73 57.8 72 98.4 73 73.6 72
Nyamira (94.6) 24 (60.1) 23 (94.6) 24 (69.1) 23
Nairobi City 91.8 392 84.4 360 100.0 392 78.7 392
Total 15–49 95.3 2,963 54.7 2,822 91.3 2,963 66.5 2,705

Table 9.19 Problems in accessing health care
Percentage of women age 15–49 who reported that they have serious problems in accessing health care for themselves when they are
sick, by type of problem, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
At least one
Obtaining Obtaining problem
Background permission to go money for Distance to Not wanting to accessing Number of
characteristic for treatment treatment health facility go alone health care women
Age
15–19 6.0 42.8 24.2 14.1 52.4 3,125
20–34 4.8 43.9 21.4 8.2 49.9 8,343
35–49 4.8 51.2 26.9 8.2 56.4 5,248
0 4.9 38.6 19.8 11.4 46.8 4,747
1–2 4.4 42.0 20.3 7.5 48.1 5,958
3–4 4.9 50.9 26.0 8.8 56.4 3,926
5+ 7.1 64.7 37.8 10.8 69.9 2,085
Marital status
Never married 5.0 40.2 20.2 10.3 47.8 5,348
Married or living together 5.0 46.9 25.0 9.0 53.0 9,319
Divorced/separated/widowed 4.9 56.9 26.8 8.3 61.7 2,049
Employment (last 12 months)
Not employed 5.9 46.5 26.6 11.2 53.6 6,709
Employed for cash 4.2 44.8 20.4 7.8 50.7 8,302
Employed not for cash 5.6 49.6 28.0 8.9 55.8 1,706
Residence
Urban 3.5 37.1 12.8 7.5 42.1 6,850
Rural 6.0 52.1 31.2 10.6 59.6 9,866
Education1
No education 10.6 68.1 43.9 18.0 72.0 920
Primary 5.9 57.6 30.9 10.7 63.7 6,107
Secondary 4.5 42.6 20.1 8.7 49.8 6,481
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.3 68.6 46.0 16.5 74.9 2,599
Second 6.0 58.7 33.3 9.6 66.3 2,974
Middle 5.2 50.7 25.8 9.7 57.8 3,086
Fourth 4.8 41.5 16.9 7.9 47.4 3,729
Highest 2.3 24.1 8.0 5.7 29.7 4,328
Total 5.0 46.0 23.7 9.3 52.4 16,716
1

Table 9.19C Problems in accessing health care by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who reported that they have serious problems in accessing health care for themselves when they
are sick, by type of problem, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
At least one
Obtaining problem
permission to go Obtaining money Distance to Not wanting to accessing Number of
County for treatment for treatment health facility go alone health care women
Mombasa 4.4 44.2 24.8 11.8 53.0 493
Kwale 1.8 86.2 39.4 15.4 87.9 260
Kilifi 4.0 44.4 32.0 14.8 51.9 489
Tana River 21.7 83.2 74.0 50.6 88.4 79
Lamu 2.2 44.9 31.7 8.9 50.6 54
Taita/Taveta 0.8 42.9 22.9 2.9 50.8 122
Garissa 25.2 67.3 31.5 26.8 69.5 163
Wajir 3.7 75.5 52.2 11.8 80.0 90
Mandera 3.8 35.2 19.7 8.9 38.1 113
Marsabit 19.7 85.9 66.8 23.9 89.9 72
Isiolo 5.3 50.9 24.6 10.5 56.2 76
Meru 5.6 50.2 33.0 22.6 60.6 488
Tharaka-Nithi 6.9 57.2 44.5 12.4 67.9 131
Embu 0.6 26.5 23.0 4.1 34.8 180
Kitui 2.0 65.5 48.0 3.7 69.5 373
Machakos 1.7 25.9 21.5 3.5 34.1 544
Makueni 20.3 47.1 32.7 10.8 59.6 356
Nyandarua 6.5 46.2 28.1 6.8 55.4 225
Nyeri 8.7 31.7 16.4 8.7 38.1 261
Kirinyaga 1.5 31.8 17.7 5.2 41.8 262
Murang’a 11.9 28.2 19.6 17.9 41.4 339
Kiambu 1.4 29.2 11.7 4.4 33.5 1,095
Turkana 3.9 37.3 29.7 20.6 42.2 172
West Pokot 3.5 46.3 27.4 2.0 53.2 197
Samburu 1.4 73.1 47.6 6.8 74.6 79
Trans Nzoia 2.0 59.9 21.6 3.5 62.8 359
Uasin Gishu 4.2 30.0 14.4 13.2 42.7 527
Elgeyo/Marakwet 2.7 22.1 17.1 3.4 31.6 116
Nandi 4.0 44.5 17.6 9.3 47.4 332
Baringo 12.4 66.7 36.6 20.3 73.2 193
Laikipia 1.2 28.7 6.6 6.2 32.2 173
Nakuru 3.8 41.2 20.0 9.6 50.9 862
Narok 5.1 37.6 18.7 3.2 45.2 374
Kajiado 7.6 50.1 19.1 12.2 56.6 451
Kericho 1.7 17.0 11.5 1.7 20.7 372
Bomet 1.6 33.6 17.4 0.6 37.6 327
Kakamega 3.1 59.5 30.1 4.5 66.2 652
Vihiga 4.1 66.9 20.6 8.4 71.2 201
Bungoma 5.8 58.5 27.0 14.4 67.9 572
Busia 3.6 41.5 27.0 3.6 48.0 336
Siaya 2.6 64.9 36.8 3.6 67.1 275
Kisumu 22.3 92.0 51.5 23.5 93.9 396
Homa Bay 9.2 69.0 39.9 20.6 74.9 344
Migori 8.6 64.3 42.0 16.4 73.4 350
Kisii 2.2 52.1 16.6 4.3 56.1 463
Nyamira 6.0 73.4 29.2 13.1 77.6 168
Nairobi City 2.0 35.3 8.4 4.5 39.3 2,157
Total 5.0 46.0 23.7 9.3 52.4 16,716

Table 9.20 Distance from health care
Percent distributions of women age 15–49 by travel time to nearest health facility and by means of transport to nearest health facility, according to
Means of transport to
Travel time to nearest health facility nearest health facility
Background <30 30–59 60–119 Not Number of
characteristic minutes minutes minutes ≥2 hours Total Motorised1 motorised2 Other Total women
Age
15–19 45.6 32.0 16.4 5.9 100.0 27.7 72.3 0.0 100.0 3,125
20–34 53.6 29.9 11.5 5.0 100.0 31.3 68.6 0.2 100.0 8,343
35–49 52.0 28.9 13.6 5.5 100.0 27.3 72.6 0.1 100.0 5,248
Accessing health care
Distance to health facility
is a problem 22.8 32.0 29.1 16.1 100.0 32.6 67.4 0.0 100.0 3,958
Distance to health facility
is not a problem 60.6 29.4 8.1 1.9 100.0 28.4 71.5 0.1 100.0 12,758
nearest health facility
Motorised1 53.2 33.2 10.1 3.5 100.0 na na na na 4,910
Not motorised2 50.9 28.7 14.4 6.0 100.0 na na na na 11,787
Other * * * * 100.0 na na na na 19
Residence
Urban 68.8 24.1 5.9 1.3 100.0 29.9 69.8 0.2 100.0 6,850
Rural 39.7 34.1 18.1 8.1 100.0 29.0 71.0 0.0 100.0 9,866
Education3
No education 29.6 25.6 21.1 23.8 100.0 23.2 76.8 0.0 100.0 920
Primary 42.4 32.7 17.8 7.1 100.0 26.8 72.9 0.2 100.0 6,107
Secondary 52.8 32.0 11.9 3.3 100.0 29.9 70.0 0.1 100.0 6,481
Wealth quintile
Lowest 26.7 30.4 24.7 18.2 100.0 20.2 79.8 0.0 100.0 2,599
Second 34.8 36.6 21.5 7.1 100.0 26.5 73.5 0.0 100.0 2,974
Middle 44.0 36.8 15.5 3.8 100.0 31.7 68.3 0.0 100.0 3,086
Fourth 60.5 29.8 7.9 1.8 100.0 30.0 70.0 0.1 100.0 3,729
Highest 75.8 20.6 3.2 0.4 100.0 34.7 65.0 0.4 100.0 4,328
Total 51.6 30.0 13.1 5.3 100.0 29.4 70.5 0.1 100.0 16,716
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
1
Includes car/truck, public bus, motorcycle/scooter, and boat with motor.
2
Includes animal-drawn cart, bicycle, boat without motor, and walking.
3

Table 9.20C Distance from health care by county
Percent distributions of women age 15–49 by travel time to nearest health facility and by means of transport to nearest health facility, according to
Travel time to nearest health facility nearest health facility
<30 30–59 60–119 Not Number of
County minutes minutes minutes ≥2 hours Total Motorised1 motorised2 Other Total women
Mombasa 62.5 27.2 9.0 1.3 100.0 39.0 60.4 0.6 100.0 493
Kwale 38.5 28.1 18.6 14.8 100.0 36.1 63.9 0.0 100.0 260
Kilifi 43.2 32.3 12.8 11.7 100.0 23.4 76.6 0.0 100.0 489
Tana River 20.3 28.8 29.0 21.9 100.0 32.7 67.3 0.0 100.0 79
Lamu 62.1 19.3 11.2 7.4 100.0 34.1 65.9 0.0 100.0 54
Taita/Taveta 51.7 27.4 16.1 4.7 100.0 27.8 72.2 0.0 100.0 122
Garissa 56.0 19.6 20.7 3.6 100.0 36.3 63.7 0.0 100.0 163
Wajir 37.2 30.7 23.6 8.5 100.0 21.3 78.7 0.0 100.0 90
Mandera 32.6 39.4 13.5 14.6 100.0 17.1 82.9 0.0 100.0 113
Marsabit 22.8 30.9 21.4 24.8 100.0 13.2 86.8 0.0 100.0 72
Isiolo 55.4 24.5 13.8 6.3 100.0 20.8 79.2 0.0 100.0 76
Meru 49.9 33.2 12.3 4.5 100.0 32.6 67.1 0.4 100.0 488
Tharaka-Nithi 38.4 34.7 16.6 10.3 100.0 26.7 73.3 0.0 100.0 131
Embu 48.9 29.8 18.2 3.2 100.0 34.1 65.9 0.0 100.0 180
Kitui 19.0 31.5 25.3 24.2 100.0 14.5 85.5 0.0 100.0 373
Machakos 50.8 30.0 14.2 4.9 100.0 27.0 73.0 0.0 100.0 544
Makueni 44.4 32.9 20.9 1.8 100.0 14.8 85.2 0.0 100.0 356
Nyandarua 33.9 40.7 22.3 3.2 100.0 33.4 66.5 0.1 100.0 225
Nyeri 64.0 25.4 8.7 2.0 100.0 17.1 82.6 0.4 100.0 261
Kirinyaga 59.3 30.7 7.4 2.6 100.0 36.2 63.8 0.0 100.0 262
Murang’a 56.4 31.4 8.3 3.9 100.0 30.7 69.3 0.0 100.0 339
Kiambu 67.3 25.4 7.0 0.4 100.0 23.2 76.4 0.4 100.0 1,095
Turkana 29.5 15.9 20.7 34.0 100.0 14.2 85.8 0.0 100.0 172
West Pokot 25.6 31.4 23.6 19.5 100.0 23.1 76.9 0.0 100.0 197
Samburu 21.9 17.4 22.1 38.6 100.0 6.5 93.5 0.0 100.0 79
Trans Nzoia 48.1 34.9 14.7 2.3 100.0 28.2 71.8 0.0 100.0 359
Uasin Gishu 61.0 33.6 4.5 1.0 100.0 38.9 61.1 0.0 100.0 527
Elgeyo/Marakwet 48.1 40.2 11.1 0.6 100.0 28.4 71.6 0.0 100.0 116
Nandi 35.1 45.6 12.1 7.1 100.0 25.4 74.6 0.0 100.0 332
Baringo 33.9 33.7 20.1 12.3 100.0 10.9 89.1 0.0 100.0 193
Laikipia 42.5 29.9 24.9 2.8 100.0 11.8 88.2 0.0 100.0 173
Nakuru 57.9 26.9 12.3 2.9 100.0 25.1 74.9 0.0 100.0 862
Narok 41.8 25.8 23.4 9.0 100.0 32.9 67.1 0.0 100.0 374
Kajiado 52.8 23.7 11.6 11.9 100.0 44.5 55.5 0.0 100.0 451
Kericho 65.0 26.0 8.3 0.7 100.0 43.0 57.0 0.0 100.0 372
Bomet 44.2 41.1 13.1 1.6 100.0 16.1 83.9 0.0 100.0 327
Kakamega 43.8 35.5 14.9 5.8 100.0 32.9 67.1 0.0 100.0 652
Vihiga 46.5 36.0 16.5 1.1 100.0 12.1 87.9 0.0 100.0 201
Bungoma 60.4 27.4 11.3 0.9 100.0 49.8 50.2 0.0 100.0 572
Busia 34.1 41.9 17.5 6.5 100.0 32.0 68.0 0.0 100.0 336
Siaya 31.5 40.2 25.4 2.9 100.0 40.8 59.2 0.0 100.0 275
Kisumu 58.0 31.9 8.4 1.7 100.0 49.4 50.6 0.0 100.0 396
Homa Bay 52.2 31.9 13.3 2.6 100.0 33.5 66.5 0.0 100.0 344
Migori 42.7 34.2 20.1 3.0 100.0 26.0 74.0 0.0 100.0 350
Kisii 23.4 34.8 29.1 12.7 100.0 29.2 70.8 0.0 100.0 463
Nyamira 48.7 37.9 10.3 3.1 100.0 31.0 69.0 0.0 100.0 168
Nairobi City 73.3 22.1 3.6 1.0 100.0 27.9 71.7 0.4 100.0 2,157
Total 51.6 30.0 13.1 5.3 100.0 29.4 70.5 0.1 100.0 16,716
1
Includes car/truck, public bus, motorcycle/scooter, and boat with motor.
2
Includes animal-drawn cart, bicycle, boat without motor, and walking.

Table 9.21 Community health care visits and services
Percentage of women age 15–49 who were visited by a community health worker in the last 3 months, and among women who were visited by community health worker,
percentage received or talked about specific health services, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
women
who were
visited
by a Among women who were visited by community health worker, percentage received or talked about specific health services:
commu-
nity Social/ Follow-
health Water/ Ante- Non- child up on
worker in Sanita- natal/ Child Child commu- protect- Special default
Background past 3 Number tion/ postnatal Family immuni- Child growth/ nicable tion pro- devices/ medical Number
characteristic months of women washing care planning sation illness nutrition diseases gramme disability issue Other of women
Age
15–19 4.0 3,125 46.6 7.0 9.5 19.1 9.5 9.6 12.3 4.9 0.0 1.6 16.4 124
20–34 5.5 8,343 37.8 16.1 25.2 39.3 13.6 23.2 5.7 3.8 2.6 4.1 7.3 461
35–49 5.8 5,248 50.5 9.6 22.8 26.3 14.8 19.2 6.7 5.2 1.9 8.1 10.6 302
Travel time to
nearest
health facility
<30 minutes 4.8 8,627 43.4 11.7 22.6 28.6 14.9 19.3 6.7 4.2 2.0 3.9 10.5 410
30–59
minutes 5.3 5,014 41.2 13.1 19.2 34.6 9.3 16.6 4.9 3.3 0.9 4.6 9.8 268
60–119
minutes 6.5 2,190 42.9 13.0 26.5 34.3 14.8 25.5 9.2 5.3 1.2 7.5 8.1 143
≥2 hours 7.5 885 52.3 15.3 22.0 38.0 18.8 25.6 12.1 8.3 7.9 10.2 7.8 66
Residence
Urban 3.3 6,850 35.4 10.3 29.9 37.6 10.3 19.1 8.6 5.8 2.4 5.0 10.6 229
Rural 6.7 9,866 46.1 13.4 19.5 30.1 14.6 20.2 6.4 3.9 1.8 5.2 9.4 660
Education1
No education 9.7 920 59.1 26.3 35.0 54.5 42.7 39.9 10.2 10.8 8.4 14.4 4.2 89
Primary 5.3 6,107 43.3 10.1 23.0 30.1 10.3 19.9 6.2 3.0 1.2 4.1 8.9 325
Secondary 5.0 6,481 43.4 12.1 18.7 26.3 8.6 16.5 6.3 3.7 1.5 4.8 12.6 323
More than
secondary 4.7 3,208 34.0 10.9 20.1 35.2 13.5 15.6 8.2 5.2 1.0 2.5 8.3 151
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.4 2,599 51.2 18.5 26.0 42.4 24.1 27.2 8.1 6.1 4.3 11.6 7.1 218
Second 6.7 2,974 39.6 9.9 17.4 25.8 10.7 15.9 6.0 3.0 1.4 3.1 11.7 200
Middle 5.1 3,086 43.5 15.1 20.9 25.8 10.8 20.8 6.5 4.4 2.3 5.9 9.0 156
Fourth 4.9 3,729 39.5 8.3 21.7 24.5 9.2 19.7 7.8 5.1 0.2 2.3 10.0 183
Highest 3.0 4,328 41.2 10.0 25.3 42.4 8.9 13.4 6.1 2.9 1.1 0.5 11.3 131
Total 5.3 16,716 43.4 12.6 22.2 32.0 13.5 19.9 7.0 4.4 2.0 5.1 9.7 888
1
300 • Maternal and Newborn Health Care

Table 9.21C Community health care visits and services by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who were visited by a community health worker in the last 3 months, and among women who were visited by community health
worker, percentage received or talked about specific health services, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
women
who
were
visited
by a Among women who were visited by community health worker, percentage received or talked about specific health services:
commu-
nity Social/ Follow-
health Water/ Ante- Non- child up on
worker in Number Sani- natal/ Child Child commu- protect- Special default Number
past 3 of tation/ postnatal Family immuni- Child growth/ nicable tion pro- devices/ medical of
County months women washing care planning sation illness nutrition diseases gramme disability issue Other women
Mombasa 6.0 493 25.1 * * * * * * * * * * 30
Kwale 4.6 260 22.7 * * * * * * * * * * 12
Kilifi 10.8 489 22.3 (6.3) (22.3) (49.2) (2.8) (12.0) (6.1) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (10.2) 53
Tana River 8.7 79 12.5 (4.9) (2.7) (82.7) (2.0) (0.0) (0.0) (4.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 7
Lamu 1.5 54 41.0 * * * * * * * * * * 1
Taita/Taveta 3.7 122 62.6 * * * * * * * * * * 5
Garissa 7.0 163 81.2 (4.6) (0.0) (11.1) (0.0) (3.8) (0.0) (3.1) (0.0) (0.0) (6.8) 11
Wajir 4.8 90 54.2 * * * * * * * * * * 4
Mandera 0.6 113 0.0 * * * * * * * * * * 1
Marsabit 9.4 72 80.7 (46.7) (37.1) (62.5) (38.3) (17.4) (18.5) (2.1) (7.4) (9.4) (0.0) 7
Isiolo 10.4 76 14.9 (14.7) (21.1) (75.2) (1.3) (12.1) (1.3) (3.0) (0.0) (3.5) (3.5) 8
Meru 4.1 488 70.6 * * * * * * * * * * 20
Tharaka-Nithi 6.8 131 39.7 * * * * * * * * * * 9
Embu 3.2 180 68.9 * * * * * * * * * * 6
Kitui 0.7 373 0.0 * * * * * * * * * * 3
Machakos 7.3 544 36.4 (7.0) (11.0) (63.4) (17.4) (22.4) (6.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (7.2) 40
Makueni 0.3 356 0.0 * * * * * * * * * * 1
Nyandarua 0.0 225 - * * * * * * * * * * 0
Nyeri 3.7 261 40.1 * * * * * * * * * * 10
Kirinyaga 3.0 262 51.2 * * * * * * * * * * 8
Murang’a 7.2 339 65.7 * * * * * * * * * * 24
Kiambu 0.9 1,095 0.0 * * * * * * * * * * 10
Turkana 40.7 172 74.3 47.5 52.7 65.3 70.9 57.9 15.5 12.0 10.8 27.7 4.3 70
West Pokot 2.7 197 92.6 * * * * * * * * * * 5
Samburu 6.8 79 37.5 * * * * * * * * * * 5
Trans Nzoia 9.0 359 14.6 (18.7) (4.7) (60.9) (6.6) (6.7) (2.8) (0.0) (0.0) (3.4) (9.0) 32
Uasin Gishu 4.5 527 46.6 * * * * * * * * * * 24
Elgeyo/Marakwet 10.9 116 26.7 (15.5) (10.9) (42.9) (0.0) (24.9) (12.6) (2.9) (0.0) (2.9) (4.0) 13
Nandi 2.1 332 50.3 * * * * * * * * * * 7
Baringo 7.9 193 71.6 * * * * * * * * * * 15
Laikipia 1.3 173 20.8 * * * * * * * * * * 2
Nakuru 3.3 862 43.5 * * * * * * * * * * 28
Narok 1.5 374 19.8 * * * * * * * * * * 6
Kajiado 3.6 451 22.6 * * * * * * * * * * 16
Kericho 2.0 372 74.3 * * * * * * * * * * 8
Bomet 8.0 327 72.5 (0.0) (4.3) (7.3) (3.6) (14.6) (4.3) (0.0) (0.0) (3.7) (20.2) 26
Kakamega 12.9 652 22.8 6.1 19.1 18.5 7.0 17.7 0.7 2.0 0.0 1.9 13.9 84
Vihiga 13.2 201 23.2 8.8 9.4 49.0 43.0 44.1 7.0 4.1 0.0 2.7 1.0 27
Bungoma 6.7 572 44.1 * * * * * * * * * * 38
Busia 5.6 336 65.1 * * * * * * * * * * 19
Siaya 6.5 275 47.8 * * * * * * * * * * 18
Kisumu 7.5 396 18.7 (11.6) (25.8) (14.7) (11.9) (7.3) (4.8) (6.1) (4.0) (2.8) (3.8) 29
Homa Bay 14.6 344 57.4 6.0 17.9 8.2 2.2 21.6 5.0 0.9 1.4 11.1 14.2 50
Migori 8.2 350 38.8 (15.5) (18.7) (31.9) (11.2) (7.8) (11.5) (0.0) (0.0) (2.3) (13.9) 29
Kisii 3.2 463 76.8 * * * * * * * * * * 15
Nyamira 8.1 168 61.1 (0.0) (11.5) (2.7) (2.7) (2.7) (20.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (8.1) 14
Nairobi City 1.9 2,157 44.5 * * * * * * * * * * 40
Total 5.3 16,716 43.4 12.6 22.2 32.0 13.5 19.9 7.0 4.4 2.0 5.1 9.7 888
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted
cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Maternal and Newborn Health Care • 301

CHILD HEALTH 10
Key Findings
 Birth weight: Of the children born in the previous two

years, 9% had a low birth weight of less than 2.5 kg.
 Vaccination of children: 80% of children age 12–23 are
fully vaccinated against all basic antigens and 55% are
fully vaccinated according to the national schedule.
 Symptoms of acute respiratory infection: Advice or
treatment was sought for 82% of children under age 5
who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in
the 2 weeks before the survey.
 Fever: Advice or treatment was sought for 70% of
children under age 5 who had fever in the 2 weeks before
the survey.
 Diarrhoea: Advice or treatment was sought for 58% of
children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks
before the survey. Seventy percent of children with
diarrhoea received oral rehydration therapy. Nineteen
percent of children with diarrhoea received no treatment.
 Early Childhood Development Index 2030 (ECDI
2030): Overall, 78% of children age 24–59 months are
developmentally on-track in health, learning, and
psychosocial wellbeing. Eighty percent of females and
76% of males age 24–49 months are developmentally on
track.
I
nformation on child health and survival can help policymakers and programme managers assess the
efficacy of current strategies, formulate appropriate interventions to prevent deaths from childhood
illnesses, and improve the health of children in Kenya. In Kenya, the Ministry of Health (MoH)
spearheads the implementation of high impact interventions with a key objective of improving the health
of newborns and children for overall child survival. The interventions for newborns include essential
newborn care, management of the small and sick newborn, promotion of growth monitoring, routine
vaccination through the National Vaccines and Immunization Program, and appropriate infant and young
child feeding.
This chapter presents information on birth weight and vaccination status for young children. It also looks at
the prevalence of, and careseeking behaviours for three common childhood illnesses—symptoms of acute
respiratory infection (ARI), fever, and diarrhoea. Information on early childhood development is also
presented in this chapter.
Child Health • 303

10.1 CHILD’S SIZE AND BIRTH WEIGHT
Low birth weight

Percentage of births with a reported birth weight <2.5 kilograms regardless of
gestational age.
Sample: Live births in the 2 years before the survey that have a reported birth
weight, from either a written record or else a mother’s report
The weight of a baby at birth is an important indicator that communicates a child’s vulnerability to illness
and death. Children born with low birth weight are more prone to illness and are at a higher risk of death.
In addition, birth weight predicts a child’s future health, growth, and psychosocial development.
In the 2022 KDHS, birth weight was recorded from either a written record or the mother’s report. The
mother’s estimate of the infant’s size at birth was obtained because birth weight is unknown for many
infants.
Written records or the mother’s report of birth weight were available for 88% of live births in the 2 years
before the survey. Nine percent of these births had a low birth weight of less than 2.5 kg. Based on the
assessment from the mothers, 2% of the children were very small, 11% smaller than average, and 85%
were average or larger in size at birth (Table 10.1).
 Availability of written records increases with mother’s education, from 18% among mothers with no
education to 42% among mothers with secondary education.
 Availability of written records increases with wealth quintile, from 29% in the lowest quintile to 42%
in the highest quintile.
10.2 VACCINATION OF CHILDREN

Universal immunisation of children against common vaccine-preventable diseases is crucial in reducing
infant and child morbidity and mortality. In Kenya, routine childhood vaccines include Bacillus Calmette-
Guérin (BCG) (tuberculosis); oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); pentavalent or
DPT-HepB-Hib (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus; hepatitis B; and Haemophilus influenzae type b);
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-10 (PCV10); rotavirus vaccine (RV); and measles-rubella (MR) vaccine.
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced as part of the routine childhood vaccines in 2015 and is co-
administered with OPV3 at 14 weeks.
Information on vaccination coverage was obtained in two ways in the 2022 KDHS: from written
vaccination records, including vaccination or health cards, and from verbal reports. For each child born in
the 3 years before the survey, mothers were asked to show the interviewer the vaccination card or other
document used for recording the child’s immunisations. If the vaccination card or other document was
available, the interviewer copied the dates of each vaccination received. If vaccination was not recorded in
the vaccination card or on the document as having been administered, the mother was asked to recall
whether that particular vaccination had been given. If the mother was not able to present the vaccination
card or other document for a child, she was asked to recall whether the child had received the BCG, polio,
DPT-HepB-Hib, pneumococcal, rotavirus, and measles-rubella vaccines. If she indicated that the child had
received any of the multi-dose vaccines, she was asked the number of doses the child received.
10.2.1 Vaccination Card Ownership and Availability
Vaccination cards are a critical tool in ensuring that a child receives all recommended vaccinations on
schedule. Having a vaccination card or other document on which vaccinations are recorded is universal
304 • Child Health

among children age 12–23 months and those age 24–35 months (98%) (Table 10.2). At the time of the
interview, however, vaccination cards were seen for 76% of children age 12–23 months and 61% of
children age 24–35 months.
 The percentage of children age 12–23 months with a vaccination card seen is higher in rural areas
(78%) than in urban areas (71%).
 Similarly, the percentage of children age 24–35 months with vaccination card seen was higher in the
rural areas (67%) than urban areas (53%).
10.2.2 Basic Antigen Coverage
Fully vaccinated—basic antigens

Percentage of children who received specific vaccines at any time before the
survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report). To have
received all basic antigens, a child must receive at least:
 One dose of BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis
 Three doses of polio vaccine given as oral polio vaccine (OPV),
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), or a combination of OPV and IPV
 Three doses of DPT-containing vaccine, which protects against diphtheria,
pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus
 One dose of measles-containing vaccine given as measles-rubella (MR).
Sample: Children age 12–23 months and age 24–35 months
Historically, an important measure of vaccination coverage has been the percentage of children receiving
all “basic” antigens. Children are considered fully vaccinated against all basic antigens if they have
received the BCG vaccine, three doses each of polio vaccine and DPT-containing vaccine, and a single
dose of measles-containing vaccine. In Kenya, the BCG vaccine is usually given at birth or at first clinic
contact, while polio and DPT-containing vaccines are given approximately age 6, 10, and 14 weeks. A first
measles-containing vaccination should be given at or soon after age 9 months.
Among children age 12–23 months, 80% are fully Figure 10.1 Trends in childhood
vaccinated with basic antigens; 77% are fully vaccinations
vaccinated with basic antigens by the appropriate age Percentage of children age 12–23 months
as per the recommendations within the National who received all basic antigens at any
Vaccines and Immunization Program (Table 10.3). time before the survey
Trends: The vaccination coverage rate for basic 79 77 79 80

antigens declined from 79% in 1993 to 57% in 2003, 65 All basic antigens
increased to 77% in 2008–09, and thereafter 57
gradually increased to 80% in 2022. The percentage
of children receiving no vaccinations has remained
between 2% and 3% except for 2003 when it
increased to 7% (Figure 10.1). 7 No vaccinations
3 3 3 2 2
1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022

the North Eastern region and several northern districts in

10.2.3 National Schedule Coverage
Fully vaccinated according to national schedule (age 12–23 months)

survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report). To be fully
vaccinated according to national schedule, a child must receive the following:
 One dose of BCG vaccine
 Oral polio vaccine (OPV, birth dose)
 Three doses of OPV and one dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
 Three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib
 Three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
 Two doses of Rotavirus vaccine (RV)
 One dose of measles rubella (MR).
Sample: Children age 12–23 months
Fully vaccinated according to national schedule (age 24–35 months)

survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report). To be fully
vaccinated according to national schedule, a child must receive all of the
vaccinations listed above along with the following:
 A second dose of measles rubella (MR)
A second measure of vaccination coverage is the percentage of children age 12–23 months and 24–35
months who are fully vaccinated according to the national schedule. In this report, a child age 12–23
months is considered to be fully vaccinated according to the national schedule if the child has received all
basic antigens as well as a birth dose of OPV, a dose of IPV, three doses of the pneumococcal vaccine, and
two doses of rotavirus vaccine. Children age 24–35 months have received all vaccinations according to the
national schedule if they have received a second dose of the MR vaccine in addition to all of the
vaccinations relevant for a child age 12–23 months.
Fifty-five percent of children age 12–23 months are fully vaccinated according to the national schedule
with 53% being vaccinated by the appropriate age. Similarly, 38% of children age 24–35 months are fully
vaccinated according to the national schedule with 34% being vaccinated by the appropriate age
(Table 10.3).

Figure 10.2 shows the coverage for Figure 10.2 Childhood vaccinations
each of the age-appropriate Percentage of children age 12–23 months vaccinated at
vaccinations among children age any time before the survey
12–23 months. Coverage is highest
for BCG vaccine (97%), and the BCG 97
first doses of OPV (97%), DPT- 0 86
HepB-Hib (97%), pneumococcal
(97%), and rotavirus (96%) 1 97
OPV
vaccines. 2 94
Ninety-two percent of children age 3 78

24–35 months received the first IPV 87
dose of MR, but only 67% received
the second (Table 10.3).
1 97
DPT-HepB-Hib 2 94
characteristics
3 89
 Vaccination coverage decreases
as birth order increases; from
61% for first birth-order 1 97
children age 12–23 months Pneumococcal 2 95
fully vaccinated according to
the national schedule to 40% 3 91
for sixth or higher birth-order
children (Figure 10.3).
1 96
Rotavirus
 Child vaccination coverage 2 92
according to national schedule
increases with mother’s level of
education, from 23% for Measles Rubella 89
children age 12–23 months
whose mothers have no Fully vaccinated
education to 62% among those (basic antigens)
80
whose mothers have more than Fully vaccinated
55
(national schedule)
secondary education
None 2
(Table 10.4).
 More than 8 in 10 children age 12–23 months in

Figure 10.3 Vaccination coverage by
Kissii and Tharaka-Nithi counties are fully
birth order
vaccinated according to the national schedule
(Table 10.4C). Percentage of children age 12–23 months
who were fully vaccinated (according to
national schedule) at any time before the
Source of Vaccinations survey
The main source of childhood vaccinations is the
public medical sector. About 4 in 5 for children age
61
12–23 months and 24–35 months receive their 57
51
vaccinations from the public health sector. The non- 40
NGO private sector is the second most common
source of childhood vaccination, 15% for children
age 12–23 months and 12% for children age 24–35
months (Table 10.5 and Table 10.5C).
1 2–3 4–5 6+

 Sixty-seven percent of children age 12–23 months in urban areas compared with 90% of children in
rural areas were vaccinated in public medical sector.
 Among children age 12–23 months, the percentage who received most of their vaccinations from
public medical sector decreases as mothers’ education increases, from 93% for children whose
mothers have no education to 61% for children whose mothers have more than secondary education.
 On the contrary, among children age 12–23 months, the percentage who received most of their
vaccinations from private medical sector (non-NGO) increases with mothers’ education, from 3% for
children whose mothers have no education to 34% for children whose mothers have more than
 Among children age 12–23 months, the percentage who received most of their vaccinations from
public medical sector decreases with wealth quintile, from 93% for children in the lowest household
wealth quintile to 56% for children in the highest household wealth quintile.
 On the contrary, among children age 12–23 months, the percentage who received most of their
vaccinations from private medical sector (non-NGO) increases with wealth quintile, from 3% for
children in the lowest household wealth quintile to 39% for children in the highest household wealth
quintile.
 Counties with the highest percentage of children age 12–23 months, who received most of their
vaccinations from public medical sector were Marsabit (100%), Tana-River (98%) and Busia (97%),
while counties with the lowest are Nairobi City (46%), Kajiado (68%), and Kiambu (70%)
 Counties with the highest percentage of children age 12–23 months, who received most of their
vaccinations from private medical sector (non-NGO) were Nairobi City (47%), Mombasa (28%), and
Kajiado (28%).
10.3 SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION AND CARESEEKING BEHAVIOUR

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are defined as bacterial or viral infections of the respiratory tract
leading to breathing difficulties, fever, and other complications. ARIs, which include pneumonia, are the
leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under age 5 in Kenya. Treatment with antibiotics
can prevent a large number of deaths caused by ARIs. Indoor air pollution has been documented as a risk
factor for ARIs and is associated with low socioeconomic status and overcrowding.
Careseeking for symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI)

Children with symptoms of ARI for whom advice or treatment was sought. ARI
symptoms include short, rapid breathing that is chest-related, and/or difficult
breathing that is chest-related.
Sample: Children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before
the survey
Among children under age 5, 2% exhibited symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey. Among
these children with ARI symptoms, advice or treatment was sought for 82% of whom 44% treatment or
advice was sought the same or next day (Table 10.6 and Table 10.6C).
 The percentage of children under age 5 with ARI symptoms was the same (2%) in both urban and rural
areas. However, the percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought was higher in urban areas

(90%) than in rural areas (78%). Advice or treatment was sought on the same or next day for 47% in
rural areas compared with 38% in urban areas.
Source of Advice or Treatment for Symptoms of ARI
The main source of advice or treatment for children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI was from the
public medical sector (63%) followed by private medical sector (non-NGO) (38%). Among those who
sought advice or treatment in the public medical sector, government dispensaries (29%) are the main
source (Table 10.7).
10.4 FEVER AND CARESEEKING BEHAVIOUR

Fever is a key symptom of malaria and other acute infections in children under age 5. In Kenya, malaria is
one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under age 5, and it is most prevalent in the
lake and coastal endemic regions of the country.
Careseeking for fever

Children with fever for whom advice or treatment was sought.
Sample: Children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the survey
In the 2 weeks before the survey, mothers reported that 17% of children under age 5 had fever. Advice or
treatment was sought for 70% of children under age 5 with fever, and for 42% of these children, advice or
treatment was sought the same or next day. Forty-one percent of the children under age 5 with fever
received antibiotics (Table 10.8 and Table 10.8C).
10.5 DIARRHOEAL DISEASE

Diarrhoeal disease remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among young children in Kenya.
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and supplemental zinc, combined with continued feeding, are the
recommended interventions for treating diarrhoea. The ORT can be provided as increased fluids (including
increased breastfeeding), as fluid prepared from a packet of oral rehydration salts (ORS), or as
government-recommended homemade fluids (RHF). Zinc has been shown to reduce the severity, frequency
of diarrhoeal episodes and duration of diarrhoea, and it is recommended that all children with diarrhoea
receive a 5-day course of zinc.
10.5.1 Diarrhoea and Careseeking Behaviour
Careseeking for diarrhoea

Children with diarrhoea for whom advice or treatment was sought.
Sample: Children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey
Fourteen percent of children under age 5 had a diarrhoeal episode in the 2 weeks before the survey. Advice
or treatment was sought for 58% of the children under age 5 with diarrhoea (Table 10.9).

 The percentage of children with diarrhoea Figure 10.4 Diarrhoea prevalence by age
increases from 14% among children under age 6 Percentage of children under age 5 who
months to 23% among those 6–11 months and had diarrhea in the 2 weeks before the
those age 12–23 months, and then decreases with survey
increasing age down to 6% among children age
48–59 months (Figure 10.4).
 In Wajir, Lamu, Migori, and Homa Bay counties, 23 23

about 1 in 4 children under age 5 had diarrhoea 14 14
13
in the 2 weeks before the survey (Table 10.9C). 10
6
<6 6–11 12–23 24–35 36–47 48–59 Total

10.5.2 Feeding Practices Age in months
Appropriate feeding practices

Children with diarrhoea are given more liquids than usual, and as much food
or more than usual.
Twenty-eight percent of children Figure 10.5 Feeding practices during diarrhoea

under 5 with diarrhoea in the 2
Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhea in the
weeks before the survey were given 2 weeks before the survey
more liquids than usual, as More Same Less None Never gave
recommended. Thirty-six percent
received the same amount of
liquids. However, 33% of the Liquids
28 36 33 3
children with diarrhoea received given
(compared to
somewhat less or much less liquids usual)
than usual, and 3% received no
liquids at all (Table 10.10, Table
10.10C, and Figure 10.5). Food given 3 33 48 5 10
(compared to
usual)
Thirty-six percent of children with
diarrhoea were fed according to the recommended practice of giving the same or more food than usual.
Forty-eight percent of children were given less food than usual, while 5% received no food.
 A higher percentage of children age 0–35 months with diarrhoea, who were not being breastfed, were
given more fluids (34%) compared with those that were being breastfed (24%).
 A higher percentage of children under age 5 in urban areas (39%) were given more fluids during a
diarrhoeal episode compared with those in rural areas (21%).
 The percentage of children under age 5 being given more fluids than usual during a diarrhoeal episode
increases with mother’s education, from 20% for children whose mothers have no education to 43%
for children whose mothers have more than secondary education.
 A higher percentage of children under age 5 in the highest wealth quintile (45%) were given more
fluids during a diarrhoeal episode compared with those in the lowest wealth quintile (19%).

10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy, Zinc, Continued Feeding, and Other Treatments
Oral rehydration therapy

Children with diarrhoea are given increased fluids, or a fluid made from a
special packet of oral rehydration salts (ORS), or government-recommended
homemade fluids (RHF).
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a Figure 10.6 Treatment of diarrhoea

simple and effective way to reduce Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhea in the
dehydration caused by diarrhoea. 2 weeks before the survey
Seven in ten children with diarrhoea Sought advice or treatment 58

received some form of ORT, either
fluids from ORS packets (48%), Fluid from ORS packet 48
recommended home fluids (26%), RHF 26
or increased fluids (28%). Forty-six
Increased fluids 28
percent received ORT and
continued feeding, as ORS or increased fluids 63
recommended.
ORT 70
Forty percent of children with ORT and continued feeding 46
diarrhoea were given zinc alone;
Zinc 40
32% were given zinc and ORS.
Zinc and ORS 32
Nineteen percent of children with
Antibiotics 14
diarrhoea did not receive any
treatment (Table 10.11 and Home remedy/other 8
Figure 10.6).
No treatment 19
Source of Advice or Treatment for Diarrhoea
Advice or treatment for children under age 5 with diarrhoea is mainly sought from public medical sector
(59%) followed by private medical sector (non-NGO) (37%) (Table 10.12).

10.6 TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS
Acute respiratory infection (ARI), fever, and Figure 10.7 Symptoms of childhood
dehydration from diarrhoea are contributing causes illness and careseeking
of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing
Percentage of Among those with
countries (WHO 2003). Prompt medical attention children under age 5 symptoms of illness,
when a child has symptoms of these illnesses is with symptoms in the percentage for whom
therefore crucial in reducing child deaths. 2 weeks before the advice or treatment
survey was sought
Two percent of children under age 5 were reported to 82
have symptoms of ARI. Fever and diarrhoea were 70
reported among 17% and 14% of the children, 58
respectively.
Treatment or advice was sought for 82% with 17 14

symptoms of ARI. Treatment or advice was sought 2
for 70% and 58% of children with fever and
ARI Fever Diar- ARI Fever Diar-
diarrhoea respectively (Figure 10.7).
rhoea rhoea
10.7 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT

Early childhood development is a multidimensional process that involves an ordered progression of motor,
cognitive, language, socioemotional, regulatory skills, and capacities across the first few years of life
(UNICEF 2016). These are distinct domains of early childhood development that are interconnected.
Nurturing and supporting all these dimensions in a holistic manner is key to ensuring that children have the
best chance to reach their full potential. Physical growth, literacy and numeracy skills, socioemotional
development, and learning readiness set the trajectory for lifelong health, learning, and well-being
(Shonkoff and Phillips 2000).
In 2022, Kenya launched the Early Childhood Development Policy, which addresses the development,
planning, implementation, and monitoring of integrated programmes targeting children age 0–8. The
policy addresses sectors critical to the survival and thriving of young children such as health, nutrition,
child protection, and early learning. Within the domain of health, the policy stipulates that every child
should be monitored for developmental milestones and that, where delays are detected, immediate
appropriate interventions are implemented.
Early Childhood Development Index 2030 (ECDI2030)

The ECDI2030 includes 20 items organised according to the three general
domains of health, learning, and psychosocial well-being. Each of the three
general domains includes a set of core subdomains:
 Health subdomains: gross motor development, fine motor development,
and self-care.
 Learning subdomains: expressive language, literacy, numeracy, pre-
writing, and executive functioning.
 Psychosocial well-being subdomains: emotional skills, social skills,
internalizing behaviour, and externalizing behaviour.
The ECDI2030 module is not designed to report individual domains separately.
It is meant to produce a single summary score that captures the interlinked
developmental concepts embedded in the three domains cited in SDG 4.2.1.
The KDHS included the Early Childhood Development Index 2030 (ECDI 2030) module developed by
UNICEF for the MICS programme. This module was administered as part of the KDHS Woman’s Full
Questionnaire. Respondents were asked 20 questions for each biological child living with them who was

between age 24 and 59 months. The questions focused on children’s behaviour in everyday situations and
the skills and knowledge they have acquired, which reflected the increasing difficulty of the skills children
acquire as they grow. The data generated by the ECDI2030 can be used to inform government efforts to
improve developmental outcomes among children.
Children developmentally on track according to the Early Childhood

Development Index (ECDI2030)
Percentage of children who have achieved the minimum number of ECDI2030
milestones expected for their age group as follows:
 24–29 months: at least 7 milestones
Overall, 78% of children age 24–59 months are developmentally on track in health, learning, and
psychosocial well-being (Table 10.13).
 Eighty percent of females and 76% of males age 24–49 months are developmentally on track in terms
of health, learning, and psychosocial wellbeing.
 A higher percentage of children in urban areas (88%) than rural areas (73%) are developmentally on
track
 The percentage of children who are developmentally on track in health, learning, and psychosocial
well-being decreases with age, from 83% among children age 24–35 months to 74% among children
age 48–59 months.
well-being increases with mother’s education, from 52% among children whose mothers have no
education to 91% for those whose mothers have more than secondary education.
well-being increases with wealth quintile, from 61% of children in the lowest wealth quintile to 93%
among children in the highest wealth quintile.

LIST OF TABLES
For more information on child health, see the following tables:
 Table 10.1 Child’s size and weight at birth

 Table 10.1C Child’s size and weight at birth by county
 Table 10.2 Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to background
characteristics
 Table 10.2C Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to county
 Table 10.3 Vaccinations by source of information
 Table 10.4 Vaccinations by background characteristics
 Table 10.4C Vaccinations by county
 Table 10.5 Source of vaccinations
 Table 10.5C Source of vaccinations by county
 Table 10.6 Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI
 Table 10.6C Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI by county
 Table 10.7 Source of advice or treatment for children with symptoms of ARI
 Table 10.8 Children with fever and careseeking for fever
 Table 10.8C Children with fever and careseeking for fever by county
 Table 10.9 Children with diarrhoea and careseeking for diarrhoea
 Table 10.9C Children with diarrhoea and careseeking for diarrhoea by county
 Table 10.10 Feeding practices during diarrhoea
 Table 10.10C Feeding practices during diarrhoea by county
 Table 10.11 Oral rehydration salts, zinc, continued feeding and other treatments for
diarrhoea
 Table 10.12 Source of advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea
 Table 10.13 Early Childhood Development Index 2030

Table 10.1 Child’s size and weight at birth
Percent distribution of live births in the 2 years before the survey by mother’s estimate of baby’s size at birth, percentage of live births in the 2 years
before the survey that have a reported birth weight by source of information (written record or mother’s report); and among live births in the 2 years
before the survey with a reported birth weight, percentage less than 2.5 kg, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of births that have Among births with
Percent distribution of births by size of baby a reported birth weight a reported birth
at birth based on mother’s estimate according to: weight1
Percent-
Smaller age less
Background Very than Average Don’t Written Mother’s Number than Number of
characteristic small average or larger know Total record report Either of births 2.5 kg births
<20 3.8 14.6 79.6 2.0 100.0 36.5 51.6 88.1 460 11.4 405
20–34 1.3 10.9 85.3 2.6 100.0 38.7 50.1 88.8 2,760 8.1 2,450
35–49 2.3 8.4 85.9 3.3 100.0 36.4 48.0 84.4 437 8.0 369
Birth order
1 2.9 11.3 84.7 1.1 100.0 38.1 54.8 92.9 1,038 10.5 964
2–3 1.1 11.3 85.7 1.9 100.0 41.2 50.7 92.0 1,572 7.8 1,446
4–5 1.7 10.8 83.8 3.7 100.0 36.8 46.9 83.8 705 6.8 590
6+ 1.0 9.8 81.2 7.9 100.0 27.0 38.7 65.7 343 8.7 225
Mother’s smoking status
Smokes cigarettes/
tobacco (0.0) (6.0) (90.2) (3.8) 100.0 (45.1) (34.4) (79.5) 22 * 18
Does not smoke 1.7 11.1 84.6 2.6 100.0 38.1 50.1 88.2 3,635 8.4 3,207
Residence
Urban 1.0 10.3 87.7 1.0 100.0 39.9 57.4 97.3 1,315 6.5 1,280
Rural 2.1 11.5 82.9 3.4 100.0 37.2 45.8 83.0 2,343 9.8 1,945
No education 2.2 12.0 70.0 15.8 100.0 18.3 29.1 47.4 354 12.4 168
Primary 2.5 11.8 83.3 2.3 100.0 38.6 46.8 85.4 1,268 9.7 1,083
Secondary 1.2 10.3 88.0 0.5 100.0 42.1 53.7 95.8 1,376 8.0 1,318
More than secondary 1.0 10.8 88.1 0.1 100.0 39.6 59.7 99.4 661 6.6 657
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.4 11.4 78.0 8.1 100.0 28.7 34.1 62.8 793 9.6 498
Second 2.1 11.3 84.2 2.4 100.0 40.0 48.6 88.6 679 10.4 601
Middle 1.2 11.2 86.6 1.0 100.0 40.3 53.8 94.1 655 8.6 616
Fourth 1.7 11.2 86.4 0.8 100.0 41.2 56.8 97.9 801 9.1 785
Highest 1.2 10.1 88.6 0.1 100.0 41.5 57.8 99.4 730 5.4 725
Total 1.7 11.1 84.6 2.6 100.0 38.2 50.0 88.2 3,658 8.5 3,225
25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Based on either a written record or the mother’s recall.
2

Table 10.1C Child’s size and weight at birth by county
Percent distribution of live births in the 2 years before the survey by mother’s estimate of baby’s size at birth, percentage of live births in the 2
years before the survey that have a reported birth weight by source of information (written record or mother’s report); and among live births in the
2 years before the survey with a reported birth weight, percentage less than 2.5 kg, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of births that have Among births with a
Percent distribution of births by size of baby a reported birth weight reported birth
at birth based on mother’s estimate according to: weight1
Percent-
Smaller age less
Very than Average Don’t Written Mother’s Number than Number
County small average or larger know Total record report Either of births 2.5 kg of births
Mombasa 0.6 4.9 94.5 0.0 100.0 17.4 80.0 97.4 105 9.2 102
Kwale 1.2 15.3 83.5 0.0 100.0 34.7 54.9 89.6 64 9.8 57
Kilifi 0.0 17.1 82.9 0.0 100.0 40.6 52.9 93.5 95 9.9 88
Tana River 0.7 4.1 86.4 8.8 100.0 23.9 23.0 46.9 29 5.0 14
Lamu 11.2 26.5 61.7 0.6 100.0 40.1 50.1 90.2 17 11.9 15
Taita/Taveta (0.0) (17.9) (82.1) (0.0) 100.0 (62.7) (35.1) (97.7) 25 (13.5) 24
Garissa 1.1 3.3 74.3 21.3 100.0 30.1 28.7 58.7 51 9.1 30
Wajir 12.3 10.9 50.5 26.3 100.0 4.6 26.9 31.5 29 (30.5) 9
Mandera 1.8 11.2 58.0 29.0 100.0 6.7 27.8 34.4 50 10.2 17
Marsabit 0.0 1.7 54.9 43.4 100.0 5.3 40.3 45.6 28 3.0 13
Isiolo 7.0 15.5 75.5 2.1 100.0 21.2 59.0 80.2 21 14.9 17
Meru 1.7 7.8 90.4 0.0 100.0 37.0 56.8 93.8 99 5.3 93
Tharaka-Nithi 0.0 16.5 83.5 0.0 100.0 59.0 37.0 96.0 26 1.9 25
Embu 1.1 11.1 87.0 0.8 100.0 60.6 38.5 99.2 33 11.8 33
Kitui 0.0 6.2 86.0 7.8 100.0 28.6 46.5 75.1 72 9.4 54
Machakos 7.1 21.1 70.3 1.5 100.0 58.2 36.2 94.4 85 15.3 80
Makueni 1.6 3.0 93.7 1.8 100.0 24.4 66.5 91.0 65 3.7 59
Nyandarua 0.4 21.2 78.3 0.0 100.0 46.7 53.3 100.0 48 8.1 48
Nyeri 0.0 5.5 94.5 0.0 100.0 44.0 56.0 100.0 52 15.5 52
Kirinyaga 0.0 18.3 81.7 0.0 100.0 60.3 39.7 100.0 47 13.9 47
Murang’a 0.0 15.1 84.9 0.0 100.0 25.9 71.6 97.5 72 8.0 70
Kiambu 2.2 5.2 92.7 0.0 100.0 25.5 74.5 100.0 203 6.3 203
Turkana 1.5 14.3 84.3 0.0 100.0 20.8 26.0 46.8 66 3.9 31
West Pokot 1.0 9.8 66.5 22.6 100.0 14.5 41.3 55.8 89 8.0 50
Samburu 1.0 15.9 73.3 9.7 100.0 14.2 36.5 50.7 30 14.0 15
Trans Nzoia 3.0 15.9 81.1 0.0 100.0 17.4 77.6 95.1 78 8.0 74
Uasin Gishu 0.0 11.1 87.7 1.2 100.0 37.8 55.2 93.0 112 6.1 104
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.1 2.8 94.9 1.2 100.0 30.2 62.9 93.1 35 8.5 33
Nandi 0.0 23.4 74.7 1.9 100.0 49.5 36.7 86.1 60 17.1 52
Baringo 0.0 6.5 92.4 1.1 100.0 23.4 52.2 75.6 53 1.9 40
Laikipia 1.1 14.7 84.3 0.0 100.0 58.3 31.0 89.3 33 (18.5) 29
Nakuru 0.0 7.2 92.8 0.0 100.0 47.4 47.2 94.7 170 5.8 161
Narok 1.2 18.7 76.1 4.0 100.0 21.0 47.1 68.1 122 18.1 83
Kajiado 2.1 9.7 88.2 0.0 100.0 32.8 56.1 88.9 103 7.6 91
Kericho 0.0 6.1 91.5 2.5 100.0 26.2 66.2 92.4 84 11.3 77
Bomet 2.7 3.7 93.6 0.0 100.0 28.8 64.2 93.1 68 14.3 63
Kakamega 7.4 12.2 80.4 0.0 100.0 45.6 54.4 100.0 158 8.7 158
Vihiga 1.8 5.0 93.3 0.0 100.0 53.8 43.3 97.1 39 5.4 38
Bungoma 6.2 10.2 83.6 0.0 100.0 33.1 47.6 80.7 112 5.0 91
Busia 1.2 5.7 92.0 1.2 100.0 68.0 14.1 82.1 77 4.9 64
Siaya 6.4 8.8 84.8 0.0 100.0 69.6 20.9 90.5 55 5.7 50
Kisumu 0.8 13.4 85.8 0.0 100.0 55.8 40.1 95.9 80 5.1 77
Homa Bay 0.0 13.9 86.1 0.0 100.0 42.8 46.2 89.0 73 5.3 65
Migori 3.5 4.9 89.5 2.2 100.0 49.1 45.6 94.7 99 6.8 94
Kisii 1.2 7.8 89.5 1.4 100.0 61.6 28.0 89.6 96 8.6 86
Nyamira 0.0 13.0 87.0 0.0 100.0 63.5 32.0 95.5 35 13.6 33
Nairobi City 0.0 15.1 84.9 0.0 100.0 46.4 53.6 100.0 415 7.2 415
Total 1.7 11.1 84.6 2.6 100.0 38.2 50.0 88.2 3,658 8.5 3,225
1
Based on either a written record or the mother’s recall.

Table 10.2 Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to background characteristics
Percentage of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months who ever had a vaccination card, and percentage with a
vaccination card seen, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Children age 12–23 months Children age 24–35 months
ever had a Percentage with ever had a Percentage with
Background vaccination a vaccination Number of vaccination a vaccination Number of
characteristic card1 card seen1 children card1 card seen1 children
Sex
Male 98.1 74.6 1,672 97.8 62.0 1,677
Female 98.1 76.5 1,652 98.0 60.8 1,553
Birth order
1 98.9 75.5 1,000 98.6 55.8 1,028
2–3 98.7 76.3 1,320 98.5 62.6 1,320
4–5 98.0 76.5 642 96.8 67.4 553
6+ 93.9 71.5 361 94.9 64.4 329
Residence
Urban 98.6 70.7 1,223 98.6 52.8 1,254
Rural 97.8 78.4 2,101 97.4 66.9 1,976
No education 89.7 58.9 331 87.1 50.4 340
Primary 98.8 79.2 1,235 98.8 65.9 1,188
Secondary 99.1 77.1 1,194 99.3 65.3 1,050
More than secondary 99.3 74.3 565 99.3 52.8 652
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.9 77.6 767 94.7 62.9 713
Second 98.6 80.3 620 98.0 71.7 556
Middle 98.4 75.7 572 98.4 64.5 547
Fourth 98.3 73.9 646 98.8 58.3 653
Highest 99.6 70.7 719 99.5 53.0 760
Total 98.1 75.6 3,324 97.9 61.4 3,230
1
Vaccination card, booklet or other home-based record.
2

Table 10.2C Possession and observation of vaccination cards, according to county
Percentage of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months who ever had a vaccination card, and percentage with
a vaccination card seen, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
ever had a Percentage with ever had a Percentage with
vaccination a vaccination Number of vaccination a vaccination Number of
County card1 card seen1 children card1 card seen1 children
Mombasa 100.0 75.8 75 100.0 50.3 90
Kwale 100.0 78.6 62 100.0 76.5 63
Kilifi 100.0 84.0 89 100.0 70.4 92
Tana River 96.8 71.7 26 96.8 62.8 25
Lamu 97.6 72.7 13 100.0 58.9 11
Taita/Taveta 100.0 83.2 28 (100.0) (71.7) 21
Garissa 63.9 36.5 37 66.4 26.3 44
Wajir 87.6 45.6 28 84.0 19.3 27
Mandera 68.4 26.2 47 66.5 14.5 49
Marsabit 98.6 53.4 24 98.2 41.5 26
Isiolo 99.8 59.9 19 98.2 47.2 19
Meru 99.2 78.2 92 100.0 72.7 79
Tharaka-Nithi 100.0 90.1 24 100.0 72.3 26
Embu (100.0) (82.6) 30 100.0 74.1 31
Kitui 92.4 76.8 80 89.0 55.7 57
Machakos (100.0) (81.6) 68 100.0 64.4 75
Makueni 100.0 81.6 63 100.0 74.6 59
Nyandarua 100.0 80.3 43 (100.0) (79.7) 27
Nyeri (96.9) (76.5) 37 100.0 63.1 51
Kirinyaga 100.0 79.9 44 (100.0) (53.7) 30
Murang’a (88.4) (72.3) 51 (85.3) (58.3) 58
Kiambu 100.0 81.8 196 100.0 58.7 208
Turkana 100.0 79.4 66 98.3 67.9 49
West Pokot 93.0 62.4 82 94.9 57.5 81
Samburu 95.2 73.1 27 90.4 58.7 28
Trans Nzoia 100.0 76.7 60 100.0 56.7 76
Uasin Gishu 100.0 76.2 101 100.0 63.1 99
Elgeyo/Marakwet 100.0 82.7 37 98.4 54.9 27
Nandi 100.0 79.1 52 100.0 68.0 56
Baringo 100.0 78.6 45 99.2 68.7 44
Laikipia 98.2 75.4 36 100.0 59.8 29
Nakuru 97.9 88.8 176 99.0 77.5 168
Narok 97.8 76.0 95 99.7 70.5 115
Kajiado 99.1 74.9 87 98.5 62.5 102
Kericho 98.7 73.1 75 100.0 68.2 69
Bomet 99.7 86.2 66 98.3 72.9 60
Kakamega 100.0 77.3 147 100.0 59.2 119
Vihiga 100.0 81.6 30 97.9 77.6 29
Bungoma 100.0 81.6 118 98.4 66.6 106
Busia 99.7 69.6 52 100.0 70.7 56
Siaya 100.0 81.1 58 100.0 60.2 66
Kisumu 100.0 84.2 85 98.5 63.2 81
Homa Bay 100.0 80.4 63 100.0 63.5 66
Migori 99.6 79.7 89 99.2 70.1 78
Kisii 100.0 80.2 71 100.0 66.9 62
Nyamira (100.0) (82.6) 24 (100.0) (68.1) 21
Nairobi City 100.0 64.7 409 100.0 48.1 372
Total 98.1 75.6 3,324 97.9 61.4 3,230

1
Vaccination card, booklet, or other home-based record.

Table 10.3 Vaccinations by source of information
Percentage of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey by
source of information (vaccination card or mother’s report), and percentage who received specific vaccines by the appropriate age, Kenya DHS
2022
Vaccinated at any time before Vaccinated at any time before
the survey according to: Vaccinated the survey according to: Vaccinated
Either source by Either source by
Vaccination Mother’s (crude appropriate Vaccination Mother’s (crude appropriate
Vaccine card1 report coverage) age2,3 card1 report coverage) age3,4
BCG 74.9 22.0 96.9 96.7 60.8 35.5 96.2 95.2
DPT-HepB-Hib
1 75.1 22.0 97.1 97.1 61.1 35.1 96.2 95.7
2 74.5 19.4 93.9 93.9 60.6 31.3 91.9 91.1
3 72.5 16.7 89.2 88.9 59.4 26.3 85.7 84.7
Polio
OPV 0 (birth dose) 66.8 19.3 86.1 86.0 53.0 32.2 85.2 85.0
OPV 1 75.2 21.2 96.5 96.5 61.0 33.3 94.3 93.8
OPV 2 74.7 19.5 94.2 94.1 60.4 30.9 91.4 90.5
OPV 3 72.3 5.9 78.2 77.9 57.3 11.3 68.7 67.7
IPV 65.7 21.7 87.4 87.0 53.9 34.2 88.0 86.5
Pneumococcal
1 74.6 21.9 96.5 96.5 60.8 34.8 95.6 95.1
2 74.0 21.4 95.4 95.4 60.5 34.3 94.8 93.8
3 71.8 19.4 91.2 90.7 58.8 30.4 89.2 88.0
Rotavirus
1 74.7 21.3 96.0 95.8 60.9 34.7 95.6 95.0
2 72.2 20.1 92.3 91.7 59.5 32.6 92.1 91.4
Measles Rubella
1 68.7 20.4 89.0 85.9 57.8 33.8 91.6 84.8
2 na na na na 42.3 24.6 66.8 64.7
Fully vaccinated (basic
antigens)5 66.0 14.0 80.1 77.0 55.7 22.6 78.3 71.8
Fully vaccinated
(according to national
schedule)6 52.2 3.0 55.2 53.0 31.6 5.9 37.5 34.4
No vaccinations 0.0 2.1 2.1 na 0.0 2.9 2.9 na
Number of children 2,512 812 3,324 3,324 1,984 1,246 3,230 3,230
na = not applicable
BCG = Bacille Calmette-Guérin
DPT = Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
HepB = Hepatitis B
Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b
IPV = Inactivated polio vaccine
OPV = Oral polio vaccine
1
Vaccination card, booklet or other home-based record.
2
Received by age 12 months.
3
For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of vaccination is not collected. The proportions of
vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
4
Received by age 12 months for all vaccines except the second dose of Measles Rubella (MR), which should be received by age 24 months.
5
BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, three doses of polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth), and one dose of MR.
6
For children 12–23 months: BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of OPV, one dose of IPV, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine,
two doses of rotavirus vaccine, and one dose of MR. For children 24–35 months, all of these plus a second dose of MR.

Table 10.4 Vaccinations by background characteristics

Percentage of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage fully vaccinated (basic antigens),
percentage fully vaccinated (according to national schedule), and percentage who received no vaccinations, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Children age 12–23 months Children age 24–35 months:
Fully Fully
vacci- vacci-
nated nated
Fully (accor- (accor-
vacci- ding to ding to
DPT-HepB-Hib Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus nated national Number national Number
Background (basic sched- No vacci- of sched- of
characteristic BCG 1 2 3 1
OPV 0 OPV 1 OPV 2 OPV 3 IPV 1 2 3 1 2 MR 1 antigens)2 ule)3 nations children MR 2 ule)4 children
Sex
Male 96.4 96.9 93.8 88.8 86.0 95.9 93.6 77.5 88.2 96.2 95.2 91.2 95.8 92.1 89.5 80.2 56.0 2.5 1,672 69.7 38.1 1,677
Female 97.4 97.3 94.1 89.5 86.2 97.0 94.8 78.9 86.5 96.8 95.6 91.1 96.2 92.5 88.6 80.0 54.4 1.8 1,652 63.8 36.9 1,553
Birth order
1 97.1 98.0 95.8 92.0 89.9 96.5 94.7 79.8 89.5 97.2 96.2 93.4 96.6 94.7 94.1 85.1 61.2 1.6 1,000 72.2 39.9 1,028
2–3 97.6 97.4 94.3 89.0 88.9 97.2 94.6 79.1 88.2 96.7 95.8 91.2 96.7 92.3 91.2 81.9 56.8 1.9 1,320 70.4 39.5 1,320
4–5 97.0 96.9 92.8 88.9 82.9 96.9 95.1 77.9 86.4 96.4 95.3 91.2 95.1 90.2 83.9 75.8 51.0 2.0 642 60.8 36.2 553
6+ 93.5 93.9 89.4 82.5 71.1 93.0 89.5 70.8 80.3 93.9 92.2 84.8 93.1 89.1 76.2 67.0 40.3 4.9 361 46.0 24.4 329
Vaccination card5
Seen 99.2 99.4 98.6 96.0 88.3 99.5 98.8 95.6 86.9 98.7 97.9 95.0 98.8 95.5 90.9 87.4 69.1 0.0 2,512 68.8 51.5 1,984
Not seen or no longer has 94.6 94.3 83.6 72.0 84.2 90.8 83.8 25.9 93.7 94.2 92.3 83.7 91.5 86.6 88.1 60.9 13.4 4.3 749 66.3 16.2 1,177
Never had 33.9 37.6 29.5 23.3 19.0 40.4 33.4 5.5 31.0 36.4 32.4 28.7 35.8 30.8 26.3 17.4 0.2 59.6 63 18.4 0.0 69
Residence
Urban 97.1 97.3 93.2 87.9 92.0 95.9 93.5 74.5 89.0 96.4 95.9 92.0 96.2 93.7 90.9 79.6 55.7 2.2 1,223 71.1 37.6 1,254
Rural 96.8 97.0 94.4 89.9 82.7 96.8 94.6 80.4 86.4 96.5 95.2 90.7 95.9 91.5 87.9 80.3 55.0 2.1 2,101 64.1 37.5 1,976
No education 88.5 88.3 80.7 73.0 54.4 87.4 81.8 57.8 75.3 88.5 84.7 77.9 87.1 78.9 64.0 53.6 22.7 9.6 331 33.4 14.7 340
Primary 98.3 98.2 95.1 90.6 87.5 98.2 96.0 80.6 88.9 97.2 96.5 92.2 97.1 94.0 89.4 80.8 55.9 0.8 1,235 63.0 34.1 1,188
Secondary 97.0 97.8 95.2 90.6 89.9 96.3 94.7 80.0 88.6 97.4 96.4 91.6 96.8 93.1 93.7 83.5 60.5 1.8 1,194 72.8 42.8 1,050
More than secondary 98.6 98.5 96.4 92.6 93.6 98.1 96.4 81.0 88.4 97.6 97.4 95.8 97.0 94.7 93.0 86.8 61.7 1.4 565 81.7 47.1 652
Wealth quintile
Lowest 94.9 95.4 90.9 85.1 69.3 94.8 91.1 76.5 82.6 95.0 92.2 86.8 93.7 87.7 79.6 71.1 42.3 3.5 767 50.1 25.3 713
Second 97.3 97.6 96.2 92.3 90.1 97.5 96.2 81.3 86.8 97.2 96.7 93.1 96.9 94.0 90.5 82.6 59.6 1.2 620 66.5 40.1 556
Middle 96.8 96.9 94.2 88.8 87.9 96.3 93.4 79.9 89.6 95.7 95.1 90.1 95.3 91.3 91.5 82.5 58.4 2.6 572 68.4 40.5 547
Fourth 97.7 97.6 93.9 90.0 92.4 96.9 94.9 77.0 88.2 97.1 96.1 92.1 97.5 93.8 92.4 82.7 59.3 1.8 646 71.1 40.5 653
Highest 98.0 98.2 95.0 90.4 93.4 97.0 95.8 77.1 90.4 97.5 97.4 94.3 96.7 95.0 92.7 83.1 59.1 1.4 719 78.0 42.5 760
Total 96.9 97.1 93.9 89.2 86.1 96.5 94.2 78.2 87.4 96.5 95.4 91.2 96.0 92.3 89.0 80.1 55.2 2.1 3,324 66.8 37.5 3,230
Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of vaccination is not
collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination.
HepB = Hepatitis B
MR = Measles Rubella
1
OPV 0 is the polio vaccination given at birth.
2
3
BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of OPV, one dose of IPV, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, two doses of rotavirus vaccine, and one dose of MR.
4
BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of OPV, one dose of IPV, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, two doses of rotavirus vaccine, and two doses of MR.
5
Mother and child health handbook or other home-based record.
6
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest education
level attended.
Table 10.4C Vaccinations by county
Percentage of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report), percentage fully vaccinated (basic antigens),
percentage fully vaccinated (according to national schedule), and percentage who received no vaccinations, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Fully
Fully vacci- Fully
vaccinated vacci-
DPT-HepB-Hib Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus nated (accor- nated
(basic ding to (according
anti- national No vacci- Number of to national Number of
County BCG 1 2 3 OPV 01 OPV 1 OPV 2 OPV 3 IPV 1 2 3 1 2 MR 1 gens)2 schedule)3 nations children MR 2 schedule)4 children
Mombasa 98.6 100.0 99.1 97.4 94.5 100.0 99.1 85.9 93.9 99.1 97.4 95.6 97.3 97.3 96.6 93.4 70.4 0.0 75 66.1 24.8 90
Kwale 96.1 96.7 94.0 82.5 85.9 96.7 96.7 77.4 92.8 95.0 95.0 92.1 92.4 87.1 83.7 70.6 50.1 2.0 62 73.3 39.3 63
Kilifi 100.0 100.0 98.2 93.7 92.9 99.3 97.5 78.6 92.2 97.9 92.7 90.6 96.4 94.6 95.1 89.8 62.5 0.0 89 66.8 47.6 92
Tana River 94.6 93.5 88.7 80.8 80.1 93.4 85.8 68.5 82.2 94.6 90.6 80.6 92.8 81.5 83.1 73.5 39.2 4.4 26 53.7 28.1 25
Lamu 98.6 100.0 97.2 85.1 93.7 99.0 98.2 76.5 87.7 97.3 97.3 84.3 100.0 92.9 86.4 72.3 54.2 0.0 13 49.6 36.6 11
Taita/Taveta 98.4 98.4 95.5 85.8 94.9 97.4 95.4 81.3 89.0 98.4 94.1 85.9 98.4 94.7 96.5 84.7 65.4 1.6 28 (59.2) (44.3) 21
Garissa 63.2 63.3 40.8 36.4 51.5 63.0 56.0 35.2 53.8 64.0 61.7 53.4 59.9 54.7 42.7 22.9 16.9 35.1 37 9.7 3.6 44
Wajir 94.7 94.6 83.3 66.5 47.9 93.7 81.1 58.0 81.4 94.6 89.6 77.3 92.5 82.4 74.8 48.6 19.2 2.3 28 21.6 5.5 27
Mandera 63.2 63.8 52.2 43.8 35.1 62.0 59.2 38.9 47.9 63.3 62.7 52.9 61.6 56.2 42.4 29.1 5.6 33.8 47 23.2 3.5 49
Marsabit 94.8 93.2 89.7 84.7 75.9 92.1 86.3 52.9 75.8 92.7 90.9 86.9 89.1 88.6 79.2 68.8 19.3 4.4 24 46.7 8.4 26
Isiolo 97.1 96.8 94.2 88.7 84.3 86.7 81.4 59.4 85.0 96.8 93.2 85.2 96.8 93.1 78.6 69.7 37.1 1.5 19 42.2 25.3 19
Meru 100.0 98.3 96.3 92.3 90.8 96.9 89.5 79.1 94.0 92.9 89.2 86.1 95.4 85.3 97.4 81.9 57.9 0.0 92 78.5 49.1 79
Tharaka-Nithi 100.0 100.0 98.0 96.3 95.6 100.0 98.0 91.9 98.7 100.0 98.7 94.7 100.0 93.3 96.3 94.9 82.1 0.0 24 73.5 48.5 26
Embu (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (97.2) (100.0) (100.0) (98.1) (88.9) (96.4) (100.0) (100.0) (97.2) (96.8) (93.7) (93.5) (90.7) (75.6) (0.0) 30 82.0 52.6 31
Kitui 86.6 91.0 86.7 83.9 73.5 90.8 90.8 78.7 80.1 91.0 91.0 82.3 90.4 88.5 83.1 72.5 49.4 7.0 80 60.0 24.7 57
Machakos (95.2) (97.6) (93.8) (92.3) (90.9) (97.6) (97.6) (91.3) (91.3) (95.7) (95.7) (95.7) (97.6) (97.6) (98.0) (87.8) (70.8) (0.0) 68 85.8 60.9 75
Makueni 97.8 97.8 89.6 85.5 95.5 97.8 96.2 84.9 87.0 97.8 97.8 93.5 97.8 95.2 93.3 82.0 65.5 2.2 63 93.9 48.4 59
Nyandarua 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.0 98.4 99.2 95.7 83.1 88.3 100.0 100.0 96.5 100.0 98.0 99.2 94.9 70.6 0.0 43 (80.8) (63.5) 27
Nyeri (91.5) (94.7) (92.9) (85.9) (88.4) (92.9) (92.9) (82.0) (81.0) (94.7) (94.7) (84.5) (91.5) (91.5) (85.6) (78.2) (56.6) (5.3) 37 75.3 45.1 51
Kirinyaga 98.1 100.0 98.2 92.1 95.1 100.0 98.0 81.8 97.9 100.0 100.0 93.1 97.9 90.2 97.1 87.3 70.9 0.0 44 (89.0) (43.8) 30
Murang’a (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (74.7) (88.2) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (96.7) (95.3) (95.3) (66.2) (3.3) 51 (90.8) (62.5) 58
Kiambu 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.8 95.4 98.2 95.3 80.4 93.7 100.0 100.0 95.9 96.7 91.3 94.0 87.8 65.5 0.0 196 68.9 39.6 208
Turkana 96.7 96.6 91.7 84.1 56.7 95.7 90.3 73.3 77.0 96.6 90.9 84.3 95.2 84.3 68.8 60.1 29.3 1.7 66 48.5 25.3 49
West Pokot 97.3 98.1 85.5 73.9 45.2 96.7 89.7 51.6 79.2 96.3 88.4 83.3 95.7 85.1 62.2 48.6 10.7 1.2 82 23.3 5.2 81
Samburu 93.1 90.8 89.0 87.2 59.3 91.2 85.0 69.5 77.3 90.3 88.5 87.1 90.8 86.6 73.1 65.8 27.8 6.4 27 39.5 14.9 28
Trans Nzoia 98.0 100.0 98.0 87.4 87.5 98.2 96.5 91.1 92.8 100.0 100.0 89.4 97.4 91.3 93.9 77.6 70.6 0.0 60 81.2 64.8 76
Uasin Gishu 98.6 98.6 95.4 94.6 90.2 98.6 94.6 78.0 89.9 95.3 95.3 94.3 98.6 89.4 97.6 89.5 49.3 1.4 101 68.8 37.5 99
Elgeyo/Marakwet 97.6 94.9 88.8 83.4 79.0 98.2 91.9 74.3 86.0 97.3 94.8 85.6 95.6 84.4 88.3 69.8 43.2 0.0 37 56.5 30.2 27
Nandi 100.0 100.0 96.4 95.8 100.0 100.0 99.5 87.9 85.5 96.1 96.1 94.2 100.0 100.0 93.9 89.8 65.0 0.0 52 78.7 51.6 56
Baringo 98.3 98.0 98.0 96.2 76.6 98.0 98.0 82.8 80.4 100.0 100.0 95.1 98.5 97.0 88.5 84.8 43.3 0.0 45 62.4 32.4 44
Laikipia 93.9 97.1 97.1 91.9 88.2 97.1 95.3 76.9 86.7 97.1 96.1 94.3 97.1 97.1 90.5 83.7 55.5 2.9 36 77.5 33.2 29
Nakuru 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 92.9 99.1 99.1 91.1 86.5 99.1 99.1 95.6 99.1 96.7 92.4 91.5 69.2 0.9 176 80.2 57.6 168
Narok 98.7 97.5 97.5 90.8 53.9 97.0 94.2 75.9 89.6 97.5 97.5 94.1 94.6 92.2 82.9 74.9 30.8 1.3 95 45.5 16.2 115
Kajiado 96.9 91.9 85.6 73.6 81.4 96.9 88.9 71.0 84.1 91.9 89.2 77.3 94.5 90.2 81.6 61.3 43.5 0.9 87 49.9 27.9 102
Kericho 94.1 95.4 95.4 93.0 82.4 95.4 94.3 71.6 83.4 95.4 95.4 93.8 93.9 92.7 89.5 84.7 47.6 4.6 75 74.7 45.6 69
Bomet 98.5 98.5 95.7 89.8 87.7 98.5 98.5 91.2 85.0 98.2 98.2 95.4 98.5 98.5 92.7 83.9 63.9 1.5 66 79.8 45.1 60
Kakamega 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.1 93.2 99.6 98.2 91.8 90.6 99.4 99.4 96.5 98.7 94.5 96.0 90.7 72.8 0.0 147 81.6 53.2 119
Vihiga 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.9 93.6 100.0 100.0 88.6 87.5 100.0 100.0 92.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.9 70.1 0.0 30 74.8 58.1 29
Bungoma 100.0 98.7 97.3 97.3 82.9 97.7 97.7 89.3 94.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.3 88.2 65.9 0.0 118 66.9 29.0 106
Busia 98.2 100.0 100.0 96.5 89.5 100.0 97.3 73.4 95.0 100.0 98.0 92.5 100.0 92.6 90.5 81.9 55.8 0.0 52 84.3 60.2 56
Siaya 99.3 99.3 97.5 93.9 95.1 99.3 95.6 84.4 93.6 99.3 98.5 91.4 99.3 96.0 94.1 88.1 69.9 0.7 58 54.1 26.6 66
Kisumu 97.7 100.0 87.6 87.6 91.4 98.7 98.7 85.2 95.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.1 93.5 78.9 62.6 0.0 85 64.7 30.1 81
Homa Bay 98.3 97.5 94.7 86.2 94.1 97.6 91.4 74.8 81.0 97.5 95.6 82.1 96.4 88.3 89.0 75.8 52.6 0.0 63 46.6 28.5 66
Migori 99.6 99.6 98.3 91.3 91.8 98.0 95.7 84.9 97.7 99.6 98.4 94.1 99.1 93.2 93.1 85.6 71.4 0.4 89 62.3 37.9 78
Kisii 99.1 99.1 95.7 95.7 98.5 99.1 95.6 88.5 93.6 97.6 95.5 95.5 97.6 95.5 94.6 89.7 81.6 0.9 71 79.9 50.9 62
(Continued…)
Fully
Fully vacci- Fully
vaccinated vacci-
DPT-HepB-Hib Polio Pneumococcal Rotavirus nated (accor- nated
(basic ding to (according
anti- national No vacci- Number of to national Number of
County BCG 1 2 3 OPV 01 OPV 1 OPV 2 OPV 3 IPV 1 2 3 1 2 MR 1 gens)2 schedule)3 nations children MR 2 schedule)4 children
Nyamira (100.0) (100.0) (96.0) (95.5) (94.8) (97.4) (94.8) (88.8) (79.0) (97.0) (97.0) (93.9) (96.6) (96.6) (92.5) (82.7) (55.8) (0.0) 24 (75.3) (48.5) 21
Nairobi City 96.8 97.4 93.4 87.7 93.4 95.3 95.3 67.8 84.4 96.4 96.4 93.2 96.4 95.8 89.4 77.2 45.8 2.6 409 73.6 30.5 372
Total 96.9 97.1 93.9 89.2 86.1 96.5 94.2 78.2 87.4 96.5 95.4 91.2 96.0 92.3 89.0 80.1 55.2 2.1 3,324 66.8 37.5 3,230
Note: Children are considered to have received the vaccine if it was either written on the child’s vaccination card or reported by the mother. For children whose vaccination information is based on the mother’s report, date of vaccination is not
collected. The proportions of vaccinations given during the first and second years of life are assumed to be the same as for children with a written record of vaccination. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
HepB = Hepatitis B
MR = Measles Rubella
1
OPV 0 is the polio vaccination given at birth.
2
3
BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of OPV, one dose of IPV, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, two doses of rotavirus vaccine, and one dose of MR.
4
BCG, three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib, four doses of OPV, one dose of IPV, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, two doses of rotavirus vaccine, and two doses of MR.
Table 10.5 Source of vaccinations
Among children who received at least one vaccination, percent distribution of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months by source of most vaccinations,
Children age 12–23 months who received at least one vaccination Children age 24–35 months who received at least one vaccination
Source of most vaccinations Source of most vaccinations
Private Private
medical Private Private medical Private Private
Public sector medical medical Number Public sector medical medical Number
Background medical (non- sector sector of medical (non- sector sector of
characteristic sector NGO) (NGO) (FBO) Other Total children sector NGO) (NGO) (FBO) Other Total children
Sex
Male 83.0 12.5 0.5 3.8 0.1 100.0 1,631 85.3 11.8 0.4 2.4 0.0 100.0 1,621
Female 79.2 16.9 0.0 3.9 0.0 100.0 1,622 83.7 12.5 0.4 3.2 0.1 100.0 1,515
Birth order
1 80.0 15.3 0.1 4.6 0.0 100.0 985 83.3 15.1 0.4 1.2 0.0 100.0 1,001
2–3 79.0 16.3 0.3 4.2 0.2 100.0 1,295 81.9 13.8 0.2 3.9 0.1 100.0 1,293
4–5 81.2 15.0 0.3 3.5 0.0 100.0 630 88.3 7.6 0.6 3.6 0.0 100.0 533
6+ 92.1 6.3 0.2 1.4 0.1 100.0 343 93.3 3.7 1.0 1.9 0.1 100.0 309
Vaccination card1
Seen 81.3 14.5 0.2 3.8 0.1 100.0 2,480 85.6 11.8 0.0 2.6 0.0 100.0 1,983
Not seen or no
longer has 80.1 15.8 0.2 3.9 0.0 100.0 746 82.6 13.1 1.1 3.0 0.1 100.0 1,132
Never had (92.5) (0.0) (2.4) (5.1) (0.0) 100.0 27 (92.3) (1.8) (0.0) (5.9) (0.0) 100.0 21
Residence
Urban 66.6 28.5 0.3 4.5 0.0 100.0 1,197 72.9 23.4 0.8 2.9 0.0 100.0 1,221
Rural 89.6 6.6 0.2 3.5 0.1 100.0 2,056 92.0 5.0 0.2 2.7 0.1 100.0 1,915
Mother’s
education2
No education 93.4 2.8 0.4 3.2 0.1 100.0 299 94.6 1.5 0.0 3.7 0.2 100.0 289
Primary 86.7 9.4 0.5 3.3 0.2 100.0 1,225 91.3 6.2 0.9 1.5 0.0 100.0 1,166
Secondary 81.7 13.9 0.1 4.3 0.0 100.0 1,172 83.9 12.9 0.3 2.8 0.1 100.0 1,038
More than
secondary 61.1 34.3 0.0 4.6 0.0 100.0 557 68.8 26.6 0.1 4.5 0.0 100.0 644
Wealth quintile
Lowest 92.9 3.4 0.3 3.3 0.1 100.0 740 96.0 1.1 0.0 2.7 0.2 100.0 667
Second 90.2 6.0 0.2 3.3 0.4 100.0 612 93.8 3.8 0.0 2.4 0.0 100.0 545
Middle 89.2 8.2 0.0 2.5 0.0 100.0 557 92.3 6.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 100.0 538
Fourth 80.0 14.3 0.7 5.0 0.0 100.0 635 84.0 11.2 2.0 2.7 0.0 100.0 635
Highest 55.6 39.3 0.0 5.0 0.0 100.0 709 62.6 33.4 0.1 3.9 0.0 100.0 752
Total 81.1 14.7 0.2 3.9 0.1 100.0 3,253 84.6 12.2 0.4 2.8 0.1 100.0 3,137

NGO = non-governmental organisation
1
Mother and child health handbook or other home-based record.
2

Table 10.5C Source of vaccinations by county
Among children who received at least one vaccination, percent distribution of children age 12–23 months and children age 24–35 months by source of most vaccinations,
Children age 12–23 months who received at least one vaccination Children age 24–35 months who received at least one vaccination
Private Private
medical Private Private medical Private Private
Public sector medical medical Number Public sector medical medical Number
medical (non- sector sector of medical (non- sector sector of
County sector NGO) (NGO) (FBO) Other Total children sector NGO) (NGO) (FBO) Other Total children
Mombasa 71.6 28.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 75 75.2 23.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 100.0 87
Kwale 95.6 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 60 99.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 60
Kilifi 94.6 5.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 89 96.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 92
Tana River 98.1 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 25 98.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 23
Lamu 94.1 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 13 98.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 11
Taita/Taveta 91.8 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 28 (97.4) (2.6) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 21
Garissa 93.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 2.3 100.0 24 87.5 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 24
Wajir 92.0 0.8 7.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 27 95.0 1.8 0.0 2.6 0.6 100.0 25
Mandera 95.8 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 31 97.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 32
Marsabit 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 23 99.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 23
Isiolo 95.7 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 18 93.6 5.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 19
Meru 75.8 13.1 0.0 11.2 0.0 100.0 92 79.0 19.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 79
Tharaka-Nithi 88.0 5.3 3.3 3.4 0.0 100.0 24 83.5 5.7 0.0 10.8 0.0 100.0 26
Embu (69.5) (23.6) (0.0) (7.0) (0.0) 100.0 30 91.2 8.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 31
Kitui 87.9 5.4 0.0 6.7 0.0 100.0 74 98.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 50
Machakos (63.0) (37.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 68 68.7 28.3 0.0 3.1 0.0 100.0 75
Makueni 92.3 4.5 1.9 1.4 0.0 100.0 61 93.3 4.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 100.0 59
Nyandarua 93.2 4.9 0.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 43 (96.0) (1.2) (0.0) (2.7) (0.0) 100.0 27
Nyeri (89.6) (10.4) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 35 87.7 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 50
Kirinyaga 85.8 12.2 0.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 44 (90.3) (7.9) (0.0) (1.8) (0.0) 100.0 30
Murang’a (91.7) (4.6) (0.0) (3.8) (0.0) 100.0 49 (88.0) (2.5) (0.8) (8.7) (0.0) 100.0 58
Kiambu 69.6 24.0 0.0 5.2 1.1 100.0 196 78.9 17.7 0.0 3.4 0.0 100.0 205
Turkana 89.4 1.5 0.0 9.1 0.0 100.0 65 85.5 0.0 0.0 14.5 0.0 100.0 48
West Pokot 84.6 6.6 0.0 8.8 0.0 100.0 81 89.8 2.8 0.0 7.4 0.0 100.0 79
Samburu 87.9 3.6 0.0 7.9 0.7 100.0 26 95.8 1.1 0.0 3.1 0.0 100.0 25
Trans Nzoia 91.8 6.3 0.0 2.0 0.0 100.0 60 88.7 5.1 0.0 6.2 0.0 100.0 76
Uasin Gishu 91.0 5.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 100.0 99 90.2 8.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 99
Elgeyo/Marakwet 95.2 0.2 0.0 4.6 0.0 100.0 37 93.8 0.0 0.9 5.3 0.0 100.0 27
Nandi 95.3 2.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 100.0 52 92.1 6.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 100.0 56
Baringo 79.3 4.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 100.0 45 89.9 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 100.0 41
Laikipia 91.3 7.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 100.0 35 81.6 7.1 0.0 11.2 0.0 100.0 28
Nakuru 92.0 6.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 100.0 174 82.3 16.1 0.0 1.7 0.0 100.0 167
Narok 91.7 5.4 0.0 3.0 0.0 100.0 94 83.8 8.7 3.3 4.1 0.0 100.0 115
Kajiado 68.2 27.6 0.0 4.2 0.0 100.0 86 82.4 16.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 98
Kericho 87.8 12.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 72 92.9 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 65
Bomet 94.8 0.2 0.0 5.0 0.0 100.0 65 90.7 3.4 0.0 5.9 0.0 100.0 58
Kakamega 89.6 7.7 0.0 2.8 0.0 100.0 147 87.0 11.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 100.0 119
Vihiga 86.9 11.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 100.0 30 96.0 2.5 0.0 0.8 0.7 100.0 29
Bungoma 81.3 10.0 0.0 8.7 0.0 100.0 118 91.8 5.1 0.0 3.0 0.0 100.0 106
Busia 97.0 2.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 100.0 52 92.3 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 56
Siaya 89.1 8.8 0.0 2.1 0.0 100.0 57 90.1 7.5 0.0 2.4 0.0 100.0 66
Kisumu 88.6 10.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 85 86.4 12.7 0.0 1.0 0.0 100.0 79
Homa Bay 83.0 14.6 0.0 2.4 0.0 100.0 63 87.9 7.1 0.0 3.4 1.6 100.0 65
Migori 88.1 10.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 100.0 89 89.3 9.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 100.0 78
Kisii 78.9 12.1 0.0 9.1 0.0 100.0 70 92.5 3.6 0.0 3.9 0.0 100.0 61
Nyamira (90.2) (4.5) (0.0) (5.2) (0.0) 100.0 24 (94.1) (3.1) (0.0) (2.8) (0.0) 100.0 21
Nairobi City 46.1 47.4 1.0 5.5 0.0 100.0 398 60.6 34.5 2.4 2.5 0.0 100.0 367
Total 81.1 14.7 0.2 3.9 0.1 100.0 3,253 84.6 12.2 0.4 2.8 0.1 100.0 3,137


Table 10.6 Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI
Among children under age 5, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks before the survey;
and among children with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought,
Percentage for
Percentage whom advice or treatment was
Background with symptoms Number of treatment was sought the same Number of
characteristic of ARI1 children sought2 or next day2 children
Age in months
<6 1.4 1,735 (75.1) (48.0) 24
6–11 2.1 1,838 (84.0) (41.7) 39
12–23 1.9 3,324 87.0 46.1 65
24–35 1.7 3,230 88.2 53.9 56
36–47 1.8 3,435 81.8 30.5 61
48–59 1.5 3,321 72.5 43.5 49
Sex
Male 1.9 8,589 84.7 43.9 161
Female 1.6 8,294 79.4 43.0 132
Mother’s smoking status3
Smokes cigarettes/tobacco 0.0 55 * * 0
Does not smoke 1.7 8,683 84.5 46.1 147
Cooking fuels and technologies
Clean fuel and technology4 1.4 4,556 (96.7) (46.0) 64
Solid fuel5 1.9 11,875 77.8 44.0 222
Kerosene/paraffin 1.7 432 * * 7
No food cooked in household * 21 * * 1
Residence
Urban 1.7 6,316 89.5 38.4 109
Rural 1.7 10,567 78.1 46.5 184
No education 1.9 1,738 69.3 36.5 34
Primary 2.1 6,374 80.7 46.6 135
Secondary 1.5 5,719 84.0 33.5 85
More than secondary 1.3 3,053 (95.2) (59.9) 40
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.5 3,784 78.5 44.6 96
Second 2.1 3,038 73.0 38.8 63
Middle 1.4 2,955 82.6 56.7 40
Fourth 1.4 3,410 88.6 34.8 48
Highest 1.2 3,697 (96.3) (45.4) 46
Total 1.7 16,883 82.3 43.5 293
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than
1
Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or difficult breathing which was chest-related.
2
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector (non-NGO), private medical
sector (NGO), private medical sector (FBO), shop, market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional
practitioner.
3
Data for this variable were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
4
Includes stove/cookers using electricity, LPG/natural gas/biogas, solar, and alcohol/ethanol.
5
Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crops, and animal dung/waste, processed biomass
(pellets) or woodchips, garbage/plastic, and sawdust.
6

Table 10.6C Children with symptoms of ARI and careseeking for symptoms of ARI by county
Among children under age 5, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the 2 weeks before
the survey; and among children with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks before the survey, percentage for whom advice
or treatment was sought, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage for
Percentage whom advice or treatment was
with symptoms Number of treatment was sought the same Number of
County of ARI1 children sought2 or next day2 children
Mombasa 0.9 429 * * 4
Kwale 0.0 296 * * 0
Kilifi 5.7 494 * * 28
Tana River 3.3 137 * * 5
Lamu 5.1 62 (65.0) (24.0) 3
Taita/Taveta 1.7 123 * * 2
Garissa 1.3 233 * * 3
Wajir 2.6 143 * * 4
Mandera 1.9 246 * * 5
Marsabit 0.8 130 * * 1
Isiolo 1.9 94 * * 2
Meru 4.3 461 * * 20
Tharaka-Nithi 4.2 125 * * 5
Embu 0.4 163 * * 1
Kitui 2.5 334 * * 8
Machakos 0.6 379 * * 2
Makueni 0.0 291 * * 0
Nyandarua 1.3 193 * * 3
Nyeri 0.7 222 * * 2
Kirinyaga 0.4 198 * * 1
Murang’a 1.6 317 * * 5
Kiambu 2.6 1,058 * * 27
Turkana 2.9 299 * * 9
West Pokot 1.2 403 * * 5
Samburu 0.6 144 * * 1
Trans Nzoia 1.3 348 * * 4
Uasin Gishu 1.4 490 * * 7
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.3 160 * * 0
Nandi 2.0 289 * * 6
Baringo 1.2 243 * * 3
Laikipia 0.5 155 * * 1
Nakuru 1.5 853 * * 13
Narok 1.6 554 * * 9
Kajiado 1.7 511 * * 9
Kericho 0.9 360 * * 3
Bomet 0.3 325 * * 1
Kakamega 0.8 609 * * 5
Vihiga 2.0 159 * * 3
Bungoma 2.1 561 * * 11
Busia 2.9 317 * * 9
Siaya 0.8 302 * * 2
Kisumu 0.5 413 * * 2
Homa Bay 6.2 360 * * 22
Migori 2.3 422 * * 10
Kisii 0.7 368 * * 3
Nyamira 1.2 129 * * 2
Nairobi City 1.2 1,982 * * 24
Total 1.7 16,883 82.3 43.5 293
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on
1
Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing which was chest-related and/or difficult breathing which was chest-
related.
2
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector (non-NGO),
private medical sector (NGO), private medical sector (FBO), shop, market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice
or treatment from a traditional practitioner.

Table 10.7 Source of advice or treatment for children with symptoms of
ARI
Percentage of children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks
before the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific
sources; and among children under age 5 with symptoms of ARI in the 2 weeks
before the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for
whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage for whom advice
or treatment was sought
from each source:
Among children
with symptoms
of ARI for
Among children whom advice
with symptoms or treatment
Source of ARI1 was sought1
Public sector 51.9 62.7
Government hospital 17.5 21.1
Government health centre 10.5 12.7
Government dispensary 24.1 29.1
Private medical sector (non-NGO) 31.1 37.5
Private hospital 9.0 10.9
Private clinic 11.9 14.4
Pharmacy 10.1 12.2
Private doctor 0.3 0.4
Private medical sector (NGO) 1.1 1.3
FBO Medical Sector 1.1 1.3
FBO/Mission hospital 0.9 1.1
FBO/Mobile clinic 0.2 0.3
Other private sector 0.8 1.0
Traditional practitioner 0.8 1.0
Number of children 293 243
Note: Advice or treatment for children with symptoms of ARI may have been
sought from more than one source.
1
Symptoms of ARI include short, rapid breathing which was chest-related
and/or difficult breathing which was chest-related.

Table 10.8 Children with fever and careseeking for fever
Among children under age 5, percentage who had a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey; and among children with fever in the 2 weeks before
the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought the same or next day
following the onset of fever, and percentage who received antibiotics as treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with fever:
Percentage for
Background Percentage Number of treatment was sought the same Percentage who Number of
characteristic with fever children sought1 or next day1 took antibiotics children with fever
Age in months
<6 13.2 1,735 53.6 37.9 26.1 228
6–11 23.6 1,838 73.7 44.4 44.4 434
12–23 21.2 3,324 69.9 42.1 45.1 705
24–35 15.9 3,230 67.5 43.3 38.6 513
36–47 17.0 3,435 71.6 39.6 45.5 582
48–59 12.9 3,321 72.6 42.6 34.3 427
Sex
Male 17.2 8,589 70.2 42.8 39.9 1,478
Female 17.0 8,294 68.8 40.9 41.8 1,412
Residence
Urban 17.0 6,316 68.9 44.6 39.6 1,071
Rural 17.2 10,567 69.8 40.3 41.5 1,818
No education 14.6 1,738 57.0 31.0 34.0 255
Primary 18.0 6,374 67.5 37.3 36.7 1,147
Secondary 17.9 5,719 73.7 47.4 44.4 1,025
More than secondary 15.2 3,053 71.9 47.0 47.2 464
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.0 3,784 64.3 36.1 37.7 643
Second 17.6 3,038 69.5 35.8 38.1 535
Middle 17.2 2,955 74.2 44.5 42.6 509
Fourth 18.7 3,410 70.2 45.3 42.9 636
Highest 15.3 3,697 70.4 47.9 43.0 566
Total 17.1 16,883 69.5 41.9 40.8 2,890
1
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector (non-NGO), private medical sector (NGO),
private medical sector (FBO), shop, market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.
2

Table 10.8C Children with fever and careseeking for fever by county
Among children under age 5, percentage who had a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey; and among children with fever in the 2 weeks
before the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought the same or
next day following the onset of fever, and percentage who received antibiotics as treatment, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among children under age 5: Among children under age 5 with fever:
Percentage for
Percentage Number of treatment was sought the same Percentage who Number of
County with fever children sought1 or next day1 took antibiotics children with fever
Mombasa 20.6 429 41.7 20.9 17.6 88
Kwale 5.9 296 * * * 17
Kilifi 16.4 494 61.0 49.3 48.0 81
Tana River 17.7 137 54.0 10.4 38.4 24
Lamu 28.8 62 78.6 33.4 55.1 18
Taita/Taveta 10.8 123 (57.6) (40.0) (51.1) 13
Garissa 6.5 233 (55.0) (16.1) (49.0) 15
Wajir 24.0 143 56.9 32.8 47.0 34
Mandera 13.1 246 37.5 18.0 24.4 32
Marsabit 6.9 130 (46.1) (8.8) (27.3) 9
Isiolo 17.3 94 59.9 15.1 54.1 16
Meru 21.3 461 66.5 38.0 49.6 98
Tharaka-Nithi 31.4 125 74.4 42.1 60.9 39
Embu 11.4 163 (79.5) (62.5) (38.0) 19
Kitui 10.0 334 (54.4) (26.4) (31.3) 33
Machakos 16.5 379 (78.0) (47.7) (29.7) 63
Makueni 4.0 291 * * * 12
Nyandarua 9.4 193 (73.3) (37.7) (53.1) 18
Nyeri 15.2 222 (97.6) (69.3) (53.3) 34
Kirinyaga 5.6 198 * * * 11
Murang’a 16.1 317 (71.3) (32.6) (48.7) 51
Kiambu 17.1 1,058 68.0 47.0 58.9 181
Turkana 23.1 299 76.8 53.5 43.8 69
West Pokot 8.3 403 72.0 42.0 34.1 34
Samburu 13.6 144 51.0 19.5 31.5 20
Trans Nzoia 17.8 348 74.0 43.0 51.2 62
Uasin Gishu 24.7 490 77.9 42.0 46.3 121
Elgeyo/Marakwet 8.7 160 (65.1) (42.9) (63.4) 14
Nandi 13.2 289 72.5 43.0 38.3 38
Baringo 17.4 243 85.3 39.7 61.1 42
Laikipia 9.0 155 (77.9) (48.2) (52.1) 14
Nakuru 19.6 853 66.2 41.6 44.3 167
Narok 10.8 554 59.3 23.0 46.3 60
Kajiado 21.1 511 60.1 34.5 37.8 108
Kericho 4.7 360 * * * 17
Bomet 20.9 325 67.0 44.5 50.8 68
Kakamega 23.6 609 72.2 29.5 37.7 144
Vihiga 16.2 159 64.2 34.8 34.3 26
Bungoma 19.6 561 71.4 50.0 35.3 110
Busia 29.3 317 85.0 54.8 27.3 93
Siaya 13.6 302 84.1 30.3 20.3 41
Kisumu 19.4 413 66.3 40.0 33.5 80
Homa Bay 36.4 360 78.2 50.3 49.1 131
Migori 39.4 422 73.7 38.4 38.7 166
Kisii 11.3 368 (69.2) (52.7) (44.0) 42
Nyamira 15.7 129 (67.2) (57.1) (43.5) 20
Nairobi City 15.0 1,982 72.3 54.7 30.2 296
Total 17.1 16,883 69.5 41.9 40.8 2,890
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted
1
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector (non-NGO), private medical sector
(NGO), private medical sector (FBO), shop, market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.

Table 10.9 Children with diarrhoea and careseeking for diarrhoea
Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey; and among children
with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought,
Among children under
age 5 with diarrhoea:
Percentage for
whom advice or Number of
Background Percentage with Number of treatment was children with
characteristic diarrhoea children sought1 diarrhoea
Age in months
<6 14.1 1,735 38.1 245
6–11 23.0 1,838 54.9 422
12–23 23.4 3,324 63.1 776
24–35 13.3 3,230 60.5 429
36–47 9.9 3,435 61.4 341
48–59 6.1 3,321 59.5 204
Sex
Male 14.8 8,589 57.5 1,272
Female 13.8 8,294 58.8 1,145
Source of drinking water2
Improved 14.5 12,976 58.0 1,878
Unimproved 15.8 1,228 53.0 194
Surface 12.8 2,679 61.5 344
Type of toilet facility3
Improved sanitation facility 14.2 11,262 57.8 1,604
Unimproved facility 13.9 4,006 54.9 556
Open defecation 15.9 1,615 67.2 256
Residence
Urban 14.8 6,316 59.2 934
Rural 14.0 10,567 57.4 1,482
No education 13.4 1,738 60.1 233
Primary 15.2 6,374 56.9 969
Secondary 15.3 5,719 55.1 876
More than secondary 11.1 3,053 68.0 339
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.2 3,784 61.0 577
Second 14.0 3,038 54.8 427
Middle 14.4 2,955 54.4 425
Fourth 14.9 3,410 56.2 510
Highest 12.9 3,697 62.9 478
Total 14.3 16,883 58.1 2,416
1
Advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea may have been sought from more than one source.
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector (non-
NGO), private medical sector (NGO), private medical sector (FBO), shop, market, and itinerant drug seller.
Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.
2
See Table 16.1 for definition of categories.
3
4

Table 10.9C Children with diarrhoea and careseeking for diarrhoea by county
Percentage of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey; and
among children with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey, percentage for whom advice
or treatment was sought, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among children under
age 5 with diarrhoea:
Percentage for
whom advice or Number of
Percentage with Number of treatment was children with
County diarrhoea children sought1 diarrhoea
Mombasa 17.8 429 54.7 76
Kwale 3.2 296 * 10
Kilifi 20.3 494 63.3 100
Tana River 16.1 137 60.2 22
Lamu 25.6 62 76.8 16
Taita/Taveta 8.7 123 * 11
Garissa 6.4 233 (72.5) 15
Wajir 27.3 143 57.7 39
Mandera 5.3 246 (66.2) 13
Marsabit 6.9 130 (71.2) 9
Isiolo 18.9 94 81.2 18
Meru 16.1 461 (47.5) 74
Tharaka-Nithi 17.0 125 (52.1) 21
Embu 8.9 163 (90.6) 14
Kitui 8.8 334 (62.1) 29
Machakos 15.3 379 (40.8) 58
Makueni 3.8 291 * 11
Nyandarua 6.4 193 * 12
Nyeri 12.1 222 (88.6) 27
Kirinyaga 12.2 198 (56.3) 24
Murang’a 10.7 317 (53.2) 34
Kiambu 17.2 1,058 30.5 182
Turkana 17.6 299 71.6 53
West Pokot 8.0 403 77.7 32
Samburu 16.0 144 46.8 23
Trans Nzoia 16.9 348 65.2 59
Uasin Gishu 17.4 490 73.1 85
Elgeyo/Marakwet 10.3 160 (80.1) 16
Nandi 9.8 289 (61.6) 28
Baringo 12.6 243 77.2 31
Laikipia 12.4 155 (50.3) 19
Nakuru 14.4 853 51.6 122
Narok 16.1 554 61.0 89
Kajiado 14.9 511 44.0 76
Kericho 14.5 360 54.5 52
Bomet 14.2 325 58.5 46
Kakamega 18.2 609 58.1 111
Vihiga 15.1 159 24.9 24
Bungoma 18.3 561 54.3 102
Busia 16.2 317 66.6 51
Siaya 5.2 302 * 16
Kisumu 10.5 413 (56.6) 44
Homa Bay 21.4 360 58.7 77
Migori 22.8 422 65.4 96
Kisii 9.7 368 (61.6) 36
Nyamira 10.3 129 (58.5) 13
Nairobi City 15.0 1,982 67.0 298
Total 14.3 16,883 58.1 2,416
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates
that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1
Advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea may have been sought from more than one
source. Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private
medical sector (non-NGO), private medical sector (NGO), private medical sector (FBO), shop,
market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.

Table 10.10 Feeding practices during diarrhoea
Percent distribution of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey by amount of liquids and food given compared with normal
practice, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Amount of liquids given Amount of food given Number
of
Don’t Don’t children
Same Some- know/ Same Some- Never know/ with
Background as what Much mis- as what Much gave mis- diarrhoe
characteristic More usual less less None sing Total More usual less less None food sing Total a
Age in months
<6 8.5 52.4 12.5 15.3 10.0 1.2 100.0 1.5 22.6 5.0 9.0 0.7 59.4 1.8 100.0 245
6–11 20.6 40.6 20.3 16.3 2.2 0.0 100.0 2.4 32.0 23.7 22.5 5.7 13.6 0.0 100.0 422
12–23 32.9 31.6 18.2 14.6 2.6 0.0 100.0 3.1 33.6 30.4 22.6 6.8 3.6 0.0 100.0 776
24–35 34.4 29.6 18.4 15.9 1.2 0.5 100.0 4.1 28.3 35.2 25.5 4.6 1.7 0.5 100.0 429
36–47 32.8 34.0 16.8 12.4 1.7 2.3 100.0 4.0 38.6 34.2 15.6 3.6 2.0 1.9 100.0 341
48–59 29.6 35.8 18.5 15.5 0.6 0.0 100.0 3.0 42.0 25.0 22.6 6.7 0.7 0.0 100.0 204
Sex
Male 28.4 35.0 17.3 15.5 2.9 0.8 100.0 2.7 33.8 27.9 19.5 5.1 9.9 1.0 100.0 1,272
Female 28.1 36.3 18.5 14.4 2.6 0.2 100.0 3.5 31.4 27.1 22.2 5.2 10.5 0.1 100.0 1,145
Breastfeeding
status1
Breastfeeding 23.8 38.3 18.6 15.7 3.6 0.1 100.0 2.2 29.4 24.6 20.6 5.6 17.4 0.2 100.0 1,251
Not breastfeeding 34.3 31.2 16.8 14.8 2.3 0.6 100.0 4.5 33.0 30.7 23.3 4.6 3.3 0.6 100.0 621
Residence
Urban 39.1 32.5 15.0 10.6 1.5 1.3 100.0 3.8 32.3 31.0 16.6 5.5 9.5 1.3 100.0 934
Rural 21.4 37.6 19.7 17.7 3.5 0.1 100.0 2.7 32.9 25.4 23.4 4.9 10.6 0.1 100.0 1,482
No education 20.4 40.1 13.5 20.8 5.0 0.2 100.0 2.1 36.0 21.6 22.8 8.0 9.6 0.0 100.0 233
Primary 24.0 37.3 17.4 18.2 2.2 0.9 100.0 2.8 33.7 24.8 24.0 4.9 9.3 0.6 100.0 969
Secondary 29.4 34.7 20.8 12.2 2.6 0.3 100.0 3.3 32.4 30.1 17.9 4.5 10.9 0.8 100.0 876
More than
secondary 42.8 30.1 14.7 9.1 3.0 0.3 100.0 4.2 28.2 33.2 17.5 5.5 11.4 0.0 100.0 339
Wealth quintile
Lowest 19.2 39.0 20.5 19.2 2.1 0.0 100.0 2.7 35.9 24.5 23.1 5.3 8.4 0.0 100.0 577
Second 17.8 36.8 20.9 20.8 3.4 0.3 100.0 2.6 30.8 22.3 25.6 5.1 13.0 0.7 100.0 427
Middle 27.9 35.9 15.7 16.2 4.2 0.1 100.0 2.5 32.0 27.4 22.4 3.6 12.1 0.1 100.0 425
Fourth 32.1 36.6 15.3 12.9 2.8 0.4 100.0 2.6 35.4 24.5 19.4 7.3 9.9 0.9 100.0 510
Highest 44.8 29.2 16.7 5.8 1.6 1.9 100.0 5.2 28.1 39.4 13.7 4.0 8.4 1.1 100.0 478
Total 28.3 35.6 17.9 15.0 2.7 0.5 100.0 3.1 32.7 27.6 20.8 5.1 10.2 0.5 100.0 2,416
Note: It is recommended that children should be given more liquids to drink during diarrhoea and food should not be reduced.
1
Include children age 0–35 months only.
2

Table 10.10C Feeding practices during diarrhoea by county
Percent distribution of children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey by amount of liquids and food given compared with normal
practice, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Amount of liquids given Amount of food given Number
Don’t Don’t of
Same Some- know/ Same Some- Never know/ children
as what Much mis- as what Much gave mis- with
County More usual less less None sing Total More usual less less None food sing Total diarrhoea
Mombasa 38.8 44.3 13.5 3.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.4 39.2 18.8 19.1 7.2 10.3 0.0 100.0 76
Kwale * * * * * * 100.0 * * * * * * * 100.0 10
Kilifi 22.4 36.6 17.5 22.3 1.2 0.0 100.0 9.8 19.2 33.4 30.8 2.1 4.6 0.0 100.0 100
Tana River 2.4 45.8 25.1 26.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.2 29.4 16.9 14.1 31.4 7.0 0.0 100.0 22
Lamu 20.9 35.1 29.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.4 19.4 37.0 28.2 5.8 8.1 0.0 100.0 16
Taita/Taveta * * * * * * 100.0 * * * * * * * 100.0 11
Garissa (0.0) (12.5) (8.8) (32.4) (46.3) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (21.3) (15.3) (27.7) (0.0) (35.7) (0.0) 100.0 15
Wajir 3.6 46.0 16.6 24.8 7.7 1.4 100.0 1.9 40.8 11.9 17.4 12.5 15.6 0.0 100.0 39
Mandera (69.8) (19.8) (2.0) (8.4) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (12.0) (48.5) (25.8) (0.0) (13.8) (0.0) 100.0 13
Marsabit (5.6) (10.4) (33.9) (50.1) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (1.1) (23.6) (33.4) (38.1) (2.6) (1.1) (0.0) 100.0 9
Isiolo 30.3 30.5 16.1 16.1 4.3 2.7 100.0 3.8 26.0 25.7 20.8 13.8 7.2 2.7 100.0 18
Meru (48.1) (22.5) (16.8) (9.3) (3.2) (0.0) 100.0 (6.5) (16.5) (17.3) (39.1) (5.5) (15.1) (0.0) 100.0 74
Tharaka-Nithi (30.2) (22.2) (13.4) (23.3) (10.9) (0.0) 100.0 (2.9) (6.4) (32.8) (23.2) (13.7) (21.1) (0.0) 100.0 21
Embu (61.7) (11.4) (12.7) (8.8) (5.5) (0.0) 100.0 (3.0) (42.5) (34.8) (14.2) (0.0) (5.5) (0.0) 100.0 14
Kitui (29.4) (33.4) (16.0) (17.5) (3.7) (0.0) 100.0 (4.5) (30.8) (33.1) (27.9) (0.0) (3.7) (0.0) 100.0 29
Machakos (6.7) (44.1) (42.9) (4.1) (2.3) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (26.3) (44.8) (19.3) (7.3) (2.3) (0.0) 100.0 58
Makueni * * * * * * 100.0 * * * * * * * 100.0 11
Nyandarua * * * * * * 100.0 * * * * * * * 100.0 12
Nyeri (50.1) (32.2) (0.0) (17.7) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (1.8) (22.9) (19.3) (47.6) (8.4) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 27
Kirinyaga (59.2) (23.0) (10.9) (3.5) (3.4) (0.0) 100.0 (3.4) (38.2) (32.7) (25.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 24
Murang’a (46.2) (40.3) (6.1) (0.0) (7.4) (0.0) 100.0 (1.6) (58.2) (22.8) (8.7) (0.0) (8.6) (0.0) 100.0 34
Kiambu 47.8 8.6 27.1 14.1 0.0 2.5 100.0 4.8 23.8 37.6 19.4 7.1 4.8 2.5 100.0 182
Turkana 41.1 47.4 7.9 3.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.4 59.3 13.5 2.4 10.6 6.8 0.0 100.0 53
West Pokot 0.0 30.4 10.6 54.8 4.2 0.0 100.0 0.0 22.2 13.5 60.1 0.0 4.2 0.0 100.0 32
Samburu 14.7 38.7 22.4 21.7 2.6 0.0 100.0 1.3 30.8 22.1 18.1 20.1 7.6 0.0 100.0 23
Trans Nzoia 10.1 50.6 32.2 4.8 0.9 1.5 100.0 1.8 41.4 30.9 12.6 1.7 10.2 1.5 100.0 59
Uasin Gishu 43.1 28.5 19.6 4.1 1.2 3.5 100.0 0.0 18.7 45.8 20.9 5.4 7.0 2.2 100.0 85
Elgeyo/Marakwet (8.7) (8.4) (12.0) (64.2) (6.7) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (8.8) (9.8) (56.5) (17.4) (7.5) (0.0) 100.0 16
Nandi (6.1) (63.0) (20.2) (10.7) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (47.4) (22.3) (13.6) (4.5) (12.2) (0.0) 100.0 28
Baringo 22.2 42.0 26.7 9.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.0 40.0 16.1 19.1 6.7 13.2 0.0 100.0 31
Laikipia (25.9) (37.3) (22.1) (14.7) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (5.8) (36.8) (32.8) (17.5) (7.1) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 19
Nakuru 13.9 40.9 23.5 19.8 1.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 29.1 27.5 26.7 5.8 8.9 2.0 100.0 122
Narok 9.4 37.1 23.8 29.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.4 34.3 22.2 28.9 5.7 6.6 0.0 100.0 89
Kajiado 54.2 33.3 3.3 5.7 3.6 0.0 100.0 1.5 51.2 13.1 23.8 3.6 6.8 0.0 100.0 76
Kericho 1.2 30.2 18.8 49.6 0.3 0.0 100.0 0.0 26.4 15.2 51.7 2.4 4.3 0.0 100.0 52
Bomet 16.7 48.6 24.1 10.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.1 43.9 29.4 8.3 6.2 10.1 0.0 100.0 46
Kakamega 13.5 50.3 26.8 4.7 3.9 0.7 100.0 0.0 44.7 25.3 10.6 5.9 12.9 0.7 100.0 111
Vihiga 39.6 37.4 6.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 19.6 50.0 6.5 22.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 100.0 24
Bungoma 25.8 44.6 17.4 8.1 4.1 0.0 100.0 4.0 34.9 32.6 8.4 1.9 18.2 0.0 100.0 102
Busia 8.1 34.0 41.1 16.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 26.7 37.6 20.2 3.7 11.8 0.0 100.0 51
Siaya * * * * * * 100.0 * * * * * * * 100.0 16
Kisumu (15.4) (17.5) (21.1) (11.8) (34.1) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (14.8) (18.3) (29.9) (0.0) (37.0) (0.0) 100.0 44
Homa Bay 24.1 35.3 21.0 16.1 3.5 0.0 100.0 1.5 30.9 30.6 17.4 3.6 15.9 0.0 100.0 77
Migori 9.6 60.4 10.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.0 46.0 15.4 25.7 0.5 11.5 0.0 100.0 96
Kisii (0.0) (36.5) (3.2) (55.3) (5.0) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (26.6) (3.2) (50.1) (5.3) (14.9) (0.0) 100.0 36
Nyamira (5.4) (18.8) (28.2) (47.6) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (0.0) (12.2) (17.7) (44.0) (15.6) (10.5) (0.0) 100.0 13
Nairobi City 49.6 36.2 5.7 6.2 1.4 0.9 100.0 5.6 34.6 36.9 4.2 4.4 13.6 0.7 100.0 298
Total 28.3 35.6 17.9 15.0 2.7 0.5 100.0 3.1 32.7 27.6 20.8 5.1 10.2 0.5 100.0 2,416
Note: It is recommended that children should be given more liquids to drink during diarrhoea and food should not be reduced. Figures in parentheses are based

Table 10.11 Oral rehydration salts, zinc, continued feeding and other treatments for diarrhoea
Among children under age 5 who had diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey, percentage given fluid from an ORS packet or pre-packaged ORS fluid, zinc, ORS and zinc,
ORS and continued feeding, ORS, zinc, and continued feeding, ORS or increased fluids, recommended homemade fluids (RHF), oral rehydration therapy (ORT), ORT and
continued feeding, and other treatments; and percentage given no treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of children with diarrhoea who were given:
ORT Number
ORS ORS, Recom- (ORS, ORT Other treatments Percent- of
Fluid and zinc and ORS mended RHF, and age children
from con- con- or in- home or in- con- Intra- Home given no with
Background ORS ORS tinued tinued creased fluids creased tinued Anti- Anti- venous remedy/ Don’t treat- diar-
characteristic packet Zinc and zinc feeding1 feeding1 fluids (RHF) fluids) feeding1 biotic motility solution other know ment rhoea
Age in months
<6 25.2 21.1 12.9 10.5 5.5 33.1 20.2 45.7 13.7 9.7 1.2 0.0 8.0 0.0 41.9 245
6–11 46.8 38.0 31.0 25.4 14.0 61.1 28.0 69.8 40.5 10.4 1.3 0.2 6.6 0.8 22.1 422
12–23 56.0 48.4 39.8 37.2 26.4 70.5 24.4 75.1 50.7 12.4 2.7 0.1 7.2 0.0 15.7 776
24–35 52.9 38.4 30.8 34.9 19.9 69.7 26.7 76.6 52.9 17.2 3.6 0.2 8.4 0.3 11.0 429
36–47 46.4 37.6 30.7 35.9 24.3 63.6 26.5 71.5 54.8 21.0 4.2 0.6 11.2 0.0 14.7 341
48–59 43.1 36.6 27.4 28.3 19.3 60.6 29.3 68.3 46.3 17.6 1.8 0.8 10.0 0.0 17.2 204
Sex
Male 48.8 38.7 31.1 32.3 20.3 62.4 24.0 68.9 45.6 14.5 2.3 0.3 8.3 0.4 19.4 1,272
Female 47.7 40.4 32.2 29.7 19.8 63.9 27.6 72.0 45.9 14.0 2.9 0.2 8.0 0.0 17.8 1,145
Residence
Urban 46.6 42.5 31.0 32.6 21.9 67.7 24.6 72.5 49.4 14.7 2.9 0.0 6.5 0.5 17.4 934
Rural 49.4 37.7 32.0 30.1 18.9 60.2 26.4 69.0 43.5 14.0 2.4 0.4 9.3 0.0 19.4 1,482
No education 52.5 44.0 37.8 32.6 23.7 60.7 28.2 70.1 43.9 14.5 4.2 1.1 8.7 0.0 20.4 233
Primary 49.6 35.2 31.1 29.8 18.3 62.7 25.0 70.1 43.2 15.8 2.8 0.3 8.3 0.1 19.6 969
Secondary 44.6 39.6 29.9 30.0 19.6 61.2 26.8 69.0 47.2 11.1 1.3 0.1 7.1 0.4 19.3 876
More than
secondary 51.2 48.4 33.3 36.6 23.7 70.9 23.2 74.9 50.4 18.0 4.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 13.2 339
Wealth quintile
Lowest 54.1 45.2 40.5 33.9 25.1 62.0 24.5 70.7 46.8 13.8 3.2 0.8 9.2 0.0 19.2 577
Second 44.7 30.6 24.5 24.2 12.6 54.0 31.3 65.7 36.3 15.0 1.9 0.1 9.9 0.0 20.4 427
Middle 47.7 34.9 29.5 29.5 18.3 64.4 26.7 71.1 44.6 15.0 2.9 0.3 7.2 0.1 18.1 425
Fourth 49.1 41.6 32.5 30.9 19.9 65.5 21.6 71.0 45.1 10.3 1.8 0.0 7.1 0.0 18.6 510
Highest 44.1 42.6 28.2 35.3 22.4 68.9 25.7 72.8 54.7 17.9 3.2 0.1 7.6 0.9 16.9 478
Total 48.3 39.5 31.6 31.1 20.1 63.1 25.7 70.4 45.8 14.3 2.6 0.3 8.2 0.2 18.6 2,416
ORS = oral rehydration salts

1
Continued feeding includes children who were given more, same as usual, or somewhat less food during the diarrhoeal episode.
2

Table 10.12 Source of advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea
Percentage of children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks before the survey for whom advice or
treatment was sought from specific sources; among children under age 5 with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks
before the survey for whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment
was sought from specific sources; among children with diarrhoea who received ORS, percentage for
whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; and among children with diarrhoea who
were given zinc tablets or syrup, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific
sources, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage for whom advice or treatment
was sought from each source:
Among children
with diarrhoea
for whom Among children Among children
advice or with diarrhoea with diarrhoea
Among children treatment who received who were
Source with diarrhoea was sought ORS1 given zinc
Public sector 35.1 59.4 58.9 60.2
Government hospital 12.0 20.4 20.2 21.1
Government health centre 7.6 12.8 12.3 13.0
Government dispensary 15.3 26.0 26.1 25.8
Mobile clinic 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4
Private medical sector (non-NGO) 21.6 36.5 27.1 29.2
Private hospital 5.7 9.6 8.7 10.0
Private clinic 4.6 7.8 5.7 6.9
Pharmacy 11.3 19.1 12.9 12.2
Private doctor 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3
Mobile clinic 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
CHW/Fieldworker 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1
Private medical sector (NGO) 1.6 2.7 2.3 3.6
NGO hospital 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6
NGO clinic 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
FBO Medical Sector 1.3 2.1 1.7 2.8
FBO/Mission hospital 1.0 1.7 1.2 2.3
FBO/Mission clinic 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
Other private sector 1.4 2.3 0.6 0.4
Shop 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4
Traditional practitioner 0.9 1.5 0.1 0.0
Market 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Other 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.2
Number of children 2,416 1,427 1,167 955
Note: Advice or treatment for children with diarrhoea may have been sought from more than one source.
CHW = community health worker
ORS = oral rehydration salts
1
Fluids from ORS packet.

Table 10.13 Early Childhood Development Index 2030
Percentage of children age 24–59 months who are developmentally on-track in health,
learning, and psychosocial well-being, Kenya DHS 2022
Early childhood development
index 20301 Number of
Background Confidence children age
characteristic Percentage interval 24–59 months
Sex
Male 76.4 (74.3–78.5) 2,480
Female 79.8 (77.8–81.8) 2,310
Residence
Urban 87.5 (85.0–90.0) 1,714
Rural 72.8 (70.9–74.6) 3,077
Age in months
24–35 83.0 (80.9–85.0) 1,533
36–47 77.4 (74.9–79.9) 1,693
48–59 73.9 (71.1–76.7) 1,565
No education 51.6 (47.5–55.8) 566
Primary 75.7 (73.3–78.1) 1,896
Secondary 83.8 (81.4–86.2) 1,516
More than secondary 91.0 (87.8–94.3) 813
Wealth quintile
Lowest 61.2 (58.1–64.3) 1,134
Second 74.2 (70.8–77.7) 898
Middle 79.8 (76.8–82.8) 801
Fourth 84.0 (80.3–87.7) 917
Highest 93.0 (90.3–95.7) 1,042
Total 78.0 (76.5–79.6) 4,791
1
SDG Indicator 4.2.1.

NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS 11
Key Findings
 Nutritional status of children: Eighteen percent of

children under age 5 are stunted (too short for their age),
5% are wasted (too thin for their height), 10% are
underweight (too thin for their age), and 3% are
overweight (heavy for their height).
 Breastfeeding: Ninety-eight percent of children born in
the 2 years before the survey are ever breastfed. Sixty
percent of children age 0–5 months are exclusively
breastfed.
 Minimum acceptable diet: Thirty-one percent of children
age 6–23 months are fed a minimum acceptable diet.
 Growth monitoring: Thirty-eight percent of children
under age 5 are weighed and height measured by a
healthcare provider in the 3 months before the survey.
 Vitamin A supplementation: Sixty-four percent of
children age 6–59 months received vitamin A in the past
six months.
 Nutrition status of women of age 20–49: Seven percent
are thin and 17% are obese.
 Nutrition status of men of age 20–49: Fourteen percent
are thin or undernourished and 4% are obese.
N
utrition is the foundation for the health and development of children and adults. This chapter
reports on the nutritional status and anaemia among children and adults, infant, and young child
feeding (IYCF) practices, and women’s dietary practices. In addition, the chapter presents key
nutrition interventions including infant and young child feeding counselling, child growth monitoring,
micronutrient supplementation, deworming for children, and the presence of iodine in household cooking
salt. Other aspects of nutritional interventions (maternal nutrition counselling, breastfeeding counselling,
deworming, iron-containing supplementation, the sources of the supplements, and postnatal breastfeeding
counselling and observation) are covered in Chapter 9. Information on child feeding practices during
diarrhoea is presented in Chapter 10.
11.1 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN

Anthropometry is commonly used to measure child nutritional status. The anthropometric measurements
are used to report on child growth indicators. The distribution of height and weight for children under age
5 is compared with the WHO growth standard reference population (WHO 2006). The distribution of a
well-nourished population will be similar to the reference population, while the distribution of a poorly
nourished population will not. The indices of height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age can be
expressed in standard deviation units (z scores) from the median of the reference population. Values that
are greater than two standard deviations below the median of the WHO child growth standards define
malnutrition.
Nutrition of Children and Adults  337

Stunting, or low height-for-age, is a measure of growth faltering. Stunting is a marker of the deficient
growth environment to which children have been exposed and reflects the overall well-being of a
population (Perumal, Bassani and Roth 2018). Suboptimal nutrition can contribute to stunting and other
causes of stunting include recurrent infection and chronic diseases, many of which are complex and
unknown (WHO 2014a).
Wasting, or low weight-for-height, is a measure of acute undernutrition. It represents the failure to receive
adequate nutrition in the period immediately before the survey. Wasting may result from inadequate food
intake or from a recent episode of illness or infection that causes weight loss.
Underweight, or low weight-for-age, is a composite index of weight-for-height and height-for-age that

reflects children who are stunted, wasted, or both.
Overweight, or high weight-for-height, results from an imbalance between energy consumed (too much)
and energy expended (too little).
Stunting (assessed via height-for-age)

Height-for-age is a measure of growth faltering. Children whose height-for-age
z score is below minus two standard deviations (–2 SD) from the median of the
reference population are considered short for their age (stunted). Children who
are below minus three standard deviations (–3 SD) are considered severely
stunted.
Wasting (assessed via weight-for-height)

The weight-for-height index measures body mass in relation to body height or
length and describes acute undernutrition. Children whose z score is below
minus two standard deviations (–2 SD) from the median of the reference
population are considered thin (wasted). Children whose weight-for-height z
score is below minus three standard deviations (–3 SD) from the median of the
reference population are considered severely wasted.
Underweight (assessed via weight-for-age)

Weight-for-age is a composite index of height-for-age and weight-for-height
that takes into account both wasting and stunting. Children whose weight-for-
age z score is below minus two standard deviations (–2 SD) from the median
of the reference population are classified as underweight. Children whose
weight-for-age z score is below minus three standard deviations (–3 SD) from
the median are considered severely underweight.
Overweight (assessed via weight-for-height)

Children whose weight-for-height z score is more than two standard deviations
(+2 SD) above the median of the reference population are considered
overweight.
The means of the z scores for height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age are also calculated as
summary statistics that represent the nutritional status of children in a population. The mean scores
describe the nutritional status of the entire population of children without the use of a cutoff point. A mean
z score of less than 0 (a negative mean value for stunting, wasting, or underweight) suggests a downward
shift in the entire sample population’s nutritional status relative to the reference population. The farther
away the mean z scores are from 0, the higher the prevalence of malnutrition.
338  Nutrition of Children and Adults

Child Growth Measures of Malnutrition
Information on anthropometry training, standardisation, and data collection methodology can be found in
Chapter 1. Appendix C, Table C.7 provides the standardisation results. The 2022 Kenya DHS identified a
total of 20,319 children under age 5 eligible for height and weight measurement (Appendix C, Table C.8).
During measurements, 2% of children had hairstyles or ornamentation that interfered with height
measurement, and 4% of children were not minimally dressed or wore heavy permanent ornaments that
interfered with weight measurement (Appendix C, Table C.10). Valid height-for-age measurements were
taken for 96% of the eligible children, valid weight-for-height measurements for 97% of eligible children,
and valid weight-for-age measurements for 97% of eligible children (Appendix C, Table C.8). Appendix
C, Table C.8 provides additional information on the completeness and quality of anthropometry data for
children.
Data collection included the remeasurement of children as described in Chapter 1. The calculation of final
z scores was based on the first measurement among children randomly selected for re-measurement, while
the calculation of final z scores was based on the second measurement among children flagged for re-
measurement. The re-measurement completion rate was 96% among those selected for re-measurement.
Appendix C Table C.9 provides additional information on the re-measurement data (WHO, 2019).
Eighteen percent of children under age 5 are stunted (too short for their age), while 4% are severely
stunted. Five percent of children are wasted (too thin for their height). Ten percent of children are
underweight (too thin for their age), while 3% are overweight (Table 11.1).
Trends: The prevalence of stunting Figure 11.1 Trends in child growth measures
has declined from 40% in 1993 to Percentage of children under age 5 who are
18% in 2022. The highest decline in malnourished
stunting occurred between 2008–09
(35%) and 2022 (18%). The
prevalence of wasting and
overweight have been remained the 40 Stunted
38
same since 1993 (Figure 11.1). 36 35
Patterns by background 26
characteristics Underweight
19 18 18
16 16
 Twenty-one percent of children
11 10
whose mothers are thin are
7 Wasted 7 6 7
underweight compared with 5% 4 5
of those whose mothers are 6 Overweight 6 6 5 4 3
overweight or obese. 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
 The percentage of stunted Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative, while data
children is higher in rural areas collected before 2003 exclude the North Eastern region and several northern
(20%) than in urban areas
(12%).
 The percentage of children who are stunted is highest among those whose mothers have no education
or primary education (22% each) and lowest in children whose mothers have more than secondary
education (9%).

 Twenty-eight percent of children in the lowest Figure 11.2 Stunting in children by
wealth quintile are stunted compared with 9% in household wealth
the highest wealth quintile (Figure 11.2). Percentage of children under age 5 who
are stunted
 Twenty-two percent of children whose mothers
have no education are underweight compared
with 5% of children whose mothers have more
than secondary education.
 Nineteen percent of children in lowest wealth 28

22
quintile are underweight compared with 4% of 16
12
children in the highest wealth quintile.
 Counties with the highest percentage of stunted Lowest Second Middle Fourth
children are Kilifi (37%), West Pokot (34%), Poorest Wealthiest
Samburu (31%), Meru (25%) and Kitui (25%),
while those with the lowest percentage are Kisumu (9%), Garissa (9% each), Murang’a (10%), Nairobi
City (11%), and Kirinyaga (11%) (Table 11.1C and Map 11.1).
Map 11.1 Stunting in children by county

Percentage of children under age 5 who are stunted

 Counties with the highest percentage of wasted children are Turkana (23%), Wajir (23%), Marsabit
(20%), Mandera (17%), Samburu (15%), and Garissa (15%).
 Counties with the highest percentage of overweight children are Nyeri, Nyamira, Kisii, and Nairobi
City (6% each).
 Counties with the highest percentage of children who are underweight are Turkana (32%), Samburu
(30%), West Pokot (27%), Marsabit (26%), and Mandera (23%).
11.2 GROWTH MONITORING AND PROMOTION

Growth monitoring and promotion programmes include monitoring children’s nutritional status through
physical growth measurements and using this information to provide caregivers with counselling and
referrals of children whose growth appears abnormal (WHO 2017a; WHO 2013). An important component
of growth monitoring is the regular measurement of children’s weight, length/height, and/or mid-upper
arm circumference (MUAC).
Weight measured in the last 3 months

Percentage of children under age 5 who had their weight measured in the last
3 months.
Weight and height measured in the last 3 months
Percentage of children under age 5 who had their weight and height measured
in the last 3 months.
Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measured in the last 3 months
Percentage of children under age 5 who had their MUAC measured in the last
3 months.
Weight, height, and MUAC measured in the last 3 months
Percentage of children under age 5 who had their weight, height, and MUAC
measured in the last 3 months.
Thirty-seven percent of children under age 5 had their weight and height measurements taken by a
healthcare provider in the 3 months before the survey. Forty-five percent of children had their weight
measured, and 38% had their heights measured, while 16% had their mid-upper arm circumference
measured. Fifteen percent had all the three measurements (height, weight and MUAC) (Table 11.2).
 Fifty-nine percent of children age 0–23 months had their weight and height/length measurements taken
compared with 22% of children age 24–59 months.
 A higher percentage of children in urban areas (43%) had their weight and height /length measured
than those in rural areas (33%).
 The percentage of children whose weight and height/length measurement had been taken increases
with mother’s education, from 30% among children whose mothers have no education to 46% among
children whose mothers have more than a secondary education.
 The percentage of children whose weight and height/length measurements had been taken increases
with wealth quintile, from 30% to 46% in the lowest and highest wealth quintiles respectively.
 Bomet and Laikipia counties had the lowest percentage (1% each) of children whose anthropometric
measurements had been taken by a healthcare provider, while Kericho County had the highest (51%)
(Table 11.2C).

11.3 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES
Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are critical to the health and survival of young
children. Recommended IYCF practices include early initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after
birth, exclusively breastfeeding for the first 2 days after birth, exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6
months of life, continued breastfeeding for 2 years or more, and introducing safe, appropriate, and
adequate complementary foods at age 6 months. This section reports on IYCF indicators for children under
age 2 (WHO and UNICEF 2021).
11.3.1 Ever Breastfed, Early Initiation of Breastfeeding, and Exclusive Breastfeeding

for the First 2 Days after Birth
Breastfeeding supports children’s growth and development and also benefits the mothers’ health. Initiation
of breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is important for both the mother and the child. The first breast
milk contains colostrum, which is highly nutritious and has antibodies that protect the newborn from
infections. Early initiation of breastfeeding also encourages bonding between the mother and her newborn,
especially through the skin-to-skin contact, which facilitates the production of breast milk. Feeding
newborns anything other than breast milk in the first 2 days after birth can delay early initiation of
breastfeeding and interrupt exclusive breastfeeding, and it is not recommended unless medically indicated
(WHO and UNICEF 2021).
Ever breastfed
Percentage of children born in the last 2 years who were ever breastfed.
Early initiation of breastfeeding
Percentage of children born in the last 2 years who were put to the breast
within 1 hour of birth.
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 2 days after birth
Percentage of children born in the last 2 years who are fed exclusively with
breast milk for the first 2 days after birth.
Sample: Children born in the last 2 years
Nearly all (98%) of children born in the 2 years before the survey were ever breastfed. Sixty percent of
children are put to breast within 1 hour of birth, while 83% of children are exclusively breastfed for the
first 2 days after birth (Table 11.3).
 Eighty-seven percent of children whose mothers were counselled on breastfeeding during ANC visits
were exclusively breastfed for the first two days after births compared to 27% of children whose
mothers did not receive any ANC.
 Sixty-five percent of children whose mothers who had a vaginal birth were put to the breast within 1
hour of birth compared with 34% of children whose mothers had a caesarean section.
 Sixty-three percent of children in rural areas were put to the breast within 1 hour of birth compared
with 55% of children in urban areas.
 Counties with the lowest percentage of children who were put to the breast within 1 hour of birth are
Kisumu (22%) and Lamu (35%), while counties with the highest percentage of children who were put
to the breast within 1 hour of birth are Vihiga (87%) and Elgeyo/Marakwet (83%) (Table 11.3C).

11.3.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding and Mixed Milk Feeding
In the first 6 months, children should be exclusively breastfed and given nothing but breast milk. Exclusive
breastfeeding for 6 months lowers the risk of infections that can lead to diarrhoea and respiratory illnesses
and provides all the nutrients and liquid an infant requires for optimal growth and development. Mixed
milk feeding, in which children are fed both breast milk and formula or animal milk within the first 6
months, has the adverse effect of reducing breast milk output because the production of breast milk is
modulated by the frequency and intensity of suckling. Mixed feeding under age 6 months also can increase
children’s risk of diarrhoea, alter their intestinal microflora, and lead to early cessation of breastfeeding
(WHO and UNICEF, 2021).
Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months

Percentage of children age 0–5 months who are fed exclusively with breast
milk during the previous day.
Sample: Youngest children age 0–5 months living with the mother
Mixed milk feeding under 6 months

Percentage of children age 0–5 months who are fed both breast milk and
formula and/or animal milk during the previous day.
Sixty percent of children age 0–5 months are exclusively breastfed (Table 11.5).
Table 11.5 and Figure 11.3 show Figure 11.3 Infant feeding practices by age
the pattern of how children are fed Percent distribution of youngest children age 0–5 months
in the first 6 months. At age 0–1
month, 77% of children are 100
Unknown
exclusively breastfed as opposed to
100% per WHO recommendations. 80 Not breastfed
Four percent of children age 0–1
Breastmilk and solid,
month received breast milk and 60 semisolid, or soft foods
solid, semi solid, or soft foods, 5% Breastmilk and formula
received breast milk and water, and 40 and/or animal milk
7% received breast milk and non- Breastmilk and non-milk
milk liquids. By age 4–5 months, liquids
20
the percentage of children Breastmilk and plain
water only
exclusively breastfed sharply
0 Exclusive breastfeeding
declines to 38% and the majority of
0–1 2–3 4–5
children are receiving liquids or
foods other than breast milk, with Age in months
solids, semi-solids, or soft foods being
the highest percentage (29%).
 Exclusive breastfeeding for children age 0–5 months increases with mothers’ education, from 49% for
those with no education to 66% for mothers with more than secondary education (Table 11.4).
 The percentage of children age 0–5 months exclusively breastfed is lowest among children whose
mothers are in the lowest wealth quintile (54%) and highest for children whose mothers are in the
fourth wealth quintile (67%).

11.3.3 Continued Breastfeeding and Bottle Feeding
Breastfeeding should continue for the first 2 years or beyond because breast milk lowers children’s risk of
illness, promotes their recovery during illness, and continues to be an important source of nutrients for
healthy growth and development. Longer durations of breastfeeding have many health benefits for the
woman, including reducing risks of certain breast and ovarian cancers, and diabetes. Feeding children from
a bottle with a nipple is not recommended for children under age 2. The nipple on a feeding bottle is
susceptible to contamination and increases the risk of disease among children who drink from a bottle with
a nipple (WHO and UNICEF 2021).
Continued breastfeeding 12–23 months

Percentage of children age 12–23 months who are fed breast milk during the
previous day.
Bottle feeding
Percentage of children age 0–23 months who are fed from a bottle with a
nipple during the previous day.
Sixty-five percent of children age 12–23 months are currently breastfeeding. Thirty-four percent of
children age 0–23 months are using a bottle with a nipple (Table 11.4).
 Sixty-nine percent of children age 12–23 months in rural areas are currently breastfeeding compared
with 59% of those in urban areas.
 Thirty-eight percent of children age 0–23 months in urban areas are using a bottle with a nipple
compared with 31% of those in rural areas.
11.3.4 Introduction of Complementary Foods
After the first 6 months, breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet all the nutritional needs of an
infant. After 6 months, appropriate complementary foods should be introduced while continuing to
breastfeed until age 2 or older. The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to complementing with family
foods is when children are most vulnerable to becoming undernourished. During this time, it is important
that children receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods (WHO 2003; WHO and UNICEF 2021).
Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6–8 months

Percentage of children age 6–8 months who were fed solid, semi-solid, or soft
foods during the previous day.
Eighty-seven percent of children age 6–8 months are introduced to solid, semi-solid, or soft foods
(Table 11.10).
11.3.5 Minimum Dietary Diversity, Minimum Meal Frequency, Minimum Milk Feeding
Frequency, Minimum Acceptable Diet, and Egg and/or Flesh Food
Consumption
Infants and young children should be fed a minimum acceptable diet, which means that they are fed meals
with appropriate frequency and a variety of foods to meet their energy and nutrient needs. The minimum

acceptable diet indicator is a combination of minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency for
breastfeeding children, and the same plus minimum milk feeding frequency for non-breastfed children.
Minimum dietary diversity is a proxy for adequate micronutrient density of foods. By consuming food
from at least five food groups of eight food groups, the child has a greater likelihood of consuming at least
one animal source of food and at least one fruit or vegetable, in addition to a staple food such as grains,
roots, or tubers. The five food groups come from a list of eight food groups: breast milk; grains, roots, and
tubers; legumes and nuts; dairy products (milk yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, and organ
meat); eggs; vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; and other fruits and vegetables.
Minimum meal frequency is a proxy for meeting energy requirements. Breastfed children age 6–8 months
are considered to be consuming the minimum meal frequency if they receive solid, semi-solid, or soft
foods at least twice a day. Breastfed children age 9–23 months are considered to be consuming the
minimum meal frequency if they receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods at least 3 times a day. Non-
breastfed children age 6–23 months are considered to be fed with a minimum meal frequency if they
receive solid, semi-solid, soft foods, or milk feeds at least 4 times a day and if at least one of the feeds is a
solid, semi-solid, or soft food.
Minimum milk feeding frequency is a proxy for meeting the nutrient needs of non-breastfed children. Milk
and milk products are important sources of nutrients. Non-breastfed children age 6–23 months are
considered to be meeting the minimum milk feeding frequency if they receive at least two milk feeds of
milk and/or milk products.
Egg and/or flesh food consumption by breastfed and non-breastfed children age 6–23 months increases
children’s energy, protein, and nutrient intake. Eggs, meat, fish, poultry, and organ meats are important
sources of nutrients that support healthy child growth (WHO and UNICEF 2021).
Minimum dietary diversity 6–23 months

Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are fed a minimum of 5 out
of 8 defined food groups during the previous day. The 8 food groups are:
breast milk; grains, roots, and tubers; legumes and nuts; dairy products
(milk yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, and organ meat);
eggs; vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; and other fruits and
vegetables.
Minimum meal frequency 6–23 months
Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are fed solid, semi-solid, or
soft food (including milk feeds for non-breastfed children) the minimum
number of times or more during the previous day.
Minimum milk feeding frequency 6–23 months
Percentage of non-breastfed children age 6–23 months who are given at
least two milk feeds during the previous day.
Minimum acceptable diet 6–23 months
Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are fed a minimum
acceptable diet during the previous day. This indicator is a composite of
children who have met minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal
frequency, with the extra requirement that non-breastfed children have
met minimum milk feeding frequency.
Sample: Youngest children age 6–23 months living with their mother.
Egg and/or flesh food consumption 6–23 months

Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are fed egg and/or flesh
food during the previous day.
Sample: Youngest children age 6–23 months living with their mother

Thirty-nine percent of children age Figure 11.4 IYCF indicators on Minimum Acceptable
6–23 months living with their Diet (MAD) by breastfeeding status
mother and are breastfeeding Percentage of children age 6–23 months meeting
received minimum dietary diversity, feeding practice recommendations
while 71% received minimum meal Breastfed Nonbreastfed All children 6–23 months
frequency. One-third of the children
who were breastfeeding and living
with their mothers had a minimum 71 71 71
acceptable diet (Figure 11.4).
Twenty-nine percent of children age 39 37 33

29 31
6–23 months living with their 20
mother and are not breastfeeding
received minimum dietary diversity,
while 71% received minimum meal Minimum dietary Minimum meal Minimum acceptable
frequency. Twenty percent of the diversity frequency diet
children who were living with their
mothers and not breastfeeding had a
minimum acceptable diet.
Half of the children age 6–23 months living with their mother and are not breastfeeding received minimum
milk feeding frequency, 29% received minimum dietary diversity, and 20% received minimum acceptable
diet (Table 11.8).
For egg and/or flesh food consumption among youngest children age 6–23 months living with their
mother, 28% of children received egg and/or flesh foods the previous day (Table 11.9).
 Forty-eight percent of children age 6–23 months in rural areas received minimum dietary diversity
compared with 31% of children in the urban areas.
 Thirteen percent of children age 6–23 months whose mothers have no education received minimum
dietary diversity compared with 55% of children whose mothers have more than secondary education.
 Sixteen percent of children age 6–23 months in the lowest wealth quintile received minimum dietary
diversity compared with 60% of children in the highest wealth quintile.
 Forty percent of children age 6–23 months in rural areas received a minimum acceptable diet
compared with 26% of children in the urban areas.

 Eleven percent of children age 6–23 months Figure 11.5 IYCF indicators on Minimum
whose mothers have no education received a Acceptable Diet (MAD) by mother’s
minimum acceptable diet compared with 49% of education
children whose mothers have more than Percentage of children age 6–23 months
secondary education (Figure 11.5). meeting feeding practice
recommendations
 Fourteen percent of children age 6–23 months in
the lowest wealth quintile received minimum
acceptable diet compared with 51% of children
49
in the highest wealth quintile (Table 11.8).
31
 Thirty-six percent of children age 6–23 months 27
in urban areas consumed egg and/or flesh food
the previous day, compared with 23% of children 11
in rural areas (Table 11.9).
 Eight percent of children age 6–23 months No education Primary Secondary More than
secondary
whose mothers have no education consumed egg
and/or flesh food compared with 37% of children
whose mothers have more than secondary education.
11.3.6 Sweet Beverage Consumption, Unhealthy Food Consumption, and Zero

Vegetable or Fruit Consumption among Children
Unhealthy infant and young child feeding practices should be avoided because they can replace nutritious
foods that provide important nutrients for children and promote unhealthy weight gain. For infants and
young children, the consumption of sweet foods and beverages increases the risk of dental caries and
obesity in childhood. In addition, too much salt in the diet increases the risk of non-communicable diseases
and unhealthy fats and refined carbohydrates contribute to unhealthy weight gain. Diets with low vegetable
and fruit consumption have reduced nutrient intake, which can negatively impact the healthy growth and
development of young children. Low vegetable and fruit consumption is also associated with non-
communicable diseases later in life. The indicator definition below for unhealthy food consumption,
describes ‘sentinel unhealthy foods,’ which are foods that are high in sugar, salt, and/or unhealthy fats that
are commonly consumed by infants and young children (WHO and UNICEF 2021).
Sweet beverage consumption 6–23 months

Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are given a sweet beverage
during the previous day.
Unhealthy food consumption 6–23 months
Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are fed sentinel unhealthy foods
Zero vegetable or fruit consumption 6–23 months
Percentage of children age 6–23 months who are not fed any vegetables or
fruits during the previous day.
Forty-nine percent of the youngest children age 6–23 months living with their mother had a sweet
beverage, 26% had unhealthy foods, and 25% consumed zero vegetable or fruit the previous day or night
(Table 11.9).

 Sixty-four percent of children Figure 11.6 Unhealthy feeding practices among

age 6–23 months who are not children age 6–23 months by breastfeeding status
breastfeeding consumed a Percentage of children age 6–23 months with unhealthy
sweet beverage compared with feeding practices
45% of children who are
Breastfed Nonbreastfed
breastfeeding (Figure 11.6).
 Thirty-six percent of children

64
age 6–23 months who are not
breastfeeding had an unhealthy 45
food compared with 24% of 36
24 28
children who are breastfeeding. 17
 The percentage of children who

had zero vegetables or fruits is Consumed sweet Consumed unhealthy Consumed zero
beverages the day foods the day before the vegetables or fruits the
twice as high in rural areas before the survey survey day before the survey
(31%) as in urban areas (15%).
 The percentage of children who Figure 11.7 Unhealthy feeding practices among
had consumed zero vegetables children age 6–23 months by mother’s education
or fruits declines with increase Percentage of children age 6–23 months with unhealthy
in mother’s education, from feeding practices
67% of children whose mothers No education Primary Secondary More than secondary
have no education to 12% of
children whose mothers have
with more than secondary 67
education (Figure 11.7). 52 49 52
35
 The percentage of children who 28 29 27 26
20
had consumed zero vegetables 12
8
or fruits declines with increase
in wealth quintile, from 47% of
Consumed sweet Consumed unhealthy Consumed zero
children in the lowest wealth beverages the day foods the day before vegetables or fruits the
quintile to 10% in the highest before the survey the survey day before the survey
wealth quintile (Table 11.9).
11.3.7 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Indicators
Table 11.10 summarises all 17 WHO-UNICEF IYCF indicators with corresponding values from the 2022
KDHS.
11.4 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING COUNSELLING

IYCF counselling helps support appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices (WHO
2018; WHO 2003). Counselling is an interactive process that helps empower mothers and caregivers to
follow the recommended IYCF practices. Counselling can take place in health facilities and the
community, and is delivered by trained health providers, community health workers, and others in the
community.

Mothers who received IYCF counselling in the last 6 months
Percentage of mothers with children age 6–23 months who received IYCF
counselling in the last 6 months by a healthcare provider or community health
worker.
Sample: Women whose youngest child age 6–23 months is living with them
Twenty-five percent of women age 15–49 whose youngest child age 6–23 months was living with them
were counselled by a health care provider in the previous 6 months about how or what to feed their
children (Table 11.11).
 Thirty-two percent of mothers with children age 6–11 months received counselling in the last 6
months about how or what to feed their children compared with 21% of those with children age 12–23
months.
 Fourteen percent of mothers with no education were counselled on feeding their children in the last 6
months compared with 27% among mothers with more than secondary education.
11.5 MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION AND DEWORMING AMONG CHILDREN

Micronutrient deficiency is a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality. Micronutrient
deficiency can be caused by low consumption of foods that supply vitamins and minerals, infections, and
genetic abnormalities. Strategies to prevent or address micronutrient deficiency include agricultural
approaches such as biofortification, food-based approaches that can be complemented with food
fortification, and for specific life-stages and population groups, direct micronutrient supplementation
(USAID 2019).
Iron is a micronutrient that plays an important role in numerous biological systems. Iron deficiency is one
of the primary causes of anaemia. Interventions targeting iron deficiency and anaemia include periodically
giving children iron tablets or syrups and/or iron-containing micronutrient powders (WHO 2011a; WHO
2016a; WHO 2016b).
Vitamin A is a micronutrient that supports the immune system and plays an important role in maintaining
the epithelial tissue in the body. Severe vitamin A deficiency can cause eye damage, increase the severity
of infections, such as those causing measles, and can slow recovery from illness. Vitamin A
supplementation programmes help reduce vitamin A deficiency and mortality in children (WHO 2011b).
Soil-transmitted helminth infections can cause internal bleeding, inflammation, impaired nutrient
absorption, diarrhoea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Deworming programmes help to reduce the burden of
helminth infections (WHO 2017b).
Given iron tablets or syrups 6–59 months

Percentage of children who were given iron tablets or syrups in the last
12 months.
Given multiple micronutrient powders 6–59 months
Percentage of children who were given multiple micronutrient powders in the
last 12 months.
Given iron-containing supplements 6–59 months
Percentage of children who were given iron-containing supplements in the last
12 months which include tablets, syrup, or micronutrient powders.

Given vitamin A supplements 6–59 months
Percentage of children who were given vitamin A supplements in the last
6 months.
Given deworming medication 12–59 months

Percentage of children who were given deworming medication in the last
6 months.
Twenty-three percent of children age 6–59 months were given iron-containing supplements in the last 12
months. Twenty percent of these children received iron tablets/syrup, and 14% of these children were given
multiple micronutrient powders. Sixty-four percent of children age 6–59 months were given vitamin A
supplements in the last 6 months. Two-thirds of children age 12–59 months were given deworming
medication in the last 6 months (Table 11.12).
 Seventy-eight percent of children age 6–23 months were given vitamin A supplements compared with
56% of children age 24–59 months.
 Seventy-seven percent of children age 6–59 months who are currently breastfeeding were given
vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months compared with 69% those not breastfeeding.
 The percentage of children age 6–59 months who received vitamin A supplements declines with
mother’s age, from 69% of children whose mothers are age 15–19 to 59% of children whose mothers
are age 40–49.
 The percentage of children receiving vitamin A supplements increases with mother’s education, from
45% of children whose mothers have no education to 70% of children whose mothers who have more
 Similarly, 69% of children age 6–59 months in households with the highest wealth quintile received
vitamin A supplements compared with 53% in households with the lowest wealth quintile.
 Fifty-nine percent of children age 6–23 months were given deworming medication compared with
68% of those age 24–59 months.
 Seventy-two percent of children age 12–59 months in urban areas were given deworming medication
in the last 6 months compared with 61% of those in rural areas.
 Eighty-two percent of children age 12–59 months born to mothers with more than secondary education
had been given deworming medication compared with 36% of children born to mothers with no
education.
 Similarly, 79% of children age 12–59 months in households with the highest wealth quintile had been
dewormed compared with 48% of children in households with the lowest wealth quintile.
 Counties with the lowest percentage of children age 6–59 months who received iron tablets or syrups
in the last 12 months are: Laikipia (1%); Meru (3%) Bomet (3%), Narok, and Samburu (4% each)
(Table 11.12C).

 Counties with the lowest percentage of children age 6–59 months who received multiple
micronutrients powders (MNPs) in the last 12 months are Lamu, Wajir, and Laikipia (1% each), and
Samburu and Meru (2%).
 Mandera County has the lowest percentage of children 6–59 months who received vitamin A
supplements (16%) and deworming medication (15%) in the last 6 months.
11.6 ADULTS’ NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Chronic energy deficiency is caused by eating too little or having an unbalanced diet that lacks adequate
nutrients. Women of reproductive age (age 15–49) are especially vulnerable to chronic energy deficiency
and malnutrition due to low dietary intakes, inequitable distribution of food within the household,
improper food storage and preparation, dietary taboos, infectious diseases, and inadequate care practices.
Chronic energy deficiency leads to low productivity among adults and greater morbidity and mortality
(WHO 1995). In addition, undernutrition among women is a major risk factor for adverse birth outcomes.
Overweight and obesity have adverse health outcomes as well. Overweight and obesity are major risk
factors for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Body mass index (BMI) is the ratio of weight relative to height squared that is used to measure nutritional
status in adults age 20–49. The BMI values are independent of age and sex. Short stature for adult women
age 20–49 is assessed by height <145 centimetres.
BMI-for-age is the ratio of weight relative to height for different age groups that is used in children and
adolescents age 5–19 to measure nutritional status (WHO 2007). BMI-for-age is sex and age-specific. This
is because adolescents are still growing, and the timing of peak growth velocity differs in boys and girls. In
the DHS, BMI-for-age is reported among adolescents age 15–19. Similarly, short stature for adolescent
women (age 15–19) is assessed by low height-for-age.
Body mass index (BMI)

BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters
squared (kg/m2).
Adult status BMI
Too thin for their height Less than 18.5
Normal Between 18.5 and 24.9
Overweight Between 25.0 and 29.9
Obese Greater than or equal to 30.0
Sample: Women age 20–49 who are not pregnant and who have not had a
birth in the 2 months before the survey, and men age 20–49
BMI-for-age
BMI-for-age is measured in z score standard deviations (SD).
Adolescent status BMI-for-age
Too thin for their height Less than –1SD
Normal Between –1SD and +1SD
Overweight Between +1SD and +2SD
Obese Greater than +2SD
Sample: Women age 15–19 who are not pregnant and who have not had a
birth in the 2 months before the survey, and men age 15–19

Short Stature
Percentage of women age 20–49 with height under 145cm.
Percentage of women age 15–19 with height-for-age z score less than
–2SD.
11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women
Height and weight data were collected for 94% of eligible women age 15–49 (Appendix C, Table C.6).
During measurement, 17% of women had hairstyles or ornamentation that interfered with height
measurement, and 2% of women were not wearing lightweight clothing or wore heavy permanent
ornaments that interfered with weight measurement (Appendix C, Table C.11).
Eighteen percent of women and Figure 11.8 Nutritional status of adolescent and
43% of men age 15–19 are thin, adult women and men
while 13% of women and 2% of Percent distribution of women and men age 15–19 and
men are obese or overweight. 20–49 by nutritional status
Among women and men age 20–49, Adolescents age 15–19 Adults age 20–49
7% of women and 14% of men are <1
2 4
thin, while 45% of women and 19% 11 2 17 15
of men are obese or overweight Obese
(Figure 11.8). 55 28 Overweight
Normal weight
Among adolescent women age 69
67 Thin
15–19, data on height, weight and
48
age were used to calculate two
43
measures of nutritional status,
18 14
height-for-age and BMI-for-age. 7
Five percent of adolescent women Women Men Women Men
are of short stature (Table 11.13.2
and Table 11.13.2C). Eighteen percent adolescent women age 15–19 are thin, with 3% being moderately
or severely thin. Eleven percent of adolescent women are overweight and 2% are obese.

Trends: The prevalence of overweight and obesity Figure 11.9 Trends in women’s
among women age 20–29 has increased over time, nutritional status
from 15% in 1993 to 28% in 2003, and 45% in 2022. Percentage of women age 15–19 who are:
In the same period, the prevalence of overweight and
obesity among women age 15–19 remained more or
less the same (Figure 11.9).
 Being overweight or obese increases with age, Thin

21
from 32% among women age 20–29 to 55% 19 17 15 18
among women age 40–49 and from 10% among 11
Overweight/
men age 20–29 to 29% among men age 40–49 obese 12 14 13
6 10 10
(Table 11.13.1 and Table 11.13.3).
1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
 Five percent of women age 20–49 in urban areas
are thin compared with 9% in rural areas, and Percentage of women age 20–49 who are:
12% of men age 20–49 in urban areas are thin
compared with 16% in rural areas.
 Fifty-three percent of women age 20–49 in urban

Overweight/ 45
areas are overweight or obese compared with obese 38
39% in rural areas, and 25% of men age 20–49 30
28
in urban areas are overweight or obese compared
with 14% in rural areas. 15 15
Thin
 Twenty-three percent of women age 20–49 with 10 11 10 11

7 7
no education are thin compared with 6% of 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
women with more than secondary education. KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
 Thirty-two percent of men age 20–49 with no education are thin compared with 10% of men with
more than secondary education.
 Twenty-six percent of women age 20–49 with no education are overweight or obese compared with
50% of women with more than secondary education.
 Eighteen percent of women age 20–49 in the lowest wealth quintile are thin compared with 3% of
women in the highest wealth quintile.
 Twenty-five percent of men age 20–49 in the lowest wealth quintile are thin compared with 8% of men
in the highest wealth quintile.
 About one in five women age 20–49 in the lowest wealth quintile are overweight or obese compared
with 60% of women in the highest wealth quintile.
 Five percent of men age 20–49 in the lowest wealth quintile are overweight or obese compared with
36% of men in the highest wealth quintile.
 Forty-six percent of adolescent women age 15–19 with no education are thin compared with 13% of
those with more than secondary education (Table 11.13.2).
 Twenty-seven percent of adolescent women age 15–19 in the lowest wealth quintile are thin compared
with 11% of women in the highest wealth quintile.

 Fifty-four percent of adolescent men age 15–19 in the lowest wealth quintile are thin compared with
29% of men in the highest wealth quintile (Table 11.13.4).
 Twenty-one percent of adolescent women age 15–19 in urban areas are overweight or obese compared
with 10% of those in rural areas (Table 11.13.2).
 Three percent of adolescent men age 15–19 in urban areas are overweight or obese compared with 2%
of those in rural areas (Table 11.13.4).
 Turkana County has the highest percentage of women age 20–49 who are thin (44%), while Kirinyaga
County has the highest percentage of women age 20–49 who are overweight or obese (65%) (Table
11.13.1C).
 Turkana County has the highest percentage of men age 20–49 who are thin (54%), while Kajiado
County had the highest percentage of men age 20–49 who are overweight or obese (31%) (Table
11.13.3C).
11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men
Height and weight data were collected for 86% of eligible men age 15–49 (Appendix C, Table C.6).
During measurement, 2% of men had hairstyles or ornamentation that interfered with height measurement,
and 2% of men were not wearing lightweight clothing or wore heavy permanent ornaments that interfered
with weight measurement (Appendix C, Table C.11).
Among men age 20–49, data on height and weight were used to calculate a measure of nutritional status,
BMI. Fourteen percent of men age 20–49 are thin with 3% being moderately and severely thin. Nineteen
percent of men are overweight or obese with 4% being obese (Table 11.13.3).
Among adolescent men age 15–19, data on height, weight and age were used to calculate a measure of
nutritional status, BMI-for-age. Forty-three percent of adolescent men are thin, with 12% being moderately
or severely thin. Two percent of adolescent men are overweight or obese and fewer than 1% are obese
(Table 11.13.4, Table 11.13.4C, and Figure 11.8).
 Twenty-five percent of adult men age 20–49 in urban areas are overweight or obese compared with
14% of those in rural areas (Table 11.13.3).
 Thirty-two percent of adult men age 20–49 with no education are thin compared with 10% of men
 Twenty-nine percent of adult men age 20–49 with more than secondary education are overweight or
obese compared with 10% of men with no education.
 Thirty-six percent of adult men age 20–49 in the highest wealth quintile are overweight or obese
compared with 5% in the lowest wealth quintile.
 Twenty-five percent of adult men age 20–49 in the lowest wealth quantile are thin compared with 8%
of men in the highest wealth quintile.
 Forty-five percent of adolescent men age 15–19 in rural areas are thin compared with 37% of those in
urban areas (Table 11.13.4).
 Fifty- four percent of adolescent men in the lowest wealth quantile are thin compared with 29% of
men in the highest wealth quintile.

 Counties with the highest percentage of men age 20–49 who are thin are Turkana (54%), Marsabit
(47%), Wajir (40%), Samburu (38%), and West Pokot (31%) (Table 11.13.3C).
 Counties with the highest percentage of men age 20–49 who are overweight or obese are Kajiado
(31%), Kiambu (28%), Lamu (26%), and Nairobi City (25%).
11.7 WOMEN’S DIETARY PRACTICES

Dietary practices that support a healthy diet include eating a variety of different foods and food groups and
limiting the consumption of sugary beverages and unhealthy foods. Eating a variety of unprocessed foods
helps women consume the right amount of essential vitamins and minerals. A healthy diet also protects
against overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases.
Minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) is an indicator of diet diversity validated for non-
pregnant women age 15-49. The indicator is based on 10 food groups: grains, white/pale starchy roots,
tubers, and plantains; pulses (beans, peas and lentils); nuts and seeds; dairy (milk and milk products), flesh
foods (meat, fish, poultry, and organ meat); eggs; dark green leafy vegetables; vitamin-A rich fruits and
vegetables; other vegetables; and other fruits. Women who consume at least 5 of the 10 possible food
groups in the 24 hours before the survey are classified as having minimally adequate dietary diversity.
Deficiencies in micronutrients such as iron, iodine, vitamin A, folate, and zinc can have devastating
consequences for the human body. Women, particularly those of childbearing age, are especially
vulnerable due to their greater needs for essential vitamins and minerals. Having minimally adequate
dietary diversity is important for micronutrient adequacy (FAO 2021).
Unhealthy foods and sweet beverages should be limited because they are associated with overweight and
obesity and non-communicable diseases (Askari et al. 2020). In women, overweight and obesity can affect
reproductive health and increase complications in pregnancy (Mitchell and Shaw 2015). The indicator for
unhealthy food consumption describes ‘sentinel unhealthy foods,’ which are foods that are fried, high in
sugar, salt, and/or unhealthy fats that are commonly consumed by women (FAO 2021).
Minimum dietary diversity for women

Percentage of women who consumed foods from at least 5 out of 10 defined
food groups during the previous day. The 10 food groups are: grains,
white/pale starchy roots, tubers, and plantains; pulses (beans, peas and
lentils); nuts and seeds; dairy (milk and milk products), flesh foods (meat, fish,
poultry, and organ meat); eggs; dark green leafy vegetables; vitamin-A rich
fruits and vegetables; other vegetables; and other fruits.
Sweet beverage consumption

Percentage of women who consumed sweet beverages during the previous
day.
Unhealthy food consumption

Percentage of women who consumed selected sentinel unhealthy foods
Table 11.14 and Table 11.14C indicate the percentage of women age 15–49 by type of foods and liquids
consumed in the day or night before the interview, according background characteristics and by counties.

Forty-nine percent of women consumed minimum dietary diversity, while 70% consumed sweet beverages
and 35% consumed unhealthy foods (Table 11.15).
 Fifty-six percent of women in urban areas consumed minimum dietary diversity compared with 43%
of those in rural areas.
 The consumption of the minimum dietary Figure 11.10 Minimum dietary diversity
diversity increases with the level of education. among women by education
One in five women who have no education Percentage of women age 15–49
consumed minimum dietary diversity compared achieving minimum dietary diversity the
to 2 in 3 women with more than secondary day before the survey
education (Figure 11.10).
65
 The percentage of women consuming unhealthy 53
foods increases with the level of education; from
14% among women with no education to 42% 39
among those with more than secondary
education. 20
 Seventy percent of women with no education

compared to 75% with more than secondary
education consume sweet beverages. No education Primary Secondary More than
secondary
 The percentage of women consuming unhealthy
foods is 20% in the lowest wealth quintile and 45%
in the highest wealth quintile.
 The percentage of women consuming sweet beverages is 65% in the lowest wealth quintile and 77% in
the highest wealth quintile.
 Turkana (11%), Marsabit (11%), Kwale (15%) and Tana River (17%) counties have the least
percentage of women who consumed minimum dietary diversity (Table 11.15C).
 Vihiga (54%), Kiambu (52%), Nakuru (48%), Kirinyaga (48%), and Nyandarua (46%) counties have
the highest percentage of women who consumed unhealthy food.
11.8 PRESENCE OF IODISED SALT IN HOUSEHOLDS

Iodine is a micronutrient that plays an important role in thyroid function, which is critical for reproductive
function, growth, and development. It is recommended that household salt should be fortified with iodine.
Sufficient iodine prevents goitre, brain damage, and other thyroid-related health problems (WHO 2014b).
Household salt iodisation

Percentage of households with iodised salt.
Sample: Households in which salt was tested for iodine content
In the Kenya 2022 DHS, salt was tested for the presence of potassium iodate. Overall, availability of
iodised salt is universal (Table 11.16 and Table 11.16C).

LIST OF TABLES
For more information on nutrition of children and adults, see the following tables:
 Table 11.1 Nutritional status of children

 Table 11.1C Nutritional status of children by county
 Table 11.2 Child growth monitoring
 Table 11.2C Child growth monitoring by county
 Table 11.3 Early breastfeeding
 Table 11.3C Early breastfeeding by county
 Table 11.4 Breastfeeding status according to age
 Table 11.5 Infant feeding practices by age
 Table 11.6 Liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview
 Table 11.7 Foods consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview
 Table 11.8 Minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum
acceptable diet among children
 Table 11.9 Egg and/or flesh food consumption and unhealthy feeding practices among
children age 6–23 months
 Table 11.10 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators
 Table 11.11 Infant and young child feeding counselling
 Table 11.12 Micronutrient supplementation and deworming among children
 Table 11.12C Micronutrient supplementation and deworming among children by county
 Table 11.13.1 Nutritional status of women age 20–49
 Table 11.13.1C Nutritional status of women age 20–49 by county
 Table 11.13.2 Nutritional status of adolescent women age 15–19
 Table 11.13.2C Nutritional status of adolescent women age 15–19 by county
 Table 11.13.3 Nutritional status of men age 20–49
 Table 11.13.3C Nutritional status of men age 20–49 by county
 Table 11.13.4 Nutritional status of adolescent men age 15–19
 Table 11.13.4C Nutritional status of adolescent men age 15–19 by county
 Table 11.14 Foods and liquids consumed by women in the day or night preceding the
interview
 Table 11.14C Foods and liquids consumed by women in the day or night preceding the
interview by county
 Table 11.15 Minimum dietary diversity and unhealthy food and beverage consumption
among women
 Table 11.15C Minimum dietary diversity and unhealthy food and beverage consumption
among women by county
 Table 11.16 Presence of iodised salt in household
 Table 11.16C Presence of iodised salt in household by county

Table 11.1 Nutritional status of children
Percentage of children under age 5 classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and
weight-for-age, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent-
age age Mean Number age age age Mean Number age age Mean Number
Background below below z score of below below above z score of below below z score of
characteristic –3 SD –2 SD2 (SD) children –3 SD –2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children –3 SD –2 SD2 (SD) children
Age in months
<6 3.3 12.0 –0.5 1,655 0.8 3.5 11.8 0.5 1,658 1.5 5.5 –0.1 1,668
6–11 3.2 12.7 –0.6 1,837 0.6 4.7 5.1 0.1 1,836 1.6 9.0 –0.3 1,837
12–23 5.4 22.5 –1.1 3,396 0.7 4.4 3.1 –0.1 3,399 2.0 9.9 –0.6 3,402
24–35 5.3 22.7 –1.1 3,292 0.4 4.2 2.0 –0.2 3,319 1.6 11.0 –0.7 3,311
36–47 4.4 18.7 –0.9 3,581 0.6 5.2 1.4 –0.3 3,622 1.9 11.9 –0.8 3,584
48–59 2.8 11.9 –0.7 3,372 0.7 6.4 1.3 –0.5 3,405 1.8 10.7 –0.8 3,377
0–23 4.3 17.4 –0.8 6,887 0.7 4.3 5.7 0.1 6,892 1.8 8.6 –0.4 6,907
24–59 4.2 17.7 –0.9 10,245 0.6 5.2 1.6 –0.3 10,345 1.8 11.2 –0.7 10,272
Sex
Male 5.1 19.6 –1.0 8,679 0.6 5.4 2.9 –0.2 8,742 2.0 11.1 –0.7 8,692
Female 3.3 15.6 –0.8 8,453 0.6 4.3 3.6 –0.1 8,496 1.6 9.2 –0.5 8,488
Birth interval in
months3
First birth4 3.6 15.5 –0.8 3,984 0.2 3.7 3.6 –0.1 3,982 1.4 7.9 –0.5 3,991
<24 5.2 20.7 –1.0 2,411 0.8 6.6 3.4 –0.2 2,418 2.1 13.1 –0.7 2,417
24–47 5.0 21.5 –1.0 4,393 0.9 6.0 2.6 –0.3 4,397 2.3 12.8 –0.8 4,404
48+ 2.6 13.0 –0.7 4,240 0.5 4.0 4.3 –0.0 4,231 1.3 7.6 –0.4 4,248
Size at birth3,5
Very small 12.1 38.0 –1.6 77 2.4 10.2 0.0 –0.4 76 9.1 24.6 –1.3 77
Small 9.5 30.8 –1.4 486 0.3 5.5 3.4 –0.2 486 3.5 17.9 –1.0 490
Average or larger 4.2 17.2 –0.8 4,094 0.4 3.9 5.2 0.1 4,089 1.4 7.9 –0.4 4,105
Don’t know 8.5 21.9 –1.1 128 2.4 11.7 3.0 –0.7 128 4.9 20.5 –1.1 128
Mother’s interview
status
Interviewed 4.0 17.4 –0.9 15,028 0.6 4.9 3.4 –0.1 15,028 1.7 10.1 –0.6 15,060
Not interviewed but in
household 7.1 19.4 –0.8 521 1.0 4.7 2.3 –0.3 541 2.3 11.4 –0.6 522
Not interviewed and
not in the household5 5.5 18.9 –0.9 1,583 0.7 4.3 1.5 –0.2 1,669 1.9 10.2 –0.6 1,598
Mother’s age3
<20 5.0 21.2 –1.1 1,807 0.3 4.4 2.8 –0.2 1,812 2.4 11.3 –0.7 1,811
20–34 3.9 17.0 –0.9 11,274 0.6 4.9 3.5 –0.1 11,280 1.6 9.9 –0.6 11,304
35–49 3.7 16.1 –0.8 1,946 0.6 5.7 3.7 –0.1 1,936 2.0 10.1 –0.5 1,945
Mother’s nutritional
status7
Thin 7.3 25.6 –1.2 679 1.5 12.2 0.4 –0.8 679 5.2 20.8 –1.2 679
Normal 4.9 20.4 –1.0 3,532 0.6 4.7 2.4 –0.2 3,538 1.8 11.9 –0.7 3,542
Overweight/obese 2.6 11.4 –0.6 2,630 0.1 3.4 4.6 0.1 2,625 0.7 5.1 –0.3 2,633
Residence
Urban 2.7 12.1 –0.6 5,679 0.7 4.0 4.0 –0.0 5,714 1.2 6.7 –0.3 5,701
Rural 4.9 20.3 –1.0 11,453 0.6 5.3 2.8 –0.2 11,524 2.1 11.9 –0.7 11,478
No education 6.9 22.2 –1.0 1,695 2.0 15.4 0.7 –0.9 1,710 5.3 22.1 –1.2 1,703
Primary 5.2 22.1 –1.1 5,898 0.6 4.3 3.5 –0.2 5,909 2.0 11.9 –0.7 5,912
Secondary 3.2 15.3 –0.8 5,220 0.3 3.1 3.9 –0.0 5,218 0.9 7.0 –0.5 5,231
More than secondary 1.6 8.6 –0.4 2,716 0.4 3.2 3.7 0.0 2,712 0.8 5.0 –0.2 2,716
Wealth quintile
Lowest 7.6 27.6 –1.3 4,039 1.3 9.5 1.9 –0.5 4,064 4.4 19.3 –1.1 4,052
Second 5.2 21.5 –1.1 3,343 0.2 3.0 2.6 –0.1 3,377 1.1 10.0 –0.7 3,353
Middle 3.7 16.2 –0.9 3,143 0.5 4.2 3.9 –0.1 3,159 1.2 8.9 –0.6 3,149
Fourth 2.0 11.6 –0.7 3,315 0.4 3.8 3.3 –0.1 3,326 0.8 6.3 –0.4 3,325
Highest 1.7 8.7 –0.4 3,292 0.6 2.7 4.7 0.1 3,311 0.6 4.2 –0.2 3,301
Total 4.2 17.6 –0.9 17,132 0.6 4.9 3.2 –0.2 17,238 1.8 10.1 –0.6 17,180
Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards. Total includes seven children for whom
the information on mother’s education is missing
1
Recumbent length is measured for children under age 2; standing height is measured for all other children.
2
Includes children who are below –3 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Child Growth standards population median.
3
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed.
4
First-born twins (and triplets) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval.
5
Information available only for children age 0–35 months.
6
Includes children whose mothers are deceased.
7
Excludes children whose mothers were not weighed and measured, children whose mothers were not interviewed, and children whose mothers are pregnant or gave
birth within the previous 2 months. Mother’s nutritional status defined using body mass index (BMI) for mother’s age 20–49 and using BMI-for-age for mother’s age 15–
19 as presented in Tables 11.13.1 and 11.13.2.
8
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary

Table 11.1C Nutritional status of children by county
Percentage of children under age 5 classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-height, and
weight-for-age, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Height-for-age1 Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent-
age age Mean Number age age age Mean Number age age Mean Number
below below z score of below below above z score of below below z score of
County –3 SD –2 SD2 (SD) children –3 SD –2 SD2 +2 SD (SD) children –3 SD –2 SD2 (SD) children
Mombasa 3.5 13.5 –0.7 419 0.2 4.6 3.1 –0.3 418 1.5 9.8 –0.6 423
Kwale 6.9 22.7 –1.2 315 1.1 6.2 2.3 –0.4 321 2.8 13.7 –0.9 316
Kilifi 13.4 37.0 –1.5 521 0.9 7.2 4.8 –0.3 519 3.1 19.5 –1.1 526
Tana River 5.6 21.1 –1.0 144 1.3 11.3 2.6 –0.6 144 2.6 16.8 –1.0 144
Lamu 2.5 16.1 –1.0 62 0.4 3.5 1.2 –0.3 63 1.0 12.5 –0.8 62
Taita/Taveta 4.9 19.2 –0.9 124 0.0 4.1 3.2 –0.2 123 2.1 12.6 –0.7 124
Garissa 0.6 9.0 –0.4 222 2.6 15.3 0.4 –0.9 224 1.2 14.1 –0.8 222
Wajir 3.2 12.4 –0.3 135 3.6 22.8 0.0 –1.2 136 4.3 16.2 –1.0 135
Mandera 6.3 20.5 –0.9 240 2.9 17.3 0.4 –1.1 238 5.4 23.2 –1.2 241
Marsabit 4.9 18.9 –0.8 133 3.8 20.4 0.3 –1.1 134 6.2 25.9 –1.2 134
Isiolo 4.3 14.1 –0.6 95 1.1 7.2 1.0 –0.7 95 2.4 11.5 –0.8 96
Meru 4.6 25.2 –1.1 499 0.0 6.0 4.2 –0.1 505 1.0 10.8 –0.7 499
Tharaka-Nithi 3.4 20.5 –1.0 136 0.0 3.1 3.2 –0.1 136 2.2 7.7 –0.6 136
Embu 5.3 19.9 –0.9 170 1.6 5.3 3.4 –0.2 169 2.6 11.3 –0.6 171
Kitui 8.8 25.1 –1.2 382 1.1 4.9 4.0 –0.4 383 2.6 13.9 –0.9 383
Machakos 3.8 16.2 –0.9 404 0.0 3.5 2.6 –0.1 409 1.0 8.1 –0.6 407
Makueni 4.2 19.8 –1.1 306 0.0 4.0 3.2 –0.2 312 1.2 8.7 –0.7 306
Nyandarua 3.2 17.8 –0.9 198 0.6 1.9 3.1 0.2 198 1.4 4.0 –0.4 199
Nyeri 2.2 12.5 –0.7 231 0.0 2.7 5.5 0.2 231 0.5 4.0 –0.2 232
Kirinyaga 1.9 11.2 –0.8 200 0.0 2.2 2.8 –0.0 200 0.0 5.7 –0.4 200
Murang’a 1.1 10.1 –0.7 326 0.0 1.7 2.5 –0.1 326 0.4 5.9 –0.5 326
Kiambu 3.8 15.3 –0.8 916 1.0 3.2 3.9 0.1 929 2.1 6.0 –0.3 920
Turkana 7.3 23.0 –1.1 305 3.5 22.6 1.0 –1.2 306 8.8 31.7 –1.5 306
West Pokot 10.4 33.5 –1.5 420 0.9 11.0 0.8 –0.8 423 6.0 27.1 –1.4 420
Samburu 8.9 31.4 –1.4 144 1.4 15.4 0.4 –0.9 147 7.4 30.2 –1.4 146
Trans Nzoia 4.8 21.3 –1.0 366 0.0 3.2 1.5 –0.2 368 0.5 11.1 –0.6 366
Uasin Gishu 2.7 14.2 –0.8 486 0.9 4.0 2.1 –0.1 486 1.0 6.4 –0.5 486
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3.1 21.8 –1.2 165 1.0 4.8 3.5 –0.4 168 2.5 13.9 –0.9 165
Nandi 2.6 15.1 –0.8 313 0.3 4.0 2.6 –0.2 314 0.9 9.0 –0.6 313
Baringo 4.7 21.2 –1.1 257 2.3 13.6 0.7 –0.8 260 5.8 19.9 –1.1 258
Laikipia 2.5 12.6 –0.8 158 0.0 2.6 3.3 –0.1 160 0.5 6.6 –0.5 158
Nakuru 5.3 18.5 –0.9 913 0.9 3.0 3.9 –0.1 915 2.1 9.2 –0.6 913
Narok 3.5 21.5 –1.2 553 0.2 2.1 3.1 –0.1 556 1.0 10.7 –0.7 554
Kajiado 4.5 14.0 –0.5 506 1.3 7.6 2.7 –0.2 514 1.3 9.6 –0.4 509
Kericho 3.7 19.3 –1.0 338 0.3 2.5 1.6 –0.1 338 1.4 9.2 –0.7 339
Bomet 4.5 22.1 –1.1 341 0.2 3.3 4.5 –0.0 343 1.3 9.8 –0.6 341
Kakamega 2.1 11.5 –0.7 698 0.0 1.5 4.5 0.1 707 0.8 6.4 –0.3 702
Vihiga 4.2 16.6 –1.0 176 0.0 2.4 3.5 0.1 178 0.8 9.2 –0.4 176
Bungoma 4.0 19.0 –1.0 665 0.0 2.3 1.6 –0.0 663 1.2 9.6 –0.5 665
Busia 3.1 15.0 –0.7 385 0.0 2.8 3.1 –0.0 386 0.7 6.3 –0.4 387
Siaya 5.3 19.2 –1.0 325 1.1 1.7 2.6 0.1 327 2.1 7.0 –0.5 326
Kisumu 1.3 9.1 –0.5 419 0.5 3.0 2.1 –0.0 418 0.8 3.5 –0.3 419
Homa Bay 2.3 12.5 –0.7 408 0.0 1.8 5.2 0.1 407 1.0 6.1 –0.3 408
Migori 2.5 14.8 –0.9 450 0.0 2.4 2.2 0.0 449 0.3 5.0 –0.4 450
Kisii 4.3 16.3 –0.8 411 0.3 2.9 5.7 0.1 412 1.5 7.8 –0.4 411
Nyamira 3.0 13.5 –0.9 153 0.1 1.2 6.0 0.2 156 0.2 3.4 –0.4 153
Nairobi City 2.0 11.1 –0.6 1,600 0.0 2.5 5.6 0.1 1,623 0.4 5.3 –0.2 1,606
Total 4.2 17.6 –0.9 17,132 0.6 4.9 3.2 –0.2 17,238 1.8 10.1 –0.6 17,180
Note: Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards.
1
Recumbent length is measured for children under age 2; standing height is measured for all other children.
2
Includes children who are below –3 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Child Growth Standards population median.

Table 11.2 Child growth monitoring
Percentage of children under age 5 who had selected measurements performed by a healthcare provider in the 3 months before the
survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Mid-upper arm
Background circumference Weight and Weight, height, Number of
characteristic Weight Height (MUAC) height and MUAC children
Age in months
<6 81.0 64.7 17.0 63.9 16.2 1,735
6–11 84.9 71.6 26.9 71.3 25.9 1,838
12–23 57.7 49.9 21.9 49.2 21.1 3,324
24–35 33.7 28.1 15.6 27.7 14.6 3,230
36–47 26.6 21.8 11.8 21.1 10.5 3,435
48–59 21.5 17.2 9.8 16.9 8.9 3,321
0–23 70.8 59.4 22.0 58.8 21.1 6,897
24–59 27.2 22.3 12.4 21.8 11.3 9,986
Sex
Male 45.5 37.6 16.4 37.2 15.5 8,589
Female 44.6 37.3 16.2 36.7 15.1 8,294
Mother’s age
15–19 42.4 34.8 13.5 34.1 12.6 2,175
20–29 46.5 38.5 16.5 38.0 15.5 9,390
30–39 43.2 36.2 16.6 35.8 15.6 4,730
40–49 46.0 40.0 21.2 39.1 19.3 588
Residence
Urban 50.0 44.1 19.7 43.4 18.9 6,316
Rural 42.0 33.5 14.3 33.1 13.1 10,567
No education 33.7 30.1 21.6 29.7 20.0 1,738
Primary 38.8 32.2 14.3 31.5 13.2 6,374
Secondary 48.7 40.6 14.7 40.2 14.0 5,719
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.0 30.0 15.7 29.5 14.7 3,784
Second 40.8 32.6 12.2 32.1 11.2 3,038
Middle 45.2 36.4 14.0 35.7 12.9 2,955
Fourth 49.4 41.4 17.6 40.8 16.3 3,410
Highest 53.6 46.4 20.9 45.9 20.2 3,697
Total 45.0 37.5 16.3 36.9 15.3 16,883
Note: “Height“ refers to length (recumbent measurement) or height (standing measurement).

1

Table 11.2C Child growth monitoring by county
Percentage of children under age 5 who had selected measurements performed by a healthcare provider in the 3 months before the survey,
Mid-upper arm
circumference Weight and Weight, height, Number of
County Weight Height (MUAC) height and MUAC children
Mombasa 54.0 47.3 33.0 46.2 31.2 429
Kwale 54.8 55.0 48.7 54.5 47.8 296
Kilifi 39.9 38.0 22.3 37.8 21.3 494
Tana River 39.8 39.0 26.8 38.8 26.3 137
Lamu 34.9 24.9 11.2 24.5 11.1 62
Taita/Taveta 63.7 56.8 29.5 56.8 28.4 123
Garissa 58.1 58.8 47.6 57.0 46.0 233
Wajir 20.6 18.7 17.1 18.5 16.4 143
Mandera 6.8 5.8 2.9 5.7 2.6 246
Marsabit 45.0 40.9 40.4 40.7 38.1 130
Isiolo 33.8 26.5 22.1 24.8 20.5 94
Meru 27.5 14.3 4.4 13.8 2.6 461
Tharaka-Nithi 44.4 32.3 7.9 31.8 6.4 125
Embu 62.5 54.7 38.4 53.1 36.0 163
Kitui 43.2 40.7 24.1 40.4 23.7 334
Machakos 56.2 50.8 14.3 50.5 13.7 379
Makueni 43.6 41.7 17.7 40.2 16.5 291
Nyandarua 39.2 27.7 2.1 27.7 2.1 193
Nyeri 50.0 39.1 6.1 38.0 4.1 222
Kirinyaga 50.6 33.8 17.1 33.8 16.1 198
Murang’a 58.6 45.8 11.8 45.8 9.6 317
Kiambu 47.8 41.3 7.4 40.8 7.4 1,058
Turkana 63.9 56.2 41.3 56.1 37.8 299
West Pokot 20.2 18.5 5.9 17.9 5.0 403
Samburu 30.1 23.8 13.9 23.8 10.7 144
Trans Nzoia 38.4 23.4 7.8 22.8 6.5 348
Uasin Gishu 47.8 35.1 6.5 34.1 5.6 490
Elgeyo/Marakwet 34.4 27.8 8.9 27.3 8.4 160
Nandi 36.0 28.3 16.4 28.2 15.3 289
Baringo 56.8 49.1 12.4 49.1 12.1 243
Laikipia 34.3 25.6 1.5 25.1 1.3 155
Nakuru 38.5 23.7 4.7 23.5 4.2 853
Narok 32.0 20.7 5.0 20.5 2.6 554
Kajiado 45.8 40.7 15.4 40.1 14.7 511
Kericho 78.1 76.8 52.1 75.5 50.8 360
Bomet 6.3 3.1 1.3 3.1 0.9 325
Kakamega 55.2 45.5 7.1 45.2 6.2 609
Vihiga 48.7 36.7 9.3 36.7 9.3 159
Bungoma 37.1 17.8 4.9 16.6 4.2 561
Busia 56.0 44.7 7.8 44.7 7.1 317
Siaya 38.4 37.2 30.0 36.8 29.7 302
Kisumu 44.6 42.9 23.3 42.9 23.3 413
Homa Bay 54.2 34.3 8.7 34.3 6.6 360
Migori 47.2 40.1 3.7 39.9 2.5 422
Kisii 44.3 24.6 3.5 24.3 2.5 368
Nyamira 43.7 29.0 8.6 28.9 6.5 129
Nairobi City 53.0 51.9 29.8 50.8 28.9 1,982
Total 45.0 37.5 16.3 36.9 15.3 16,883
Note: “Height“ refers to length (recumbent measurement) or height (standing measurement).

Table 11.3 Early breastfeeding
Percentage of children born in the last 2 years who were ever breastfed, percentage who were put to the breast within 1 hour of
birth, and percentage who were exclusively breastfed for the first 2 days after birth, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
Percentage who exclusively
were put to the breastfed for the Number
Background Percentage ever breast within first 2 days of children
characteristic breastfed 1 hour of birth after birth1 under age 2
Sex
Male 98.2 60.1 82.3 1,816
Female 97.9 60.1 83.4 1,842
Breastfeeding counselling during ANC2
Counselled 98.5 60.2 87.2 2,806
Not counselled/don’t know 98.2 61.4 81.5 643
Did not receive ANC 91.8 54.5 26.7 203
Assistance at delivery
Health personnel3 98.1 59.9 83.2 3,277
Traditional birth attendant 98.2 66.0 79.8 219
Other 98.4 63.0 78.9 111
No one 95.7 40.9 83.7 51
Place of delivery
Health facility 98.1 59.7 83.3 3,235
At home 98.1 63.5 79.9 403
Other * * * 19
Type of delivery
Vaginal birth 98.1 65.4 85.2 3,042
Caesarean section 98.1 34.1 71.3 616
Breastfeeding counselling during PNC2,4
Counselled 98.8 60.3 86.6 2,689
Not counselled/don’t know 97.1 61.0 84.1 835
Breastfeeding observation during PNC2,4
Observed 99.0 61.0 87.1 2,623
Not observed/don’t know 96.5 59.0 82.9 901
Residence
Urban 97.8 54.8 80.6 1,315
Rural 98.3 63.1 84.1 2,343
No education 98.1 65.6 82.0 354
Primary 98.3 60.4 84.8 1,268
Secondary 98.0 63.0 84.9 1,376
More than secondary 97.7 50.7 75.5 661
Wealth quintile
Lowest 98.2 64.5 83.6 793
Second 98.5 62.5 86.2 679
Middle 98.0 66.7 84.0 655
Fourth 98.1 60.5 84.4 801
Highest 97.6 46.9 76.2 730
Total 98.1 60.1 82.9 3,658
Note: Table is based on children born in the 2 years before the survey regardless of whether the children are living or dead at
the time of interview. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
ANC = antenatal care.
PNC = postnatal care.
1
Children given nothing other than breast milk to eat or drink during the first 2 days after delivery.
2
Information available for the most recent live birth only.
3
Doctor, nurse/midwife, or auxiliary midwife.
4
Women were asked about counselling of breastfeeding by any healthcare provider in the first 2 days after their most recent live
birth regardless of where they gave birth.
5
attended.

Table 11.3C Early breastfeeding by county
Percentage of children born in the last 2 years who were ever breastfed, percentage who were put to the
breast within 1 hour of birth, and percentage who were exclusively breastfed for the first 2 days after birth,
Percentage
Percentage who exclusively
were put to the breastfed for the
Percentage ever breast within first 2 days Number of children
County breastfed 1 hour of birth after birth1 under age 2
Mombasa 96.8 52.8 74.4 105
Kwale 99.5 75.7 86.1 64
Kilifi 98.0 60.2 89.2 95
Tana River 98.5 81.9 77.5 29
Lamu 98.2 34.8 81.5 17
Taita/Taveta (100.0) (40.7) (81.2) 25
Garissa 95.4 61.5 47.6 51
Wajir 94.4 67.2 78.7 29
Mandera 94.3 66.3 83.2 50
Marsabit 98.4 74.2 92.6 28
Isiolo 99.1 67.7 71.0 21
Meru 100.0 66.8 94.0 99
Tharaka-Nithi 98.9 58.0 80.7 26
Embu 100.0 68.5 93.6 33
Kitui 96.7 53.6 91.8 72
Machakos 98.8 56.0 79.8 85
Makueni 100.0 68.0 91.0 65
Nyandarua 100.0 63.8 91.2 48
Nyeri 100.0 51.3 73.7 52
Kirinyaga 98.2 40.8 69.4 47
Murang’a 94.4 71.6 82.6 72
Kiambu 95.8 42.9 83.2 203
Turkana 97.7 59.2 83.2 66
West Pokot 98.0 66.1 88.7 89
Samburu 99.5 78.6 95.6 30
Trans Nzoia 98.5 58.4 88.1 78
Uasin Gishu 98.7 69.6 81.6 112
Nandi 96.9 46.0 80.4 60
Baringo 98.9 81.2 79.5 53
Laikipia 97.4 77.3 80.0 33
Nakuru 100.0 57.0 85.6 170
Narok 98.2 74.2 83.5 122
Kajiado 96.9 42.1 82.1 103
Kericho 97.3 54.2 78.4 84
Bomet 98.6 55.1 82.3 68
Kakamega 100.0 56.1 93.3 158
Vihiga 100.0 87.2 86.4 39
Bungoma 98.7 68.1 73.7 112
Busia 95.5 82.1 77.0 77
Siaya 95.0 55.1 69.1 55
Kisumu 97.0 21.5 88.6 80
Homa Bay 98.4 53.5 82.0 73
Migori 97.8 78.6 84.9 99
Kisii 98.7 82.2 93.6 96
Nyamira 94.9 63.3 80.7 35
Nairobi City 99.1 52.6 79.8 415
Total 98.1 60.1 82.9 3,658
Note: Table is based on children born in the 2 years before the survey regardless of whether the children
are living or dead at the time of interview. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1
Children given nothing other than breast milk to eat or drink during the first 2 days after delivery.

Table 11.4 Breastfeeding status according to age
Among youngest children age 0–5 months living with their mother, percentage exclusively breastfeeding and percentage receiving mixed
milk feeding; and among all children age 12–23 months, percentage currently breastfeeding; and among all children age 0–23 months,
percentage using a bottle with a nipple, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among youngest children age 0–5 months Among all children Among all children
living with their mother: age 12–23 months: age 0–23 months:
Percentage
Percentage receiving Percentage Percentage
Background exclusively mixed milk Number of currently Number of using a bottle Number of
characteristic breastfeeding feeding1 children breastfeeding2 children with a nipple children
Age in months
0–1 77.2 2.5 332 na na 5.8 335
2–3 60.8 13.6 282 na na 15.0 292
4–5 38.0 27.1 274 na na 27.1 275
6–11 na na na na na 46.9 915
12–15 na na na 85.1 615 42.7 615
16–19 na na na 66.2 544 37.6 544
20–23 na na na 42.7 569 28.0 569
Sex
Male 58.9 16.1 436 65.2 860 33.6 1,757
Female 60.8 11.2 452 65.2 868 33.7 1,788
Residence
Urban 59.8 12.9 315 59.4 629 38.3 1,266
Rural 60.0 14.0 572 68.5 1,099 31.1 2,280
No education 48.6 19.5 87 69.0 172 39.6 348
Primary 60.1 12.3 273 70.9 643 26.7 1,234
Secondary 60.0 12.1 372 63.9 618 32.9 1,321
More than secondary 65.7 16.1 155 53.2 295 45.4 643
Wealth quintile
Lowest 53.7 18.0 172 72.2 388 31.2 773
Second 54.7 15.7 168 66.1 336 25.4 657
Middle 58.3 14.4 175 63.8 292 34.0 638
Fourth 67.4 7.3 219 64.9 356 29.6 774
Highest 63.5 14.6 154 58.0 355 48.2 704
Total 59.9 13.6 888 65.2 1,728 33.6 3,545
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a “24-hour” period (yesterday during the day or at night).
1
Received breast milk and fresh, packaged, or powdered animal milk, or infant formula. Excludes yogurt drinks because they are generally
not fed as a substitute for breast milk. Excludes soy and nut milks.
2
Corresponds to IYCF indicator ‘Continued breastfeeding.’
3
Table 11.5 Infant feeding practices by age

Percent distribution of youngest children age 0–5 months living with their mother, by feeding category, according to age in months, Kenya DHS
2022
Number of
Breast milk youngest
Breast milk Breast milk and solid, children 0–5
only Breast milk Breast milk and formula semi-solid, months
(exclusively and plain and non- and/or or soft Not living with
Age group in months breastfed) water only milk liquids1 animal milk2 foods3 breastfed Unknown4 Total their mother
0–1 77.2 5.4 7.1 0.7 4.0 0.5 5.2 100.0 332
2–3 60.8 6.8 4.2 9.9 10.8 2.3 5.1 100.0 282
4–5 38.0 11.7 2.2 16.1 28.6 1.4 2.0 100.0 274
0–5 59.9 7.8 4.7 8.4 13.7 1.4 4.2 100.0 888
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a “24-hour” period (yesterday during the day or at night). The categories of breast milk only, breast milk
and plain water only, breast milk and non-milk liquids, breast milk and formula and/or animal milk, breast milk and solid, semi-solid, or soft
foods, and not breastfed are hierarchical and mutually exclusive. Thus, children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids and who do not
receive breast milk and formula and/or animal milk and who do not receive any solid, semi-solid, or soft foods are classified in the non-milk
liquid category even though they may also get plain water. When combined with children whose feeding category is classified as unknown due
to “don’t know” responses, the percentages in each row add to 100%.
1
Non-milk liquids include fruit juice or fruit-flavoured drinks, chocolate-flavoured drinks, sodas, malt drinks, sports drinks, or energy drinks, clear
broth or soup, tea, coffee, herbal drinks, soy milk, nut milk, or other liquids.
2
Animal milk here includes liquid yogurt but does not include solid yogurt. Note that animal milk in Table 11.4 excludes liquid yogurt and solid
yogurt.
3
Solid, semi-solid, or soft foods includes solid yogurt but not liquid yogurt.
4
Not classified elsewhere due to “don’t know” responses.

Table 11.6 Liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview
Percentage of youngest children under age 2 living with their mother by type of liquids consumed in the day or night before the interview, according to age and
breastfeeding status, Kenya DHS 2022
Number
of
young-
Sodas, est
Fresh, malt children
powdered, and Fruit drinks, under
packaged Soy milk and juice sports Tea, coffee, and Clear age 2
animal milk Yogurt drinks nut milks and drinks, herbal drinks broth Other liquids living
Sweet/ Sweet/ Sweet/ fruit- and Sweet/ and Sweet/ with
Age in Plain Infant fla- fla- fla- flavoure energy fla- clear fla- their
months water formula1 Any voured Any voured Any voured d drinks drinks Any voured soup Any voured mother
BREASTFEEDING CHILDREN
0–1 9.2 0.3 2.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.0 8.6 0.0 330
2–3 19.4 4.1 10.0 4.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.8 0.7 0.4 4.6 0.4 275
4–5 39.1 6.1 22.2 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.5 6.9 4.6 5.2 2.5 0.0 270
6–8 78.0 2.6 50.8 12.7 5.7 3.4 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.2 17.0 13.3 17.9 10.4 2.3 447
9–11 84.6 4.0 53.4 10.1 9.8 8.1 0.0 0.0 9.7 1.2 24.1 18.7 29.3 8.3 0.7 429
12–17 87.1 2.8 58.6 13.7 7.4 5.6 0.0 0.0 6.4 4.6 38.0 29.4 20.9 8.9 0.5 701
18–23 93.9 2.0 65.9 16.3 10.7 8.6 0.0 0.0 7.4 5.2 52.0 44.1 19.2 7.2 0.2 408
0–5 21.6 3.3 10.8 3.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.7 3.1 1.8 1.7 5.5 0.1 875
6–11 81.2 3.3 52.0 11.4 7.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 8.7 0.7 20.5 16.0 23.5 9.4 1.6 876
12–23 89.6 2.5 61.3 14.7 8.6 6.7 0.0 0.0 6.8 4.8 43.1 34.8 20.3 8.3 0.4 1,109
6–23 85.9 2.9 57.2 13.2 8.2 6.3 0.0 0.0 7.6 3.0 33.1 26.5 21.7 8.8 0.9 1,984
Total 66.2 3.0 43.0 10.2 5.7 4.3 0.0 0.0 5.7 2.3 23.9 18.9 15.6 7.8 0.7 2,860
NONBREASTFEEDING CHILDREN
0–1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2
2–3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7
4–5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4
6–8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5
9–11 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 15
12–17 86.0 3.8 59.5 18.6 13.6 9.3 0.0 0.0 10.0 2.5 41.5 34.1 21.2 11.3 1.0 137
18–23 87.6 1.4 64.5 19.6 6.7 4.5 0.0 0.0 6.6 5.2 56.8 49.9 20.3 7.0 0.3 361
0–5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12
6–11 (91.5) (24.1) (66.6) (17.2) (7.7) (3.6) (0.0) (0.0) (26.2) (5.8) (26.0) (20.5) (34.1) (0.0) (0.0) 19
12–23 87.1 2.1 63.1 19.3 8.6 5.8 0.0 0.0 7.6 4.4 52.6 45.6 20.6 8.2 0.5 498
6–23 87.3 2.9 63.2 19.2 8.6 5.7 0.0 0.0 8.2 4.5 51.6 44.6 21.1 7.9 0.5 517
Total 85.7 3.2 62.2 18.8 8.4 5.6 0.0 0.0 8.1 4.4 50.5 43.6 20.8 7.7 0.4 529
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Infant formula includes NAN (Nestle), SMA, or S26.

Table 11.7 Foods consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview
Percentage of youngest children under age 2 living with their mother by type of foods consumed in the day or night before the interview, according to age and
breastfeeding status, Kenya DHS 2022
Solid or semi-solid foods
Fried and
salty
Sweet foods
foods such as
such as crisps, Number
cakes, chips, of
White/ sweet ngumu, youngest
pale biscuits, man- children
starchy Beans, Meat, Vitamin Insects candies, daazi, Other under
Foods roots, peas, fish, A-rich Other and other choco- samosa, solid, age 2
made tubers, lentils, Cheese poultry, fruits and fruits and small lates, ice bhajias, semi- living
Age in from and plan- nuts, and and organ vege- vege- protein Red cream, or or solid, and with their
months grains1 tains2 seeds3 yogurt4 meats5 Eggs tables6 tables7 foods8 palm oil ice lollies indomie soft food mother
BREASTFEEDING CHILDREN
0–1 3.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 330
2–3 10.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.6 275
4–5 23.4 6.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.2 8.0 8.9 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.8 270
6–8 74.4 35.3 7.9 3.0 11.0 4.7 39.1 42.5 0.4 0.0 6.2 8.8 2.0 447
9–11 87.6 42.5 17.5 6.7 19.4 6.7 58.1 53.8 1.0 0.0 13.4 17.7 3.6 429
12–17 89.8 37.3 24.3 6.5 18.9 8.1 56.9 57.1 0.8 0.0 15.8 30.0 1.9 701
18–23 91.8 43.1 31.5 7.5 24.5 11.2 70.4 63.6 1.7 0.0 25.8 36.1 1.1 408
0–5 11.6 2.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 3.1 3.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 875
6–11 80.8 38.8 12.6 4.8 15.1 5.7 48.4 48.0 0.7 0.0 9.7 13.2 2.8 876
12–23 90.6 39.4 27.0 6.9 21.0 9.3 61.8 59.5 1.2 0.0 19.5 32.2 1.6 1,109
6–23 86.3 39.2 20.6 6.0 18.4 7.7 55.9 54.4 1.0 0.0 15.2 23.8 2.1 1,984
Total 63.4 28.0 14.5 4.3 13.0 5.3 39.7 38.7 0.7 0.0 10.6 16.7 1.6 2,860
NONBREASTFEEDING CHILDREN
0–1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2
2–3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 7
4–5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 4
6–8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5
9–11 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 15
12–17 96.3 42.5 14.6 19.0 33.9 7.4 63.3 60.0 2.4 0.0 18.3 25.1 3.1 137
18–23 95.4 33.8 33.2 8.6 33.9 15.6 68.7 64.7 1.6 0.0 24.0 40.2 0.8 361
0–5 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 12
6–11 (81.6) (34.9) (28.7) (2.5) (26.2) (28.6) (52.4) (57.6) (0.0) (0.0) (9.6) (18.5) (0.0) 19
12–23 95.7 36.2 28.1 11.4 33.9 13.3 67.2 63.4 1.8 0.0 22.4 36.1 1.5 498
6–23 95.2 36.1 28.1 11.1 33.7 13.9 66.7 63.2 1.8 0.0 22.0 35.4 1.4 517
Total 93.9 35.4 27.7 10.9 32.9 13.6 65.2 61.7 1.7 0.0 21.5 34.6 1.4 529
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
1
Includes ugali, porridge, rice, bread, chapati, pasta, or green maize.
2
Includes Irish potatoes, white sweet potatoes, green banana, nduma (arrowrot), yams, or cassava.
3
Includes giheri, ndengu (green gram), njahi (black gram), kamande (lentils), groundnuts, cashews, pumpkin seeds, simsim (sesame seeds), or peanut butter.
4
Includes hard and soft cheeses.
5
Includes liver, blood, kidney, lung, gizzard, heart, sausages, smokies, hot dogs, salami, ham, goat, beef, minced beef, mutton, pork, wild game, chicken, and
fresh or dried fish or shellfish, dagaa, canned tuna, or seafood.
6
lncludes carrots, pumpkin, butternut, or sweet potatoes that are orange inside, ripe pawpaw, ripe mangoes, passionfruit, or matunda ya damu, and dark green,
leafy vegetables, such as sukuma wiki, spinach, managu (nightshade), terrere (amaranth), saget, kunde (cowpea leaves), khandira (Ethiopian kale), mrenda (jute
mallow), pumpkin leaves, nderema (Malabar spinach), mitoo, broccoli, or mchunga.
7
Other fruits and vegetables include tomatoes, cabbage, green capsicum, mushrooms, cucumber, or other vegetables, banana, pineapple, avocado, watermelon,
orange, or other fruits.
8
Includes termites, locusts, and grasshoppers.

Table 11.8 Minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet among children
Percentage of youngest children age 6–23 months living with their mother who are fed a minimum acceptable diet based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups,
and times they are fed during the day or night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among youngest breastfed children Among youngest non-breastfed children Among youngest children
age 6–23 months living with their mother, age 6–23 months living with their mother, age 6–23 months living with their mother,
percentage who received: percentage who received: percentage who received:
Number
Number of Minimum of non- Number
breastfed milk breastfed of all
Minimum Minimum Minimum children feeding Minimum Minimum Minimum children Minimum Minimum Minimum children
Background dietary meal fre- accep- age 6–23 fre- dietary meal fre- accep- age 6–23 dietary meal fre- accep- age 6–23
characteristic diversity1 quency2 table diet3 months quency4 diversity1 quency5 table diet6 months diversity1 quency7 table diet8 months
Age in months
6–11 29.9 72.3 26.1 876 (68.4) (28.6) (87.6) (28.6) 19 29.8 72.6 26.2 895
6–8 23.1 76.0 22.5 447 * * * * 5 22.9 76.2 22.2 451
9–11 36.9 68.5 30.0 429 * * * * 15 36.9 69.1 30.2 444
12–17 41.3 66.6 34.5 701 56.3 17.8 67.8 14.2 137 37.4 66.8 31.2 837
18–23 54.6 75.7 46.7 408 49.4 33.3 70.7 22.3 361 44.6 73.3 35.3 769
Sex
Male 38.6 69.4 33.0 989 52.2 30.0 68.4 21.9 246 36.9 69.2 30.8 1,236
Female 39.4 72.6 33.7 995 51.7 28.1 72.5 19.1 270 37.0 72.6 30.5 1,265
Residence
Urban 50.8 77.6 45.0 672 53.3 38.4 72.7 24.6 220 47.7 76.4 39.9 892
Rural 32.9 67.6 27.4 1,312 50.9 22.1 69.0 17.3 296 30.9 67.9 25.5 1,609
Mother’s
education9
No education 15.3 38.4 12.6 201 55.7 1.0 51.1 1.0 46 12.7 40.8 10.5 248
Primary 32.5 73.0 29.2 750 41.7 18.5 61.3 14.6 163 30.0 70.9 26.6 914
Secondary 41.7 72.5 33.0 701 51.2 39.7 71.7 23.9 179 41.3 72.4 31.2 880
More than
secondary 62.2 82.9 55.9 331 64.6 37.6 87.7 29.9 128 55.3 84.3 48.6 460
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.7 58.0 13.9 478 38.7 12.4 49.4 11.6 96 16.0 56.6 13.5 574
Second 32.2 67.6 26.4 363 38.6 19.9 58.4 11.4 95 29.7 65.7 23.3 457
Middle 38.6 70.9 32.3 346 64.1 18.9 78.7 18.1 88 34.5 72.5 29.4 434
Fourth 48.0 76.7 41.6 417 54.3 35.8 81.1 21.0 109 45.5 77.6 37.3 527
Highest 63.9 84.3 56.2 381 61.3 49.5 80.8 34.7 128 60.3 83.4 50.8 508
Total 39.0 71.0 33.3 1,984 51.9 29.0 70.6 20.4 517 36.9 70.9 30.7 2,501
suppressed.
1
Minimum dietary diversity is receiving foods from 5 or more of the following 8 food groups: a. breast milk; b. grains, white/pale starchy roots, tubers, and plantains; c.
beans, peas, lentils, nuts and seeds; d. dairy products (tinned, powdered, or fresh animal milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); e. flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ
meats); f. eggs; g. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; h. other fruits and vegetables.
2
For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid, semi-solid, or soft food at least twice a day for infants 6–8 months and at least 3 times a day for
children 9–23 months.
3
For breastfed children, minimum acceptable diet is receiving minimum dietary diversity (footnote 1) and minimum meal frequency (footnote 2).
4
For non-breastfed children, minimum milk feeding frequency is 2 or more feedings of infant formula, tinned, powdered, or fresh animal milk, and yogurt drink or solid.
5
For non-breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid, semi-solid food or soft food or milk feeds at least 4 times a day. At least 1 of the feeds must be a
solid, semi-solid, or soft feed.
6
For non-breastfed children, minimum acceptable diet is receiving minimum dietary diversity (footnote 1), minimum milk feeding frequency (footnote 4), and minimum meal
frequency (footnote 5).
7
Minimum meal frequency is receiving the minimum recommended number of feeds per day according to age and breastfeeding status as defined in footnotes 2 and 5.
8
Minimum acceptable diet is receiving minimum dietary diversity (footnote 1), minimum meal frequency (footnote 2 for breastfed and footnote 5 for non-breastfed children),
and minimum milk feeding frequency (footnote 4 for non-breastfed children).
9

Table 11.9 Egg and/or flesh food consumption and unhealthy feeding practices among children
age 6–23 months
Percentage of youngest children age 6–23 months living with their mother who consumed egg and/or flesh
food, and percentage who experienced each various specified unhealthy feeding practice, during the day or
night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
youngest
children
Unhealthy feeding practices: age 6–23
months living
Background Egg and/or Sweet Unhealthy Zero vegetable with their
characteristic flesh food1 beverage2 food3 or fruit4 mother
Age in months
6–11 19.4 36.0 13.3 35.0 895
6–8 14.7 33.2 8.7 44.3 451
9–11 24.1 38.9 17.9 25.5 444
12–17 26.3 48.9 29.3 23.1 837
18–23 39.4 64.6 38.6 16.8 769
Sex
Male 28.8 48.0 25.2 27.1 1,236
Female 26.9 50.2 27.6 23.7 1,265
Breastfeeding status
Breastfeeding 23.6 45.2 23.9 27.5 1,984
Not breastfeeding 44.1 64.1 36.2 17.3 517
Residence
Urban 36.1 51.9 31.1 15.2 892
Rural 23.3 47.6 23.8 31.0 1,609
No education 8.2 35.1 8.3 67.0 248
Primary 23.9 51.9 28.2 26.1 914
Secondary 32.6 48.9 29.2 19.8 880
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.2 42.3 14.9 47.0 574
Second 25.6 48.5 26.1 31.0 457
Middle 24.1 46.3 26.3 19.6 434
Fourth 33.0 56.4 34.1 16.7 527
Highest 42.1 52.2 31.7 9.9 508
Total 27.8 49.1 26.4 25.4 2,501
1
Egg and/or flesh food include meat, fish, poultry, organ meats, eggs.
2
Sweet beverages include sweet/flavoured milk, and yogurt drinks, sweet/flavoured soy milks or nut milks,
fruit juice and fruit-flavoured drinks, chocolate-flavoured drinks, sodas, malt drinks, sports drinks, and energy
drinks, sweetened tea, coffee, herbal drinks, and other sweetened liquids.
3
Unhealthy foods are a group of sentinel food types which include sweet foods such as cakes, sweet
biscuits, candies, chocolates, ice cream, ice lollies; and fried and salty foods such as crisps, chips, ngumu,
mandaazi, samosa, bhajias, or indomie.
4
Vegetables or fruits include dark green, leafy vegetables, such as sukuma wiki, spinach, managu
(nightshade), terere (amaranth), saget, kunde (cowpea leaves), khandira (Ethiopian kale), mrenda (jute
mallow), pumpkin leaves, nderema (malabar spinach), mitoo, broccoli, mchunga, carrots, pumpkin,
butternut, or sweet potatoes that are orange inside, ripe pawpaw, ripe mango, passionfruit, matunda ya
damu, and other fruits and vegetables including tomatoes, cabbage, green capsicum, mushrooms,
cucumber, bananas, pineapple, avocado, watermelon, and orange.
5

Table 11.10 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators
IYCF DHS8 Percentage of children fed according to various IYCF practices, Kenya DHS 2022
# Abbrev. # Indicator Indicator definition and denominator Value
1 EvBF 11.3 Ever breastfed1 Percentage of children age 0–23 months who were ever breastfed 98.1
Number of children age 0–23 months 3,658
2 EIBF 11.3 Early initiation of breastfeeding1 Percentage of children age 0–23 months who were put to the breast 60.1
within 1 hour of birth
3 EBF2D 11.3 Exclusively breastfed for the first 2 days Percentage of children age 0–23 months who were fed exclusively with 82.9
after birth1 breast milk for the first 2 days after birth
4 EBF 11.4 Exclusive breastfeeding under 6 Percentage of children age 0–5 months who were fed exclusively with 59.9
months breast milk during the previous day
Number of youngest children age 0–5 months living with the mother 888
5 MixMF 11.4 Mixed milk feeding under 6 months Percentage of children age 0–5 months who were fed both breast milk 13.6
and formula or animal milk during the previous day
6 CBF 11.4 Continued breastfeeding 12–23 months Percentage of children age 12–23 months who were fed breast milk 65.2
during the previous day
7 ISSSF - Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft Percentage of children age 6–8 months who were fed solid, semi-solid 86.8
foods 6–8 months or soft foods during the previous day
8 MDD 11.8 Minimum dietary diversity 6–23 months Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were fed foods and 36.9
beverages from at least 5 out of 8 defined food groups during the
previous day
Number of youngest children age 6–23 months living with the mother 2,501
9 MMF 11.8 Minimum meal frequency 6–23 months Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were fed solid, semi- 70.9
solid, or soft foods (but also including milk feeds for non-breastfed
children) the minimum number of times or more during the previous
day
10 MMFF 11.8 Minimum milk feeding frequency for Percentage of non-breastfed children age 6–23 months who were given 51.9
non-breastfed children 6–23 months at least two milk feeds during the previous day
who were not breastfed
11 MAD 11.8 Minimum acceptable diet 6–23 months Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were fed a minimum 30.7
acceptable diet during the previous day
12 EFF 11.9 Egg and/or flesh food consumption Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were fed egg and/or flesh 27.8
6–23 months food during the previous day
13 SWB 11.9 Sweet beverage consumption 6–23 Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were given a sweet 49.1
months beverage during the previous day
14 UFC 11.9 Unhealthy food consumption 6–23 Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were fed selected 26.4
months sentinel unhealthy foods during the previous day
15 ZVF 11.9 Zero vegetable or fruit consumption Percentage of children age 6–23 months who were not fed any 25.4
6–23 months vegetables or fruits during the previous day
16 BoF 11.4 Bottle feeding 0–23 months Percentage of children age 0–23 months who were fed from a bottle 33.6
with a nipple during the previous day
1
Includes children born in the 2 years before the survey regardless of whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview.

Table 11.11 Infant and young child feeding counselling
Among women age 15–49 whose youngest child age 6–23

months is living with them, percentage who talked with a
healthcare provider or community health worker about how or
what to feed their child in the last 6 months, according to
Number of
Counselled in women whose
last 6 months youngest child
about how or age 6–23
Background what to feed months is living
characteristic their child with them
Child’s age in months
6–11 31.9 895
12–23 21.0 1,606
Child’s sex
Male 26.1 1,236
Female 23.8 1,265
Age
15–19 23.9 190
20–29 25.8 1,370
30–39 23.6 829
40–49 26.3 112
Residence
Urban 26.7 892
Rural 24.0 1,609
Education1
Primary 23.5 914
Secondary 28.6 880
More than secondary 26.5 460
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.9 574
Second 26.2 457
Middle 25.7 434
Fourth 26.0 527
Highest 30.0 508
Total 24.9 2,501
1
Duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary includes

Table 11.12 Micronutrient supplementation and deworming among children
Among children age 6–59 months, percentages who were given iron tablets or syrups, micronutrient powders, and iron-containing supplements in
the last 12 months, and percentage who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months; and among children age 12–59 months,
percentage who were given deworming medication in the last 6 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among children
Among children age 6–59 months: age 12–59 months:
Percentage
Percentage Percentage given iron- Percentage
given iron given multiple containing Percentage given
tablets or micronutrient supplements given vitamin A deworming
Background syrups in last powders in last in last 12 supplements in Number of medication in Number of
characteristic 12 months1 12 months1 months1,2 last 6 months3 children last 6 months1,4 children
Age in months
6–8 14.8 9.2 16.0 69.2 953 na na
9–11 13.7 11.0 16.8 81.6 885 na na
12–17 22.0 15.3 25.5 79.6 1,712 50.3 1,712
18–23 23.8 15.8 27.6 79.0 1,612 68.1 1,612
24–35 22.2 16.7 25.9 67.7 3,230 68.4 3,230
36–47 20.7 14.4 23.9 55.8 3,435 70.1 3,435
48–59 17.2 11.7 19.2 45.6 3,321 64.4 3,321
6–23 19.8 13.6 22.9 77.8 5,162 58.9 3,324
24–59 20.0 14.3 23.0 56.2 9,986 67.7 9,986
Sex
Male 19.9 13.9 22.9 63.9 7,719 65.4 6,776
Female 20.0 14.2 23.1 63.2 7,429 65.5 6,534
Breastfeeding status5
Breastfeeding 18.3 12.6 20.9 77.3 4,330 57.2 2,558
Not breastfeeding 23.0 16.9 27.0 69.1 4,371 67.6 4,304
Mother’s age
15–19 18.4 14.8 21.4 68.9 604 51.3 392
20–29 19.8 14.5 23.3 65.0 7,986 66.3 6,911
30–39 20.4 13.1 22.7 61.8 5,471 65.4 4,991
40–49 19.7 15.1 22.7 59.0 1,087 65.7 1,016
Residence
Urban 21.2 14.9 24.7 67.9 5,699 72.4 5,051
Rural 19.2 13.5 21.9 61.0 9,449 61.2 8,259
No education 19.4 17.2 22.4 45.3 1,575 35.8 1,415
Primary 19.5 14.0 22.3 61.9 5,796 60.8 5,179
Secondary 20.9 13.9 24.3 67.8 5,020 71.8 4,352
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.9 14.5 20.5 53.4 3,414 48.1 2,996
Second 19.2 12.8 21.9 62.3 2,697 62.2 2,399
Middle 20.2 13.3 22.7 66.8 2,630 67.1 2,290
Fourth 21.0 14.4 24.2 67.0 3,037 71.8 2,634
Highest 21.5 14.9 25.5 69.3 3,370 78.6 2,991
Total 19.9 14.0 23.0 63.6 15,148 65.5 13,310
na = Not applicable.
1
Based on mother’s recall.
2
Iron-containing supplements includes tablets, syrup, or micronutrient powders.
3
Based on both mother’s recall and the vaccination card (where available).
4
Deworming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and schistosomiasis.
5
Information available for children age 0–35 months only.
6

Table 11.12C Micronutrient supplementation and deworming among children by county
Among children age 6–59 months, percentages who were given iron tablets or syrups, micronutrient powders, and iron-containing supplements
in the last 12 months, and percentage who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months; and among children age 12–59 months,
percentage who were given deworming medication in the last 6 months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among children
Among children age 6–59 months: age 12–59 months:
Percentage
Percentage Percentage given iron- Percentage
given iron given multiple containing Percentage given
tablets or micronutrient supplements given vitamin A deworming
syrups in last powders in last in last 12 supplements in Number of medication in Number of
County 12 months1 12 months1 months1,2 last 6 months3 children last 6 months1,4 children
Mombasa 43.1 33.2 44.7 74.5 379 77.4 329
Kwale 53.3 57.7 60.3 80.0 267 67.9 241
Kilifi 8.2 6.9 9.3 69.7 446 67.1 396
Tana River 12.7 11.6 14.9 38.3 124 42.0 108
Lamu 7.2 0.7 7.2 54.5 54 64.6 47
Taita/Taveta 18.5 22.3 23.9 70.8 112 71.4 99
Garissa 51.0 44.9 52.0 33.9 204 26.7 181
Wajir 6.4 0.9 6.5 33.1 127 24.0 116
Mandera 9.0 3.7 10.5 16.4 221 15.2 199
Marsabit 16.3 10.9 17.1 59.5 114 35.1 100
Isiolo 32.4 27.7 33.7 52.7 86 41.9 76
Meru 2.9 2.3 4.8 49.3 410 57.8 351
Tharaka-Nithi 12.4 8.3 14.7 74.4 113 65.5 99
Embu 48.4 49.8 51.4 80.2 142 86.3 128
Kitui 21.0 16.7 22.1 53.9 310 45.7 270
Machakos 13.9 15.3 21.4 70.6 335 71.9 285
Makueni 12.7 11.2 14.0 50.8 261 48.7 230
Nyandarua 9.9 4.4 11.8 42.7 174 69.9 157
Nyeri 23.7 5.7 24.3 73.9 198 85.2 172
Kirinyaga 14.5 12.3 21.5 70.0 182 78.2 162
Murang’a 21.7 20.4 27.7 78.9 275 80.9 234
Kiambu 18.1 9.3 20.8 77.4 952 83.2 842
Turkana 26.8 15.9 30.0 68.1 269 63.6 240
West Pokot 36.2 40.5 43.0 48.3 363 29.0 314
Samburu 4.1 1.9 4.3 41.2 129 34.4 111
Trans Nzoia 32.6 15.6 34.2 80.1 321 80.2 275
Uasin Gishu 25.1 9.4 27.6 70.2 439 76.0 377
Elgeyo/Marakwet 32.4 24.8 38.4 56.4 144 48.0 129
Nandi 10.0 3.1 12.1 50.0 264 72.6 228
Baringo 10.4 16.0 19.5 64.8 219 61.6 192
Laikipia 1.1 0.7 1.5 70.6 140 74.7 128
Nakuru 13.0 6.1 15.0 58.3 781 73.0 688
Narok 3.8 2.5 4.7 46.2 479 59.7 415
Kajiado 18.7 7.9 21.9 60.6 463 58.9 403
Kericho 32.5 32.3 34.1 77.5 322 77.4 288
Bomet 3.2 3.8 4.7 69.9 283 83.2 259
Kakamega 30.0 10.6 33.8 77.8 536 74.0 464
Vihiga 19.5 10.7 20.4 59.4 144 77.4 125
Bungoma 27.2 7.5 28.6 72.9 501 81.5 447
Busia 9.2 7.2 13.0 54.9 274 48.1 228
Siaya 35.8 28.4 36.1 60.3 282 48.3 240
Kisumu 15.1 9.4 17.0 59.1 374 51.3 326
Homa Bay 14.4 14.3 18.1 67.0 318 58.2 274
Migori 11.6 4.2 13.2 54.8 369 51.0 329
Kisii 28.7 13.6 31.1 49.0 315 51.4 276
Nyamira 7.9 5.2 10.2 74.5 115 66.9 97
Nairobi City 19.8 16.7 25.5 69.9 1,817 75.4 1,636
Total 19.9 14.0 23.0 63.6 15,148 65.5 13,310
1
Based on mother’s recall.
2
Iron-containing supplements includes tablets, syrup, or micronutrient powders.
3
Based on both mother’s recall and the vaccination card (where available).
4
Deworming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminths and schistosomiasis.

Table 11.13.1 Nutritional status of women age 20–49
Among women age 20–49, percentage with height below 145 cm, mean body mass index (BMI), and percentage with specific BMI levels, according
Short stature Body Mass Index1
Mean <17 ≥25.0
body 18.5– 17.0– (moder- (total 25.0–
Height mass 24.9 <18.5 18.4 ately and over- 29.9
Background below Number index (total (total (mildly severely weight or (over- ≥30.0 Number
characteristic 145 cm of women (BMI) normal) thin) thin) thin) obese) weight) (obese) of women
Age
20–29 0.7 5,898 23.6 58.3 9.4 6.6 2.8 32.3 23.5 8.8 5,153
30–39 0.6 4,578 26.1 41.2 5.5 3.7 1.8 53.4 30.9 22.5 4,228
40–49 0.3 2,919 26.3 39.4 6.0 4.1 2.0 54.6 29.9 24.7 2,882
Residence
Urban 0.7 5,777 26.1 42.2 4.9 3.5 1.4 52.9 30.6 22.3 5,288
Rural 0.5 7,618 24.3 52.3 9.1 6.1 2.9 38.7 25.3 13.4 6,975
Education2
No education 0.7 839 22.3 51.1 22.6 12.1 10.5 26.2 16.8 9.4 722
Primary 0.5 5,087 25.1 49.8 6.6 4.8 1.8 43.6 26.2 17.4 4,716
Secondary 0.8 4,442 25.2 47.4 6.4 4.4 1.9 46.2 28.9 17.3 4,026
More than secondary 0.4 3,027 25.6 44.7 5.7 4.3 1.3 49.7 30.6 19.1 2,800
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.6 1,947 22.0 62.4 18.2 11.2 7.0 19.4 14.9 4.6 1,714
Second 0.4 2,206 23.7 59.8 7.9 5.4 2.5 32.3 23.0 9.3 2,045
Middle 0.6 2,432 24.9 47.8 7.8 6.1 1.7 44.4 28.5 15.9 2,236
Fourth 0.4 3,122 25.7 44.0 5.0 3.3 1.7 51.1 31.2 19.9 2,841
Highest 0.8 3,688 27.1 37.1 2.9 2.3 0.6 60.0 33.0 27.0 3,426
Total 0.6 13,395 25.1 47.9 7.3 5.0 2.3 44.8 27.5 17.3 12,263
2
Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m ) for adults age 20–49.
1
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the previous 2 months.
2

Table 11.13.1C Nutritional status of women age 20–49 by county
Among women age 20–49, percentage with height below 145 cm, mean body mass index (BMI), and percentage with specific BMI levels, according
Short stature Body Mass Index1
Mean <17 ≥25.0
body 18.5– 17.0– (moder- (total 25.0–
Height mass 24.9 <18.5 18.4 ately and over- 29.9
below Number index (total (total (mildly severely weight or (over- ≥30.0 Number
County 145 cm of women (BMI) normal) thin) thin) thin) obese) weight) (obese) of women
Mombasa 0.9 410 25.8 48.8 4.3 2.5 1.8 46.9 23.6 23.3 376
Kwale 2.3 196 24.3 51.2 10.2 7.6 2.5 38.7 23.3 15.4 174
Kilifi 1.0 374 24.1 56.0 5.7 3.7 2.0 38.3 28.3 10.0 330
Tana River 0.5 64 21.9 53.4 24.8 10.9 13.9 21.9 15.7 6.2 55
Lamu 0.7 42 25.9 38.4 12.4 8.3 4.0 49.3 23.3 26.0 36
Taita/Taveta 1.5 103 25.6 49.2 5.0 3.9 1.2 45.8 27.5 18.3 99
Garissa 0.1 112 24.3 42.3 14.8 8.4 6.5 42.9 28.4 14.5 99
Wajir 0.4 63 23.0 44.6 22.6 12.0 10.6 32.7 19.6 13.2 50
Mandera 0.0 86 22.4 57.8 18.0 8.7 9.3 24.3 20.4 3.8 72
Marsabit 0.8 58 20.6 47.2 36.5 13.5 23.0 16.2 12.3 3.9 50
Isiolo 0.0 62 23.0 44.3 21.7 11.5 10.2 34.1 22.5 11.5 57
Meru 1.0 397 24.4 52.5 10.5 6.6 4.0 37.0 22.3 14.7 381
Tharaka-Nithi 0.5 115 24.7 50.3 7.3 6.4 0.9 42.4 28.3 14.0 106
Embu 1.1 152 25.9 38.8 6.1 4.5 1.6 55.1 36.0 19.2 146
Kitui 0.4 294 23.6 62.3 8.7 6.0 2.7 29.0 20.2 8.7 279
Machakos 1.7 434 25.5 43.0 7.7 4.9 2.9 49.3 31.4 17.9 409
Makueni 1.1 282 24.9 49.2 6.3 6.2 0.1 44.5 30.3 14.2 256
Nyandarua 0.5 170 26.5 41.4 2.8 2.3 0.5 55.8 32.6 23.2 165
Nyeri 0.0 219 27.0 35.2 1.8 1.8 0.0 63.0 34.9 28.1 203
Kirinyaga 0.4 220 27.1 32.2 3.2 3.2 0.0 64.6 35.3 29.3 206
Murang’a 0.0 267 26.7 37.2 4.2 4.2 0.0 58.6 31.7 26.9 253
Kiambu 0.2 884 26.3 38.1 6.3 5.0 1.4 55.6 31.5 24.1 811
Turkana 0.4 138 19.9 46.2 43.7 22.6 21.1 10.2 6.3 3.9 124
West Pokot 0.9 152 22.1 58.2 22.4 15.2 7.2 19.4 13.9 5.5 119
Samburu 0.8 63 20.7 48.1 35.7 13.5 22.2 16.2 10.9 5.3 57
Trans Nzoia 0.0 267 24.9 51.3 7.0 4.5 2.5 41.7 25.5 16.2 251
Uasin Gishu 0.9 425 24.8 52.0 4.3 4.1 0.2 43.7 30.4 13.4 383
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.0 99 23.0 60.2 14.6 8.8 5.8 25.2 18.1 7.1 91
Nandi 0.3 259 23.6 56.0 11.1 7.5 3.6 32.9 22.6 10.3 243
Baringo 0.0 149 22.3 56.7 20.5 14.3 6.2 22.8 15.6 7.2 134
Laikipia 1.0 140 25.0 46.1 9.1 4.5 4.6 44.8 26.7 18.1 131
Nakuru 0.3 734 25.6 43.7 5.5 4.3 1.2 50.8 31.0 19.8 664
Narok 0.0 283 24.6 52.3 5.5 3.6 1.8 42.2 27.2 15.0 246
Kajiado 0.4 390 26.1 42.1 7.5 4.6 2.8 50.5 28.7 21.8 353
Kericho 0.0 304 24.3 53.8 9.9 6.9 2.9 36.3 21.8 14.5 279
Bomet 0.3 251 23.5 59.2 10.8 9.2 1.6 30.0 20.1 9.9 235
Kakamega 0.0 500 25.5 49.2 4.1 2.1 2.0 46.7 27.6 19.1 442
Vihiga 0.4 137 25.2 52.4 4.2 3.0 1.2 43.4 26.5 16.9 128
Bungoma 0.0 428 23.9 58.5 7.7 6.0 1.8 33.7 24.1 9.6 388
Busia 0.4 252 24.0 52.1 8.7 8.2 0.5 39.3 28.2 11.1 224
Siaya 0.0 210 24.1 56.9 6.2 5.5 0.7 36.9 24.8 12.1 193
Kisumu 0.6 310 24.4 55.2 6.1 5.7 0.4 38.7 26.2 12.5 279
Homa Bay 0.0 253 24.4 56.6 4.9 4.9 0.0 38.5 25.5 12.9 233
Migori 0.4 264 24.2 59.7 4.7 3.7 1.0 35.6 23.9 11.7 239
Kisii 0.0 368 25.2 51.9 3.3 2.6 0.7 44.8 28.7 16.1 346
Nyamira 0.8 122 25.3 51.1 4.4 2.0 2.3 44.5 26.1 18.4 114
Nairobi City 1.2 1,890 26.5 40.5 3.1 2.0 1.0 56.5 32.9 23.6 1,752
Total 0.6 13,395 25.1 47.9 7.3 5.0 2.3 44.8 27.5 17.3 12,263
2
Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m ) for adults age 20–49.
1

Table 11.13.2 Nutritional status of adolescent women age 15–19
Among women age 15–19, percentage with height-for-age below –2 standard deviations (SD), mean body mass index (BMI) for age z score, and
percentage with specific BMI-for-age levels, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Short stature Body mass index-for-age1
Below
Below –2 SD Above Above
–1 SD to –1 SD to (moder- +1 SD +1 SD to
Height-for- Mean BMI- +1 SD Below –2 SD ately or (total +2 SD Above
Background age below Number of for-age (total –1 SD (mildly severely overweight (over- +2 SD Number of
characteristic –2 SD women z score normal) (total thin)2 thin) thin) or obese)3 weight) (obese) women
Residence
Urban 5.4 951 0.1 64.8 14.4 11.7 2.7 20.8 15.9 4.9 915
Rural 5.0 2,138 –0.2 71.2 18.9 15.9 3.1 9.8 9.1 0.7 2,045
Education4
No education 5.4 66 –0.8 48.4 45.7 28.6 17.1 5.8 1.9 4.0 58
Primary 5.9 949 –0.3 67.8 23.9 19.3 4.6 8.3 6.6 1.7 886
Secondary 4.7 1,956 0.0 71.1 14.0 12.1 2.0 14.9 13.3 1.6 1,899
More than
secondary 5.4 118 0.4 59.9 12.7 12.7 0.0 27.4 16.8 10.6 118
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.1 616 –0.4 66.7 26.9 21.3 5.6 6.4 6.2 0.1 584
Second 6.1 743 –0.2 74.6 17.9 15.4 2.5 7.5 6.8 0.7 712
Middle 4.4 627 –0.1 70.7 16.5 13.2 3.3 12.7 11.8 1.0 601
Fourth 3.5 554 0.1 67.3 14.7 13.3 1.5 18.0 13.9 4.1 528
Highest 7.3 548 0.2 65.0 10.8 8.9 1.8 24.3 19.3 5.0 535
Total 5.1 3,088 –0.1 69.2 17.6 14.6 3.0 13.2 11.2 2.0 2,960
Note: Height-for-age and body mass index (BMI)-for-age are expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Growth Reference
for adolescent women age 15–19.
1
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the previous 2 months
2
Includes adolescent women age 15–19 who are below –2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.
3
Includes adolescent women age 15–19 who are above +2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.
4

Table 11.13.2C Nutritional status of adolescent women age 15–19 by county
Among women age 15–19, percentage with height-for-age below –2 standard deviations (SD), mean body mass index (BMI) for age z score, and percentage
with specific BMI-for-age levels, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Short stature Body mass index-for-age1
Below
Below –2 SD Above Above
–1 SD to –1 SD to (moder- +1 SD +1 SD to
Height-for- Mean BMI- +1 SD Below –2 SD ately or (total +2 SD Above
age below Number of for-age (total –1 SD (mildly severely overweight (over- +2 SD Number of
County –2 SD women z score normal) (total thin)2 thin) thin) or obese)3 weight) (obese) women
Mombasa 5.2 82 –0.2 64.7 24.4 20.6 3.7 10.9 5.9 5.0 79
Kwale 8.2 62 –0.2 58.4 28.7 26.3 2.4 12.9 9.7 3.2 59
Kilifi 10.4 112 –0.4 64.6 28.0 23.9 4.1 7.4 7.4 0.0 105
Tana River 0.8 15 –0.9 46.7 51.4 41.5 9.9 1.9 0.0 1.9 14
Lamu 7.0 11 –0.2 53.3 29.6 23.8 5.8 17.1 14.0 3.1 10
Taita/Taveta (3.0) 17 –0.1 (56.9) (19.6) (11.9) (7.8) (23.4) (23.4) (0.0) 15
Garissa 2.3 47 –0.5 49.4 37.7 29.8 7.9 12.9 9.4 3.5 44
Wajir 4.1 24 –0.8 44.2 49.7 37.2 12.5 6.1 4.4 1.7 22
Mandera 4.6 26 –0.3 72.1 21.0 11.0 10.0 6.9 3.9 3.0 25
Marsabit 9.3 13 –0.8 (53.8) (46.2) (35.0) (11.1) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 12
Isiolo 0.0 13 –0.7 55.4 38.2 28.1 10.1 6.4 6.4 0.0 12
Meru 5.4 90 –0.1 (64.6) (21.5) (17.1) (4.5) (13.8) (11.4) (2.4) 79
Tharaka-Nithi (0.0) 14 0.1 (80.6) (7.4) (0.0) (7.4) (12.1) (12.1) (0.0) 14
Embu (14.9) 27 0.0 (81.2) (7.6) (7.6) (0.0) (11.3) (8.7) (2.5) 25
Kitui 4.2 75 –0.3 72.0 23.8 22.2 1.6 4.2 3.6 0.6 75
Machakos 3.9 108 –0.2 67.6 23.1 19.0 4.0 9.3 9.3 0.0 105
Makueni 17.8 72 –0.2 61.5 24.8 24.8 0.0 13.8 12.1 1.7 70
Nyandarua 6.2 50 0.1 79.3 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.7 10.3 0.4 50
Nyeri (13.4) 39 –0.1 (65.6) (23.4) (20.8) (2.6) (11.0) (8.2) (2.9) 39
Kirinyaga (8.0) 39 0.0 (64.2) (16.0) (14.3) (1.6) (19.8) (19.8) (0.0) 39
Murang’a 2.0 69 –0.0 79.7 11.9 11.9 0.0 8.3 8.3 0.0 67
Kiambu (5.3) 152 0.2 (46.1) (18.0) (10.8) (7.2) (35.9) (22.2) (13.8) 142
Turkana 0.0 24 –1.2 (47.5) (50.9) (25.5) (25.4) (1.6) (1.6) (0.0) 22
West Pokot 3.4 42 –0.7 68.3 31.4 26.1 5.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 39
Samburu 15.1 14 –1.0 48.2 50.4 37.8 12.6 1.4 1.4 0.0 13
Trans Nzoia 2.3 82 –0.2 73.7 17.9 15.1 2.8 8.3 8.3 0.0 80
Uasin Gishu 5.7 77 –0.3 69.4 20.8 15.9 4.8 9.9 8.3 1.5 73
Elgeyo/Marakwet (1.9) 16 –0.1 (88.7) (5.9) (5.9) (0.0) (5.4) (5.4) (0.0) 14
Nandi 3.3 63 –0.2 74.9 19.5 18.8 0.6 5.6 5.6 0.0 63
Baringo 4.7 44 –0.5 64.1 30.7 23.8 6.9 5.2 4.0 1.2 40
Laikipia 1.4 30 –0.2 70.0 21.8 18.0 3.9 8.1 8.1 0.0 30
Nakuru 8.2 124 0.3 66.6 6.7 6.7 0.0 26.7 23.7 3.0 118
Narok 5.7 84 –0.1 77.1 13.4 12.0 1.4 9.5 9.5 0.0 79
Kajiado (2.2) 56 –0.1 (69.3) (17.4) (13.3) (4.1) (13.3) (13.3) (0.0) 53
Kericho 1.7 68 –0.0 82.2 9.1 9.1 0.0 8.7 7.4 1.4 67
Bomet 3.9 73 –0.2 80.7 14.8 13.4 1.3 4.5 4.5 0.0 71
Kakamega 2.5 146 –0.1 75.2 16.3 13.5 2.8 8.5 8.5 0.0 142
Vihiga 0.0 60 –0.1 74.6 15.1 10.5 4.6 10.3 9.2 1.1 57
Bungoma 4.2 140 –0.2 75.1 18.6 13.2 5.3 6.4 4.9 1.5 132
Busia 6.4 83 –0.1 78.9 13.0 8.8 4.2 8.0 7.5 0.6 77
Siaya 1.7 65 0.1 70.3 10.2 7.9 2.3 19.5 17.0 2.5 63
Kisumu 2.8 85 0.1 80.4 11.0 11.0 0.0 8.6 8.6 0.0 84
Homa Bay 0.3 86 0.2 80.0 4.7 4.7 0.0 15.3 13.2 2.1 83
Migori 1.1 85 0.2 67.8 11.2 10.1 1.1 20.9 19.8 1.2 79
Kisii 1.3 89 0.2 78.7 2.4 2.4 0.0 19.0 17.2 1.8 88
Nyamira 8.4 44 0.2 72.7 7.7 7.7 0.0 19.6 16.8 2.8 41
Nairobi City 8.5 253 0.2 65.9 11.6 11.6 0.0 22.5 18.7 3.8 249
Total 5.1 3,088 –0.1 69.2 17.6 14.6 3.0 13.2 11.2 2.0 2,960
Note: Height-for-age and body mass index (BMI)-for-age are expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Growth Reference for
adolescent women age 15–19. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1
2
Includes adolescent women age 15–19 who are below –2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.
3
Includes adolescent women age 15–19 who are above +2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.

Table 11.13.3 Nutritional status of men age 20–49
Among men age 20–49, mean body mass index (BMI), and percentage with specific BMI levels, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Body Mass Index
<17
(Moder- ≥25.0
Mean Body 18.5–24.9 ately and (Total over- 25.0–29.9
Background Mass Index (Total <18.5 17.0–18.4 severely weight or (Over- ≥30.0 Number of
characteristic (BMI) normal) (Total thin) (Mildly thin) thin) obese) weight) (Obese) men
Age
20–29 21.2 74.5 15.9 12.3 3.6 9.6 7.9 1.7 4,581
30–39 22.7 63.6 12.2 9.7 2.5 24.3 18.9 5.4 3,287
40–49 23.0 57.5 13.7 9.9 3.8 28.8 21.4 7.4 2,386
Residence
Urban 22.8 62.9 11.8 8.9 2.9 25.3 18.6 6.6 4,457
Rural 21.5 70.2 16.0 12.4 3.6 13.8 11.4 2.3 5,796
Education1
No education 20.6 58.6 31.6 20.5 11.0 9.8 9.4 0.4 313
Primary 21.6 69.6 15.9 12.2 3.7 14.5 11.9 2.6 3,575
Secondary 21.9 69.2 14.2 11.1 3.1 16.6 12.7 3.9 3,682
More than secondary 23.3 61.8 9.7 7.6 2.1 28.5 21.3 7.3 2,683
Wealth quintile
Lowest 20.3 70.4 24.8 17.7 7.1 4.9 4.3 0.6 1,404
Second 21.1 72.3 18.1 14.5 3.6 9.5 8.6 0.9 1,739
Middle 21.8 72.1 12.9 10.0 2.9 15.0 12.6 2.4 1,966
Fourth 22.1 69.2 12.3 9.7 2.6 18.5 15.6 2.9 2,657
Highest 24.1 55.2 8.4 6.4 2.0 36.4 25.1 11.3 2,488
Total 20–49 22.1 67.0 14.2 10.9 3.3 18.8 14.6 4.2 10,253
Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m 2) for adults age
20–49.
1

Table 11.13.3C Nutritional status of men age 20–49 by county
Among men age 20–49, mean body mass index (BMI), and percentage with specific BMI levels, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Body Mass Index
<17
(Moder- ≥25.0
Mean Body 18.5–24.9 ately and (Total over- 25.0–29.9
Mass Index (Total <18.5 17.0–18.4 severely weight or (Over- ≥30.0 Number of
County (BMI) normal) (Total thin) (Mildly thin) thin) obese) weight) (Obese) men
Mombasa 22.0 63.1 15.7 12.7 3.0 21.2 17.2 4.1 359
Kwale 21.7 70.2 14.2 11.9 2.2 15.6 13.4 2.2 143
Kilifi 22.1 71.8 10.9 8.9 2.1 17.3 14.5 2.8 284
Tana River 21.1 63.5 24.6 15.3 9.3 11.9 11.9 0.0 47
Lamu 22.8 63.8 10.4 6.2 4.2 25.8 17.8 7.9 31
Taita/Taveta 21.5 65.7 18.3 14.1 4.2 16.0 13.9 2.0 84
Garissa 21.1 66.0 24.5 11.8 12.7 9.4 6.7 2.7 85
Wajir 20.0 53.0 39.6 22.6 17.1 7.3 7.1 0.3 34
Mandera 21.8 67.3 17.7 12.0 5.6 15.0 14.5 0.5 50
Marsabit 19.5 46.6 46.5 28.1 18.4 6.9 6.0 0.9 35
Isiolo 21.3 50.6 27.1 14.8 12.3 22.4 19.8 2.5 44
Meru 21.0 68.0 20.2 15.7 4.5 11.9 10.9 1.0 370
Tharaka-Nithi 21.3 71.1 16.6 11.7 4.8 12.3 10.7 1.7 108
Embu 22.1 67.7 11.4 6.9 4.5 20.9 19.0 1.8 140
Kitui 21.3 74.5 14.9 11.0 3.9 10.6 9.2 1.4 235
Machakos 21.9 59.9 18.9 14.3 4.6 21.2 16.4 4.8 357
Makueni 20.9 65.8 22.0 17.1 4.9 12.2 9.4 2.8 214
Nyandarua 22.2 69.9 11.5 9.0 2.5 18.6 13.6 5.0 113
Nyeri 22.6 65.0 12.4 10.8 1.6 22.6 16.6 6.0 188
Kirinyaga 22.5 67.5 9.5 7.2 2.3 23.0 16.5 6.5 151
Murang’a 21.4 68.5 18.3 15.0 3.2 13.2 10.6 2.6 227
Kiambu 23.1 58.2 13.5 12.1 1.4 28.2 20.1 8.2 687
Turkana 19.5 35.6 53.5 31.3 22.1 10.9 9.9 1.0 79
West Pokot 20.0 61.0 31.0 19.3 11.7 8.0 7.6 0.5 117
Samburu 20.1 53.5 37.6 17.4 20.1 9.0 7.8 1.2 35
Trans Nzoia 22.1 73.2 11.2 8.9 2.3 15.6 11.6 4.0 191
Uasin Gishu 21.8 69.5 15.4 12.8 2.7 15.0 12.6 2.5 361
Elgeyo/Marakwet 20.8 71.9 20.0 16.4 3.6 8.0 7.2 0.8 83
Nandi 21.5 74.3 13.1 12.2 0.9 12.6 10.4 2.2 197
Baringo 20.6 70.5 21.4 14.9 6.5 8.1 7.7 0.4 112
Laikipia 21.7 68.2 15.6 10.5 5.1 16.3 13.2 3.1 107
Nakuru 22.4 66.5 11.1 9.2 1.9 22.4 17.8 4.6 503
Narok 21.9 67.2 16.4 11.5 4.9 16.4 14.2 2.2 233
Kajiado 23.3 54.5 14.4 9.9 4.5 31.1 22.0 9.1 273
Kericho 21.7 71.2 14.0 11.7 2.3 14.8 10.6 4.2 268
Bomet 21.5 61.4 21.9 15.6 6.3 16.6 14.5 2.1 191
Kakamega 22.2 74.6 7.5 6.0 1.5 17.9 15.7 2.2 311
Vihiga 21.7 74.1 11.4 8.7 2.7 14.5 12.5 2.0 103
Bungoma 22.4 71.3 9.8 8.1 1.8 18.9 14.9 4.0 301
Busia 21.9 76.8 10.3 7.7 2.6 12.9 9.3 3.6 172
Siaya 22.2 72.8 9.5 9.5 0.0 17.8 14.6 3.2 147
Kisumu 22.4 76.4 4.4 3.9 0.5 19.1 16.4 2.8 267
Homa Bay 22.0 76.9 9.2 8.9 0.3 13.9 11.4 2.5 182
Migori 22.0 70.9 13.1 11.8 1.3 16.0 13.5 2.5 170
Kisii 22.1 74.9 10.0 9.2 0.8 15.1 12.7 2.3 226
Nyamira 21.8 68.5 15.4 12.8 2.6 16.1 13.1 3.0 90
Nairobi City 23.0 65.1 9.8 7.2 2.6 25.0 17.0 8.0 1,550
Total 20–54 22.1 67.0 14.2 10.9 3.3 18.8 14.6 4.2 10,253
Note: The body mass index (BMI) is expressed as the ratio of weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters (kg/m2) for adults
age 20–49.

Table 11.13.4 Nutritional status of adolescent men age 15–19
Among men age 15–19, mean body mass index (BMI) for age z score, and percentage with specific BMI-for-age levels, according to background
Body mass index-for-age
Below Above
Below –2 SD Above +1 SD to
Mean BMI- –1 SD to Below –1 SD to (moderately +1 SD (total +2 SD Above
Background for-age +1 SD (total –1 SD (total –2 SD or severely overweight (over- +2 SD Number of
characteristic z score normal) thin)1 (mildly thin) thin) or obese)2 weight) (obese) men
Residence
Urban –0.8 59.5 37.1 23.7 13.4 3.3 2.6 0.7 804
Rural –0.9 52.9 45.3 33.2 12.1 1.8 1.7 0.1 2,302
Education3
No education –1.3 44.5 55.3 28.5 26.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 33
Primary –1.1 48.0 50.8 33.8 16.9 1.2 1.0 0.2 1,197
Secondary –0.8 59.0 38.1 28.9 9.2 2.8 2.5 0.4 1,805
More than secondary –0.7 (57.0) (38.8) (27.6) (11.2) (4.2) (4.2) (0.0) 71
Wealth quintile
Lowest –1.1 43.8 54.0 34.0 20.0 2.2 2.2 0.0 604
Second –0.9 55.8 43.4 32.8 10.6 0.8 0.8 0.0 790
Middle –0.9 53.0 45.5 33.2 12.4 1.4 1.2 0.2 740
Fourth –0.8 59.4 37.9 27.9 10.0 2.7 1.9 0.8 586
Highest –0.5 64.6 29.4 21.2 8.2 5.9 5.3 0.7 386
Total –0.9 54.6 43.2 30.8 12.4 2.2 1.9 0.3 3,106
Note: Body mass index (BMI)-for-age is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Growth Reference for adolescent
men age 15–19. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1
Includes adolescent men age 15–19 who are below –2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.
2
Includes adolescent men age 15–19 who are above +2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.
3

Table 11.13.4C Nutritional status of adolescent men age 15–19 by county
Among men age 15–19, mean body mass index (BMI) for age z score, and percentage with specific BMI-for-age levels, according to county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Body mass index-for-age1
Below Above
Below –2 SD Above +1 SD to
Mean BMI- –1 SD to Below –1 SD to (moderately +1 SD (total +2 SD Above
for-age +1 SD (total –1 SD (total –2 SD or severely overweight (over- +2 SD Number of
County z score normal) thin)2 (mildly thin) thin) or obese)3 weight) (obese) men
Mombasa –0.6 52.9 39.1 26.6 12.6 7.9 3.0 4.9 75
Kwale –1.0 43.0 52.8 35.1 17.8 4.2 4.2 0.0 62
Kilifi –1.1 50.0 49.3 26.2 23.1 0.7 0.7 0.0 113
Tana River –1.4 40.8 57.2 27.1 30.2 2.0 2.0 0.0 16
Lamu –1.2 45.8 54.2 38.7 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9
Taita/Taveta –1.0 (48.4) (51.6) (39.8) (11.9) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 16
Garissa –1.5 28.4 68.3 33.7 34.6 3.3 2.0 1.3 29
Wajir –2.1 16.3 82.5 23.8 58.7 1.2 1.2 0.0 24
Mandera –1.5 30.8 66.4 32.5 33.9 2.8 2.8 0.0 28
Marsabit –1.6 (23.2) (75.0) (39.7) (35.3) (1.8) (1.8) (0.0) 9
Isiolo –1.7 26.3 73.7 35.7 38.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10
Meru –1.2 42.2 57.8 40.9 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 113
Tharaka-Nithi –1.1 42.6 56.1 45.3 10.8 1.3 0.6 0.6 26
Embu –0.5 (53.1) (42.5) (38.3) (4.1) (4.4) (2.2) (2.2) 32
Kitui –0.9 46.7 44.4 24.1 20.4 8.9 8.9 0.0 74
Machakos –1.2 44.4 52.7 27.2 25.4 2.9 1.9 1.0 118
Makueni –1.1 45.8 54.2 44.9 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 64
Nyandarua –0.9 63.6 36.4 30.1 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 51
Nyeri –0.8 66.2 33.8 29.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 45
Kirinyaga –1.0 51.4 46.5 39.3 7.2 2.1 0.0 2.1 39
Murang’a –0.9 52.6 43.3 33.0 10.3 4.0 1.8 2.2 68
Kiambu –0.8 48.4 44.7 33.6 11.0 6.9 6.9 0.0 173
Turkana –2.1 (21.0) (79.0) (26.2) (52.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 19
West Pokot –1.5 33.5 66.5 45.3 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 29
Samburu –2.1 (5.3) (94.7) (41.1) (53.6) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 13
Trans Nzoia –0.9 55.3 44.7 36.4 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 76
Uasin Gishu –0.9 48.3 47.8 35.8 12.0 3.9 3.9 0.0 65
Elgeyo/Marakwet –1.1 51.3 48.3 30.7 17.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 24
Nandi –0.8 59.6 38.5 29.0 9.6 1.9 1.9 0.0 47
Baringo –1.1 48.2 51.8 35.7 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 53
Laikipia –1.1 40.3 54.0 33.0 21.0 5.7 5.7 0.0 37
Nakuru –0.8 48.9 44.5 33.8 10.7 6.6 6.6 0.0 155
Narok –1.1 40.2 57.6 38.7 18.9 2.2 1.9 0.3 63
Kajiado –0.8 (57.1) (40.9) (24.2) (16.7) (1.9) (1.9) (0.0) 63
Kericho –0.7 55.5 42.8 35.3 7.5 1.7 1.7 0.0 58
Bomet –1.0 48.0 52.0 40.2 11.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 74
Kakamega –0.7 64.2 35.8 29.7 6.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 209
Vihiga –0.7 67.9 32.1 23.2 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50
Bungoma –0.8 63.1 36.9 34.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 146
Busia –0.8 61.8 38.2 31.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 89
Siaya –0.6 74.9 24.3 20.2 4.1 0.9 0.9 0.0 80
Kisumu –0.7 59.4 39.3 32.7 6.6 1.3 1.3 0.0 75
Homa Bay –0.7 63.7 36.3 35.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 72
Migori –0.8 67.9 31.6 26.4 5.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 71
Kisii –0.3 73.1 19.6 17.3 2.4 7.3 7.3 0.0 92
Nyamira –0.6 61.4 35.4 30.1 5.3 3.2 3.2 0.0 40
Nairobi City –0.6 (74.0) (26.0) (14.9) (11.1) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 211
Total –0.9 54.6 43.2 30.8 12.4 2.2 1.9 0.3 3,106
Note: Body mass index (BMI)-for-age is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the median of the WHO Growth Reference for adolescent
men age 15–19. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1
Includes adolescent men age 15–19 who are below –2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.
2
Includes adolescent men age 15–19 who are above +2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO Growth Reference population median.

Table 11.14 Foods and liquids consumed by women in the day or night preceding the interview
Percentage of women age 15–49 by type of foods and liquids consumed in the day or night before the interview, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Fried and
salty
Sweet foods
foods such as Sweet-
such as crisps, ened tea,
cakes, chips, Sodas, coffee,
White/ sweet ngumu, malt herbal
pale biscuits, man- drinks, drinks
starchy Milk, Meat, Dark Other Insects candies, daazi, sports and other
Foods roots, cheese, fish, green vitamin A- and other choco- samosa, Fruit juice drinks, sweet-
made tubers, Beans, yogurt, poultry, leafy rich fruits Other small lates, ice bhajias, and fruit- and ened
Background from and peas, Nuts and other milk organ vege- and vege- vege- Other protein cream, or or flavoured energy bever- Number
characteristic grains1 plantains2 lentils3 seeds 4
products meats5 Eggs tables6 tables7 tables8 fruits9 foods 10
ice lollies indomie drinks drinks ages11 of women
Age
15–19 97.1 27.6 49.5 4.1 70.6 35.7 10.3 57.2 27.0 53.6 38.0 0.3 23.6 29.9 5.1 8.0 66.1 6,025
20–29 97.1 29.9 42.2 4.3 75.2 39.5 15.5 60.3 28.8 56.2 44.0 0.2 18.4 27.7 6.3 9.5 67.5 11,689
30–39 96.4 30.2 44.2 3.9 74.5 35.2 12.5 61.1 28.3 54.7 40.9 0.2 13.3 22.2 4.8 7.1 66.9 8,840
40–49 95.6 30.2 46.2 4.4 76.8 33.0 10.5 61.5 28.9 54.4 42.7 0.2 11.8 16.8 4.4 6.7 64.4 5,602
Maternity status
Pregnant 97.3 30.3 41.5 2.7 72.1 37.2 15.5 60.0 30.6 52.4 45.3 0.0 16.1 25.7 5.2 8.7 65.8 1,762
Not pregnant12 96.6 29.5 45.0 4.2 74.6 36.4 12.7 60.1 28.2 55.2 41.6 0.2 16.9 24.6 5.3 8.0 66.6 30,394
Residence
Urban 96.6 30.8 41.8 5.4 75.8 45.1 17.8 57.9 33.2 60.7 50.4 0.2 21.2 30.8 9.3 11.8 68.5 13,143
Rural 96.7 28.7 46.9 3.3 73.5 30.5 9.4 61.7 24.9 51.1 35.9 0.3 13.8 20.5 2.6 5.5 65.2 19,013
Education13
No education 93.6 19.0 44.3 0.9 61.6 27.3 4.0 31.9 13.5 35.2 13.3 0.2 4.6 11.2 4.2 3.0 67.5 1,770
Primary 96.5 27.3 43.4 3.1 68.6 31.5 8.4 61.9 23.0 50.4 33.0 0.3 11.5 21.4 2.4 4.7 65.8 11,687
Secondary 97.2 30.9 46.4 4.0 78.0 36.0 13.1 62.4 30.1 58.2 46.0 0.2 19.8 27.6 4.9 8.5 66.5 12,550
More than
secondary 96.5 34.4 44.4 7.4 81.9 49.6 23.2 60.4 38.9 63.0 58.1 0.2 24.3 29.0 12.1 15.0 67.8 6,150
Wealth quintile
Lowest 94.6 20.7 43.9 2.3 56.5 24.8 4.1 50.5 14.0 36.2 18.1 0.3 6.8 15.2 1.3 2.3 63.9 5,019
Second 97.2 25.7 45.3 2.8 70.3 26.8 7.4 65.4 20.2 48.9 31.7 0.2 11.1 21.0 1.5 3.7 64.7 5,698
Middle 97.6 30.0 46.9 3.3 77.0 30.9 10.3 63.9 27.4 55.8 40.2 0.3 15.2 23.6 2.7 5.9 66.5 6,069
Fourth 97.0 33.0 44.9 4.1 78.0 38.5 15.0 62.7 32.4 60.5 48.3 0.2 20.1 28.3 5.8 9.0 68.3 7,139
Highest 96.5 34.4 43.4 6.9 83.1 52.6 21.9 57.3 39.8 65.3 58.7 0.2 25.3 30.7 12.0 15.3 67.9 8,231
Total 96.6 29.6 44.8 4.2 74.4 36.5 12.8 60.1 28.3 55.0 41.8 0.2 16.8 24.7 5.3 8.1 66.5 32,156
1
2
Nutrition of Children and Adults • 381
Includes Irish potatoes, white sweet potatoes, green banana, nduma (arrowroot), yams, or cassava.
3
Includes beans, githeri, ndengu (green gram), njahi (black gram), kamande (lentils) pigeon peas, or chickpeas.
4
Includes groundnuts, cashews, pumpkin seeds, simsim (sesame seeds), or peanut butter.
5
Includes liver, blood, kidney, lung, gizzard, heart, sausages, Smokies, hot dogs, salami, ham, goat, beef, minced beef, mutton, pork, wild game, chicken, fish, dagaa, canned tuna, or seafood.
6
Includes sukuma wiki, spinach, managu (nightshade), terere (amaranth), saget, kunde (cowpea leaves), khandira (Ethiopian kale), mrenda (jute mallow), pumpkin leaves, nderema (Malabar spinach), mitoo, broccoli, or
mchunga.
7
Includes carrots, pumpkin, butternut, or sweet potatoes that are orange inside, ripe pawpaw, ripe mangoes, passionfruit, or matunda ya damu.
8
Other vegetables includes tomatoes, cabbage, green capsicum, mushrooms, cucumber, or other vegetables.
9
Other fruits includes bananas, pineapple, avocado, watermelon, orange, or other fruits.
10
Includes termites, locusts, or grasshoppers.
11
Includes tea with sugar, coffee with sugar, Milo, cocoa or other sweetened drinks.
12
Includes women who do not know if they are pregnant,
13
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training
382 • Nutrition of Children and Adults
Table 11.14C Foods and liquids consumed by women in the day or night preceding the interview by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 by type of foods and liquids consumed in the day or night before the interview, according to background county, Kenya DHS 2022
Fried and
salty
Sweet foods
pale Milk, Other biscuits, man- drinks, drinks
starchy cheese, Meat, Dark vitamin Insects candies, daazi, Fruit sports and other
Foods roots, yogurt, fish, green A-rich and other choco- samosa, juice and drinks, sweet-
made tubers, Beans, other poultry, leafy fruits and Other small lates, ice bhajias, fruit- and ened Number
from and plan- peas, Nuts and milk organ vege- vege- vege- Other protein cream, or or flavoured energy bever- of
County grains1 tains2 lentils3 seeds4 products meats5 Eggs tables6 tables7 tables8 fruits9 foods10 ice lollies indomie drinks drinks ages11 women
Mombasa 95.8 23.0 30.9 6.0 42.6 52.8 12.4 53.1 29.6 44.1 41.4 0.1 21.9 31.7 16.1 10.8 72.2 947
Kwale 98.7 9.3 35.4 0.7 14.7 55.2 2.7 33.3 33.4 49.5 9.6 0.0 4.0 38.7 2.6 1.6 79.4 498
Kilifi 98.7 15.7 36.9 6.5 15.8 61.8 5.6 38.5 20.5 33.0 19.1 0.5 10.8 32.9 4.2 4.6 62.8 928
Tana River 99.3 37.7 45.2 0.4 79.4 21.1 2.2 29.1 19.3 39.7 10.1 0.0 3.8 10.4 3.7 4.1 73.3 149
Lamu 97.8 19.2 51.1 2.3 47.5 50.4 6.7 29.3 21.5 65.7 21.0 0.0 23.3 31.3 20.7 6.7 49.7 101
Taita/Taveta 98.1 18.8 31.0 2.7 69.1 33.4 7.4 58.7 20.1 34.6 34.6 0.0 9.1 18.9 4.4 5.1 74.2 234
Garissa 99.5 35.6 65.7 2.2 90.9 52.2 16.1 41.0 48.8 71.0 42.3 1.2 11.3 15.1 23.3 4.8 61.0 290
Wajir 97.0 0.4 66.5 0.3 91.0 32.2 10.8 12.0 12.2 64.5 12.2 0.0 7.2 10.4 19.6 5.2 61.2 160
Mandera 95.3 22.5 69.5 0.0 66.3 24.6 5.3 2.1 5.9 42.1 11.4 0.2 4.3 1.4 6.2 3.3 64.0 206
Marsabit 89.2 15.7 55.3 0.6 41.6 20.1 2.9 14.2 8.2 44.2 11.4 0.0 1.6 2.5 1.0 4.5 89.5 129
Isiolo 95.9 48.0 51.7 4.3 88.4 36.5 8.8 44.2 39.3 53.7 22.5 0.3 9.2 17.2 10.4 5.1 75.1 137
Meru 91.3 58.7 80.7 2.3 78.8 17.7 11.7 49.8 33.1 66.0 54.1 0.0 22.4 18.3 3.1 6.6 64.0 979
Tharaka-Nithi 84.8 40.2 77.6 4.9 88.6 35.1 19.6 48.3 44.0 49.4 52.0 0.2 24.4 17.3 8.2 11.9 83.2 271
Embu 92.0 42.3 74.0 5.4 68.4 39.2 21.7 61.0 60.2 72.0 61.7 0.3 21.4 20.0 6.8 12.1 47.6 358
Kitui 93.9 7.8 77.4 0.5 72.8 14.6 5.8 46.3 14.8 65.4 15.8 0.0 6.2 12.5 1.3 5.9 83.0 735
Machakos 97.6 27.9 49.4 3.7 84.6 34.6 12.0 49.5 42.3 92.5 51.4 0.3 24.3 21.1 4.4 12.2 34.1 992
Makueni 95.5 8.6 63.4 0.6 76.5 16.6 5.1 41.7 16.9 43.2 23.3 0.0 1.1 4.1 0.1 3.1 36.4 683
Nyandarua 94.2 68.6 60.7 2.6 94.9 37.3 23.1 62.0 45.3 70.2 54.8 0.0 36.2 23.5 2.4 7.7 93.0 409
Nyeri 94.0 55.9 60.7 4.6 93.5 31.7 26.4 57.4 53.0 77.5 58.2 0.0 32.9 22.1 7.9 9.1 74.6 501
Kirinyaga 95.9 47.9 67.9 5.5 91.5 41.8 25.1 62.8 47.2 66.3 67.4 0.0 32.7 29.0 7.6 14.6 64.3 481
Murang’a 97.0 57.3 56.2 8.5 92.8 33.0 16.6 57.8 60.6 87.0 68.0 0.0 32.4 18.1 4.7 7.5 85.6 692
Kiambu 93.6 52.6 52.3 8.3 90.2 47.9 26.1 63.7 56.2 84.3 73.3 0.1 35.7 32.1 12.0 15.4 82.1 2,094
Turkana 80.0 9.4 52.8 0.7 35.3 22.8 1.2 19.3 4.4 20.1 3.6 0.0 1.5 6.4 1.2 2.8 65.9 331
West Pokot 96.8 16.1 43.5 1.4 86.4 19.6 13.1 82.1 17.6 48.6 26.2 0.2 9.4 14.0 3.3 5.2 70.2 384
Samburu 94.5 35.1 37.9 1.6 74.5 27.5 7.7 31.2 15.9 41.5 17.5 0.3 10.9 16.6 3.7 5.4 79.6 156
Trans Nzoia 98.0 20.2 42.7 2.4 79.0 26.5 7.2 76.7 20.0 39.1 30.3 0.3 10.4 27.3 3.4 4.7 44.7 675
Uasin Gishu 97.8 23.0 41.6 5.6 85.7 27.2 14.1 69.9 23.8 46.8 44.0 0.4 20.4 21.0 5.5 8.8 32.0 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 99.8 41.4 60.7 0.7 93.5 11.7 3.7 76.4 12.6 63.2 19.7 0.0 4.2 7.5 0.4 2.8 49.0 228
Nandi 98.4 19.2 40.3 0.3 93.0 12.1 3.2 73.7 5.2 30.0 15.9 0.3 1.8 10.6 0.7 1.1 40.7 622
Baringo 98.7 22.2 62.7 3.3 86.2 23.3 13.6 81.2 29.7 44.3 32.3 1.9 18.2 20.9 2.7 8.9 82.3 378
Laikipia 98.0 44.5 53.2 4.1 91.4 30.8 20.7 60.2 42.0 63.2 48.0 0.1 31.5 18.5 5.7 8.4 65.6 332
Nakuru 98.0 46.0 47.1 5.4 89.3 31.7 14.0 69.7 30.8 68.0 54.5 0.0 29.8 30.1 5.5 7.3 68.5 1,658
Narok 98.8 49.0 40.6 2.0 96.4 24.7 12.6 69.5 26.7 67.2 39.0 0.3 15.3 18.5 4.3 9.9 73.7 718
Kajiado 98.5 31.5 39.9 0.8 88.5 34.5 11.8 50.9 23.3 52.0 38.4 0.0 4.9 15.4 2.5 3.4 87.9 887
Kericho 99.7 37.5 41.7 1.8 93.1 26.5 8.2 86.4 28.7 64.9 59.1 0.0 15.1 23.8 2.3 9.1 98.9 729
Bomet 99.8 26.5 42.6 0.6 91.4 15.8 7.5 75.0 18.8 33.9 37.3 0.0 5.8 13.7 0.5 2.2 95.2 650
Kakamega 97.7 19.1 35.9 4.3 75.5 37.2 6.0 69.6 22.9 23.3 30.3 0.0 10.4 31.6 2.9 6.5 92.0 1,283
Vihiga 96.4 31.9 39.8 16.0 83.5 42.4 12.8 72.8 28.4 78.3 53.3 0.4 29.6 42.1 5.6 8.6 94.7 371
Bungoma 96.7 25.2 37.8 9.9 79.4 34.6 9.8 74.3 25.3 47.7 41.9 0.3 15.9 29.8 4.2 6.7 70.3 1,138
Busia 99.0 20.6 29.1 5.4 38.1 51.3 12.6 71.2 25.5 68.1 34.2 0.8 9.5 28.4 2.6 4.2 47.8 622
Siaya 97.7 18.2 32.0 5.6 39.6 55.3 16.0 62.6 21.2 37.6 30.2 0.5 13.7 27.9 2.1 8.2 73.9 537
(Continued…)
Fried and
salty
Sweet foods
pale Milk, Other biscuits, man- drinks, drinks
starchy cheese, Meat, Dark vitamin Insects candies, daazi, Fruit sports and other
Foods roots, yogurt, fish, green A-rich and other choco- samosa, juice and drinks, sweet-
made tubers, Beans, other poultry, leafy fruits and Other small lates, ice bhajias, fruit- and ened Number
from and plan- peas, Nuts and milk organ vege- vege- vege- Other protein cream, or or flavoured energy bever- of
County grains1 tains2 lentils3 seeds 4
products meats5 Eggs tables6 tables7 tables8 fruits9 foods 10
ice lollies indomie drinks drinks ages 11
women
Kisumu 98.1 17.5 22.4 1.6 46.6 51.3 9.9 64.7 19.3 40.7 23.3 0.6 4.9 32.6 1.8 5.1 54.8 771
Homa Bay 99.2 11.5 23.9 3.9 39.6 66.0 6.4 55.5 20.5 41.0 34.9 0.7 10.5 23.0 2.1 7.5 54.2 662
Migori 99.2 23.4 22.4 7.6 51.1 61.7 13.6 72.1 25.1 31.3 44.5 0.2 17.1 33.0 3.7 8.5 44.6 674
Kisii 98.1 24.5 22.2 2.6 71.4 19.5 8.8 84.2 12.3 48.9 38.3 0.0 3.7 21.2 1.1 3.2 26.3 831
Nyamira 98.3 25.1 34.2 1.1 74.4 15.8 5.5 82.5 15.1 42.9 57.1 0.0 5.9 24.1 0.6 3.0 15.7 327
Nairobi City 96.5 21.4 38.3 3.7 76.8 43.2 17.3 53.0 22.7 53.8 45.4 0.2 17.0 31.6 8.1 12.9 68.4 4,235
Total 96.6 29.6 44.8 4.2 74.4 36.5 12.8 60.1 28.3 55.0 41.8 0.2 16.8 24.7 5.3 8.1 66.5 32,156
1
2
Includes Irish potatoes, white sweet potatoes, green banana, nduma (arrowroot), yams, or cassava.
3
Includes beans, githeri, ndengu (green gram), njahi (black gram), kamande (lentils) pigeon peas, or chickpeas.
4
Includes groundnuts, cashews, pumpkin seeds, simsim (sesame seeds), or peanut butter.
5
Includes liver, blood, kidney, lung, gizzard, heart, sausages, Smokies, hot dogs, salami, ham, goat, beef, minced beef, mutton, pork, wild game, chicken, fish, dagaa, canned tuna, or seafood.
6
Includes sukuma wiki, spinach, managu (nightshade), terere (amaranth), saget, kunde (cowpea leaves), khandira (Ethiopian kale), mrenda (jute mallow), pumpkin leaves, nderema (Malabar spinach), mitoo, broccoli,
or mchunga.
7
Includes carrots, pumpkin, butternut, or sweet potatoes that are orange inside, ripe pawpaw, ripe mangoes, passionfruit, or matunda ya damu
8
Other vegetables includes tomatoes, cabbage, green capsicum, mushrooms, cucumber, or other vegetables.
9
Other fruits includes bananas, pineapple, avocado, watermelon, orange, or other fruits.
10
Includes termites, locusts, or grasshoppers.
11
Includes tea with sugar, coffee with sugar, Milo, cocoa or other sweetened drinks.
Table 11.15 Minimum dietary diversity and unhealthy food and beverage consumption among
women
Percentage of women age 15–49 consuming sweet beverages, percentage consuming sentinel unhealthy
foods, and percentage achieving minimum dietary diversity for women, according to background
Background Minimum dietary Sweet beverage Unhealthy food Number of
characteristic diversity for women1 consumption2 consumption3 women
Age
15–19 46.3 70.5 42.8 6,025
20–29 50.7 71.7 37.9 11,689
30–39 48.0 70.1 30.4 8,840
40–49 46.9 67.8 25.0 5,602
Maternity status
Pregnant 49.4 70.4 34.3 1,762
Not pregnant4 48.4 70.4 34.5 30,394
Residence
Urban 56.4 74.8 42.4 13,143
Rural 43.0 67.3 29.1 19,013
Education5
No education 19.8 69.5 13.7 1,770
Primary 39.3 67.7 28.6 11,687
Secondary 52.9 70.5 39.1 12,550
More than
secondary 65.2 75.4 42.4 6,150
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.4 65.1 19.5 5,019
Second 37.5 66.0 27.9 5,698
Middle 48.4 68.8 32.8 6,069
Fourth 56.3 71.8 39.8 7,139
Highest 65.3 76.5 44.9 8,231
Total 48.5 70.4 34.5 32,156
1
Minimum dietary diversity for women defined as consuming foods from 5 or more of the 10 food groups: a.
grains, white/pale starchy roots, tubers, and plantains; b. pulses (beans, peas , lentils); c. nuts and seeds; d.
dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt, other milk products); e. meat, fish, poultry, organ meats; f. eggs; g. dark green
leafy vegetables; h. other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; i. other vegetables; j. other fruits.
2
Sweet beverages include fruit juice and fruit drinks, sodas drinks such as Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite, and
energy drinks such as Red Bull, tea with sugar, coffee with sugar, Milo, cocoa, and other sweetened liquids.
3
Unhealthy foods include sweet foods such as cakes, sweet biscuits, candies, chocolates, ice cream, or ice
lollies; and fried and salty foods such as crisps, chips, ngumu, mandaazi, samosa, bhajias, or Indomie.
4
Includes women who do not know if they are pregnant.
5

Table 11.15C Minimum dietary diversity and unhealthy food and beverage consumption among
women by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 consuming sweet beverages, percentage consuming sentinel unhealthy
foods, and percentage achieving minimum dietary diversity for women, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Minimum dietary Sweet beverage Unhealthy food Number of
County diversity for women1 consumption2 consumption3 women
Mombasa 38.2 77.5 44.9 947
Kwale 14.6 80.7 40.5 498
Kilifi 22.3 66.4 36.7 928
Tana River 16.7 74.5 12.6 149
Lamu 34.2 66.2 41.6 101
Taita/Taveta 32.1 76.9 24.5 234
Garissa 66.4 66.0 20.0 290
Wajir 31.2 69.9 15.1 160
Mandera 17.5 64.7 5.7 206
Marsabit 11.2 90.3 3.8 129
Isiolo 44.3 77.2 22.1 137
Meru 63.3 67.6 34.9 979
Tharaka-Nithi 60.6 86.0 32.7 271
Embu 75.1 55.3 33.8 358
Kitui 39.8 85.1 17.4 735
Machakos 69.5 44.3 37.6 992
Makueni 26.9 38.7 5.1 683
Nyandarua 72.0 93.0 46.2 409
Nyeri 71.6 78.4 42.7 501
Kirinyaga 78.0 69.1 47.6 481
Murang’a 81.2 86.8 39.9 692
Kiambu 80.6 85.2 52.0 2,094
Turkana 11.1 68.0 7.8 331
West Pokot 41.8 72.5 18.0 384
Samburu 24.6 80.6 22.1 156
Trans Nzoia 37.5 49.2 32.3 675
Uasin Gishu 45.4 39.5 33.4 983
Nandi 17.6 41.5 11.2 622
Baringo 51.7 83.4 31.8 378
Laikipia 63.6 70.1 39.2 332
Nakuru 61.5 71.2 47.6 1,658
Narok 56.8 77.1 29.2 718
Kajiado 46.9 89.2 17.6 887
Kericho 63.2 98.9 30.3 729
Bomet 35.8 95.5 17.4 650
Kakamega 34.1 92.4 37.2 1,283
Vihiga 67.9 95.2 54.2 371
Bungoma 47.2 73.3 38.3 1,138
Busia 41.2 50.9 33.9 622
Siaya 34.4 75.3 35.1 537
Kisumu 28.5 57.6 34.7 771
Homa Bay 34.2 56.5 30.0 662
Migori 40.5 50.8 42.1 674
Kisii 33.6 29.1 23.3 831
Nyamira 42.9 19.0 27.7 327
Nairobi City 48.8 76.7 41.2 4,235
Total 48.5 70.4 34.5 32,156
1
Minimum dietary diversity for women defined as consuming foods from 5 or more of the 10 food groups: a.
grains, white/pale starchy roots, tubers, and plantains; b. pulses (beans, peas , lentils); c. nuts and seeds; d.
dairy (milk, cheese, yogurt, other milk products); e. meat, fish, poultry, organ meats; f. eggs; g. dark green leafy
vegetables; h. other vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; i. other vegetables; j. other fruits.
2
Sweet beverages include fruit juice and fruit drinks, sodas drinks such as Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite, and energy
drinks such as Red Bull, tea with sugar, coffee with sugar, Milo, cocoa, and other sweetened liquids.
3
Unhealthy foods include sweet foods such as cakes, sweet biscuits, candies, chocolates, ice cream, or ice
lollies; and fried and salty foods such as crisps, chips, ngumu, mandaazi, samosa, bhajias, or Indomie.

Table 11.16 Presence of iodised salt in household
Among all households, percentage with salt tested for iodine content, percentage with salt in the household but the salt was not
tested, and percentage with no salt in the household; and among households with salt tested, percentage with iodised salt, according
Among households
Among all households, percentage with tested salt:
Background With With salt, but salt With no salt in Number of Percentage with Number of
characteristic salt tested not tested1 the household households iodised salt households
Residence
Urban 95.4 0.2 4.3 15,277 99.5 14,576
Rural 94.7 0.1 5.2 22,634 99.7 21,427
Wealth quintile
Lowest 89.9 0.1 10.0 6,235 99.6 5,604
Second 95.1 0.2 4.7 6,628 99.7 6,304
Middle 94.8 0.1 5.1 7,328 99.7 6,949
Fourth 95.5 0.2 4.3 9,043 99.7 8,640
Highest 98.0 0.3 1.7 8,678 99.5 8,505
Total 95.0 0.2 4.9 37,911 99.6 36,002
Note: Salt was tested for the presence of potassium iodate.

1
Includes households in which salt could not be tested for technical or logistical reasons, including availability of test kits.

Table 11.16C Presence of iodised salt in household by county
Among all households, percentage with salt tested for iodine content, percentage with salt in the household but the salt was not
tested, and percentage with no salt in the household; and among households with salt tested, percentage with iodised salt, according
Among households
Among all households, percentage with tested salt:
With With salt, but salt With no salt in Number of Percentage with Number of
County salt tested not tested1 the household households iodised salt households
Mombasa 92.7 1.2 6.1 1,071 99.9 993
Kwale 96.5 0.0 3.5 504 99.7 486
Kilifi 92.6 0.4 6.9 996 98.7 923
Tana River 96.3 0.0 3.7 182 99.5 175
Lamu 93.4 0.0 6.6 109 99.7 102
Taita/Taveta 98.1 0.0 1.9 332 100.0 326
Garissa 96.1 0.0 3.9 269 99.5 259
Wajir 82.6 0.7 16.7 137 99.9 113
Mandera 92.1 0.0 7.9 204 99.1 187
Marsabit 90.6 0.0 9.4 171 99.7 155
Isiolo 90.7 0.2 9.1 150 100.0 136
Meru 87.9 0.5 11.5 1,373 99.7 1,207
Tharaka-Nithi 94.8 0.4 4.8 378 99.7 358
Embu 95.6 0.1 4.3 523 100.0 500
Kitui 98.5 0.0 1.5 898 99.7 884
Machakos 97.3 0.0 2.7 1,230 99.9 1,196
Makueni 96.9 0.0 3.1 775 99.9 751
Nyandarua 95.8 0.1 4.1 578 100.0 554
Nyeri 95.0 0.0 5.0 802 99.9 762
Kirinyaga 91.7 0.7 7.5 642 99.5 589
Murang’a 94.8 0.2 5.0 1,004 99.3 952
Kiambu 95.5 0.1 4.4 2,699 99.6 2,577
Turkana 65.6 0.0 34.4 391 99.6 257
West Pokot 93.5 0.0 6.5 416 100.0 389
Samburu 83.6 0.0 16.4 175 98.9 146
Trans Nzoia 95.7 0.0 4.3 753 98.3 721
Uasin Gishu 96.4 0.0 3.6 1,145 98.8 1,104
Elgeyo/Marakwet 97.5 0.0 2.5 290 100.0 283
Nandi 95.5 0.0 4.5 732 100.0 699
Baringo 93.0 0.1 6.9 432 99.9 401
Laikipia 91.6 0.4 8.0 452 99.6 414
Nakuru 95.7 0.0 4.3 2,018 99.8 1,931
Narok 93.8 0.2 6.0 790 99.6 741
Kajiado 96.7 0.3 3.0 1,083 99.7 1,047
Kericho 97.2 0.2 2.5 748 100.0 727
Bomet 94.8 0.0 5.2 665 99.9 631
Kakamega 96.4 0.1 3.5 1,382 99.6 1,331
Vihiga 98.2 0.0 1.8 412 99.5 404
Bungoma 93.4 0.0 6.6 1,169 99.8 1,092
Busia 97.3 0.0 2.7 653 100.0 635
Siaya 98.5 0.0 1.5 703 99.7 693
Kisumu 98.8 0.0 1.2 897 100.0 887
Homa Bay 94.5 0.0 5.5 770 100.0 728
Migori 96.1 0.2 3.7 710 100.0 683
Kisii 98.0 0.0 2.0 925 100.0 907
Nyamira 95.8 0.5 3.7 424 99.8 406
Nairobi City 96.1 0.3 3.6 4,749 99.4 4,561
Total 95.0 0.2 4.9 37,911 99.6 36,002
Note: Salt was tested for the presence of potassium iodate.

1
Includes households in which salt could not be tested for technical or logistical reasons, including availability of test kits.

MALARIA 12
Key Findings
 Ownership of insecticide-treated nets: Fifty-four
percent of households own at least one insecticide-
treated net (ITN); 37% own at least one ITN for every two
persons.
 Source of ITNs: Seventy-two percent of mosquito nets
come from mass distribution campaigns; 10% are from
antenatal care visits.
 Use of ITNs by children: Fifty-one percent of children
under age 5 slept under an ITN the night before the
survey.
 Use of ITNs by pregnant women: Forty-five percent of
pregnant women slept under an ITN the night before the
survey.
 Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by
women during pregnancy: In areas where IPTp is
implemented, 70% received at least one dose of SP/
Fansidar, while 34% received at least three doses of SP/
Fansidar.
 Type of antimalarial drugs used: Eighty-four percent of
children with fever took artemisinin-combination therapy
(ACT) as an antimalarial drug.
T
his chapter presents data that are useful for assessing how well malaria control strategies are
implemented, including the availability, source, and use of mosquito nets; the prophylactic use of
antimalarial drugs among pregnant women; careseeking and therapeutic use of antimalarial drugs
of children with fever; and the prevalence of anaemia and malaria among children under age 5.
Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Kenya, with approximately 30% of the
population at risk of infection1 (MoH 2020). There are four epidemiological zones in Kenya as described
below:
1. Endemic areas: These are areas of stable malaria transmission (with altitudes ranging from 0 to 1,300
meters) around Lake Victoria in western Kenya and in the coastal regions. Rainfall, temperature, and
humidity are the determinants of perennial transmission of malaria. The vector life cycle is usually
short with a high survival rate due to the suitable climatic conditions. Transmission is intense
throughout the year, with annual entomological inoculation rates2 between 30 and 100.
2. Seasonal malaria transmission areas: This zone, in arid and semi-arid areas of the northern and
southeastern parts of the country, experiences short periods of intense malaria transmission during the
1
Risk of malaria infection is defined as living in an area with a Plasmodium falciparum prevalence of <1% in children
age 2 to 10 years.
2
The entomological inoculation rate is the average number of inoculations with malaria parasites received by a person
over a period of time (usually annually). It is used to measure malaria transmission intensity and is dependent on the
frequency with which individuals living in an area are bitten by anopheline mosquitoes carrying sporozoites (WHO
2015a.
Malaria • 389
rainfall seasons. Temperatures are usually high, and water pools created during the rainy season
provide the malaria vectors with breeding sites. Extreme climatic conditions such as the El Niño
southern oscillation lead to flooding in these areas, which resulted in epidemic outbreaks with high
morbidity rates due to the population’s low immune status.
3. Highland epidemic prone areas: Malaria transmission in the western highlands of Kenya is seasonal,
with considerable year-to-year variation. The epidemic phenomenon is experienced when climatic
conditions favour sustainability of minimum temperatures around 18°C. This increase in minimum
temperatures during periods of long rains sustains vector breeding, which results in increased intensity
of malaria transmission. The whole population is vulnerable, and case fatality rates during an epidemic
can be up to 10 times greater than what is experienced in regions where malaria occurs regularly.
4. Low risk malaria areas: This zone covers the central highlands of Kenya, including Nairobi.
Temperatures are usually too low to allow completion of the sporogonic cycle of the malaria parasite
in the vector. However, increasing temperatures and changes in the hydrological cycle associated with
climate change are likely to increase the areas suitable for malaria vector breeding, with the
introduction of malaria transmission in areas where it did not exist previously.
12.1 OWNERSHIP OF INSECTICIDE-TREATED NETS
Ownership of insecticide-treated nets

Households that have at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN). An ITN is a
factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment.
Sample: Households
Full household ITN coverage

Percentage of households with at least one ITN for every two people.
Sample: Households (with at least one person who stayed in the household
the night before the survey)
Sixty-four percent of households have at least one Figure 12.1 Household ownership
mosquito net, while 54% have at least one ITN of ITNs
(Table 12.1). On average, there are 1.2 ITNs per Percent distribution of households
household.
Thirty-seven percent of households have at least one

ITN for every two persons who stayed in the
household the night before the survey; 17% of
No ITN
households have at least 1 ITN but not enough for all 46%
household members, while 46% of households do not At least 1
own any ITN (Figure 12.1). ITN for every
2 people in
the HH At least 1
37% ITN, but not
enough for
all HH
members
17%
390 • Malaria
Trends: The trend in ITN ownership has been steady Figure 12.2 Trends in household
since 2008–09, with at least half of households ownership of ITNs
owning one net (except for 2020, when 49% of Percentage of households owning at least
households owned an ITN) (Figure 12.2). one insecticide-treated net (ITN)
 Ownership of at least one ITN is higher in rural

63
areas (64%) than in urban areas (41%). 56 59
54
49
 The lake endemic zone has the highest
percentage (88%) of households with at least one
ITN, while the low risk zone has the lowest 8
percentage (31%) of households with at least one
ITN.
2003 2008–09 2014 2015 2020 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KMIS KMIS KDHS
 The lake endemic and the highland epidemic
prone zones have the highest percentage (63%) Notes: The definition of an ITN in surveys conducted prior
to the 2020 KMIS included nets that had been soaked with
of households that have at least one ITN for insecticides within the past 12 months.
every two persons who stayed in the household Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative,
while data collected before 2003 exclude the North
the night before the survey. Eastern region and several northern districts in the
Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
 Counties with the highest percentage of
households with at least one ITN are Nyamira
(94%), Busia (94%), Vihiga (93%), and Bomet
(92%) (Table 12.1C and Map 12.1).
 Counties with the highest percentage of households having at least one ITN for every two individuals
are Nyamira (80%), Bomet (77%), Vihiga (76%), and Taita/Taveta (74%).
Malaria • 391
Map 12.1 ITN ownership by county
Percentage of households with at least one ITN for every two persons who stayed in the household last night
Source of Nets
Sixty-two percent of all mosquito nets are sourced Figure 12.3 Source of ITNs
from mass distribution campaigns, while 23% are
Percent distribution of ITNs in households
sourced from shops/markets (Table 12.2 and Table
12.2C). Campaign 72
The majority of ITNs (72%) are sourced from the ANC visit 10
mass distribution campaigns, while 10% and 3% are
from ANC and immunisation visits, respectively. Immunization visit 3
Eleven percent of ITNs are sourced from
shops/markets (Figure 12.3). Shop/market 11
Other 4
392 • Malaria
 The mass distribution campaign, as a source of ITNs, is higher in rural areas (79%) than in urban areas
(50%).
 Shops/markets are the most common sources of ITNs (40%) in the low risk zone.
 Shops/markets, as a source of ITNs, are highest in the highest wealth quintiles (35%) compared with
the households in the lowest wealth quintiles (3%).
12.2 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF ITNS
Access to an ITN
Percentage of the population who could sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the
household were used by up to 2 people.
Use of ITNs
Percentage of population who slept under an ITN the night before the survey.
Access to an ITN is measured by the proportion of the population who could sleep under an ITN if each
ITN in the household were used by up to 2 people. Comparing ITN access and ITN use indicators can help
programmes identify a behavioural gap in which available ITNs are not being used. If the difference
between these indicators is substantial, the programme may need to design an appropriate intervention that
focuses on behaviour change and on identifying the main drivers or barriers to ITN use. This analysis helps
ITN programmes determine if they need to achieve higher ITN coverage, promote ITN use, or both.
Fifty percent of the de facto household population Figure 12.4 Access to and use of ITNs
have access to an ITN and 43% slept under an ITN Percentage of the household population
the night before the survey (Table 12.3) (Table 12.4 with access to an ITN and who slept under
and Figure 12.4). an ITN the night before the survey
Access to an ITN Slept under an ITN
Seventy-one percent of existing ITNs were used the
night before the survey (Table 12.5 and Table
12.5C).
56
50 48
43
37
32
Total Urban Rural
Malaria • 393
Trends: Access to ITNs increased from 5% in 2003 Figure 12.5 Trends in ITN access
to 50% in 2022. The use of ITNs increased from 5% and use
in 2003 to 43% in 2022 (Figure 12.5). Percentage of the household population
that have access to an ITN and
Patterns by background characteristics percentage of the population that slept
under an ITN the night before the survey
 A higher percentage of population in rural areas
(56%) have access to ITNs than those in urban Access to ITN
areas (37%) (Table 12.3). 53
48 50
42 40
 Use of ITNs is higher in rural areas (48%) than 48
in urban areas (32%) (Table 12.4). 43 43
35 Slept under ITN 35
 Bomet County has the highest percentage of the 5
population with access to an ITN (89%), while 5
Nyandarua County has the lowest at 7% (Table 2003 2008–09 2014 2015 2020 2022
12.3C). KDHS KDHS KDHS KMIS KMIS KDHS
Notes: The definition of an ITN in surveys conducted prior
 Nyamira County has the highest percentage of to the 2020 KMIS included nets that had been soaked with
insecticides within the past 12 months.
household population sleeping under an ITN the Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative,
night before the survey (79%) (Table 12.4C and while data collected before 2003 exclude the North
Map 12.2). Eastern region and several northern districts in the
Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
Map 12.2 Use of INT by persons in the household by county

Percent of the household population who slept under an ITN last night
394 • Malaria
12.3 USE OF ITNS BY CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN
Pregnant women, especially those who are pregnant for the first time, are at an elevated risk for severe
malaria in high malaria-risk regions due to their reduced immunity. This can cause anaemia during
pregnancy, which can impede the exchange between the mother and the foetus and result in numerous
negative outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, premature birth, placental parasitaemia, and foetal
death. The Ministry of Health aims to achieve an 80% usage rate of insecticide-treated nets among
pregnant women as part of the country’s malaria strategy (MOH 2020)
Children under age 5 are prone to severe malaria manifestations because they lack acquired immunity
(MOH 2020). About six months after birth, antibodies acquired from the mother during pregnancy protect
children born in areas of endemic malaria. However, this immunity is lost slowly, and children begin to
develop their own immunity to malaria. The pace at which immunity is developed depends on the child’s
exposure to malaria infection. In the highly malaria endemic areas, children are thought to have attained a
high level of immunity by their fifth birthday. These children may experience episodes of malaria illness
but usually do not suffer from severe, life-threatening malaria. Immunity in areas of low malaria
transmission is acquired more slowly, where malaria illness affects all age groups of the population. Use of
mosquito nets by vulnerable groups in highly endemic communities is one of the major malaria control and
prevention strategies adopted under the Kenya Malaria Strategy (MOH 2019).
Fifty-one percent of children under age 5 and 45% of Figure 12.6 ITN use
pregnant women slept under an ITN the night before
Percentage who slept under an ITN the
the survey (Table 12.6, Table 12.6C, Table 12.7, night before the survey
and Figure 12.6).
Seventy-seven percent of children under age 5 and

75% of pregnant women in households with at least
one ITN slept under an ITN the night before the
51
survey. 42 45
Household Pregnant Children under

population women age 5
Malaria • 395
Trends: The percentage of children under age 5 in Figure 12.7 Trends in use of ITNs by
households with at least one ITN slightly increased children and pregnant women in
from 72% in 2003 to 77% in 2022. The percentage of households with at least one ITN
pregnant women who slept under an ITN the night Among children under age 5 and pregnant
before the survey in the households with at least one women age 15–49 in households with at
ITN declined from 84% in 2003 to 75% in 2022 least one ITN, percentage who slept under
an ITN the night before the survey
(Figure 12.7).
Patterns by background characteristics Children under age 5

84 82
 Use of ITNs by children under age 5 is higher in 77 77 73 77
rural areas (57%) than in urban areas (40%). 72 76 79
72 75
69
Pregnant women
 Use of ITNs among children under age 5 is
highest in the lake endemic region (75%).
 Use of ITNs by pregnant women is higher in

rural areas (75%) than in urban areas (29%). 2003 2008–09 2014 2015 2020 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KMIS KMIS KDHS
 Use of ITNs among pregnant women is higher in Notes: The definition of an ITN in surveys conducted prior
the lake endemic zone (75%) than in the other to the 2020 KMIS included nets that had been soaked with
insecticides within the past 12 months.
parts of the country. Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative,
while data collected before 2003 exclude the North
Eastern region and several northern districts in the
 Among the households with at least one ITN, a Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
higher percentage (77%) of pregnant women in
rural areas slept under an ITN than those in urban
areas (70%).
12.4 REASONS MOSQUITO NETS WERE NOT USED

Twenty-eight percent of ITNs were not used by Figure 12.8 Reason ITN was not used
anyone the night before the survey. The main reason
Among ITNs that were not used the night
cited was extra net or saving for later (59%) (Table before the survey, main reason the net
12.8, Table 12.8C, and Figure 12.8). was not used (percentage)
Patterns by background characteristics Too hot 4
Don't like shape/color/size 1

 Households in the highland epidemic zone had
the highest percentage (33%) of ITNs that were Don't like smell 1
not used the night before the survey followed by
Unable to hang yet 4
those in the lake endemic zone (28%).
Slept outdoors 1
Usual user didn't sleep
in HH 12
No mosquitoes/no malaria 10
Extra net/saving for later 59
396 • Malaria
12.5 MALARIA IN PREGNANCY
Intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) during pregnancy

Percentage of women who took at least 3 doses of SP/Fansidar during their
last pregnancy.
Sample: Women age 15–49 with a live birth or a stillbirth in the 2 years before
the survey
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem in Kenya, with substantial risks for
the mother, her foetus, and the neonate. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) is
a full therapeutic course of antimalarial medicine given to pregnant women at routine antenatal care visits
to prevent malaria. The IPTp helps prevent maternal malaria episodes, maternal and foetal anaemia,
placental parasitaemia, low birth weight, and neonatal mortality.
In Kenya, IPTp is given to pregnant women in the lake endemic and coastal endemic zones as well as in
several high malaria transmission sub-counties in the highland epidemic prone zone.
Among women who had a live birth and/or a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, 28% reported
receiving one or more doses of SP/Fansidar during the pregnancy, 20% received two or more doses, and
13% received three or more doses (Table 12.9).
In areas where IPTp is implemented, 70% of women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the
survey received at least one dose of SP/Fansidar, 53% at least two doses, and 34% at least three doses
(Table 12.9C).
Trends: SP/Fansidar use increased from 2014 (30% Figure 12.9 Trends in IPTp use by
for 1+ dose, 17% for 2+ doses, and 10% for 3+ pregnant women
doses) to 2015 (53% for 1+ dose, 36% for 2+ doses, Percentage of women with a live birth in
and 23% for 3+ doses) and then dropped in 2022 (28 the 2 years before the survey who
for 1+ dose, 20% for 2+ doses, and 13% for 3+ received at least 1, 2, or 3 doses
of SP/Fansidar
doses) (Figure 12.9).

1+ doses
53
 Uptake of three or more doses of SP/Fansidar
36 38
among women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 30 36
2 years before the survey is higher (14%) in rural 2+ doses 30
15 15 17
areas than in urban areas (10%). 23 22
7 3+ doses
7 10
3
 In the two endemicity zones where IPTp is 2003 2008–09 2014 2015 2020
implemented, the percentage of women age KDHS KDHS KDHS KMIS KMIS
15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the
survey who received one or more doses of SP/Fansidar is higher (76%) in the coast endemic zone than
in the lake endemic zones (71%).
 The lake endemic zone has a higher percentage of women who received two or more doses (57%) and
three or more doses (38%) of SP/Fansidar compared with the coastal endemic zone, where 50% of
pregnant women received two or more doses and 29% received three or more.
 Vihiga County has the highest IPTp uptake with 88%, 77%, and 59% of women age 15–49 with a live
birth in the 2 years before the survey who received one or more, two or more, and three or more doses
of SP/Fansidar respectively.
Malaria • 397
 Tana River County has the lowest IPTp uptake among the counties where IPTp is implemented with
40%, 24%, and 6%, of women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who
received one or more, two or more, and three or more doses of SP/Fansidar respectively.
12.6 CASE MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA IN CHILDREN
Care seeking for children under 5 with fever

Percentage of children under 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey
for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health provider, a health
facility, or a pharmacy.
Sample: Children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey
Diagnosis of malaria in children under 5 with fever

Percentage of children under 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the survey
who had blood taken from a finger or heel for testing. This is a proxy measure
of diagnostic testing for malaria.
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for children under 5

with fever
Percentage of children under age 5 with a fever in the 2 weeks before the
survey who took an artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).
who took any antimalarial drug
12.6.1 Careseeking and Diagnosis of Malaria in Children Under 5 with Fever
In the two weeks before the survey, 17% of children under the age of 5 experienced fever. For 42% of
these children, advice or treatment was sought on the same or following day. One third had blood taken
either from their finger or heel for testing, whereas 22% were diagnosed with malaria by a healthcare
provider (Table 12.10 and Table 12.10C).
Of the children who had a fever for whom advice or treatment was sought, 58% visited the public medical
sector, of which 26% went to government dispensaries. Forty-one percent visited the private medical
sector (non-NGOs), with 18% visiting a pharmacy (Table 12.11).
 The percentage of children under age 5 with fever who were diagnosed with malaria by a healthcare
provider is higher (28%) in rural areas than in urban areas (13%).
 The percentage of children for whom advice or treatment was sought on the same or next day is higher
(45%) in urban areas than in rural areas (40%).
 The percentage of children for whom advice or treatment was sought on the same or next day
increases with mother`s level of education, from 31% of children whose mothers have no education to
47% of children whose mothers have more than secondary education.
12.6.2 Use of Recommended Antimalarials
Among children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the survey, 84% took an ACT, mostly
artemether-lumefantrine (AL) (80%) (Table 12.12).
398 • Malaria
Trends: There was a sharp increase in the Figure 12.10 Trends in ACT use by
percentage of children with recent fever who children with fever
received ACT, from 34% in 2008–09 to a peak of Among children with recent fever who took
92% in 2015, and thereafter declined to 84% in 2022. an antimalarial, percentage who
(Figure 12.10). received ACT
92 91
86 84
 A higher percentage (86%) of children in rural

areas took ACT than those in urban areas (76%)
34
 Use of AL is higher (82%) in rural areas than
urban areas (72%).
2008–09 2014 2015 2020 2022

KDHS KDHS KMIS KMIS KDHS
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on malaria, see the following tables:
 Table 12.1 Household possession of mosquito nets

 Table 12.1C Household possession of mosquito nets by county
 Table 12.2 Source of mosquito nets
 Table 12.2C Source of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) by county
 Table 12.3 Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN)
 Table 12.3C Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) by county
 Table 12.4 Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household
 Table 12.4C Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household by county
 Table 12.5 Use of existing ITNs
 Table 12.5C Use of existing ITNs by county
 Table 12.6 Use of mosquito nets by children
 Table 12.6C Use of mosquito nets by children according to county
 Table 12.7 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women
 Table 12.8 Main reason mosquito net was not used the night before the survey
 Table 12.8C Main reason mosquito net was not used the night before the survey by county
 Table 12.9 Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy
 Table 12.9C Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy
according to county
 Table 12.10 Children with fever and careseeking, prompt treatment, and diagnosis
 Table 12.10C Children with fever and careseeking, prompt treatment, and diagnosis by
county
 Table 12.11 Source of advice or treatment for children with fever
 Table 12.12 Type of antimalarial drugs used
Malaria • 399
Table 12.1 Household possession of mosquito nets
Percentage of households with at least one mosquito net (treated or untreated) and insecticide-treated net (ITN); average number of nets and
ITNs per household; and percentage of households with at least one net and ITN per two persons who stayed in the household last night,
Percentage of households
with at least one net for Number of
Percentage of households every two persons who households
with at least one Average number of nets stayed in the household with at least
mosquito net per household last night1 one person
Insecticide- Insecticide- Insecticide- who stayed
Any treated Any treated Any treated in the
Background mosquito mosquito net mosquito mosquito net Number of mosquito mosquito net household
characteristic net (ITN)2 net (ITN)2 households net (ITN) 2
last night
Residence
Urban 58.9 40.5 1.1 0.8 15,277 42.5 27.7 15,061
Rural 66.9 63.5 1.6 1.6 22,634 46.2 43.4 22,510
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 84.2 80.7 2.3 2.2 7,116 66.8 63.3 7,038
Lake endemic 90.7 87.7 2.3 2.2 6,358 65.7 62.5 6,328
Coast endemic 80.0 71.5 1.8 1.6 3,012 58.4 49.8 2,980
Seasonal 51.4 39.4 1.0 0.7 5,046 27.0 18.4 5,012
Low risk 45.1 31.1 0.8 0.5 16,379 29.8 19.2 16,213
Wealth quintile
Lowest 60.4 58.4 1.3 1.2 6,235 32.7 31.6 6,209
Second 69.5 67.5 1.7 1.7 6,628 47.5 45.9 6,603
Middle 65.8 61.6 1.6 1.5 7,328 48.1 44.9 7,266
Fourth 59.5 49.2 1.2 1.0 9,043 44.6 36.4 8,910
Highest 64.3 40.0 1.4 0.8 8,678 48.5 28.3 8,582
Total 63.7 54.2 1.4 1.2 37,911 44.7 37.1 37,571
1
De facto household members.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS surveys conducted prior
to 2020, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
400 • Malaria
Table 12.1C Household possession of mosquito nets by county
Percentage of households with at least one mosquito net (treated or untreated) and insecticide-treated net (ITN); average number of nets
and ITNs per household; and percentage of households with at least one net and ITN per two persons who stayed in the household last
night, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of households
with at least one net for Number of
Percentage of households every two persons who households
with at least one Average number of nets stayed in the household with at least
mosquito net per household last night1 one person
Insecticide- Insecticide- Insecticide- who stayed
Any treated Any treated Any treated in the
mosquito mosquito net mosquito mosquito net Number of mosquito mosquito net household
County net (ITN)2 net (ITN)2 households net (ITN) 2
last night
Mombasa 73.1 63.3 1.5 1.2 1,071 55.0 45.5 1,051
Kwale 77.0 74.0 1.9 1.8 504 50.6 47.5 502
Kilifi 85.9 74.4 2.0 1.8 996 60.0 48.2 989
Tana River 77.7 71.3 1.6 1.4 182 40.1 34.3 180
Lamu 76.3 65.9 1.8 1.5 109 53.9 43.3 107
Taita/Taveta 90.6 87.3 2.1 2.0 332 77.9 74.3 331
Garissa 76.7 19.7 1.8 0.3 269 37.4 6.8 269
Wajir 68.4 43.6 1.8 1.0 137 28.5 15.5 137
Mandera 31.7 15.7 0.8 0.3 204 13.2 4.8 203
Marsabit 31.3 27.1 0.5 0.4 171 9.3 7.4 170
Isiolo 68.0 51.7 1.3 0.9 150 38.6 23.4 149
Meru 42.9 36.2 0.7 0.5 1,373 22.4 16.8 1,359
Tharaka-Nithi 55.5 52.8 1.0 1.0 378 37.3 34.7 373
Embu 47.2 40.1 0.9 0.7 523 32.3 24.1 522
Kitui 41.2 33.0 0.6 0.5 898 21.1 15.1 895
Machakos 60.8 55.9 1.2 1.1 1,230 43.2 38.8 1,227
Makueni 56.4 48.1 1.0 0.8 775 31.9 25.8 769
Nyandarua 14.9 9.9 0.2 0.2 578 8.6 5.8 573
Nyeri 27.6 18.1 0.4 0.3 802 18.7 12.1 790
Kirinyaga 64.8 57.3 1.5 1.3 642 55.7 47.4 635
Murang’a 39.6 35.9 0.7 0.6 1,004 26.2 22.0 1,000
Kiambu 42.6 27.8 0.8 0.4 2,699 29.4 16.0 2,662
Turkana 57.4 49.4 1.0 0.8 391 23.3 18.8 383
West Pokot 81.6 78.8 2.0 1.9 416 44.2 41.5 416
Samburu 25.4 19.9 0.4 0.3 175 10.3 7.4 174
Trans Nzoia 90.2 86.0 2.6 2.5 753 73.7 69.3 747
Uasin Gishu 77.4 69.3 2.1 1.9 1,145 66.3 56.8 1,112
Elgeyo/Marakwet 26.0 25.3 0.4 0.4 290 10.5 10.1 290
Nandi 86.8 84.0 2.2 2.1 732 71.3 69.0 728
Baringo 65.6 63.8 1.4 1.4 432 39.5 37.6 429
Laikipia 33.4 24.9 0.6 0.4 452 23.4 15.9 445
Nakuru 32.0 27.5 0.6 0.5 2,018 18.5 15.3 2,006
Narok 78.6 76.0 2.2 2.1 790 56.4 54.0 776
Kajiado 54.1 38.8 1.0 0.6 1,083 34.6 20.9 1,072
Kericho 85.4 84.1 2.3 2.3 748 67.1 65.9 745
Bomet 93.4 92.3 2.8 2.8 665 78.5 77.3 659
Kakamega 90.0 89.1 2.5 2.4 1,382 67.9 66.9 1,381
Vihiga 93.4 92.5 2.7 2.6 412 77.5 75.8 412
Bungoma 91.4 89.4 2.8 2.7 1,169 73.3 70.6 1,157
Busia 94.6 93.5 2.6 2.6 653 69.1 67.4 653
Siaya 89.8 86.7 1.9 1.9 703 61.6 58.6 703
Kisumu 84.3 76.0 1.6 1.5 897 53.6 47.0 888
Homa Bay 92.1 89.2 2.3 2.1 770 64.6 60.2 766
Migori 91.9 87.7 2.2 2.1 710 59.0 54.2 706
Kisii 89.6 85.0 2.4 2.3 925 71.7 67.4 917
Nyamira 93.9 93.6 2.6 2.6 424 80.6 80.0 422
Nairobi City 52.2 23.4 0.9 0.4 4,749 34.1 14.3 4,691
Total 63.7 54.2 1.4 1.2 37,911 44.7 37.1 37,571
1
De facto household members.
2
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS surveys conducted
prior to 2020, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
Malaria • 401
Table 12.2 Source of mosquito nets
Percent distribution of insecticide treated nets (ITNs), non-ITNs, and all mosquito nets by source of net, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Mass
distri- Govern- Com- Reli- Number
bution Immu- ment Private munity gious Don’t of mos-
Background cam- ANC nisation health health Phar- Shop/ health insti- know/ quito
Characteristic paign visit visit facility facility macy market worker tution School Other missing Total nets
ITNs1
Residence
Urban 50.1 13.4 3.6 1.6 0.2 0.3 26.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 3.5 0.4 100.0 11,685
Rural 79.4 8.8 2.5 1.2 0.1 0.3 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 0.2 100.0 35,088
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 91.5 4.1 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.1 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 100.0 15,630
Lake endemic 88.6 6.2 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 100.0 14,212
Coast endemic 87.1 6.7 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.1 3.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 100.0 4,813
Seasonal 31.1 25.7 6.5 4.2 0.5 1.3 26.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.9 0.2 100.0 3,493
Low risk 17.6 22.3 7.5 3.8 0.5 0.8 40.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 6.1 0.9 100.0 8,625
Wealth quintile
Lowest 82.1 9.9 2.5 0.9 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.1 100.0 7,784
Second 84.6 7.8 2.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.1 100.0 11,064
Middle 77.4 9.0 2.5 1.4 0.3 0.3 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8 0.2 100.0 11,177
Fourth 66.3 11.0 3.6 1.8 0.1 0.4 13.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.9 0.5 100.0 9,450
Highest 41.5 13.5 3.4 1.9 0.3 0.6 35.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.9 0.4 100.0 7,299
Total 72.1 10.0 2.7 1.3 0.2 0.3 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.2 100.0 46,773
NON-ITNs
Total na na na na 0.0 0.6 95.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.2 0.4 100.0 7,644
ALL MOSQUITO NETS
Total 61.9 8.6 2.4 1.1 0.1 0.3 23.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.2 0.3 100.0 54,417
1
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS surveys conducted prior to 2020, this
was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
402 • Malaria
Table 12.2C Source of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) by county
Percent distribution of ITNs by source of net, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Mass
distri- Govern- Com- Reli- Number
bution Immu- ment Private munity gious Don’t of mos-
cam- ANC nisation health health Phar- Shop/ health insti- know/ quito
County paign visit visit facility facility macy market worker tution School Other missing Total nets
Mombasa 81.1 8.5 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.2 5.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.9 0.1 100.0 1,313
Kwale 85.8 5.4 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 897
Kilifi 90.5 6.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 1,789
Tana River 65.3 15.9 6.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 100.0 258
Lamu 77.4 14.3 2.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.2 0.0 100.0 160
Taita/Taveta 93.8 3.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 653
Garissa 23.1 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 68.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 100.0 89
Wajir 4.2 2.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 88.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 100.0 137
Mandera 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 98.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 66
Marsabit 72.2 4.8 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.3 100.0 70
Isiolo 12.0 41.6 0.6 5.8 0.3 0.3 33.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.0 100.0 136
Meru 6.4 30.4 28.9 5.5 0.6 0.3 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 9.8 2.0 100.0 717
Tharaka-Nithi 8.3 29.1 11.5 7.4 2.4 2.8 27.2 0.0 0.2 3.4 6.6 1.1 100.0 371
Embu 13.7 32.2 14.2 8.4 3.3 4.7 18.0 0.2 0.8 0.2 3.9 0.4 100.0 376
Kitui 5.0 49.7 1.4 3.5 0.0 4.6 34.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.3 100.0 460
Machakos 7.7 25.2 4.6 7.6 0.6 2.0 47.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.3 100.0 1,342
Makueni 4.4 31.6 10.0 3.4 0.8 0.6 36.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 12.1 0.3 100.0 628
Nyandarua 18.2 8.8 2.3 2.7 0.0 0.7 53.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 3.2 100.0 90
Nyeri 14.1 15.2 2.3 0.8 1.9 4.3 52.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 2.1 100.0 220
Kirinyaga 59.5 14.7 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.9 18.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.9 100.0 820
Murang’a 8.4 35.7 9.1 10.6 0.4 0.5 27.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 6.8 0.8 100.0 625
Kiambu 9.3 33.7 6.9 1.8 0.6 0.2 40.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.8 1.2 100.0 1,124
Turkana 55.2 6.8 3.6 6.8 0.0 0.0 16.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 10.4 0.3 100.0 321
West Pokot 97.8 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 792
Samburu 29.6 15.8 2.4 2.7 0.0 0.0 33.4 0.0 2.1 1.6 11.9 0.4 100.0 55
Trans Nzoia 89.8 4.0 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 100.0 1,892
Uasin Gishu 84.8 6.9 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.4 100.0 2,152
Elgeyo/Marakwet 29.4 51.1 8.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.4 100.0 111
Nandi 92.6 3.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.1 100.0 1,574
Baringo 66.4 14.6 4.2 7.2 0.0 0.1 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 100.0 597
Laikipia 13.6 4.5 7.4 1.9 2.2 1.5 59.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 7.6 0.2 100.0 195
Nakuru 23.5 10.8 5.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 53.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3 1.3 100.0 943
Narok 89.9 6.3 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 100.0 1,642
Kajiado 14.0 35.6 9.6 4.4 0.3 0.5 32.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 3.0 0.1 100.0 697
Kericho 96.9 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,691
Bomet 95.9 2.9 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,863
Kakamega 89.9 4.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 100.0 3,343
Vihiga 93.3 4.1 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,068
Bungoma 92.8 3.5 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 100.0 3,103
Busia 87.8 6.6 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 100.0 1,686
Siaya 90.2 8.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 100.0 1,305
Kisumu 82.8 8.2 2.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 100.0 1,324
Homa Bay 85.4 8.8 1.7 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 100.0 1,647
Migori 83.5 9.7 4.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 100.0 1,502
Kisii 92.2 3.8 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.2 100.0 2,091
Nyamira 95.3 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 100.0 1,100
Nairobi City 21.6 14.8 5.3 2.6 0.0 0.0 49.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.6 100.0 1,737
Total 72.1 10.0 2.7 1.3 0.2 0.3 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.0 0.2 100.0 46,773
1
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS surveys conducted prior to 2020, this
was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
Malaria • 403
Table 12.3 Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN)
Percentage of the de facto population with access to an ITN

in the household, by background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage of
the de facto
population with
Background access to Number of
characteristic an ITN1,2 persons
Residence
Urban 36.9 45,648
Rural 56.0 90,834
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 76.2 28,084
Lake endemic 76.4 26,485
Coast endemic 63.4 11,359
Seasonal 28.4 20,682
Low risk 26.1 49,873
Wealth quintile
Lowest 45.9 27,253
Second 60.1 27,481
Middle 58.2 27,404
Fourth 47.0 27,283
Highest 36.8 27,062
Total 49.6 136,483
1
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that
does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS
surveys conducted prior to 2020, this was known as a long-
lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
2
Percentage of the de facto household population who could
sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the household were used
by up to two residents.
404 • Malaria
Table 12.3C Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN)
by county
Percentage of the de facto population with access to an ITN
in the household, by county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of
the de facto
population with
access to Number of
County an ITN1,2 persons
Mombasa 55.6 3,392
Kwale 62.9 2,301
Kilifi 66.0 4,149
Tana River 53.8 824
Lamu 54.4 445
Taita/Taveta 82.7 1,073
Garissa 10.8 1,452
Wajir 27.9 870
Mandera 9.7 1,240
Marsabit 17.1 748
Isiolo 37.7 647
Meru 25.9 4,518
Tharaka-Nithi 43.9 1,247
Embu 35.9 1,624
Kitui 23.6 3,394
Machakos 48.5 4,174
Makueni 35.9 2,753
Nyandarua 7.1 1,812
Nyeri 14.8 2,108
Kirinyaga 57.8 1,867
Murang’a 30.5 3,142
Kiambu 22.9 7,704
Turkana 31.5 1,754
West Pokot 60.9 2,155
Samburu 12.0 771
Trans Nzoia 82.6 3,060
Uasin Gishu 73.8 3,729
Elgeyo/Marakwet 15.3 1,209
Nandi 81.2 2,639
Baringo 48.5 1,883
Laikipia 19.7 1,422
Nakuru 21.2 6,630
Narok 69.0 3,542
Kajiado 31.9 3,537
Kericho 79.6 3,100
Bomet 88.7 2,736
Kakamega 79.8 5,916
Vihiga 86.0 1,721
Bungoma 82.5 4,981
Busia 81.0 2,971
Siaya 72.3 2,652
Kisumu 61.5 3,320
Homa Bay 74.0 3,177
Migori 72.9 3,170
Kisii 79.2 3,555
Nyamira 88.2 1,585
Total 49.6 136,483
1
2
Percentage of the de facto household population who could
sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the household were used
by up to two residents.
Malaria • 405
Table 12.4 Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household
Percentage of the de facto household population who slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under
an insecticide-treated net (ITN) the night before the survey; and among the de facto household population in
households with at least one ITN, percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to
Household population in
Household population households with at least one ITN1
Percentage who
slept under any Percentage who Percentage who
Background mosquito net slept under an Number of slept under an Number of
characteristic last night ITN1 last night persons ITN1 last night persons
Age
<5 59.9 51.2 17,814 76.9 11,869
5–14 46.9 41.4 36,310 64.6 23,264
15–34 46.4 38.8 44,802 67.2 25,893
35–49 53.7 44.5 19,779 76.6 11,480
50+ 50.7 44.8 17,675 79.5 9,961
DK/Missing 32.8 27.9 104 46.7 62
Sex
Male 47.3 40.6 66,029 67.9 39,472
Female 52.3 44.7 70,454 73.1 43,058
Residence
Urban 48.1 31.6 45,648 69.3 20,800
Rural 50.8 48.3 90,834 71.1 61,730
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 66.3 63.5 28,084 73.8 24,137
Lake endemic 70.1 67.2 26,485 74.5 23,894
Coast endemic 65.8 59.7 11,359 78.0 8,694
Seasonal 33.8 25.0 20,682 59.3 8,699
Low risk 32.9 21.5 49,873 62.7 17,106
Wealth quintile
Lowest 41.8 40.4 27,253 65.3 16,877
Second 53.6 52.1 27,481 72.0 19,897
Middle 53.5 50.8 27,404 74.7 18,639
Fourth 49.6 40.7 27,283 73.2 15,155
Highest 50.9 29.3 27,062 66.2 11,962
Total 49.9 42.7 136,483 70.6 82,530
1
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and
KMIS surveys conducted prior to 2020, this was known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
406 • Malaria
Table 12.4C Use of mosquito nets by persons in the household by county
Percentage of the de facto household population who slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under
an insecticide-treated net (ITN) the night before the survey; and among the de facto household population in
households with at least one ITN, percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to
Household population in
Household population households with at least one ITN1
Percentage who
mosquito net slept under an Number of slept under an Number of
County last night ITN1 last night persons ITN1 last night persons
Mombasa 55.9 47.6 3,392 71.6 2,253
Kwale 64.9 62.3 2,301 81.5 1,759
Kilifi 72.0 65.4 4,149 79.5 3,412
Tana River 64.0 58.5 824 80.4 599
Lamu 58.9 49.6 445 73.2 301
Taita/Taveta 78.3 74.8 1,073 82.8 969
Garissa 49.5 9.0 1,452 44.4 294
Wajir 41.8 22.2 870 47.8 404
Mandera 20.3 8.4 1,240 48.7 215
Marsabit 9.7 7.2 748 24.4 222
Isiolo 49.6 35.4 647 64.2 356
Meru 27.5 23.3 4,518 59.1 1,779
Tharaka-Nithi 38.4 36.7 1,247 67.0 682
Embu 38.2 32.5 1,624 70.9 744
Kitui 26.1 22.3 3,394 63.1 1,199
Machakos 47.8 43.3 4,174 72.5 2,496
Makueni 34.0 29.1 2,753 57.6 1,394
Nyandarua 8.3 5.4 1,812 53.6 182
Nyeri 15.7 10.5 2,108 55.2 402
Kirinyaga 59.0 51.3 1,867 80.9 1,184
Murang’a 24.8 21.9 3,142 53.3 1,291
Kiambu 32.4 17.5 7,704 55.9 2,416
Turkana 29.0 24.7 1,754 47.1 918
West Pokot 52.0 50.0 2,155 61.5 1,753
Samburu 12.2 8.3 771 44.3 144
Trans Nzoia 76.5 72.6 3,060 79.7 2,784
Uasin Gishu 65.5 57.5 3,729 70.4 3,047
Elgeyo/Marakwet 10.2 9.9 1,209 39.9 300
Nandi 71.2 69.0 2,639 76.5 2,379
Baringo 44.6 43.4 1,883 66.7 1,226
Laikipia 21.4 15.1 1,422 57.6 374
Nakuru 19.6 16.0 6,630 55.2 1,920
Narok 51.2 49.4 3,542 61.1 2,866
Kajiado 38.3 26.9 3,537 59.6 1,593
Kericho 70.1 69.1 3,100 79.0 2,711
Bomet 74.1 73.4 2,736 77.1 2,604
Kakamega 67.8 66.6 5,916 73.7 5,348
Vihiga 76.0 74.2 1,721 78.2 1,633
Bungoma 67.8 64.9 4,981 70.2 4,601
Busia 75.5 74.5 2,971 77.7 2,850
Siaya 70.7 68.0 2,652 75.9 2,375
Kisumu 67.8 61.8 3,320 78.6 2,610
Homa Bay 65.5 61.4 3,177 67.4 2,893
Migori 73.5 69.5 3,170 76.7 2,873
Kisii 74.4 71.2 3,555 79.8 3,173
Nyamira 79.3 78.5 1,585 82.3 1,512
Nairobi City 40.9 16.9 13,785 66.8 3,488
Total 49.9 42.7 136,483 70.6 82,530
1
Malaria • 407
Table 12.5 Use of existing ITNs
Percentage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) that were used

by anyone the night before the survey, according to
Percentage of
Background existing ITNs1 Number
characteristic used last night of ITNs1
Residence
Urban 72.1 11,685
Rural 71.2 35,088
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 66.9 15,630
Lake endemic 72.2 14,212
Coast endemic 76.7 4,813
Seasonal 75.8 3,493
Low risk 73.7 8,625
Wealth quintile
Lowest 70.7 7,784
Second 72.3 11,064
Middle 73.4 11,177
Fourth 71.1 9,450
Highest 68.3 7,299
Total 71.4 46,773
1
408 • Malaria
Table 12.5C Use of existing ITNs by county
Percentage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) that were used

by anyone the night before the survey, according to
Percentage of
existing ITNs1 Number
County used last night of ITNs1
Mombasa 68.2 1,313
Kwale 84.6 897
Kilifi 79.5 1,789
Tana River 87.9 258
Lamu 77.6 160
Garissa 79.2 89
Wajir 78.2 137
Mandera 88.8 66
Marsabit 38.3 70
Isiolo 86.3 136
Meru 74.1 717
Embu 85.3 376
Kitui 87.1 460
Machakos 82.6 1,342
Makueni 72.6 628
Nyandarua 63.2 90
Nyeri 66.1 220
Kirinyaga 76.1 820
Murang’a 66.9 625
Kiambu 67.7 1,124
Turkana 61.5 321
West Pokot 62.4 792
Samburu 61.6 55
Nandi 71.8 1,574
Baringo 73.1 597
Laikipia 66.8 195
Nakuru 65.5 943
Narok 53.8 1,642
Kajiado 73.6 697
Kericho 76.5 1,691
Bomet 62.4 1,863
Kakamega 70.2 3,343
Vihiga 76.4 1,068
Bungoma 58.9 3,103
Busia 78.4 1,686
Siaya 80.6 1,305
Kisumu 85.6 1,324
Homa Bay 66.0 1,647
Migori 78.2 1,502
Kisii 73.0 2,091
Nyamira 73.9 1,100
Total 71.4 46,773
1
Malaria • 409
Table 12.6 Use of mosquito nets by children
Percentage of children under age 5 who slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under an insecticide-
treated net (ITN) the night before the survey; and among children under age 5 in households with at least one ITN,
percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Children under age 5 in
Children under age 5 in all households households with at least one ITN1
Percentage who
characteristic last night ITN1 last night children ITN1 last night children
Age in months
<12 65.3 55.8 3,617 78.6 2,566
12–23 62.3 53.4 3,466 79.8 2,320
24–35 61.2 52.2 3,405 77.6 2,291
36–47 56.7 48.0 3,715 75.3 2,369
48–59 54.4 46.9 3,610 73.0 2,322
Sex
Male 60.1 51.1 9,012 76.6 6,010
Female 59.7 51.3 8,802 77.1 5,859
Residence
Urban 60.0 39.7 5,989 75.6 3,148
Rural 59.9 57.0 11,824 77.3 8,720
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 71.0 67.3 3,699 76.6 3,254
Lake endemic 77.6 74.6 3,399 80.1 3,165
Coast endemic 72.8 66.5 1,500 81.9 1,218
Seasonal 46.2 35.4 3,200 71.6 1,583
Low risk 47.2 32.7 6,016 74.2 2,649
Wealth quintile
Lowest 50.5 48.5 4,189 72.9 2,786
Second 62.9 61.0 3,459 78.8 2,680
Middle 65.7 62.3 3,235 81.0 2,486
Fourth 59.7 48.8 3,457 78.9 2,136
Highest 63.3 36.9 3,474 72.0 1,781
Total 59.9 51.2 17,814 76.9 11,869
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
1
410 • Malaria
Table 12.6C Use of mosquito nets by children according to county
Percentage of children under age 5 who slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under an insecticide-
treated net (ITN) the night before the survey; and among children under age 5 in households with at least one ITN,
percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Children under age 5 in
Children under age 5 in all households households with at least one ITN1
Percentage who
mosquito net slept under an Number of slept under an Number of
County last night ITN1 last night children ITN1 last night children
Mombasa 65.3 54.9 434 76.7 311
Kwale 69.5 66.4 329 82.7 265
Kilifi 78.5 72.4 541 82.5 475
Tana River 71.7 65.5 146 84.3 114
Lamu 68.5 60.9 65 83.0 48
Taita/Taveta 85.4 83.3 130 90.2 120
Garissa 65.7 12.8 241 58.5 53
Wajir 44.0 21.7 146 51.3 62
Mandera 24.7 9.3 257 54.8 43
Marsabit 12.1 8.9 138 31.2 40
Isiolo 63.2 49.2 99 79.2 62
Meru 50.0 45.7 520 75.0 317
Tharaka-Nithi 59.1 57.3 139 82.8 96
Embu 63.4 58.2 173 85.4 118
Kitui 44.6 42.3 387 77.3 212
Machakos 71.5 64.7 423 85.5 320
Makueni 51.8 46.9 316 74.9 198
Nyandarua 13.5 8.6 207 (69.3) 26
Nyeri 25.3 19.0 240 66.6 68
Kirinyaga 76.2 67.2 207 86.1 161
Murang’a 47.2 45.1 333 68.7 218
Kiambu 49.6 28.9 998 70.2 410
Turkana 39.2 33.3 320 65.1 164
West Pokot 60.5 57.6 431 70.9 350
Samburu 14.6 9.9 153 51.5 29
Trans Nzoia 81.8 75.7 379 84.0 341
Uasin Gishu 75.9 65.8 503 74.5 444
Elgeyo/Marakwet 17.3 16.6 170 41.3 69
Nandi 74.1 71.7 323 78.5 295
Baringo 54.9 53.8 265 76.8 186
Laikipia 30.2 23.7 162 71.6 54
Nakuru 27.7 22.9 930 67.7 315
Narok 58.5 56.6 579 67.1 489
Kajiado 52.7 39.9 538 73.5 292
Kericho 75.2 73.6 353 81.3 319
Bomet 77.0 75.8 349 79.5 333
Kakamega 74.3 71.8 717 77.5 665
Vihiga 81.3 79.3 179 82.2 173
Bungoma 78.4 74.2 671 77.8 641
Busia 84.2 83.8 393 85.6 385
Siaya 79.3 77.0 333 82.3 312
Kisumu 72.3 68.9 426 81.1 362
Homa Bay 74.0 69.7 415 75.0 386
Migori 79.3 75.5 457 81.4 424
Kisii 78.1 75.4 424 82.7 386
Nyamira 82.5 81.1 162 83.3 157
Nairobi City 53.0 23.9 1,712 72.9 562
Total 59.9 51.2 17,814 76.9 11,869
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
1
Malaria • 411
Table 12.7 Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women
Percentage of pregnant women age 15–49 who slept under a mosquito net (treated or untreated) and under an
insecticide-treated net (ITN) the night before the survey; and among pregnant women age 15–49 in households with
at least one ITN, percentage who slept under an ITN the night before the survey, according to background
Among pregnant women
Among pregnant women age 15–49 in households
age 15–49 in all households with at least one ITN1
Percentage who
characteristic last night ITN last night pregnant women ITN1 last night pregnant women
1
Residence
Urban 51.5 29.0 733 70.3 302
Rural 60.4 56.7 995 77.0 733
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 71.5 64.3 329 78.2 270
Lake endemic 79.4 75.3 317 82.2 290
Coast endemic 68.5 61.1 158 82.3 118
Seasonal 47.8 35.2 288 69.8 145
Low risk 38.6 20.2 637 60.7 212
Education2
No education 42.5 33.7 154 64.7 80
Primary 56.5 49.3 602 78.2 379
Secondary 57.7 47.6 710 74.4 455
More than secondary 62.5 34.2 263 74.5 121
Wealth quintile
Lowest 54.5 50.9 355 74.8 241
Second 60.9 59.3 279 73.3 226
Middle 59.8 56.5 303 82.0 209
Fourth 51.5 41.0 374 75.7 203
Highest 57.9 25.4 417 67.8 156
Total 56.6 44.9 1,728 75.0 1,035
Note: Table is based on women who stayed in the household the night before the interview.
1
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary includes
middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest
412 • Malaria
Table 12.8 Main reason mosquito net was not used the night before the survey
Among ITNs, non-ITNs, and all mosquito nets, percentage that were not used by anyone the night before the survey, and among mosquito nets that were not used by
anyone the night before the survey, percent distribution by the main reason each net was not used, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Main reason each net was not used the night before the survey Number
Percent- of
age of Usual mosquito
nets not Don’t like user nets not
used the Total net didn’t used the
night number shape, sleep in No mos- Extra night
before of mos- colour, Unable house- quitoes/ net/ Net too Net before
Background the quito Too and/or Don’t like to hang Slept hold last no saving small/ brought the
characteristic survey nets hot size smell net outdoors night malaria for later short bedbugs Other Total survey
ITNs1
Residence
Urban 27.8 11,685 8.6 0.8 1.0 5.5 0.9 12.9 15.4 48.9 0.4 0.2 5.4 100.0 3,252
Rural 28.6 35,088 3.0 0.8 1.1 4.0 1.0 11.9 8.7 62.7 0.3 0.9 5.7 100.0 10,049
Endemicity
zone
Highland
epidemic
prone 32.9 15,630 1.5 0.7 1.7 4.1 1.1 10.8 7.5 67.9 0.2 0.1 4.4 100.0 5,147
Lake
endemic 27.7 14,212 1.5 0.9 0.7 4.5 0.6 9.8 1.9 72.0 0.3 1.9 5.8 100.0 3,940
Coast
endemic 23.3 4,813 13.0 0.2 0.2 1.6 0.4 15.6 5.1 57.4 0.7 1.2 4.7 100.0 1,121
Seasonal 24.0 3,493 14.9 1.0 1.2 6.2 2.8 12.4 23.4 29.7 0.1 0.3 8.1 100.0 839
Low risk 26.1 8,625 7.5 1.0 0.8 5.2 1.0 17.4 29.4 29.4 0.4 0.1 7.8 100.0 2,254
Wealth
quintile
Lowest 29.1 7,784 5.4 0.9 1.4 6.4 1.1 6.1 10.6 59.5 0.3 1.2 7.2 100.0 2,268
Second 27.6 11,064 2.4 0.5 1.7 4.4 0.7 8.5 6.1 68.0 0.4 1.4 5.9 100.0 3,050
Middle 26.4 11,177 3.6 0.9 0.7 3.3 1.3 13.7 7.9 62.0 0.1 0.7 5.8 100.0 2,950
Fourth 28.8 9,450 3.8 1.0 0.8 3.2 0.6 16.5 10.8 57.4 0.3 0.2 5.5 100.0 2,723
Highest 31.6 7,299 7.5 0.7 0.9 4.9 1.3 15.9 18.3 46.4 0.5 0.0 3.7 100.0 2,308
Total 28.4 46,773 4.3 0.8 1.1 4.3 1.0 12.2 10.3 59.3 0.3 0.7 5.6 100.0 13,301
NON-ITNs
Total 24.0 7,644 11.1 2.1 1.1 3.7 1.9 24.1 21.3 28.2 0.2 0.0 6.3 100.0 1,833
ALL MOSQUITO NETS
Total 27.8 54,417 5.2 0.9 1.1 4.3 1.1 13.6 11.7 55.5 0.3 0.6 5.7 100.0 15,134
1
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS surveys conducted prior to 2020, this was known
as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
Malaria • 413
Table 12.8C Main reason mosquito net was not used the night before the survey by county
Among ITNs, percentage that were not used by anyone the night before the survey, and among mosquito nets that were not used by anyone the night before the survey,
percent distribution by the main reason each net was not used, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent- Main reason each net was not used the night before the survey
age of Usual Number
nets not Don’t user of mos-
used the Total like net didn’t quito nets
night number shape, sleep in No mos- Extra not used
before of mos- colour, Don’t Unable house- quitoes/ net/ Net too Net the night
the quito Too and/or like to hang Slept hold last no saving small/ brought before the
County survey nets hot size smell net outdoors night malaria for later short bedbugs Other Total survey
Mombasa 31.8 1,313 18.1 0.3 0.3 2.7 0.4 10.1 6.0 53.0 1.5 0.6 7.1 100.0 418
Kwale 15.4 897 8.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.6 15.8 1.8 64.5 0.5 3.6 2.4 100.0 138
Kilifi 20.4 1,789 11.9 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.4 16.2 2.1 64.4 0.0 1.4 3.0 100.0 365
Tana River 12.1 258 6.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 14.1 21.9 52.5 0.0 0.0 2.7 100.0 31
Lamu 22.3 160 13.3 0.0 0.4 1.3 1.0 14.8 3.6 57.2 0.4 1.0 7.1 100.0 36
Taita/Taveta 25.2 653 6.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.3 28.1 12.4 47.1 0.3 0.0 3.7 100.0 164
Garissa 20.0 89 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 12.1 33.0 13.9 0.0 0.0 3.1 100.0 18
Wajir 21.7 137 61.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 13.8 21.9 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 30
Mandera 11.2 66 * * * * * * * * * * * 100.0 7
Marsabit 61.7 70 44.8 0.9 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.0 44.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 100.0 43
Isiolo 13.5 136 7.2 1.2 0.0 0.9 2.3 16.5 41.9 18.0 0.5 0.0 11.4 100.0 18
Meru 25.4 717 4.5 0.4 2.2 5.3 0.4 20.9 22.3 26.3 0.0 0.0 17.7 100.0 182
Tharaka-Nithi 25.3 371 4.9 2.3 1.3 0.6 1.9 29.2 8.0 34.3 0.0 0.0 17.4 100.0 94
Embu 14.3 376 6.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 37.8 15.3 32.9 0.0 1.4 4.9 100.0 54
Kitui 12.9 460 (24.2) (0.0) (0.0) (1.9) (1.7) (9.2) (28.2) (21.1) (0.0) (0.0) (13.7) 100.0 59
Machakos 17.3 1,342 5.7 0.5 0.0 1.8 0.7 32.3 20.6 37.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 232
Makueni 27.1 628 10.4 0.0 1.6 1.0 0.0 26.6 30.1 24.8 1.0 0.6 4.0 100.0 170
Nyandarua 36.8 90 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 1.0 11.5 34.9 25.1 2.4 0.0 19.7 100.0 33
Nyeri 33.9 220 6.0 0.0 1.4 5.2 0.0 8.0 54.8 11.9 0.0 0.0 12.7 100.0 75
Kirinyaga 23.8 820 4.3 0.5 0.0 2.9 0.6 9.1 14.9 65.1 0.0 0.4 2.2 100.0 195
Murang’a 32.8 625 5.4 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 12.7 37.8 33.6 0.0 0.0 8.9 100.0 205
Kiambu 32.3 1,124 5.2 2.8 0.0 6.0 1.3 12.5 31.6 29.5 1.3 0.0 9.8 100.0 363
Turkana 38.5 321 7.1 0.3 0.0 1.6 3.1 11.4 37.9 26.7 0.0 0.0 12.0 100.0 124
West Pokot 37.4 792 6.5 0.5 1.1 12.7 5.8 9.1 15.1 43.4 0.3 0.2 5.3 100.0 296
Samburu 37.6 55 17.7 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 11.3 49.1 2.2 0.0 4.4 12.1 100.0 21
Trans Nzoia 32.4 1,892 2.4 1.1 2.1 3.8 3.7 7.7 3.9 69.3 0.2 0.0 5.8 100.0 612
Uasin Gishu 39.3 2,152 1.8 0.5 1.0 4.4 0.3 12.3 9.5 65.8 0.0 0.0 4.5 100.0 846
Elgeyo/Marakwet 37.3 111 9.1 1.5 1.0 2.2 0.0 12.3 56.4 15.6 0.0 0.0 1.8 100.0 41
Nandi 28.2 1,574 3.1 3.5 0.5 9.6 0.0 9.9 5.6 62.8 0.0 0.0 5.1 100.0 443
Baringo 26.9 597 4.2 0.8 2.5 7.6 6.0 9.7 25.2 39.8 0.0 0.0 4.3 100.0 160
Laikipia 32.8 195 3.5 1.1 1.4 5.7 5.4 22.0 33.4 19.4 0.0 0.0 8.2 100.0 64
Nakuru 34.5 943 16.4 1.3 1.5 4.8 1.3 14.7 41.6 13.4 0.8 0.0 4.3 100.0 325
Narok 46.1 1,642 1.4 0.1 3.1 4.7 0.1 10.1 12.9 59.9 0.3 0.0 7.4 100.0 757
Kajiado 26.4 697 10.3 3.0 2.5 7.8 0.0 9.0 21.4 39.2 0.0 0.3 6.5 100.0 184
Kericho 22.9 1,691 1.0 0.0 0.7 1.7 1.4 12.8 1.7 77.7 0.0 0.0 2.9 100.0 387
Bomet 37.5 1,863 0.7 0.4 3.2 3.0 0.5 9.3 4.9 76.1 0.0 0.0 1.9 100.0 698
Kakamega 29.7 3,343 1.1 2.2 1.0 4.3 0.9 6.3 2.7 67.4 0.7 2.2 11.2 100.0 994
Vihiga 23.6 1,068 2.0 0.3 1.8 3.2 0.0 18.5 0.7 66.4 0.0 1.3 5.9 100.0 252
Bungoma 41.0 3,103 2.0 0.2 0.2 6.1 1.1 9.0 1.7 72.8 0.9 2.6 3.5 100.0 1,272
Busia 21.5 1,686 1.3 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.0 7.1 3.3 81.2 0.0 1.9 2.7 100.0 363
Siaya 19.2 1,305 0.6 0.0 0.4 1.5 0.0 11.8 1.5 80.6 0.0 1.9 1.6 100.0 251
Kisumu 14.4 1,324 3.9 0.0 0.3 2.2 2.2 7.2 4.9 73.8 0.6 1.1 3.8 100.0 191
Homa Bay 33.8 1,647 0.5 1.7 0.8 6.5 0.2 10.8 3.7 67.5 0.0 1.2 7.1 100.0 557
Migori 21.8 1,502 1.3 0.8 0.4 4.4 0.0 15.5 0.9 71.9 0.3 0.0 4.6 100.0 327
Kisii 27.0 2,091 0.8 0.0 2.2 1.2 0.4 13.3 2.1 77.7 0.0 0.0 2.3 100.0 565
Nyamira 25.8 1,100 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.3 17.7 1.0 74.4 0.3 0.0 4.0 100.0 284
Nairobi City 20.4 1,737 8.6 0.0 0.6 14.6 1.3 17.2 24.2 24.3 0.0 0.0 9.2 100.0 355
Total 28.4 46,773 4.3 0.8 1.1 4.3 1.0 12.2 10.3 59.3 0.3 0.7 5.6 100.0 13,301
suppressed.
1
An insecticide-treated net (ITN) is a factory-treated net that does not require any further treatment. In KDHS and KMIS surveys conducted prior to 2020, this was
known as a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).
414 • Malaria
Table 12.9 Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy
Percentage of women age 15–49 with a live birth and/or a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey
who, during the pregnancy that resulted in the last live birth or stillbirth, received one or more
doses of SP/Fansidar, received two or more doses of SP/Fansidar, and received three or more
doses of SP/Fansidar, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
women with a
Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who live birth and/or a
received one or received two or received three or stillbirth in the
Background more doses of more doses of more doses of 2 years before
characteristic SP/Fansidar SP/Fansidar SP/Fansidar the survey
LIVE BIRTHS
Birth order1
1 29.0 19.6 12.3 978
2–3 26.7 19.1 12.5 1,530
4–5 30.2 21.6 13.0 684
6+ 28.6 19.7 12.4 332
Residence
Urban 24.2 16.1 9.7 1,273
Rural 30.4 21.9 14.1 2,251
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 14.1 9.4 6.3 751
Lake endemic 70.7 56.6 38.1 637
Coast endemic 75.7 49.9 29.3 285
Seasonal 12.7 8.5 5.2 609
Low risk 11.5 5.8 3.0 1,240
Education2
No education 17.3 10.9 6.0 340
Primary 34.1 25.2 15.8 1,232
Secondary 27.7 18.8 12.1 1,314
More than secondary 23.5 16.1 10.7 637
Wealth quintile
Lowest 28.0 19.9 11.3 765
Second 35.2 25.9 16.3 648
Middle 28.3 21.4 15.3 630
Fourth 28.0 17.4 11.1 772
Highest 22.1 15.3 9.5 709
Total 28.2 19.8 12.5 3,523
STILLBIRTHS
Total 21.8 18.2 6.3 46
Total 28.1 19.8 12.5 3,569
questionnaire.
1
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult education), and more than
3
For women who had both a live birth and a stillbirth in the 2 years before the survey, data are
tabulated for the most recent birth only.
Malaria • 415
Table 12.9C Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTp) by women during pregnancy
according to county
Percentage of women age 15–49 with a live birth in the 2 years before the survey who, during the
pregnancy that resulted in the last live birth, received one or more doses of SP/Fansidar, received
two or more doses of SP/Fansidar, and received three or more doses of SP/Fansidar, according to
Number of
women with a
Percentage who Percentage who Percentage who live birth and/or a
received one or received two or received three or stillbirth in the
Background more doses of more doses of more doses of 2 years before
characteristic SP/Fansidar SP/Fansidar SP/Fansidar the survey
LIVE BIRTHS
Areas where IPTp is

implemented
Mombasa 80.1 51.2 31.2 94
Kwale 75.3 48.1 27.7 60
Kilifi 74.7 49.2 27.6 93
Tana River 40.3 24.3 5.8 29
Lamu 81.0 67.2 42.2 16
Taita Taveta 61.7 43.1 22.7 24
Kakamega 74.4 62.2 45.7 152
Vihiga 88.3 77.0 59.1 36
Bungoma 75.3 58.2 40.6 106
Busia 73.5 54.2 34.7 74
Siaya 68.7 56.8 33.8 53
Kisumu 48.4 38.4 25.5 79
Homa Bay 61.7 49.6 34.2 72
Migori 68.2 49.7 25.4 97
Total areas where IPTp is
implemented 70.4 52.7 33.8 984
Areas where IPTp is not
implemented
Garissa 0.6 0.6 0.6 47
Wajir 4.2 2.6 2.2 27
Mandera 0.0 0.0 0.0 47
Marsabit 3.1 3.1 3.1 28
Isiolo 28.0 22.1 21.4 21
Meru 7.3 7.3 6.5 98
Tharaka-Nithi 12.9 3.8 2.9 26
Embu 25.6 13.8 4.3 31
Kitui 8.6 6.9 4.9 72
Machakos 8.8 2.6 2.6 76
Makueni 15.6 5.7 0.0 60
Nyandarua 7.4 2.8 2.3 47
Nyeri 5.1 0.0 0.0 49
Kirinyaga 25.7 10.4 2.1 45
Murang’a 5.6 1.8 0.0 69
Kiambu 2.0 1.0 1.0 199
Turkana 30.2 18.2 9.9 64
West Pokot 0.0 0.0 0.0 87
Samburu 4.1 2.3 0.8 29
Trans Nzoia 32.3 20.7 11.9 77
Uasin Gishu 15.1 8.9 3.8 106
Elgeyo-Marakwet 9.4 1.8 0.3 33
Nandi 21.9 20.5 20.5 58
Baringo 12.5 5.0 3.5 52
Laikipia 6.5 1.6 1.6 32
Nakuru 12.0 8.4 2.2 166
Narok 4.4 1.9 0.0 119
Kajiado 11.7 9.6 7.2 102
Kericho 11.1 9.8 5.2 79
Bomet 5.1 1.5 1.5 63
Kisii 16.6 12.5 11.2 94
Nyamira 6.8 2.1 2.1 32
Nairobi 18.1 9.8 5.9 403
Total areas where IPTp is
not implemented 11.8 7.0 4.3 2,540
Total 28.2 19.8 12.5 3,523
questionnaire.
416 • Malaria
Table 12.10 Children with fever and careseeking, prompt treatment, and diagnosis
Percentage of children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the survey; and among children under age 5 with fever, percentage for whom advice
or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought the same or next day following the onset of fever, percentage who had
blood taken from a finger or heel for testing, and percentage who were diagnosed with malaria by a healthcare provider, according to background
Children under age 5 Children under age 5 with fever
Percentage for Percentage who
Percentage with Percentage for whom advice or Percentage who were diagnosed
fever in the whom advice or treatment was had blood taken with malaria by a
Background 2 weeks before Number of treatment was sought the same from a finger or healthcare Number of
characteristic the survey children sought1 or next day heel for testing provider children
Age in months
<12 18.5 3,573 66.7 42.1 26.8 13.9 662
12–23 21.2 3,324 69.9 42.1 39.4 21.8 705
24–35 15.9 3,230 67.5 43.3 31.2 21.1 513
36–47 17.0 3,435 71.6 39.6 35.8 26.2 582
48–59 12.9 3,321 72.6 42.6 33.1 31.5 427
Sex
Male 17.2 8,589 70.2 42.8 34.6 22.0 1,478
Female 17.0 8,294 68.8 40.9 32.2 22.3 1,412
Residence
Urban 17.0 6,316 68.9 44.6 33.5 13.1 1,071
Rural 17.2 10,567 69.8 40.3 33.3 27.5 1,818
Endemicity zone
Highland epidemic
prone 14.4 3,423 71.3 40.8 30.5 21.2 492
Lake endemic 25.5 2,991 74.1 42.1 49.4 45.8 764
Coast endemic 15.5 1,403 54.2 35.2 34.5 13.4 218
Seasonal 15.9 2,975 62.9 32.8 29.3 16.3 474
Low risk 15.5 6,090 71.7 48.4 23.8 8.5 942
No education 14.6 1,738 57.0 31.0 34.0 22.0 255
Primary 18.0 6,374 67.5 37.3 34.6 28.1 1,147
Secondary 17.9 5,719 73.7 47.4 31.7 19.8 1,025
More than
secondary 15.2 3,053 71.9 47.0 33.9 12.9 464
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.0 3,784 64.3 36.1 33.5 27.4 643
Second 17.6 3,038 69.5 35.8 36.1 30.2 535
Middle 17.2 2,955 74.2 44.5 33.9 28.1 509
Fourth 18.7 3,410 70.2 45.3 29.9 16.8 636
Highest 15.3 3,697 70.4 47.9 34.2 9.4 566
Total 17.1 16,883 69.5 41.9 33.4 22.2 2,890
1
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector, NGO medical sector, FBO medical sector, shop,
market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.
2
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities.
Malaria • 417
Table 12.10C Children with fever and careseeking, prompt treatment, and diagnosis by county
Percentage of children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the survey; and among children under age 5 with fever, percentage for whom
advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or treatment was sought the same or next day following the onset of fever, percentage
who had blood taken from a finger or heel for testing, and percentage who were diagnosed with malaria by a healthcare provider, according to county,
Kenya DHS 2022
Children under age 5 Children under age 5 with fever
Percentage for Percentage who
Percentage with Percentage for whom advice or Percentage who were diagnosed
fever in the whom advice or treatment was had blood taken with malaria by
2 weeks before Number of treatment was sought the same from a finger or a healthcare Number of
County the survey children sought1 or next day heel for testing provider children
Mombasa 20.6 429 41.7 20.9 43.6 14.2 88
Kwale 5.9 296 * * * * 17
Kilifi 16.4 494 61.0 49.3 30.7 13.1 81
Tana River 17.7 137 54.0 10.4 27.8 11.2 24
Lamu 28.8 62 78.6 33.4 19.5 6.7 18
Taita/Taveta 10.8 123 (57.6) (40.0) (25.0) (0.0) 13
Garissa 6.5 233 (55.0) (16.1) (54.1) (25.1) 15
Wajir 24.0 143 56.9 32.8 14.7 2.5 34
Mandera 13.1 246 37.5 18.0 24.7 16.6 32
Marsabit 6.9 130 (46.1) (8.8) (32.3) (38.0) 9
Isiolo 17.3 94 59.9 15.1 34.3 18.7 16
Meru 21.3 461 66.5 38.0 17.8 12.0 98
Tharaka-Nithi 31.4 125 74.4 42.1 34.2 8.4 39
Embu 11.4 163 (79.5) (62.5) (6.4) (12.1) 19
Kitui 10.0 334 (54.4) (26.4) (12.4) (15.4) 33
Machakos 16.5 379 (78.0) (47.7) (24.3) (15.8) 63
Makueni 4.0 291 * * * * 12
Nyandarua 9.4 193 (73.3) (37.7) (23.2) (4.1) 18
Nyeri 15.2 222 (97.6) (69.3) (23.0) (0.0) 34
Kirinyaga 5.6 198 * * * * 11
Murang’a 16.1 317 (71.3) (32.6) (11.3) (6.0) 51
Kiambu 17.1 1,058 68.0 47.0 28.8 0.0 181
Turkana 23.1 299 76.8 53.5 56.0 32.7 69
West Pokot 8.3 403 72.0 42.0 52.6 49.2 34
Samburu 13.6 144 51.0 19.5 23.7 15.5 20
Trans Nzoia 17.8 348 74.0 43.0 41.9 52.3 62
Uasin Gishu 24.7 490 77.9 42.0 29.6 17.1 121
Elgeyo/Marakwet 8.7 160 (65.1) (42.9) (15.1) (0.0) 14
Nandi 13.2 289 72.5 43.0 34.6 32.0 38
Baringo 17.4 243 85.3 39.7 35.4 26.1 42
Laikipia 9.0 155 (77.9) (48.2) (13.8) (7.3) 14
Nakuru 19.6 853 66.2 41.6 18.6 8.3 167
Narok 10.8 554 59.3 23.0 29.5 14.6 60
Kajiado 21.1 511 60.1 34.5 21.5 4.0 108
Kericho 4.7 360 * * * * 17
Bomet 20.9 325 67.0 44.5 9.6 4.0 68
Kakamega 23.6 609 72.2 29.5 38.4 34.0 144
Vihiga 16.2 159 64.2 34.8 23.8 25.4 26
Bungoma 19.6 561 71.4 50.0 50.5 51.0 110
Busia 29.3 317 85.0 54.8 79.7 59.8 93
Siaya 13.6 302 84.1 30.3 65.6 63.5 41
Kisumu 19.4 413 66.3 40.0 49.6 39.6 80
Homa Bay 36.4 360 78.2 50.3 43.6 38.1 131
Migori 39.4 422 73.7 38.4 44.5 48.1 166
Kisii 11.3 368 (69.2) (52.7) (30.4) (17.0) 42
Nyamira 15.7 129 (67.2) (57.1) (26.8) (16.7) 20
Nairobi City 15.0 1,982 72.3 54.7 27.5 12.7 296
Total 17.1 16,883 69.5 41.9 33.4 22.2 2,890
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases
and has been suppressed.
1
Includes advice or treatment from the following sources: public medical sector, private medical sector, NGO medical sector, FBO medical sector,
shop, market, and itinerant drug seller. Excludes advice or treatment from a traditional practitioner.
418 • Malaria
Table 12.11 Source of advice or treatment for children with fever
Percentage of children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the
survey for whom advice or treatment was sought from specific sources; and
among children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the survey for
whom advice or treatment was sought, percentage for whom advice or
treatment was sought from specific sources, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage for whom advice
or treatment was sought
from each source:
Among children
with fever for
whom advice
Among children or treatment
Source with fever was sought
Public sector 40.7 58.3
Government hospital 13.0 18.7
Government health centre 9.2 13.2
Government dispensary 18.4 26.3
Mobile clinic 0.2 0.3
CHW/Fieldworker 0.2 0.3
Private medical sector (non-NGO) 28.2 40.5
Private hospital 9.8 14.0
Private clinic 5.8 8.3
Pharmacy 12.4 17.8
Private doctor 0.3 0.5
Mobile clinic 0.0 0.0
CHW/Fieldworker 0.0 0.1
Private medical sector (NGO) 1.1 1.5
NGO hospital 0.0 0.0
NGO clinic 0.0 0.1
FBO medical sector 1.0 1.4
FBO/Mission hospital 1.0 1.4
FBO/Mission clinic 0.0 0.1
Other private sector 1.1 1.6
Shop 0.7 1.0
Traditional practitioner 0.4 0.5
Other 0.3 0.4
Number of children 2,890 2,017
Note: Advice or treatment for children with fever may have been sought
from more than one source.
CHW = community health worker.
NGO = non-governmental organisation.
FBO = faith-based organisation.
Malaria • 419
Table 12.12 Type of antimalarial drugs used
Among children under age 5 with fever in the 2 weeks before the survey who took any antimalarial medication, percentage who took specific antimalarial
drugs, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number
of
children
with
fever
Specific ACT Percentage of children who took: who
took
SP/ Arte- Arte- Other anti-
Background Any Any Fan- Chloro- Amodia- Quinine Quinine sunate sunate antimalarial
characteristic ACT AL DHAP Other ACT sidar quine quine pills injection rectal injection malarial drug
Age in months
<6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * 20
6–11 79.3 72.2 4.8 4.0 0.0 6.6 13.3 3.7 0.2 0.0 1.5 2.8 1.8 72
12–23 77.5 73.5 0.0 5.1 0.0 4.6 4.2 5.5 1.9 2.6 3.7 6.1 1.4 126
24–35 91.3 86.6 0.8 5.0 0.0 3.7 1.5 3.6 1.1 2.2 0.7 1.4 2.5 94
36–47 85.4 82.0 0.6 2.8 0.0 2.4 4.1 4.7 1.1 3.3 0.0 5.9 0.0 143
48–59 85.9 83.8 0.2 3.3 0.0 6.6 3.1 3.7 0.9 3.2 0.0 1.1 0.8 128
Sex
Male 81.8 78.7 0.7 3.2 0.0 4.3 6.0 5.5 1.8 3.9 0.4 3.3 1.1 290
Female 86.1 81.6 1.3 4.4 0.0 4.6 3.5 2.9 0.3 1.0 1.8 3.9 1.7 294
Residence
Urban 75.5 71.5 1.3 3.1 0.0 5.3 9.4 4.0 1.2 2.0 4.6 10.1 0.6 109
Rural 85.9 82.2 0.9 4.0 0.0 4.2 3.7 4.3 1.0 2.5 0.3 2.1 1.5 475
Endemicity zone
Highland
epidemic
prone 85.7 80.6 0.0 5.1 0.0 3.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 4.5 1.6 2.4 3.7 68
Lake endemic 91.4 88.0 0.7 3.8 0.0 1.6 2.9 4.1 0.9 1.5 0.1 2.4 0.8 370
Coast endemic * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10
Seasonal 76.8 71.2 4.3 4.4 0.0 7.0 6.1 11.0 3.0 6.2 0.4 3.1 0.9 76
Low risk (46.6) (44.0) (0.0) (2.6) (0.0) (20.7) (12.7) (2.0) (1.5) (1.3) (7.3) (14.2) (2.6) 59
Mother’s
education1
No education 74.2 68.8 2.0 4.3 0.0 7.2 4.5 7.6 7.2 7.6 0.6 1.7 0.6 49
Primary 89.0 86.4 0.2 3.5 0.0 3.4 4.6 2.3 0.5 1.3 0.6 1.4 1.6 305
Secondary 76.6 71.6 0.0 5.5 0.0 4.7 5.9 6.0 0.6 2.8 2.7 8.8 1.7 160
More than
secondary 85.6 80.6 5.8 1.0 0.0 6.4 2.9 6.1 0.3 2.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 69
Wealth quintile
Lowest 83.6 81.5 0.9 2.7 0.0 4.8 4.3 5.4 2.5 2.6 0.2 1.7 1.1 165
Second 91.2 87.1 0.2 4.6 0.0 2.6 2.9 3.8 0.7 2.3 0.0 2.6 0.8 158
Middle 84.1 80.1 0.7 5.0 0.0 5.9 3.6 3.1 0.0 3.7 1.2 0.5 2.1 126
Fourth 78.9 73.1 3.5 2.3 0.0 0.3 10.7 2.6 0.0 0.5 5.5 7.7 2.8 84
Highest 70.6 66.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 12.0 4.8 6.8 2.3 2.3 0.0 14.3 0.0 50
Total 84.0 80.2 1.0 3.8 0.0 4.4 4.7 4.2 1.1 2.4 1.1 3.6 1.4 583
ACT = Artemisinin-based combination therapy,
AL = Artemether-lumefantrine
DHAP = Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine
SP = Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities.
420 • Malaria
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR
RELATED TO HIV, AIDS, AND TUBERCULOSIS 13
Key Findings
 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment:

Less than 1% of women and men age 15–49 were
diagnosed with TB in the past 12 months.
 Knowledge about medicines to prevent and treat HIV:
Ninety-two percent of women and 93% of men age 15–49
have ever heard of ARVs. About half of both women and
men age 15–49 have ever heard of PrEP.
 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with
HIV: Twenty-four percent of women and 17% of men age
15–49 have discriminatory attitudes toward individuals
living with HIV.
 Multiple sexual partnerships and higher-risk sexual
intercourse: The average number of sexual partners in a
lifetime for men and women age 15–49 is 7.4 and 2.3,
respectively. Nineteen percent of women age 15–49 had
intercourse with a person who was neither their husband
or lived with them in the past year, of whom 37% used a
condom. Thirty-five percent of men age 15–49 had
intercourse with a person who was neither their wife or
lived with them in the past year, of whom 68% used a
condom.
 Coverage of HIV testing: Eighty-five percent of women
and 72% of men age 15–49 have been tested for HIV. In
in the last 12 months, 47% of women and 39% of men
age 15–49 had an HIV test. About one in ten women and
men age 15–49 have ever used a HIV self-test kit.
 Experience of shame stigma by people living with
HIV: Thirty-eight percent of women and 27% of men age
15–49 feel ashamed because of their positive HIV status.
About two in five women and men age 15–49 have
experienced stigma in a community setting. Ten percent
of women and 8% of men age 15–49 have had health
care workers talk badly about them because of their HIV
status.
 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted
infections: Thirteen percent of women and 6% of men
age 15–49 have had an STI or symptoms of an STI in the
past 12 months.
 Knowledge and practice about HIV prevention among
young people: Six in in ten young women and men age
15–34 have knowledge about HIV prevention.
T
he objective of this chapter is to establish the extent of knowledge, perceptions, behaviour,
diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis and HIV among men and women age 15–49. The chapter
also focuses on HIV and AIDS knowledge and patterns of sexual activity among young people age
15–24 who experience the highest incidence of HIV infections.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Related to Tuberculosis, HIV, and AIDS • 421
13.1 TUBERCULOSIS: KNOWLEDGE, DIAGNOSIS, AND PREVENTIVE TREATMENT
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that spreads through the air when an infected person coughs,
sneezes, speaks, laughs, or sings. This disease is characterised by high morbidity and mortality in Kenya. It
is estimated that about 120,000 people are infected annually in Kenya and about 32,000 people die from
TB each year (WHO 2022). The Ministry of Health (MoH) through the National Tuberculosis, Leprosy
and Lung Program (NTLD-P) has made significant progress toward the prevention and treatment of TB.
People are first infected latently with TB with 5% progressing to develop active TB within eighteen
months and the same percentage at risk of developing TB later in life. The risk of developing active TB is
significantly increased after HIV infection. Therefore, TB is strongly associated with HIV.
13.1.1 Knowledge and Beliefs about Tuberculosis
Ninety-seven percent of women and 98% of men age 15–49 have ever heard of TB disease. Five percent of
women and 4% of men age 15–49 think that all people with TB also have HIV (Table 13.1).
 The level of TB awareness among women age 15–49 increases with level of education, from 89%
among women with no education to 99% among those with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of men age 15–49 who are aware of TB increases with level of education, from 93%
among those with no education to 99% among those with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of women age 15–49 who are aware of TB increases with wealth quintile, and is
lowest among those in the lowest wealth quintile (93%) and highest among those in the highest wealth
quintile (99%).
 The level of TB awareness is lowest among women in Mandera County (74%). For men, it is lowest in
Bungoma County (95%) (Table 13.1C).
 The misconception that people with TB have HIV is highest (13%) among women age 15–49 in
Mandera and Meru counties and highest (19%) among men age 15–49 in Nyamira County.
13.1.2 Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Preventive Treatment
Less than one percent of women and men age 15–49 had been diagnosed with TB in the past 12 months
(Table 13.2.1 and Table 13.2.2).
13.2 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES ABOUT MEDICINES TO TREAT OR PREVENT HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that attacks the body’s immune system, and
specifically, the white blood cells called CD4 cells. HIV destroys these CD4 cells, and weakens a person’s
immunity against opportunistic infections, such as tuberculosis and fungal infections, severe bacterial
infections, and some cancers. AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body's immune
system is badly damaged because of the virus. The most common modes of HIV transmission are sexual
contact and from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding. In Kenya, HIV was first detected in
1984.There are currently 1.43 million people living with HIV in Kenya (Kenya World AIDS Day, Progress
Report 2013–2021).
Antiretroviral medicines, or ARVs, are powerful tools in the fight against HIV. ARVs are taken by those
living with HIV to keep them healthy by preventing the virus from progressing to AIDS. By taking ARVs,
individuals living with HIV greatly reduce the risk of passing the virus to others. Women living with HIV
who take ARVs during pregnancy and breastfeeding reduce the chances of passing the virus to their
children. In addition, those who are HIV negative can take ARVs to reduce their chances of acquiring HIV.
422 • Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour Related to Tuberculosis, HIV, and AIDS
This is called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. Knowledge about and positive attitudes toward these
treatment and prevention measures help to promote their use.
The 2022 KDHS asked women and men age 15–49 if they had heard of HIV or AIDS and a number of
questions about if and how HIV can be prevented. Overall, general awareness of HIV or AIDS among the
population is nearly universal (data not shown).
Ninety-two percent of women and Figure 13.1 Knowledge of medicines to treat HIV or
93% of men age 15–49 have heard prevent HIV transmission
of ARVs that treat HIV. Seventy-six Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who:
of women and 72% of men know Women
that the risk of mother-to-child Men
transmission (MTCT) of HIV can
be reduced by the mother taking 92
Heard that ARVs treat HIV
special drugs (Table 13.3 and
93
Figure 13.1).
Half of women and men (48% of

Know that the risk of MTCT 76
women and 49% of men) have
can be reduced by mother
heard of PrEP. Among those who taking special drugs 72
have heard of PrEP, 7 in every 10
women (71%) and 6 in every 10
men (62%) approve of those who 48
take PrEP to prevent getting HIV. Heard of PrEP
49
Trends: Knowledge that the risk of
MTCT can be reduced by taking
ARVs has increased from 33% in 2003 KDHS to Figure 13.2 Trends in knowledge of
76% in 2022 among women age 15–49, while for mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)
men, it increased from 38% in 2003 to 72% in 2022 Percentage of women and men age
KDHS (Figure 13.2). 15–49 who know that the risk of MTCT
can be reduced by mother taking special
Patterns by background characteristics drugs
 Knowledge of ARVs is higher among women Women 76 76

and men age 40–49 than among women and men 70
age 15–19; 96% of both women and men age 69 Men 68 72
40–49 have ever heard of ARVs as compared 38
with 82% of women and 80% of men age 15–19.
33
 Awareness of ARVs increases with level of
education. Nearly all (99%) women and men age
15–49 with more than secondary education have 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
ever heard of ARVs compared with about two-
thirds of women (66%) and men (69%) with no Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally
education. the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
 The percentage of women who approve of
people who take PrEP to prevent HIV infection
is higher in rural areas than in urban areas (74% versus 68%). In contrast, men in urban areas are more
likely than their counterparts in rural areas to approve of PrEP use (71% versus 54%).
13.3 DISCRIMINATORY ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV
Widespread stigma and discrimination in a population can adversely affect both individual’s willingness to
be tested and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, reduction of stigma and discrimination
in a population is an important indicator of the success of programmes that target HIV prevention and
control.
Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV

Women and men are asked two questions to assess discriminatory attitudes
towards those living with HIV. Respondents with discriminatory attitudes
towards those living with HIV are those who say that they would not buy fresh
vegetables from a shopkeeper or vendor if they knew that person had HIV, or
who say that children living with HIV should not be allowed to attend school
with children who do not have HIV.
Sample: Women and men age 15–49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS
Twenty-four women and 17% of Figure 13.3 Discriminatory attitudes towards people
men age 15–49 have discriminatory living with HIV
attitudes towards those living with Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have
HIV. About 1 in 10 women (9%) discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV
and men (8%) age 15–49 who have
Women Men
heard of HIV or AIDS (9% and 8%
respectively) do not think that
children living with HIV should be
able to attend school with children
who are HIV negative. Twenty-two
percent of women and 15% of men 24
17
22
15
would not buy fresh vegetables 9 8
from a shopkeeper who has HIV.
(Table 13.4 and Figure 13.3). Percentage with Percentage who do Percentage who
discriminatory not think that children would not buy fresh
attitudes towards people living with HIV should be vegetables from a
Patterns by background living with HIV able to attend school with shopkeeper who has HIV
characteristics children who are HIV
negative
 The percentage of women and

men with discriminatory attitudes towards those living with HIV is higher in rural areas (26% of
women and 20% of men) than in urban areas (20% of women and 12% of men) (Table 13.4).
 The percentage of women and men age 15–49 Figure 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes
with discriminatory attitudes decreases with towards people living with HIV education
increase in education level, from 66% of women Percentage of women and men age
and 53% of men with no education to 13% of 15–49 with discriminatory attitudes
women and 6% of men with more than towards people living with HIV
secondary education (Figure 13.4). Women Men
 Discriminatory attitudes towards those with HIV

66
decreases with increase in wealth quintile, from
53
43% among women in the lowest wealth quintile
to 17% among those in the highest wealth
27 25
quintile and from 31% among men in the lowest 20
quintile to 10% among those in the highest 13 13
6
quintile.
 Counties with the highest percentages of women secondary
and men age 15–49 who have discriminatory
Note: Respondents have discriminatory attitudes if they do
attitudes towards those living with HIV are not think that children living with HIV should be able to
Mandera (92% for women and 60% for men) attend school with children who are HIV negative or would
not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV.
followed by Wajir County (84% for women and
54% for men) (Table 13.4C).
13.4 MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS

Women age 15–49 have had an average of 2.3 sexual partners in their lifetime, while men age 15–49 have
had an average of 7.4 sexual partners (Table 13.5.1 and Table 13.5.2).
Four percent of women age 15–49 Figure 13.5 Sex and condom use with non-cohabiting
had 2 or more sexual partners in the partners
last 12 months. About a quarter Percentage of women and men age 15–49
(24%) of these women used a Women Men
condom during the last sexual
intercourse (Table 13.5.1). Nineteen
percent of women age 15–49 had 68
sexual intercourse in the last 12
months with a person who was 35 37
neither their husband nor lives with 19
them (non-cohabiting partner).
Among these, 37% used a condom
during the last sexual intercourse Had sex in the last Among those who had sex with
with such a partner (Figure 13.5). 12 months with a person who a non-cohabiting partner,
was neither their husband/wife percentage who used a condom
nor lived with them during last sex with a non-
Fifteen percent of men age 15–49 (non-cohabiting partner) cohabiting partner
have had 2 or more sexual partners
in the last 12 months, and 35% have had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was
neither their wife nor lives with them (non-cohabiting partner) (Table 13.5.2). Among men with two or
more sexual partners, 45% reported using a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Sixty-eight of men
who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who neither was their wife nor lived with them
used a condom during the last sexual intercourse with such a partner (Figure 13.5).
 The percentage of women age 15–49 who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was
neither their husband nor lived with increases with level of education from 7% among those with no
education to 27% among those with secondary and above education. Similarly, the percentage of men
age 15–49 who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor
lived with increases with level of education from 20% among those with no education to 43% among
those with secondary and above education.
 The percentage of women age 15–49 who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was
neither their husband nor lived with them increases with wealth quintile, from 14% among those in the
lowest quintile to 22% among those in the highest quintile.
 Murang’a County has the highest percentage (11%) of women age 15–49 who had 2 or more sexual
partners in the last 12 months, while counties with the lowest percentage are Mandera, Tana River and
Kwale counties (less than 1% each) (Table 13.5.1C).
 Narok County has the highest percentages (43%) of men age 15–49 who had 2 or more sexual partners
in the last 12 months, while Kirinyaga, Kericho and Garissa counties have the lowest percentage (2%
each) (Table 13.5.2C).
13.5 COVERAGE OF HIV TESTING SERVICES

HIV testing programmes diagnose those living with HIV so that they can be connected to care and access
antiretroviral therapy (ART). Knowledge of HIV status helps HIV negative individuals reduce their risk
and remain negative.
13.5.1 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women
Ninety-five percent of women age 15–49 who gave birth in the 2 years before the survey were tested for
HIV during ANC or labour and received results (Table 13.6).
 The percentage of pregnant women who were tested for HIV during antenatal care or labour and
received results increases with level of education, from 68% among those with no education to 99%
among those with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of pregnant women tested for HIV during antenatal care or labour and received results
increases with wealth quintile from 85% among pregnant women in the lowest wealth quintile to 99%
among those in the highest wealth quintile.
13.5.2 Experience with Prior HIV Testing
Eighty-five percent of women and 72% of men age Figure 13.6 HIV testing
15–49 had been tested for HIV and received results. Percentage of women and men age
Forty-seven percent of women and 39% of men age 15–49
15–49 had been tested for HIV in the past 12 months Women Men
and received the results of the last test (Table 13.7.1,
Table 13.7.2, and Figure 13.6).
85
In total, 72% of women and men age 15–49 have 72
ever been tested for HIV and received results, and
43% have been tested for HIV in the past 12 months 47
and received the results of the last test (Table 39
13.7.3).
Eight percent of women and 13% of men have been

tested only once in their lifetime, while 31% of
women and 20% of men have been tested six or more Ever tested for HIV and Tested in 12 months
received the result before the survey and
times (Table 13.8). received the result
Trends: The percentage of women who have been Figure 13.7 Trends in HIV testing
tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the Percentage of women and men age
results of the last test increased from 7% in 2003 to 15–49 who have been tested for HIV in
53% in 2004 before declining to 47% in 2022. the past 12 months and received the
Similarly, the percentage of men who have been results of the last test
tested for HIV in the past 12 months and received the
results of the last test increased from 8% in 2003 to
46% in 2014 and declined to 39% in 2022 53
(Figure 13.7). Women
47
29 46
Patterns by background characteristics Men 39
7 23
 The percentage of women age 15–49 ever tested
8
and received results increases with education,
2003 2008–09 2014 2022
from 72% among women with no education to KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
93% among women with more than secondary Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally
education. representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
 The percentage of men age 15–49 ever tested
and received results increases with level of education, from 57% among men with no education to
91% among men with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of women age Figure 13.8 HIV testing by wealth quintile
15–49 ever tested and received Percentage of women and men age
results of the last test is lowest 15–49 who have ever been tested for HIV
(75%) among those in the and received results
lowest wealth quintile and Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest
highest in the fourth wealth
quintile (90%). Among men age Poorest Wealthiest
15–49, the percentage who ever
tested and received results of 86
90 88
81 80 83
the last test increases with 75
wealth quintile, from 59% 65 69
59
among those in the lowest
wealth quintile to 83% among
those in the highest wealth
 Counties with the highest

percentage of women age 15– Women Men
49 who had ever been tested for
HIV and received results of the last test are Kisumu (95%), Homa Bay (93%), and Murang’a (92%).
The counties with the lowest percentage are Mandera (17%), Wajir (49%), and Garissa (52%) (Table
13.7.1C and Map 13.1).
 Counties with the highest percentage of men age 15–49 who had ever been tested for HIV and
received results are Nairobi City (89%), Homa Bay (85%), and Kisumu (84%). The counties with the
lowest percentage are Wajir (39%), Mandera (46%), and Nandi (51%) (Table 13.7.2C and Map 13.1).
Map 13.1 HIV testing by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever been tested for HIV and received results
Women
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever been tested for HIV and received results
Men
 The counties with the highest percentage of women and men age 15–49 who had ever been tested for
HIV and received results are Nairobi City (90%), Homa Bay (87%), and Kisumu (84%). The counties
with the lowest percentage are Wajir (37%), Garissa (44%), and Mandera (47%) (Table 13.7.3C).
Knowledge and Coverage of Self-testing
Fifty-five percent of women and 65% of men age 15–49 have ever heard of HIV self-test kits. However,
only 10% of women and 9% of men have ever used a self-test kit (Table 13.9).
 The percentage of women age 15–49 with knowledge of HIV self-test kits increases with the level of
education from 16% among those with no education to 84% among those with more than secondary
education. Similarly, the percentage of men age 15–49 with knowledge of HIV self-test kits increases
with the level of education from 18% among those with no education to 91% among those with more
 The percentage of women and men age 15–49 with knowledge of HIV self-test kits increases with
wealth quintile, from 26% of women and 39% of men in the lowest quintile to 76% of women and
87% of men in the highest quintile.
 The percentage of respondents who have used HIV self-test kits increases with level of education,
from 1% of women and 2% of men with no education to 21% each for women and men with more
 The percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have ever used HIV self-test kits increases with
wealth quintile, from 3% of women and 4% of men in the lowest quintile to 16% of women and 15%
of men in the highest quintile.
13.6 DISCLOSURE, SHAME, AND STIGMA AMONG SELF-REPORTED HIV POSITIVE

Stigma adversely affects the well-being, physical, and mental health of individuals living with HIV and is a
structural driver of the HIV epidemic. In the 2022 KDHS, respondents who have ever received an HIV test
were asked to report on the result of their most recent test. Those who reported that their test result was
HIV positive were asked a series of questions about their experience living with HIV. This included
questions on internalised stigma and experience of stigma in community and healthcare settings. An
indicator of experience of stigma in a community setting is calculated from the three questions included on
this topic.
All these indicators are based on the population of individuals who are aware that they have HIV who
choose to disclose their positive HIV status during the interview. It is important to remember that this
group may exclude some respondents who know they have HIV, but did not disclose their HIV status
during the interview. Therefore, these results should be interpreted with caution.
Stigma and discrimination experienced in community settings in the last

12 months among people living with HIV
Women and men living with HIV who reported that one or more of the following
three experiences happened to them because of their HIV status in the last
12 months: (1) people talked badly about them; (2) someone else disclosed
their HIV status without their permission; (3) they were verbally insulted,
harassed, or threatened because of their HIV status.
Sample: Women and men age 15–49 who self-reported that they were HIV
positive
Among women who reported being Figure 13.9 Disclosure, shame, and stigma
HIV positive, 81% have disclosed experienced by people living with HIV
their positive HIV status to Percentage among women and men age 15–49 who
someone, and 38% feel ashamed of reported their last HIV test as HIV positive
their positive status. Thirty-four
percent of women living with HIV Have disclosed their positive 81
reported that people talk badly HIV status to anyone 78
about them because of their HIV
status and 29% said someone else Feel ashamed because of their 38
disclosed their HIV status without HIV positive status 27
their permission. Twenty-two
percent have been verbally insulted, People spoke badly about them 34 Women
harassed, or threatened because of because of their HIV status 23 Men
their HIV status (Table 13.10.1 and
Figure 13.9). Someone else disclosed their 29
HIV status without permission 27
Forty-three percent of women and
men who are living with HIV Have been verbaly insulted, 22
harassed, or threatened
reported experiencing stigma in a because of HIV status 25
community setting.
Experienced stigma in a 43
Among men who reported being community setting (any of the
43
above 3)
HIV positive, 78% have disclosed
their positive HIV status to someone
and 27% feel ashamed of their positive status. Twenty-three percent of men living with HIV reported that
people talk badly about them because of their HIV status, 27% reported that someone else disclosed their
HIV status without their permission, and 25% have been verbally insulted, harassed, or threatened because
of their status (Table 13.10.2).
Ten percent of women and 8% men aged 15–49 had health care workers speak badly about them because
of their HIV status. Five percent of both women and men age 15–49 were yelled at, scolded, called names,
or verbally abused in another way in a healthcare setting because of their HIV status.
13.7 MALE CIRCUMCISION
Traditional circumcision
A cut, partial removal, or complete removal of the foreskin by a traditional
practitioner, family member, or friend for religious, health, or cultural reasons.
Can be performed at any age.
Medical circumcision
Complete removal of the foreskin by a healthcare worker. Can be performed at
any age.
Sample: Men age 15–49
All men were asked if they were circumcised. Those who said they were circumcised were asked if they
had been traditionally or medically circumcised, as well as the age at which each procedure had occurred.
In some settings, traditional circumcision may leave enough of the foreskin intact so that it is possible to
perform a medical circumcision later. This makes it possible for a man to have been circumcised both
traditionally and medically.
Most (94%) men age 15–49 are traditionally or medically circumcised, with 32% traditionally circumcised
only, 57% are medically circumcised only, and 5% are both traditionally and medically circumcised (Table
13.11 and Table 13.11C).
13.8 SELF-REPORTING OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and symptoms

Respondents who have ever had sex are asked if they had an STI or
symptoms of an STI (a bad-smelling, abnormal discharge from the
vagina/penis, or a genital sore or ulcer) in the 12 months before the survey.
Sample: Women and men age 15–49 who have ever had sex
Thirteen percent of women and 6% of men age 15–49 reported having an STI or symptoms of an STI in
the past 12 months (Table 13.12).
 The percentage of women age 15–49 who reported having an STI or genital discharge/ sore or ulcer in
the last 12 months increases with level of education, from 11% among those with no education to 15%
among those with more than secondary education.
 Counties with highest percentage of women 15–49 who ever had sexual intercourse and who self-
reported having an STI or symptoms of an STI are Murang’a (40%), Mandera (36%), Kirinyaga and
Elgeyo/Marakwet (22% each). Counties with less than 5% are Nandi, Kwale, Samburu, and Garissa.
(Table 13.12C).
 Counties with highest percentage of men age 15–49 who ever had sexual intercourse, and who self-
reported having STI and or symptoms of an STI are Bungoma (18%), Narok (16%), Homabay (13%),
and Migori (13%). Counties with lowest levels are Garissa and Kisii (less than 1% each), and
Machakos and Wajir with 1% each.
13.9 KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR RELATED TO HIV AND AIDS AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE
This section addresses HIV-related knowledge among young people age 15–34 and also assesses the extent
to which young people engage in behaviours that may place them at risk of acquiring HIV.
13.9.1 Knowledge about HIV Prevention
Knowledge about HIV prevention

Knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having
just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting HIV,
knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting two major
misconceptions about HIV transmission: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito
bites and a person can become infected by sharing food with a person who
has HIV.
Knowledge of HIV transmission is crucial to enabling individuals to avoid HIV infection. This is
especially true for young people, who are often at greater risk because they may have shorter relationships
with more partners or engage in other risky behaviours.
Fifty-nine percent of women and 61% of men age 15–34 have accurate knowledge about HIV prevention.
Eighty-four percent of women and Figure 13.10 Knowledge about HIV prevention among
86% of men age 15–34 know that young people
HIV can be prevented by using a Percentage of women and men age 15–34 with
condom every time they have sex, specified knowledge
91% of both women and men age Women
15–34 are aware that having sex Men
with only one uninfected partner 84
HIV risk is reduced by using a
who has no other partners can condom 86
prevent HIV, and 85% of women
and 87% of men age 15–34 are HIV risk is reduced by having sex 91
with only one uninfected partner
aware that a healthy-looking person who has no other partners 91
can have HIV. Eighty-nine percent
of women and 85% of men age 15– A healthy looking person can 85
34 know that HIV cannot be have HIV 87
transmitted by mosquito bites, and
90% of women and 89% of men age HIV cannot be transmitted by 89
mosquito bites 85
15-34 know that a person cannot get
HIV by sharing food with a person A person cannot get HIV by 90
who has HIV (Table 13.13.1, Table sharing food with a person who
has HIV 89
13.13.2, and Figure 13.10).
59
Patterns by background Knows all of the above
61
characteristics
 The percentage of women age 15–34 with knowledge about HIV prevention increases with level of
education.
 The percentage of men age 15–34 with knowledge about HIV prevention increases with level of
education.
 The percentage of women and men age 15–34 with knowledge about HIV prevention increases with
wealth quintile, from 43% in the lowest wealth quintile to 67% in the highest wealth quintile among
women and from 48% in the lowest wealth quintile to 73% in the highest wealth quintile among men.
 Among women and men age 15–34, a higher percentage of respondents in urban areas had accurate
knowledge on HIV prevention (63% for women and 69% for men) compared with respondents in rural
areas (56% for women and 55% for men).
 Counties with the highest percentage of women age 15–34 with knowledge about HIV prevention are
Kisii (80%), Nyamira (80%), and Trans Nzoia (78%). Counties with the lowest percentage are
Mandera (3%), Garissa (17%), and Marsabit (20%) (Table 13.13.1C).
 Counties with the highest percentages of men age 15–34 with knowledge about HIV prevention are
Kisii (96%), Garissa (91%), and Lamu (90%). Counties with the lowest percentage are Mandera
(22%), Marsabit (31%), and Samburu (35%) (Table 13.13.2C).
13.9.2 First Sex
Young people who initiate sex at an early age are typically at higher risk of becoming pregnant or
contracting an STI than those who initiate sex later. Consistent condom use can reduce such risks.
A higher percentage (19%) of men age 15–24 reported having sex before the age of 15 compared with
women of the same age (8%). Similarly, a higher percentage (53%) of men than women had sex before the
age of 18 compared with women of the same age (40%) (Table 13.14).
Trends: The percentage of women age 15–24 who Figure 13.11 Trends in age at first sexual
had first sexual intercourse before age 15 declined intercourse among young people
from 16% to 8% between 1998 and 2022. Similarly, Percentage of women and men age
the percentage of men age 15–24 who had first 15–24 who had sexual intercourse before
sexual intercourse before age 15 decreased from 33% age 15
to 19% over the same period (Figure 13.11).
 The percentage of women age 15–24 who had

sexual intercourse before age 15 is higher in 33 29
22 Men 21
rural areas at 10% compared with women in 19
Women
urban areas at 4%.
16 14 8
11 12
 The percentage of men age 15–24 who had 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
sexual intercourse before age 15 is higher in KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
rural areas at 20% compared with men in urban Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally
areas at 16%. representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
 The percentage of women age 15–24 who had
sexual intercourse before age 15 decreases with increase in the level of education from 19% among
those with no education to 2% among those with more than secondary education.
13.9.3 Premarital Sex
Fifty-seven percent of never-married women age 15–24 and 43% of never-married men age 15–24 have
never had sexual intercourse (Table 13.15).
 Among never-married women and men age 15–24, the percentage of those who have never had sex
declines as the level of education increases, from 83% among women with no education to 27%
among those with more than secondary education, and from 56% among men with no education to
15% among those with more than secondary education.
13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners
Table 13.16.1 and Table 13.16.2 present information on multiple sexual partners and higher risk sexual
intercourse among young people. Four percent of women age 15–24 had more than two sexual partners in
the last 12 months, and among these, 36% reported using a condom during their last sexual intercourse.
Twenty-four percent of women age 15–24 had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was
neither their husband nor lived with them. Of these, 43% reported using a condom with such a partner.
Twelve percent of men age 15–24 had two or more sexual partners in the last 12 months. Of these, 64%
reported using a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Forty-one percent of men age 15–24 had
intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them. Of these,
70% reported using a condom with that partner.
 The percentage of women age 15–24 who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months with a person
who was neither their husband nor lived with them is higher in urban areas (27%) than in rural areas
(22%).
 Use of a condom during the last sexual intercourse among women age 15–24 who had 2 or more
partners in the last 12 months is higher among those who have never been married (48%) compared
with those who have ever been married (17%).
 The percentage of women age 15–24 who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months with a person
who was neither their husband nor lived with them increases with the level of education, from 7%
among those with no education to 48% among those with more than secondary education.
 The percentage of men age 15–24 who had 2 or more sexual partners in the last 12 months increases
with level of education, from 2% among those with no education to 29% among those with more than
 The percentage of men age 15–24 who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who
was neither their wife nor lived with them increases with the level of education, from 24% among
those with no education to 68% among those with more than secondary education.
 Use of a condom during the last sexual intercourse among men age 15–24 who had 2 or more sexual
partners in the last 12 months is higher among those who have never been married (68%) than those
who have ever been married (37%).
 Use of a condom during the last sexual intercourse among women age 15–24 who had 2 or more
sexual partners in the last 12 months is higher in urban areas (42%) than rural areas (29%).
13.9.5 Recent HIV Testing
Taking a HIV test enables a person to know their status and take appropriate action including preventive
behaviour such as using condoms and seeking treatment. Seeking an HIV test is likely to be more difficult
among young people because most lack experience and autonomy in accessing health services. In addition,
there are inherent barriers in health care settings that limit young people from obtaining health services.
Among women and men age 15–24 who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months before the survey,
59% of women and 40% of men had tested for HIV in the last 12 months and received results of the last
test (Table 13.17).
Patterns by background characteristic
 The percentage of women age 15–24 who had a recent HIV test is higher among the ever married
(62%) than the never married (54%).
 The percentage of men age 15–24 who had a recent HIV test is higher among the ever married (54%)
than the never married (38%).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to HIV and AIDS see the following
tables:
 Table 13.1 Knowledge of and beliefs about tuberculosis

 Table 13.1C Knowledge of and beliefs about tuberculosis by county
 Table 13.2.1 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment: women
 Table 13.2.2 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment: men
 Table 13.3 Knowledge of and attitudes about medicines to treat HIV or prevent HIV
transmission
 Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV
 Table 13.4C Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV by county
 Table 13.5.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12
months: Women
 Table 13.5.1C Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12
months by county: Women
months: Men
 Table 13.5.2C Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12
months by county: Men
 Table 13.6 Pregnant women tested for HIV
 Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women
 Table 13.7.1C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Women
 Table 13.7.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men
 Table 13.7.2C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Men
 Table 13.7.3 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women and men
 Table 13.7.3C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Women and men
 Table 13.8 Number of times tested for HIV in lifetime
 Table 13.9 Knowledge and coverage of self-testing for HIV
 Table 13.10.1 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV: Women
 Table 13.10.2 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV: Men
 Table 13.11 Male circumcision
 Table 13.11C Male circumcision by county
 Table 13.12 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STIs
symptoms
 Table 13.12C Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STIs
symptoms by county
 Table 13.13.1 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people: Women
 Table 13.13.1C Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people by county: Women
 Table 13.13.2 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people: Men
 Table 13.13.2C Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people by county: Men
 Table 13.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people
 Table 13.15 Premarital sexual intercourse among young people
months among young people: Women
months among young people: Men
 Table 13.17 Recent HIV tests among young people
Table 13.1 Knowledge of and beliefs about tuberculosis
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have heard of TB, and among those who have heard of TB, percentage
who think that all people with TB have HIV, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Number of Number of
Think all women Think all men who
Have people who have Have people have
Background heard Number of with TB heard heard Number of with TB heard
characteristic of TB women have HIV of TB of TB men have HIV of TB
Age
15–24 96.2 6,188 3.6 5,955 97.3 5,579 4.5 5,426
15–19 95.6 3,125 3.4 2,987 97.2 3,175 4.9 3,086
20–24 96.9 3,063 3.8 2,967 97.3 2,404 4.0 2,340
25–29 97.4 2,916 4.4 2,840 99.1 2,268 2.4 2,247
30–39 97.2 4,652 6.1 4,523 98.8 3,364 4.8 3,325
40–49 96.6 2,960 5.4 2,859 98.9 2,441 5.3 2,413
Marital status
Never married 96.7 5,348 3.0 5,173 97.4 6,576 4.3 6,407
Ever had sex 97.6 2,775 2.9 2,709 97.8 4,303 4.0 4,207
Never had sex 95.7 2,573 3.1 2,464 96.8 2,273 5.0 2,200
Married/living
together 96.9 9,319 5.5 9,031 99.0 6,257 4.2 6,193
Divorced/separated/
widowed 96.3 2,049 6.1 1,973 99.0 819 6.0 811
Residence
Urban 98.3 6,850 3.8 6,733 98.2 5,382 2.9 5,285
Rural 95.7 9,866 5.4 9,444 98.3 8,270 5.4 8,127
Education1
No education 88.7 920 6.9 817 92.8 369 7.2 342
Primary 95.5 6,107 6.5 5,835 97.7 4,894 6.7 4,780
Secondary 98.0 6,481 3.9 6,349 98.8 5,592 3.4 5,528
More than secondary 99.0 3,208 2.7 3,177 98.7 2,797 2.1 2,762
Wealth quintile
Lowest 93.3 2,599 6.9 2,425 96.8 2,062 7.1 1,996
Second 96.0 2,974 5.0 2,854 98.4 2,584 5.8 2,542
Middle 96.5 3,086 5.5 2,979 98.2 2,754 3.9 2,704
Fourth 97.8 3,729 4.2 3,646 99.0 3,325 3.2 3,291
Highest 98.7 4,328 3.3 4,272 98.4 2,927 3.1 2,880
Total 15–49 96.8 16,716 4.7 16,177 98.2 13,652 4.4 13,412
50–54 na na na na 98.6 801 5.6 789
Total 15–54 na na na na 98.3 14,453 4.5 14,201
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
TB = tuberculosis.
1
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than secondary includes
middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the highest
Table 13.1C Knowledge of and beliefs about tuberculosis by county
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have heard of TB, and among those who have heard of TB,
percentage who think that all people with TB have HIV, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Number of Number of
Think all women Think all men who
Have people who have Have people have
heard Number of with TB heard heard Number of with TB heard
County of TB women have HIV of TB of TB men have HIV of TB
Mombasa 98.9 493 2.6 488 99.8 442 2.0 441
Kwale 94.9 260 1.0 247 99.2 209 2.0 208
Kilifi 97.2 489 3.4 475 99.2 405 3.0 402
Tana River 97.0 79 2.2 77 98.6 64 1.0 63
Lamu 96.2 54 4.5 52 99.5 41 1.2 41
Taita/Taveta 93.4 122 4.5 114 98.4 103 2.6 102
Garissa 91.1 163 1.5 148 99.7 117 0.7 117
Wajir 91.3 90 0.3 82 100.0 63 0.4 63
Mandera 73.7 113 12.8 83 98.1 81 8.0 79
Marsabit 88.8 72 7.4 64 97.9 45 1.9 44
Isiolo 94.5 76 4.4 72 99.2 55 4.9 54
Meru 98.6 488 13.3 481 98.8 489 7.1 483
Tharaka-Nithi 97.9 131 2.7 129 100.0 137 5.8 137
Embu 98.2 180 6.3 177 99.6 176 8.0 175
Kitui 95.8 373 2.5 358 97.9 312 1.7 306
Machakos 97.4 544 2.2 530 99.5 480 4.7 478
Makueni 97.3 356 1.7 347 99.7 279 2.6 278
Nyandarua 99.3 225 6.3 224 100.0 168 3.7 168
Nyeri 98.5 261 2.3 257 99.3 235 5.1 233
Kirinyaga 96.5 262 0.7 253 96.6 191 1.3 184
Murang’a 96.5 339 8.7 328 100.0 297 5.6 297
Kiambu 98.1 1,095 5.0 1,075 97.5 911 3.7 888
Turkana 97.4 172 5.7 168 99.1 111 11.9 110
West Pokot 88.1 197 8.2 173 99.4 150 2.8 149
Samburu 93.5 79 11.2 74 99.3 51 7.3 51
Trans Nzoia 98.4 359 4.5 353 99.2 272 5.6 270
Uasin Gishu 98.5 527 5.7 519 99.8 451 1.9 450
Elgeyo/Marakwet 97.2 116 2.4 113 99.8 110 8.6 110
Nandi 84.9 332 3.3 282 98.6 265 1.7 261
Baringo 97.3 193 6.0 188 96.5 165 7.6 159
Laikipia 96.1 173 6.2 167 98.0 145 4.7 142
Nakuru 97.1 862 2.8 837 97.8 670 7.5 656
Narok 95.7 374 7.6 357 99.4 313 16.5 312
Kajiado 97.4 451 7.3 439 98.4 339 2.9 333
Kericho 93.0 372 5.1 346 96.1 330 0.7 317
Bomet 99.1 327 4.4 324 99.7 268 6.0 268
Kakamega 96.6 652 3.6 630 96.2 532 3.2 512
Vihiga 98.2 201 1.6 197 96.4 156 5.5 151
Bungoma 96.9 572 7.4 554 94.9 448 6.3 425
Busia 96.4 336 3.5 324 98.8 262 7.4 259
Siaya 91.5 275 0.4 251 98.0 227 7.5 223
Kisumu 97.1 396 5.5 384 99.3 345 2.3 343
Homa Bay 99.1 344 6.5 341 99.5 258 6.5 256
Migori 97.6 350 2.2 342 99.3 246 2.0 244
Kisii 97.9 463 7.2 454 95.6 326 3.1 311
Nyamira 98.9 168 3.6 167 98.7 133 19.2 131
Nairobi City 98.9 2,157 4.8 2,134 97.3 1,777 1.8 1,728
Total 15–49 96.8 16,716 4.7 16,177 98.2 13,652 4.4 13,412
TB = tuberculosis.
Table 13.2.1 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment: women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who were diagnosed with tuberculosis in past 12 months; and among those diagnosed with
tuberculosis, percentage who were diagnosed within one week; percentage for whom, after their diagnosis, household members
were also screened for tuberculosis and percentage for whom children under 5 in their household initiated preventive tuberculosis
treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Women with TB
Percentage for
whom children
Percentage Percentage under 5 in their
Percentage diagnosed with whose household
diagnosed with TB we within a household initiated
Background TB in past Number of week after members preventive Number of
characteristic 12 months women visiting a facility screened for TB TB treatment women
Age
15–24 0.3 6,188 * * * 19
15–19 0.3 3,125 * * * 8
20–24 0.3 3,063 * * * 10
25–29 0.2 2,916 * * * 5
30–39 0.6 4,652 (19.0) (42.2) (25.8) 28
40–49 0.6 2,960 * * * 19
Marital status
Never married 0.3 5,348 * * * 14
Ever had sex 0.2 2,775 * * * 6
Never had sex 0.3 2,573 * * * 8
Married/living together 0.4 9,319 (20.2) (45.5) (35.7) 34
Divorced/separated/
widowed 1.1 2,049 * * * 22
Residence
Urban 0.4 6,850 (44.9) (32.4) (15.5) 30
Rural 0.4 9,866 (22.8) (36.6) (34.7) 40
Education1
No education 0.2 920 * * * 2
Primary 0.6 6,107 (24.6) (34.7) (30.9) 39
Secondary 0.4 6,481 * * * 23
More than secondary 0.2 3,208 * * * 6
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.5 2,599 * * * 13
Second 0.7 2,974 * * * 20
Middle 0.3 3,086 * * * 8
Fourth 0.5 3,729 * * * 20
Highest 0.2 4,328 * * * 9
Total 0.4 16,716 32.2 34.8 26.5 70
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses
are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
TB = tuberculosis.
1
Table 13.2.2 Tuberculosis diagnosis and preventive treatment: men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who were diagnosed with tuberculosis in past 12 months; and among those diagnosed with
tuberculosis, percentage who were diagnosed within one week; percentage for whom, after their diagnosis, household members
were also screened for tuberculosis and percentage for whom children under 5 in their household initiated preventive tuberculosis
treatment , according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Men Men with TB
Percentage for
whom children
Percentage Percentage under 5 in their
Percentage diagnosed with whose household
diagnosed with TB we within a household initiated
Background TB in past Number week after members preventive Number
characteristic 12 months of men visiting a facility screened for TB TB treatment of men
Age
15–24 0.3 5,579 * * * 17
15–19 0.4 3,175 * * * 11
20–24 0.2 2,404 * * * 5
25–29 0.3 2,268 * * * 7
30–39 0.4 3,364 * * * 13
40–49 1.5 2,441 (16.3) (60.6) (11.2) 37
Marital status
Never married 0.3 6,576 * * * 20
Ever had sex 0.4 4,303 * * * 19
Never had sex 0.1 2,273 * * * 1
Married/living
together 0.6 6,257 (25.7) (64.7) (25.6) 39
Divorced/separated/
widowed 2.0 819 * * * 16
Residence
Urban 0.7 5,382 (10.1) (57.4) (1.4) 36
Rural 0.5 8,270 (41.7) (46.7) (29.7) 38
Education1
No education 0.6 369 * * * 2
Primary 0.7 4,894 (29.2) (62.1) (22.9) 34
Secondary 0.6 5,592 (22.6) (56.4) (12.1) 31
More than secondary 0.3 2,797 * * * 7
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.7 2,062 * * * 15
Second 0.4 2,584 * * * 11
Middle 0.5 2,754 * * * 13
Fourth 0.7 3,325 * * * 22
Highest 0.5 2,927 * * * 14
Total 15–49 0.5 13,652 26.3 51.9 16.0 75
50–54 1.2 801 * * * 10
Total 15–54 0.6 14,453 26.2 48.8 14.1 85
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
TB = tuberculosis.
1
Table 13.3 Knowledge of and attitudes about medicines to treat HIV or prevent HIV transmission
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have heard of antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) that treat HIV, percentage who know
that the risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can be reduced by mother taking special drugs, and percentage who have
heard of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and among women and men age 15–49 who have heard of PrEP, percentage who approve
of people who take PrEP to prevent getting HIV, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who know that HIV can be
transmitted from mother to child:
Percentage who
know that the Percentage who
Percentage who risk of MTCT approve of Number of
had heard of can be reduced Percentage who people who take respondents
Background ARVs that by mother taking have heard Number of PrEP to prevent who have heard
characteristic treat HIV special drugs of PrEP respondents getting HIV of PrEP
WOMEN
Age
15–24 87.3 66.6 41.6 6,188 68.2 2,573
15–19 81.5 60.3 31.4 3,125 64.6 981
20–24 93.2 73.0 52.0 3,063 70.5 1,592
25–29 94.6 80.7 57.1 2,916 68.5 1,666
30–39 95.0 82.6 53.1 4,652 73.0 2,471
40–49 95.5 80.0 45.6 2,960 74.5 1,350
Marital status
Never married 88.1 66.9 44.0 5,348 67.1 2,353
Ever had sex 93.7 74.3 55.5 2,775 67.7 1,540
Never had sex 82.1 58.9 31.6 2,573 66.1 813
Married/living
together 93.7 79.9 49.7 9,319 72.3 4,631
Divorced/separated/
widowed 95.4 81.2 52.5 2,049 72.1 1,076
Residence
Urban 95.3 81.8 58.1 6,850 67.6 3,983
Rural 89.9 71.8 41.3 9,866 73.9 4,078
Education1
No education 65.5 39.6 15.0 920 60.3 138
Primary 90.6 74.5 40.8 6,107 76.3 2,491
Secondary 94.2 77.4 48.8 6,481 71.2 3,165
More than secondary 98.5 85.9 70.6 3,208 64.7 2,266
Total 15–49 92.1 75.9 48.2 16,716 70.8 8,060
MEN
Age
15–24 86.2 59.7 36.5 5,579 59.9 2,035
15–19 79.8 53.7 26.5 3,175 56.6 842
20–24 94.7 67.6 49.6 2,404 62.3 1,193
25–29 97.7 77.4 61.0 2,268 63.2 1,384
30–39 96.8 81.1 58.9 3,364 65.0 1,983
40–49 96.4 81.5 53.4 2,441 61.3 1,303
Marital status
Never married 88.1 62.6 41.2 6,576 62.9 2,708
Ever had sex 94.1 70.0 50.3 4,303 62.9 2,164
Never had sex 76.9 48.5 23.9 2,273 62.8 544
Married/living
together 96.8 80.8 57.3 6,257 62.1 3,584
Divorced/separated/
widowed 96.1 76.9 50.4 819 60.7 413
Residence
Urban 96.3 79.8 61.5 5,382 70.7 3,308
Rural 90.1 66.6 41.1 8,270 54.3 3,396
Education1
No education 69.2 41.4 11.7 369 (66.4) 43
Primary 88.2 67.5 38.0 4,894 61.1 1,862
Secondary 94.9 71.5 47.0 5,592 61.7 2,626
More than secondary 98.7 83.8 77.7 2,797 64.2 2,173
Total 15–49 92.6 71.8 49.1 13,652 62.4 6,704
50–54 96.3 82.4 49.5 801 65.8 396
Total 15–54 92.8 72.4 49.1 14,453 62.6 7,101
WOMEN AND MEN
Total 15–49 92.3 74.0 48.6 30,369 67.0 14,765
1
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary includes middle-level
Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV
Among women and men age 15–49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to
attend school with children who are HIV negative, percentage who would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV, and percentage
with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Percentage
Percentage who do not
who do not think that
think that children
children living with
living with Percentage HIV should Percentage
HIV should who would Percentage be able to who would Percentage
be able to not buy with attend not buy with
attend fresh discriminatory Number of school with fresh discriminatory Number of
school with vegetables attitudes women who children vegetables attitudes men who
children who from a towards have heard who are from a towards have heard
Background are HIV shopkeeper people living of HIV or HIV shopkeeper people living of HIV or
characteristic negative who has HIV with HIV1 AIDS negative who has HIV with HIV1 AIDS
Age
15–24 9.3 23.8 25.5 6,140 9.2 17.3 20.0 5,542
15–19 10.2 26.0 28.1 3,089 10.7 21.2 23.8 3,156
20–24 8.4 21.5 22.9 3,051 7.2 12.2 15.0 2,386
25–29 7.5 20.7 22.3 2,910 5.6 11.4 13.2 2,262
30–39 9.2 22.0 23.9 4,641 6.4 13.5 15.0 3,361
40–49 8.2 20.3 22.2 2,947 7.7 13.5 15.7 2,439
Marital status
Never married 7.5 21.7 23.4 5,310 8.2 16.0 18.3 6,537
Ever had sex 5.4 17.5 19.0 2,768 6.6 13.5 15.7 4,293
Never had sex 9.8 26.4 28.2 2,542 11.4 20.8 23.4 2,244
Married/living together 9.7 22.6 24.5 9,284 6.6 12.8 14.6 6,249
Divorced/separated/widowed 7.6 21.1 22.8 2,044 10.7 18.8 22.2 818
Residence
Urban 5.3 19.2 20.3 6,837 4.4 10.1 11.6 5,368
Rural 11.2 24.2 26.4 9,801 9.8 17.7 20.3 8,236
Education1
No education 45.6 62.9 66.2 892 39.2 48.1 53.1 362
Primary 10.1 25.4 27.4 6,075 12.7 21.7 25.1 4,877
Secondary 5.3 18.8 20.4 6,464 4.2 11.1 12.7 5,576
More than secondary 3.0 11.4 12.6 3,207 1.5 5.4 6.1 2,790
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.7 40.2 43.1 2,568 18.3 26.9 31.1 2,044
Second 10.6 25.3 28.1 2,956 9.0 17.5 20.0 2,579
Middle 6.8 17.9 19.5 3,069 6.6 14.2 16.1 2,742
Fourth 5.7 17.5 18.8 3,722 4.7 11.3 12.8 3,320
Highest 3.2 16.3 17.2 4,323 3.4 7.9 9.6 2,919
Total 15–49 8.7 22.1 23.9 16,638 7.6 14.7 16.9 13,604
50–54 na na na na 7.0 14.6 16.9 797
Total 15–54 na na na na 7.6 14.7 16.9 14,401
na = Not applicable
1
Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative and/or would not
buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV.
2
Table 13.4C Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV by county
Among women and men age 15–49 who have heard of HIV or AIDS, percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to
attend school with children who are HIV negative, percentage who would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV, and percentage
with discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
who do not who do not
think that think that
children living children living
with HIV Percentage Percentage with HIV Percentage Percentage
should be who would with should be who would with
able to attend not buy fresh discriminatory able to attend not buy fresh discriminatory
school with vegetables attitudes Number of school with vegetables attitudes Number of
children who from a towards women who children who from a towards men who
are HIV shopkeeper people living have heard of are HIV shopkeeper people living have heard of
1 1
County negative who has HIV with HIV HIV or AIDS negative who has HIV with HIV HIV or AIDS
Mombasa 7.0 24.0 25.7 493 11.1 18.2 22.5 442
Kwale 5.4 7.9 9.8 257 9.7 15.5 20.4 209
Kilifi 13.7 23.8 26.1 486 3.9 13.0 14.1 405
Tana River 46.1 63.0 65.9 79 14.3 18.5 19.5 63
Lamu 18.7 35.6 39.5 53 10.4 28.5 30.9 41
Taita/Taveta 5.4 22.6 23.2 122 6.2 16.2 19.9 103
Garissa 45.3 68.5 70.0 160 3.7 19.2 19.4 117
Wajir 74.3 79.0 83.6 89 36.2 50.2 54.0 63
Mandera 79.0 88.6 91.7 110 45.4 54.7 60.0 80
Marsabit 42.3 49.0 54.4 65 34.1 46.0 47.1 44
Isiolo 24.2 37.6 42.4 74 19.4 29.7 30.9 55
Meru 11.1 20.4 25.6 488 15.5 26.8 31.6 489
Tharaka-Nithi 12.4 20.0 24.4 130 13.3 22.2 27.0 137
Embu 10.2 23.9 25.7 180 4.8 12.4 12.5 175
Kitui 23.2 29.0 36.3 368 1.4 2.0 2.8 310
Machakos 5.6 30.4 30.9 544 4.3 11.0 12.1 480
Makueni 7.0 22.8 24.8 351 17.9 31.9 35.4 279
Nyandarua 1.5 14.4 14.4 224 2.5 14.3 14.8 168
Nyeri 2.9 10.1 11.9 260 7.4 12.6 14.3 233
Kirinyaga 2.2 12.2 13.2 262 1.3 9.7 10.5 184
Murang’a 11.1 13.7 18.0 339 7.0 15.6 17.7 296
Kiambu 1.3 19.2 19.3 1,095 6.9 13.8 15.5 902
Turkana 31.8 39.1 42.9 170 30.1 31.0 36.3 111
West Pokot 26.8 50.1 53.7 197 21.6 22.6 30.6 150
Samburu 36.7 59.8 64.4 78 24.5 42.8 46.2 50
Trans Nzoia 3.6 14.9 15.8 356 2.1 10.3 10.9 272
Uasin Gishu 4.9 17.6 19.0 523 4.0 13.3 14.7 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 4.6 13.0 15.1 116 8.0 14.4 16.6 110
Nandi 4.2 17.9 19.4 332 3.2 8.3 9.6 263
Baringo 10.7 22.8 25.9 192 4.0 22.7 24.3 161
Laikipia 6.3 19.7 20.9 173 11.2 19.2 24.4 145
Nakuru 6.3 19.5 20.3 856 7.8 15.3 18.4 669
Narok 12.5 54.4 56.0 373 21.1 45.0 47.7 313
Kajiado 12.5 30.9 32.5 446 3.6 6.5 7.7 338
Kericho 12.2 19.6 22.9 366 2.0 4.6 5.2 329
Bomet 15.2 38.9 42.5 326 2.0 10.3 11.1 268
Kakamega 5.0 14.3 16.1 649 12.9 15.6 18.1 530
Vihiga 2.2 13.9 14.4 199 7.5 17.4 19.1 156
Bungoma 6.9 33.7 34.8 571 15.0 32.9 37.7 442
Busia 7.0 13.3 14.1 336 6.8 12.2 15.1 262
Siaya 0.4 0.9 0.9 273 5.6 13.2 14.6 225
Kisumu 2.6 7.3 8.2 396 0.6 0.8 1.5 345
Homa Bay 4.8 11.7 13.3 344 6.0 12.2 13.3 257
Migori 6.8 20.3 23.0 348 9.0 9.8 13.7 246
Kisii 1.1 4.6 5.2 463 2.3 2.7 3.0 326
Nyamira 4.0 6.0 8.0 168 7.7 5.8 10.7 130
Nairobi City 3.8 17.6 18.6 2,157 2.4 5.9 7.1 1,777
Total 15–49 8.7 22.1 23.9 16,638 7.6 14.7 16.9 13,604
1
Percentage who do not think that children living with HIV should be able to attend school with children who are HIV negative and/or would not
buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV.
Table 13.5.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12 months: Women
Among all women age 15–49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, and percentage
who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them; among those having more than one
partner in the last 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among women age 15–49 who had sexual
intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last
sexual intercourse with such a partner; and among women who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime,
Women who had
intercourse in the last
12 months with a
Women who had person who was neither
2+ partners in the their husband nor Women who ever had
All women last 12 months lived with them sexual intercourse1
Percentage
who had
intercourse Percentage
in the last Percentage who
12 months who reported
with a reported using a
Percent- person who using a condom
age who was neither condom during last Mean
had their during last sexual number of
2+ partners husband sexual intercourse sexual
Background in the last nor lived Number of inter- Number of with such a Number of partners in Number of
characteristic 12 months with them women course women partner women lifetime women
Age
15–24 3.7 24.2 6,188 35.5 227 42.6 1,498 2.0 3,669
15–19 1.5 17.5 3,125 30.7 48 46.3 546 1.6 1,029
20–24 5.8 31.1 3,063 36.8 179 40.4 952 2.1 2,640
25–29 4.7 19.9 2,916 13.4 137 35.2 581 2.5 2,825
30–39 3.2 14.8 4,652 15.6 147 29.2 688 2.4 4,541
40–49 2.4 12.4 2,960 26.0 72 29.3 367 2.5 2,912
Marital status
Never married 4.3 35.8 5,348 39.2 232 38.0 1,913 2.4 2,715
Married/living together 2.2 2.7 9,319 4.8 208 44.7 255 2.1 9,229
Divorced/separated/
widowed 6.9 47.1 2,049 27.7 142 32.1 966 3.1 2,003
Residence
Urban 4.3 22.5 6,850 29.1 292 39.9 1,543 2.5 5,752
Rural 2.9 16.1 9,866 19.1 290 33.6 1,591 2.2 8,195
Education2
No education 1.6 7.0 920 * 15 23.6 64 1.6 870
Primary 3.3 16.3 6,107 21.2 204 32.1 993 2.4 5,371
Secondary 3.0 18.6 6,481 22.2 192 38.9 1,205 2.2 4,815
More than secondary 5.3 27.2 3,208 31.5 172 39.9 872 2.6 2,892
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.5 13.7 2,599 16.5 64 29.1 356 1.9 2,168
Second 2.9 16.6 2,974 14.8 88 40.7 494 2.2 2,414
Middle 3.2 18.4 3,086 21.8 100 33.7 567 2.3 2,549
Fourth 3.7 20.1 3,729 28.4 139 37.2 751 2.4 3,197
Highest 4.4 22.3 4,328 29.0 192 38.9 966 2.6 3,620
Total 15–49 3.5 18.7 16,716 24.1 582 36.7 3,134 2.3 13,948
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
1
2
Table 13.5.1C Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12 months by county: Women
Among all women age 15–49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, and percentage
who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them; among those having more than one
partner in the last 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among women age 15–49 who had sexual
intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last
sexual intercourse with such a partner; and among women who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime,
Women who had
12 months with a
Women who had person who was neither
2+ partners in the their husband nor Women who ever had
All women last 12 months lived with them sexual intercourse1
Percentage
who had
intercourse Percentage
in the last Percent- who
12 months age who reported
with a reported using a
person who using a condom
Percentage was neither condom during last Mean
who had their during last sexual number of
2+ partners husband sexual intercourse sexual
in the last nor lived Number of inter- Number of with such a Number of partners in Number of
County 12 months with them women course women partner women lifetime women
Mombasa 2.1 14.6 493 * 11 49.7 72 1.9 401
Kwale 0.5 7.8 260 * 1 (12.3) 20 1.3 195
Kilifi 4.7 19.9 489 * 23 30.7 97 2.2 379
Tana River 0.5 3.9 79 * 0 * 3 1.5 67
Lamu 3.8 11.2 54 * 2 (36.4) 6 2.3 43
Taita/Taveta 1.4 18.7 122 * 2 (33.9) 23 2.2 105
Garissa 3.0 4.3 163 * 5 * 7 1.3 111
Wajir 0.8 0.8 90 * 1 * 1 1.3 61
Mandera 0.0 0.5 113 * 0 * 1 1.3 85
Marsabit 2.4 2.5 72 * 2 * 2 1.2 61
Isiolo 3.3 9.3 76 * 3 (28.1) 7 2.0 58
Meru 2.3 20.2 488 * 11 22.1 99 2.2 423
Tharaka-Nithi 1.4 10.7 131 * 2 (49.0) 14 1.8 120
Embu 2.7 13.2 180 * 5 (29.8) 24 2.1 151
Kitui 3.0 11.8 373 * 11 (12.0) 44 2.6 296
Machakos 3.4 17.8 544 * 19 32.9 97 2.5 443
Makueni 1.5 13.8 356 * 5 23.0 49 2.2 292
Nyandarua 1.4 13.1 225 * 3 (19.7) 29 2.7 177
Nyeri 2.0 19.6 261 * 5 32.6 51 2.6 217
Kirinyaga 2.7 20.2 262 * 7 24.9 53 2.5 224
Murang’a 11.0 27.7 339 (19.6) 37 43.4 94 3.3 276
Kiambu 5.8 22.8 1,095 * 63 30.4 250 2.6 917
Turkana 0.9 7.0 172 * 2 (28.0) 12 1.4 147
West Pokot 0.9 13.4 197 * 2 5.3 26 1.5 179
Samburu 0.8 21.1 79 * 1 25.4 17 1.9 74
Trans Nzoia 1.2 16.1 359 * 4 34.4 58 2.1 298
Uasin Gishu 3.7 24.5 527 * 19 45.1 129 2.5 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3.2 22.1 116 * 4 41.1 26 2.6 106
Nandi 1.4 25.0 332 * 5 31.0 83 2.1 274
Baringo 3.4 18.0 193 * 7 25.0 35 2.2 162
Laikipia 4.6 20.5 173 * 8 36.4 35 2.3 141
Nakuru 1.9 19.9 862 * 16 41.6 172 2.2 772
Narok 4.7 19.1 374 * 18 39.1 71 2.1 336
Kajiado 3.0 20.6 451 * 13 36.7 93 2.2 401
Kericho 6.5 27.9 372 (16.9) 24 29.5 104 2.6 330
Bomet 1.3 10.5 327 * 4 45.7 35 1.6 262
Kakamega 1.5 16.5 652 * 10 43.6 108 2.4 544
Vihiga 0.7 13.5 201 * 1 40.3 27 1.9 143
Bungoma 5.5 23.6 572 * 32 43.2 135 2.8 483
Busia 6.2 17.3 336 (23.4) 21 29.0 58 2.8 262
Siaya 3.1 15.1 275 * 9 37.7 41 3.0 221
Kisumu 3.8 18.4 396 * 15 46.9 73 2.2 321
Homa Bay 4.3 21.2 344 * 15 62.6 73 2.4 297
Migori 4.6 19.0 350 * 16 42.6 66 2.4 300
Kisii 3.1 19.8 463 * 14 40.3 92 2.2 402
Nyamira 1.2 19.9 168 * 2 45.0 34 2.4 143
Nairobi City 4.8 22.7 2,157 * 103 39.7 491 2.6 1,793
Total 15–49 3.5 18.7 16,716 24.1 582 36.7 3,134 2.3 13,948
1
Table 13.5.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12 months: Men
Among all men age 15–49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, and percentage who
had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them; among those having more than one partner in
the last 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among men age 15–49 who had sexual intercourse in
the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last sexual intercourse
with such a partner; and among men who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime, according to
Men who had
12 months with a
Men who had person who was neither
2+ partners in the their wife nor lived Men who ever had
All men last 12 months with them sexual intercourse1
Percentage
who had Percentage
intercourse Percentage who
in the last who reported
12 months reported using a
with a using a condom
Percentage person who condom during last Mean
who had 2+ was neither during last sexual number of
partners in their wife sexual intercourse sexual
Background the last 12 nor lived Number inter- Number with such a Number partners in Number
characteristic months with them of men course of men partner of men lifetime of men
Age
15–24 12.2 40.8 5,579 63.5 682 69.6 2,275 5.1 3,342
15–19 5.3 25.2 3,175 62.2 170 67.0 801 3.1 1,259
20–24 21.3 61.3 2,404 64.0 512 71.1 1,474 6.3 2,083
25–29 21.7 48.6 2,268 48.4 492 66.1 1,102 8.0 2,194
30–39 17.1 27.7 3,364 31.5 575 67.3 931 8.6 3,235
40–49 13.1 17.5 2,441 27.2 319 65.2 428 8.7 2,323
Marital status
Never married 13.8 48.9 6,576 69.5 909 67.4 3,219 6.1 4,258
Married/living together 15.0 15.1 6,257 19.7 939 72.6 945 7.7 6,050
Divorced/separated/
widowed 26.7 69.9 819 55.9 219 63.4 573 12.5 785
Type of union
In polygynous union 51.2 16.2 285 8.3 146 59.4 46 12.3 269
In non-polygynous union 13.3 15.0 5,973 21.8 794 73.3 898 7.5 5,781
Not currently in union 15.3 51.3 7,395 66.8 1,128 66.8 3,792 7.1 5,043
Residence
Urban 17.2 37.0 5,382 47.9 927 67.0 1,991 8.2 4,574
Rural 13.8 33.2 8,270 43.4 1,140 68.7 2,746 6.9 6,520
Education2
No education 14.8 19.5 369 11.4 54 37.4 72 5.8 320
Primary 15.0 29.7 4,894 36.2 735 65.2 1,456 7.9 3,911
Secondary 12.8 35.7 5,592 48.6 714 68.6 1,994 6.5 4,246
More than secondary 20.1 43.4 2,797 56.8 563 71.9 1,215 8.4 2,616
Wealth quintile
Lowest 15.6 32.2 2,062 33.1 321 62.4 663 7.0 1,598
Second 12.3 33.5 2,584 45.5 318 70.2 865 6.6 2,032
Middle 14.4 34.4 2,754 48.8 397 69.7 947 7.4 2,191
Fourth 16.9 36.9 3,325 45.9 561 65.2 1,226 7.6 2,796
Highest 16.1 35.4 2,927 50.4 471 71.4 1,035 8.2 2,477
Total 15–49 15.1 34.7 13,652 45.4 2,067 68.0 4,736 7.4 11,093
50–54 9.9 14.2 801 16.0 79 65.1 114 9.9 758
Total 15–54 14.9 33.6 14,453 44.3 2,147 67.9 4,850 7.6 11,851
1
2
Table 13.5.2C Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12 months by county: Men
Among all men age 15–49, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, and percentage who
had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them; among those having more than one partner in
the last 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among men age 15–49 who had sexual intercourse in
the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom during last sexual intercourse
with such a partner; and among men who ever had sexual intercourse, mean number of sexual partners during their lifetime, according to county,
Kenya DHS 2022
Men who had
12 months with a
Men who had person who was neither
2+ partners in the their wife nor lived Men who ever had
All men last 12 months with them sexual intercourse1
Percentage
who had Percentage
intercourse Percentage who
in the last who reported
12 months reported using a
with a using a condom
Percentage person who condom during last Mean
who had 2+ was neither during last sexual number of
partners in their wife sexual intercourse sexual
the last 12 nor lived Number inter- Number with such a Number partners in Number
County months with them of men course of men partner of men lifetime of men
Mombasa 20.9 36.7 442 46.7 92 68.7 162 6.6 379
Kwale 13.7 35.1 209 (36.6) 29 58.8 73 7.0 149
Kilifi 16.9 38.2 405 38.0 68 65.7 155 5.7 323
Tana River 6.1 6.8 64 * 4 * 4 2.4 44
Lamu 7.7 20.3 41 * 3 (44.6) 8 4.0 31
Taita/Taveta 16.0 36.8 103 (43.5) 17 67.3 38 7.3 76
Garissa 2.3 3.4 117 * 3 * 4 2.3 67
Wajir 6.6 17.9 63 * 4 54.3 11 1.8 40
Mandera 8.1 3.9 81 (4.9) 7 * 3 1.5 45
Marsabit 9.5 24.2 45 * 4 (57.3) 11 4.2 35
Isiolo 18.9 32.6 55 (57.7) 10 78.4 18 7.1 48
Meru 11.2 31.0 489 (36.3) 55 58.9 151 7.5 384
Tharaka-Nithi 20.1 41.3 137 27.8 27 66.6 57 12.3 123
Embu 25.5 36.0 176 42.4 45 55.4 63 6.6 147
Kitui 6.6 28.9 312 * 21 73.5 90 4.8 255
Machakos 18.5 37.1 480 52.7 89 74.3 178 9.2 390
Makueni 16.4 36.4 279 67.4 46 81.8 101 6.7 233
Nyandarua 16.0 30.5 168 (61.1) 27 77.8 51 7.6 126
Nyeri 6.9 32.8 235 * 16 68.3 77 6.0 189
Kirinyaga 1.6 24.9 191 * 3 72.2 48 3.7 153
Murang’a 22.6 43.3 297 45.4 67 69.7 129 14.1 253
Kiambu 17.7 33.4 911 (36.1) 161 64.2 304 8.2 710
Turkana 5.0 18.2 111 * 6 (41.9) 20 6.8 95
West Pokot 27.2 44.5 150 23.5 41 47.5 66 7.3 145
Samburu 21.1 33.9 51 (39.0) 11 65.4 17 6.8 39
Trans Nzoia 7.6 31.8 272 * 21 80.3 87 6.7 216
Uasin Gishu 19.2 45.0 451 61.0 87 81.4 203 7.7 391
Elgeyo/Marakwet 28.5 49.4 110 49.9 31 65.9 55 10.2 101
Nandi 15.1 41.0 265 66.3 40 88.2 109 6.0 231
Baringo 8.2 27.7 165 (46.6) 13 83.0 46 7.7 130
Laikipia 13.8 39.2 145 (39.5) 20 69.6 57 7.5 123
Nakuru 9.5 22.3 670 (30.6) 64 70.1 149 7.1 515
Narok 42.5 61.9 313 29.3 133 64.5 194 8.0 284
Kajiado 11.3 33.2 339 (34.1) 38 52.4 112 7.7 275
Kericho 2.2 38.1 330 * 7 61.1 126 4.0 300
Bomet 14.3 34.0 268 36.3 38 67.6 91 3.8 225
Kakamega 5.6 20.3 532 * 30 67.7 108 7.6 365
Vihiga 6.9 30.3 156 (54.9) 11 67.6 47 6.7 114
Bungoma 14.6 36.2 448 (58.4) 66 68.9 162 6.2 320
Busia 14.8 32.0 262 (32.7) 39 64.7 84 8.4 185
Siaya 13.2 22.8 227 (40.4) 30 88.2 52 7.1 162
Kisumu 19.7 37.6 345 48.7 68 84.6 130 9.6 272
Homa Bay 15.9 34.9 258 (58.1) 41 88.8 90 7.7 223
Migori 28.7 44.1 246 41.5 71 63.2 108 7.5 221
Kisii 6.4 22.2 326 * 21 86.6 72 4.6 267
Nyamira 13.1 28.9 133 (55.7) 17 80.5 38 5.5 107
Nairobi City 18.4 43.6 1,777 52.5 326 58.3 775 9.3 1,586
Total 15–49 15.1 34.7 13,652 45.4 2,067 68.0 4,736 7.4 11,093
1
Table 13.6 Pregnant women tested for HIV
Among all women age 15–49 who gave birth in the 2 years before the survey, percentage who
received an HIV test during antenatal care (ANC) for their most recent birth by whether they received
their results and percentage who received an HIV test during ANC or labour for their most recent
birth by whether they received their test results, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Percentage who were Percentage who had an
tested for HIV during HIV test during ANC or Number of
antenatal care and who: labour and who: 1 women who
Did not Did not gave birth in
Background Received receive Received receive the last two
characteristic results results results results years2
Age
15–24 93.4 0.8 94.6 0.7 1,233
15–19 90.4 1.2 92.3 1.2 299
20–24 94.4 0.6 95.4 0.5 934
25–29 96.0 0.3 96.5 0.2 1,051
30–39 93.0 0.3 93.8 0.3 1,099
40–49 92.3 0.0 92.7 0.0 140
Marital status
Never married 94.8 0.7 95.7 0.6 414
Married/living
together 93.9 0.4 94.6 0.4 2,838
Divorced/separated/
widowed 94.5 0.0 96.3 0.0 271
Residence
Urban 97.7 0.1 98.1 0.0 1,273
Rural 91.9 0.7 93.0 0.6 2,251
Education3
No education 66.4 1.3 67.9 1.1 340
Primary 94.9 0.6 96.1 0.6 1,232
Secondary 98.1 0.3 98.6 0.3 1,314
Wealth quintile
Lowest 83.2 1.1 84.5 1.1 765
Second 94.7 0.7 95.9 0.7 648
Middle 95.2 0.3 96.2 0.3 630
Fourth 98.4 0.0 99.0 0.0 772
Highest 99.2 0.0 99.3 0.0 709
Total 15–49 94.0 0.4 94.8 0.4 3,523
questionnaire.
1
Women are asked whether they received an HIV test during labour only if they were not tested for
HIV during ANC.
2
Denominator for percentages includes women who did not receive antenatal care for their last birth
in the last two years.
3
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more than
Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women
Percent distribution of women by HIV testing status and by if they received the results of the last test, percentage of women ever tested,
and percentage of women who were tested in the last 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to background
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of women by testing been tested
status and by if they received the results of for HIV in the
the last test past 12
months and
Ever tested Ever tested, received the
Background and received did not receive Never Percentage results of the Number of
characteristic results results tested1 Total ever tested last test women
Age
15–24 67.0 0.6 32.4 100.0 67.6 40.3 6,188
15–19 46.6 0.8 52.6 100.0 47.4 25.3 3,125
20–24 87.9 0.4 11.8 100.0 88.2 55.6 3,063
25–29 96.9 0.6 2.5 100.0 97.5 60.1 2,916
30–39 96.0 0.8 3.2 100.0 96.8 50.9 4,652
40–49 92.5 0.6 6.9 100.0 93.1 40.9 2,960
Marital status
Never married 62.9 0.6 36.6 100.0 63.4 35.4 5,348
Ever had sex 84.9 0.4 14.7 100.0 85.3 52.1 2,775
Never had sex 39.1 0.7 60.2 100.0 39.8 17.3 2,573
Married/living
together 95.1 0.7 4.2 100.0 95.8 52.1 9,319
Divorced/separated/
widowed 95.4 0.5 4.1 100.0 95.9 52.8 2,049
Residence
Urban 88.4 0.5 11.1 100.0 88.9 49.7 6,850
Rural 82.3 0.7 16.9 100.0 83.1 44.8 9,866
Education2
No education 72.3 1.4 26.4 100.0 73.6 32.5 920
Primary 86.1 0.7 13.1 100.0 86.9 45.5 6,107
Secondary 81.4 0.7 17.9 100.0 82.1 46.6 6,481
Wealth quintile
Lowest 75.4 0.9 23.7 100.0 76.3 38.7 2,599
Second 80.7 1.0 18.3 100.0 81.7 43.4 2,974
Middle 85.9 0.6 13.5 100.0 86.5 48.2 3,086
Fourth 89.9 0.3 9.8 100.0 90.2 51.9 3,729
Highest 88.1 0.6 11.3 100.0 88.7 48.7 4,328
Total 15–49 84.8 0.6 14.6 100.0 85.4 46.8 16,716
1
Includes respondents who have not heard of HIV or who refused to answer questions on testing.
2
Table 13.7.1C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Women
Percent distribution of women by HIV testing status and by if they received the results of the last test, percentage of women ever
tested, and percentage of women who were tested in the last 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to county,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of women by testing been tested
status and by if they received the results of for HIV in the
the last test past 12
months and
and received did not receive Never Percentage results of the Number of
County results results tested1 Total ever tested last test women
Mombasa 89.9 0.4 9.7 100.0 90.3 49.2 493
Kwale 73.5 0.0 26.5 100.0 73.5 38.8 260
Kilifi 82.7 0.4 17.0 100.0 83.0 39.8 489
Tana River 73.2 0.4 26.4 100.0 73.6 29.3 79
Lamu 80.2 0.6 19.2 100.0 80.8 35.5 54
Taita/Taveta 91.9 0.5 7.7 100.0 92.3 45.3 122
Garissa 52.4 0.0 47.6 100.0 52.4 18.6 163
Wajir 49.2 0.0 50.8 100.0 49.2 16.7 90
Mandera 16.5 4.5 79.0 100.0 21.0 4.9 113
Marsabit 53.1 2.0 44.9 100.0 55.1 17.4 72
Isiolo 75.9 0.2 23.9 100.0 76.1 28.8 76
Meru 85.3 2.1 12.6 100.0 87.4 38.8 488
Tharaka-Nithi 91.6 0.6 7.8 100.0 92.2 50.1 131
Embu 86.4 0.2 13.4 100.0 86.6 39.0 180
Kitui 76.6 0.0 23.4 100.0 76.6 25.2 373
Machakos 86.5 1.4 12.1 100.0 87.9 46.5 544
Makueni 85.0 0.5 14.5 100.0 85.5 53.5 356
Nyandarua 82.7 1.4 15.9 100.0 84.1 46.8 225
Nyeri 90.0 0.5 9.5 100.0 90.5 56.1 261
Kirinyaga 91.6 0.6 7.8 100.0 92.2 48.8 262
Murang’a 92.2 1.1 6.7 100.0 93.3 51.7 339
Kiambu 90.1 1.0 8.9 100.0 91.1 49.9 1,095
Turkana 92.0 0.0 8.0 100.0 92.0 71.7 172
West Pokot 79.0 1.3 19.8 100.0 80.2 37.6 197
Samburu 80.7 0.2 19.2 100.0 80.8 38.1 79
Trans Nzoia 81.5 0.0 18.5 100.0 81.5 48.0 359
Uasin Gishu 84.9 1.1 14.0 100.0 86.0 46.8 527
Elgeyo/Marakwet 88.4 0.7 10.9 100.0 89.1 45.2 116
Nandi 79.9 0.3 19.8 100.0 80.2 42.4 332
Baringo 80.3 1.1 18.6 100.0 81.4 37.1 193
Laikipia 88.2 0.0 11.8 100.0 88.2 46.8 173
Nakuru 86.3 0.7 13.0 100.0 87.0 42.7 862
Narok 84.1 0.9 15.0 100.0 85.0 48.5 374
Kajiado 86.1 0.7 13.1 100.0 86.9 48.7 451
Kericho 81.8 3.0 15.2 100.0 84.8 36.8 372
Bomet 81.9 0.6 17.5 100.0 82.5 43.8 327
Kakamega 82.8 0.0 17.2 100.0 82.8 45.0 652
Vihiga 76.5 0.3 23.1 100.0 76.9 44.4 201
Bungoma 74.3 1.3 24.5 100.0 75.5 39.3 572
Busia 77.9 0.3 21.8 100.0 78.2 46.2 336
Siaya 87.7 0.4 11.9 100.0 88.1 59.2 275
Kisumu 95.1 0.0 4.9 100.0 95.1 66.8 396
Homa Bay 93.1 0.7 6.2 100.0 93.8 66.3 344
Migori 91.3 0.5 8.2 100.0 91.8 59.1 350
Kisii 91.5 0.3 8.3 100.0 91.7 63.5 463
Nyamira 88.3 0.4 11.4 100.0 88.6 56.2 168
Nairobi City 90.1 0.1 9.8 100.0 90.2 50.3 2,157
Total 15–49 84.8 0.6 14.6 100.0 85.4 46.8 16,716
1
Table 13.7.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men
Percent distribution of men by HIV testing status and by if they received the results of the last test, percentage of men ever tested, and
percentage of men age 15–49 who were tested in the last 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to background
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of men by testing been tested
status and by if they received for HIV in the
the results of the last test past 12
months and
Background and received did not receive Never Percentage results of the Number
characteristic results results tested1 Total ever tested last test of men
Age
15–24 49.9 0.6 49.5 100.0 50.5 25.0 5,579
15–19 32.5 0.8 66.7 100.0 33.3 12.3 3,175
20–24 72.9 0.3 26.8 100.0 73.2 41.8 2,404
25–29 89.1 0.4 10.6 100.0 89.4 55.6 2,268
30–39 89.3 0.3 10.4 100.0 89.6 49.3 3,364
40–49 84.8 0.4 14.9 100.0 85.1 40.5 2,441
Marital status
Never married 55.0 0.5 44.5 100.0 55.5 28.1 6,576
Ever had sex 68.8 0.4 30.8 100.0 69.2 37.8 4,303
Never had sex 28.8 0.8 70.4 100.0 29.6 9.7 2,273
Married/living
together 89.0 0.4 10.6 100.0 89.4 49.6 6,257
Divorced/separated/
widowed 84.5 0.3 15.2 100.0 84.8 43.5 819
Residence
Urban 82.0 0.3 17.7 100.0 82.3 44.7 5,382
Rural 66.0 0.5 33.4 100.0 66.6 35.1 8,270
Education2
No education 56.6 0.1 43.3 100.0 56.7 28.6 369
Primary 66.6 0.6 32.8 100.0 67.2 32.1 4,894
Secondary 69.4 0.5 30.1 100.0 69.9 37.1 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 58.7 0.5 40.8 100.0 59.2 29.4 2,062
Second 64.9 0.5 34.7 100.0 65.3 34.1 2,584
Middle 68.5 0.5 31.1 100.0 68.9 36.3 2,754
Fourth 80.2 0.6 19.2 100.0 80.8 44.2 3,325
Highest 83.3 0.2 16.5 100.0 83.5 46.1 2,927
Total 15–49 72.3 0.4 27.2 100.0 72.8 38.9 13,652
50–54 85.6 0.5 13.9 100.0 86.1 39.3 801
Total 15–54 73.1 0.5 26.5 100.0 73.5 38.9 14,453
1
Includes respondents who have not heard of HIV or who refused to answer questions on testing
2
Table 13.7.2C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Men
Percent distribution of men by HIV testing status and by if they received the results of the last test, percentage of men ever tested,
and percentage of men age 15–49 who were tested in the last 12 months and received the results of the last test, according to
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of men by testing been tested
status and by if they received for HIV in the
months and
County results results tested1 Total ever tested last test men
Mombasa 80.2 0.4 19.4 100.0 80.6 44.3 442
Kwale 65.2 0.5 34.3 100.0 65.7 40.0 209
Kilifi 64.8 0.7 34.5 100.0 65.5 34.3 405
Tana River 53.3 0.1 46.6 100.0 53.4 14.6 64
Lamu 68.1 0.0 31.9 100.0 68.1 37.5 41
Taita/Taveta 76.0 0.0 24.0 100.0 76.0 45.6 103
Garissa 51.6 0.0 48.4 100.0 51.6 24.4 117
Wajir 38.8 0.7 60.5 100.0 39.5 14.9 63
Mandera 45.9 0.2 53.9 100.0 46.1 24.3 81
Marsabit 61.8 0.3 37.9 100.0 62.1 25.3 45
Isiolo 73.0 0.7 26.3 100.0 73.7 39.6 55
Meru 69.5 0.0 30.5 100.0 69.5 31.1 489
Tharaka-Nithi 69.9 0.3 29.8 100.0 70.2 33.9 137
Embu 68.7 0.3 30.9 100.0 69.1 35.1 176
Kitui 59.6 0.0 40.4 100.0 59.6 29.6 312
Machakos 76.9 0.0 23.1 100.0 76.9 34.8 480
Makueni 76.7 1.0 22.3 100.0 77.7 41.0 279
Nyandarua 68.0 1.3 30.6 100.0 69.4 34.8 168
Nyeri 77.7 0.8 21.5 100.0 78.5 40.2 235
Kirinyaga 75.4 0.0 24.6 100.0 75.4 35.7 191
Murang’a 78.0 2.6 19.5 100.0 80.5 42.0 297
Kiambu 76.1 0.6 23.3 100.0 76.7 31.7 911
Turkana 72.7 0.0 27.3 100.0 72.7 49.6 111
West Pokot 61.4 0.1 38.6 100.0 61.4 34.1 150
Samburu 68.6 0.0 31.4 100.0 68.6 41.4 51
Trans Nzoia 65.8 0.3 33.8 100.0 66.2 33.4 272
Uasin Gishu 79.0 0.2 20.8 100.0 79.2 44.9 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 65.6 1.2 33.1 100.0 66.9 38.8 110
Nandi 51.2 2.6 46.2 100.0 53.8 28.1 265
Baringo 52.1 0.5 47.4 100.0 52.6 26.3 165
Laikipia 73.5 0.7 25.8 100.0 74.2 33.7 145
Nakuru 60.1 0.3 39.7 100.0 60.3 30.5 670
Narok 74.9 0.0 25.1 100.0 74.9 55.3 313
Kajiado 75.5 0.0 24.5 100.0 75.5 35.7 339
Kericho 69.7 0.9 29.3 100.0 70.7 38.3 330
Bomet 72.6 0.5 26.9 100.0 73.1 35.6 268
Kakamega 55.4 0.0 44.6 100.0 55.4 32.2 532
Vihiga 60.0 0.0 40.0 100.0 60.0 26.7 156
Bungoma 56.9 0.3 42.8 100.0 57.2 30.8 448
Busia 62.2 1.2 36.6 100.0 63.4 30.2 262
Siaya 78.1 0.0 21.9 100.0 78.1 42.7 227
Kisumu 84.0 0.3 15.7 100.0 84.3 59.0 345
Homa Bay 85.1 1.5 13.4 100.0 86.6 53.5 258
Migori 82.4 0.5 17.1 100.0 82.9 53.7 246
Kisii 80.7 0.3 19.0 100.0 81.0 47.2 326
Nyamira 73.6 0.0 26.4 100.0 73.6 44.0 133
Nairobi City 89.1 0.2 10.8 100.0 89.2 50.3 1,777
Total 15–49 72.3 0.4 27.2 100.0 72.8 38.9 13,652
1
Table 13.7.3 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women and men
Percent distribution of women and men by HIV testing status and by if they received the results of the last test, percentage of women and
men ever tested, and percentage of women and men age 15–49 who were tested in the last 12 months and received the results of the last
test, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
who have
Percent distribution of women and men by been tested
testing status and by if they received for HIV in the
months and
Background and received did not receive Never Percentage results of the Number of
characteristic results results tested1 Total ever tested last test respondents
Age
15–24 61.1 0.5 38.4 100.0 59.5 33.1 11,767
15–19 49.9 0.6 49.4 100.0 40.3 18.7 6,301
20–24 73.9 0.3 25.8 100.0 81.6 49.5 5,467
25–29 81.0 0.3 18.7 100.0 94.0 58.2 5,184
30–39 79.2 0.3 20.5 100.0 93.8 50.2 8,017
40–49 78.1 0.3 21.6 100.0 89.5 40.8 5,401
Marital status
Never married 62.2 0.5 37.3 100.0 59.1 31.4 11,924
Ever had sex 70.7 0.4 28.9 100.0 75.5 43.4 7,077
Never had sex 50.0 0.6 49.5 100.0 35.0 13.8 4,846
Married/living together 78.9 0.3 20.8 100.0 93.2 51.1 15,576
Divorced/separated/
widowed 78.2 0.2 21.6 100.0 92.7 50.2 2,869
Residence
Urban 81.6 0.3 18.1 100.0 86.0 47.5 12,233
Rural 66.0 0.5 33.6 100.0 75.6 40.4 18,136
Education2
No education 56.8 0.2 42.9 99.9 68.8 31.4 1,289
Primary 68.7 0.5 30.9 100.0 78.1 39.5 11,001
Secondary 71.5 0.4 28.1 100.0 76.4 42.2 12,074
Wealth quintile
Lowest 60.4 0.4 39.1 100.0 68.7 34.6 4,661
Second 65.8 0.5 33.7 100.0 74.1 39.1 5,558
Middle 68.0 0.4 31.7 100.0 78.2 42.6 5,841
Fourth 78.0 0.5 21.4 100.0 85.8 48.2 7,054
Highest 82.7 0.2 17.2 100.0 86.6 47.7 7,255
Total 15–49 72.3 0.4 27.3 100.0 79.8 43.2 30,369
1
2
Table 13.7.3C Coverage of prior HIV testing by county: Women and men
Percent distribution of women and men by HIV testing status and by if they received the results of the last test, percentage of women
and men ever tested, and percentage of women and men age 15–49 who were tested in the last 12 months and received the results
of the last test, by county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
who have
been tested
Percent distribution of men by testing
for HIV in the
status and by whether they received
past 12
the results of the last test
months and
County results results tested1 Total ever tested last test respondents
Mombasa 81.6 0.2 18.0 99.9 85.8 46.9 935
Kwale 58.7 0.8 40.5 100.0 70.0 39.3 469
Kilifi 63.5 1.0 35.6 100.0 75.1 37.3 894
Tana River 55.1 0.1 44.8 100.0 64.6 22.8 144
Lamu 68.0 0.0 32.0 100.0 75.3 36.4 95
Taita/Taveta 76.6 0.0 23.4 100.0 84.8 45.4 225
Garissa 44.3 0.0 55.7 100.0 52.1 21.0 280
Wajir 37.3 1.1 61.7 100.0 45.2 16.0 153
Mandera 47.3 0.2 52.6 100.0 31.5 13.0 194
Marsabit 67.0 0.4 32.7 100.0 57.8 20.4 117
Isiolo 72.7 1.0 26.2 100.0 75.1 33.3 131
Meru 69.3 0.0 30.7 100.0 78.4 35.0 976
Tharaka-Nithi 72.7 0.2 27.1 100.0 81.0 41.8 268
Embu 66.6 0.3 33.1 100.0 77.9 37.1 356
Kitui 63.6 0.0 36.4 100.0 68.9 27.2 686
Machakos 76.1 0.0 23.9 100.0 82.8 41.0 1,024
Makueni 79.1 0.8 20.1 100.0 82.1 48.0 635
Nyandarua 69.8 0.9 29.3 100.0 77.8 41.6 394
Nyeri 79.2 0.5 20.3 100.0 84.8 48.6 495
Kirinyaga 76.5 0.0 23.5 100.0 85.1 43.3 453
Murang’a 77.9 1.7 20.4 100.0 87.3 47.2 636
Kiambu 74.3 0.7 25.0 100.0 84.6 41.6 2,006
Turkana 70.7 0.2 29.1 100.0 84.4 63.0 284
West Pokot 59.4 0.2 40.4 100.0 72.1 36.1 346
Samburu 60.2 0.0 39.8 100.0 76.0 39.4 130
Trans Nzoia 70.1 0.3 29.6 100.0 74.9 41.7 631
Uasin Gishu 80.6 0.1 19.3 100.0 82.8 45.9 978
Elgeyo/Marakwet 65.8 1.0 33.2 100.0 78.3 42.1 226
Nandi 49.8 2.3 47.8 100.0 68.5 36.1 597
Baringo 53.1 0.2 46.7 100.0 68.1 32.1 358
Laikipia 74.3 0.5 25.2 100.0 81.8 40.8 319
Nakuru 61.8 0.1 38.1 100.0 75.3 37.4 1,532
Narok 74.1 0.0 25.9 100.0 80.4 51.6 687
Kajiado 75.5 0.0 24.5 100.0 82.0 43.1 790
Kericho 69.8 0.8 29.4 100.0 78.2 37.5 702
Bomet 70.7 0.4 28.9 100.0 78.3 40.1 596
Kakamega 56.1 0.1 43.7 100.0 70.5 39.2 1,184
Vihiga 56.1 0.0 43.9 100.0 69.5 36.6 357
Bungoma 53.7 0.4 45.9 100.0 67.5 35.6 1,020
Busia 62.5 0.6 36.9 100.0 71.7 39.2 599
Siaya 77.0 0.0 23.0 100.0 83.6 51.7 502
Kisumu 83.8 0.8 15.4 100.0 90.1 63.2 741
Homa Bay 87.1 1.2 11.7 100.0 90.7 60.8 602
Migori 81.1 0.2 18.7 100.0 88.2 56.9 596
Kisii 81.2 0.4 18.4 100.0 87.3 56.8 789
Nyamira 73.3 0.0 26.7 100.0 82.0 50.8 301
Nairobi City 89.9 0.1 10.1 100.0 89.7 50.3 3,934
Total 15–49 72.3 0.4 27.3 100.0 79.8 43.2 30,369
1
Table 13.8 Number of times tested for HIV in lifetime
Percent distribution of women and men age 15–49 by number of times tested for HIV in their lifetime, according to age, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of times tested for HIV in lifetime Never Number of
Age 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Missing tested Total respondents
WOMEN
15–24 14.9 12.9 12.2 6.5 7.7 13.2 0.3 32.4 100.0 6,188
15–19 16.8 10.2 7.8 3.5 3.8 5.2 0.0 52.6 100.0 3,125
20–24 12.8 15.7 16.6 9.5 11.7 21.4 0.5 11.8 100.0 3,063
25–29 3.8 9.3 16.8 11.3 17.6 37.7 0.9 2.5 100.0 2,916
30–39 3.0 5.7 13.7 13.0 16.0 44.0 1.3 3.2 100.0 4,652
40–49 4.5 7.4 13.9 9.2 16.0 40.4 1.6 6.9 100.0 2,960
Total 15–49 7.8 9.3 13.7 9.6 13.2 30.9 0.9 14.6 100.0 16,716
MEN
15–24 17.3 9.6 8.5 3.5 3.5 7.8 0.3 49.5 100.0 5,579
15–19 16.0 7.0 4.0 1.5 1.9 2.7 0.1 66.7 100.0 3,175
20–24 19.0 13.0 14.5 6.1 5.6 14.5 0.6 26.8 100.0 2,404
25–29 11.5 11.9 16.7 11.1 10.6 26.9 0.7 10.6 100.0 2,268
30–39 9.5 11.3 16.9 10.2 10.5 30.6 0.6 10.4 100.0 3,364
40–49 10.8 11.6 15.1 10.1 9.1 27.7 0.8 14.9 100.0 2,441
Total 15–49 13.2 10.7 13.1 7.6 7.4 20.2 0.5 27.2 100.0 13,652
50–54 13.3 13.0 13.8 8.1 9.6 27.6 0.7 13.9 100.0 801
Total 15–54 13.3 10.9 13.2 7.6 7.6 20.6 0.5 26.5 100.0 14,453
Table 13.9 Knowledge and coverage of self-testing for HIV
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have ever heard of HIV self test kits, and
percentage who have ever used an HIV self test kit, according to background
Women Men
Ever Ever
heard of Ever used heard of Ever used
Background HIV self an HIV Number of HIV self an HIV Number
characteristic test kits self test kit women test kits self test kit of men
Age
15–19 38.7 2.6 3,125 39.7 1.5 3,175
20–24 62.1 13.4 3,063 70.6 7.3 2,404
25–29 65.4 13.5 2,916 78.6 16.9 2,268
30–34 62.2 11.6 2,364 76.4 13.4 1,787
35–39 56.8 9.0 2,288 72.1 11.6 1,577
40–44 51.9 7.6 1,615 66.9 9.2 1,332
45–49 47.8 7.4 1,346 65.2 7.5 1,109
Residence
Urban 69.1 13.0 6,850 79.9 12.1 5,382
Rural 46.0 7.1 9,866 55.1 7.1 8,270
Education1
No education 16.3 1.3 920 17.9 1.6 369
Primary 42.7 5.1 6,107 50.8 5.0 4,894
Secondary 58.6 9.2 6,481 67.1 7.0 5,592
More than
secondary 84.4 20.8 3,208 91.4 21.2 2,797
Wealth quintile
Lowest 25.7 2.9 2,599 39.4 4.3 2,062
Second 39.8 5.1 2,974 50.8 4.8 2,584
Middle 53.1 7.7 3,086 60.9 8.1 2,754
Fourth 67.2 11.3 3,729 75.8 10.8 3,325
Highest 75.6 16.2 4,328 86.5 15.1 2,927
Total 15–49 55.4 9.5 16,716 64.9 9.1 13,652
50–54 na na na 61.5 6.6 801
Total 15–54 na na na 64.7 8.9 14,453
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not
in the short questionnaire.
na = not available.
1
No education includes informal education (madrassa/duksi/adult education), and more
than secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes
Table 13.10.1 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV: Women
Among women age 15–49 who tested HIV positive in the survey and reported the result of their last HIV test as HIV positive, percentage
who have ever disclosed their positive HIV status to anyone, percentage who feel ashamed because of their positive HIV status, and
percentage who reported experiencing stigma in the past 12 months due to their HIV status, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Experience of stigma
in a healthcare setting
Experience of stigma in a community in the last 12 months
setting in the last 12 months among people
among people living with HIV: living with HIV:
Were
yelled at,
scolded,
Have been called
Someone verbally Healthcare names, or
Percentage Percentage People else insulted, workers verbally
who have who feel talked disclosed harassed, talked abused in Number of
disclosed ashamed badly their HIV or badly another self-
their because of about them status threatened Experienced about them way reported
positive their because of without because of stigma in a because of because of HIV
Background HIV status positive their HIV their their HIV community their HIV their HIV positive
characteristic to anyone HIV status status permission status setting status status women
Age
15–24 (62.6) (40.1) (17.5) (18.9) (15.0) (20.9) (4.9) (4.9) 29
15–19 * * * * * * * * 9
20–24 * * * * * * * * 19
25–29 * * * * * * * * 24
30–39 80.0 33.7 30.5 30.7 18.2 40.5 14.3 8.6 130
40–49 85.0 40.6 41.3 32.8 27.2 50.2 7.9 1.7 149
Marital status
Never married (80.2) (31.4) (44.5) (28.2) (34.1) (56.6) (12.9) (6.6) 39
Married/living
together 79.3 40.4 25.6 24.0 14.8 31.1 9.4 2.3 177
Divorced/separated/
widowed 82.7 35.8 42.9 37.6 29.5 55.7 10.7 7.5 116
Residence
Urban 82.6 36.0 31.7 29.9 25.5 45.5 12.7 7.9 109
Rural 79.7 38.6 34.9 29.0 20.6 41.3 9.1 3.1 224
Education1
No education * * * * * * * * 18
Primary 82.4 38.7 37.3 29.6 22.2 42.9 6.3 1.9 216
Secondary 72.9 41.1 30.3 24.2 15.0 37.5 11.0 3.7 81
More than
secondary * * * * * * * * 17
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.8 38.3 33.1 27.3 14.5 39.5 8.3 6.6 64
Second 74.6 40.8 37.0 28.7 21.5 44.1 5.2 0.0 90
Middle 81.8 37.9 26.2 26.0 21.5 34.5 9.8 1.8 80
Fourth 83.3 45.5 44.3 28.5 29.7 51.0 7.5 5.0 67
Highest * * * * * * * * 31
Total 15–49 80.6 37.7 33.9 29.2 22.2 42.7 10.3 4.6 332
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are
based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
Table 13.10.2 Disclosure, shame, and stigma experienced by people living with HIV: Men
Among men age 15–49 who tested HIV positive in the survey and reported the result of their last HIV test as HIV positive, percentage who have
ever disclosed their positive HIV status to anyone, percentage who feel ashamed because of their positive HIV status, and percentage who
reported experiencing stigma in the past 12 months due to their HIV status, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Experience of stigma in
a healthcare setting in
the last 12 months
Experience of stigma in a community setting in the among people living
last 12 months among people living with HIV: with HIV:
Were yelled
at, scolded,
Have been called
Someone verbally names, or
Percentage Percentage else insulted, Healthcare verbally
who have who feel People disclosed harassed, workers abused in Number of
disclosed ashamed talked badly their HIV or talked badly another self-
their because of about them status threatened Experienced about them way reported
positive HIV their because of without because of stigma in a because of because of HIV
Background status to positive HIV their HIV their their HIV community their HIV their HIV positive
characteristic anyone status status permission status setting status status men
Age
15–24 * * * * * * * * 16
15–19 * * * * * * * * 9
20–24 * * * * * * * * 7
25–29 * * * * * * * * 3
30–39 (72.1) (24.0) (25.2) (42.4) (20.8) (46.1) (7.4) (3.2) 26
40–49 75.4 31.8 20.3 20.6 30.6 43.9 4.6 3.8 53
Marital status
Never married * * * * * * * * 15
Married/living
together 75.1 30.6 17.5 28.5 26.0 42.5 5.6 3.6 76
Divorced/separated/
widowed * * * * * * * * 8
Residence
Urban (80.0) (23.8) (30.2) (28.6) (44.0) (55.2) (0.0) (2.1) 24
Rural 77.1 28.3 21.0 26.0 19.1 39.6 10.3 5.3 74
Education1
Primary 76.2 27.3 22.5 27.3 26.1 44.1 10.3 5.3 74
Secondary (82.2) (24.0) (26.6) (25.8) (19.5) (39.1) (0.0) (2.1) 24
More than secondary * * * * * * * * 1
Wealth quintile
Lowest * * * * * * * * 22
Second (69.6) (34.6) (22.4) (26.1) (21.5) (42.2) (1.2) (0.0) 34
Middle (73.8) (18.2) (21.5) (24.8) (23.9) (38.7) (13.5) (10.9) 23
Fourth * * * * * * * * 15
Highest * * * * * * * * 4
Total 15–49 77.8 27.2 23.3 26.6 25.2 43.4 7.8 4.5 99
50–54 (77.5) (33.5) (48.2) (29.9) (31.0) (48.2) (5.5) (5.5) 27
Total 15–54 77.8 28.5 28.6 27.3 26.5 44.4 7.3 4.7 126
1
Table 13.11 Male circumcision
Percentage of men age 15–49 who report having been circumcised, by type of circumcision, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage not
Percentage Percentage both circumcised or
traditionally or Percentage Percentage traditionally and don’t know
Background medically traditionally medically medically circumcision Number
characteristic circumcised1 circumcised only circumcised only circumcised status of men
Age
15–19 90.7 20.7 66.7 3.0 9.3 3,175
20–24 98.0 27.6 64.0 6.2 2.0 2,404
25–29 96.7 32.5 58.1 5.7 3.3 2,268
30–34 95.2 35.9 53.8 5.4 4.8 1,787
35–39 94.0 38.5 48.8 6.3 6.0 1,577
40–44 92.0 42.2 42.2 7.0 8.0 1,332
45–49 92.0 45.4 40.1 5.7 8.0 1,109
Residence
Urban 94.6 30.7 57.8 5.8 5.4 5,382
Rural 93.9 32.9 55.6 5.0 6.1 8,270
Education2
No education 86.7 61.9 23.5 0.7 13.3 369
Primary 92.0 37.0 49.0 5.5 8.0 4,894
Secondary 96.7 28.7 62.4 5.3 3.3 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 91.2 44.8 42.6 3.3 8.8 2,062
Second 94.3 32.6 56.1 5.0 5.7 2,584
Middle 94.7 30.4 59.0 4.9 5.3 2,754
Fourth 96.2 31.8 58.5 5.8 3.8 3,325
Highest 93.4 24.2 62.0 7.0 6.6 2,927
Total 15–49 94.2 32.0 56.5 5.3 5.8 13,652
50–54 93.8 48.7 40.0 4.9 6.2 801
Total 15–54 94.2 32.9 55.6 5.3 5.8 14,453
1
Includes all men who report they are circumcised.
2
Table 13.11C Male circumcision by county
Percentage of men age 15–49 who report having been circumcised, by type of circumcision, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage not
Percentage Percentage both circumcised or
traditionally or Percentage Percentage traditionally and don’t know
medically traditionally medically medically circumcision Number
County circumcised1 circumcised only circumcised only circumcised status of men
Mombasa 97.6 38.7 57.5 0.2 2.4 442
Kwale 99.4 64.6 34.5 0.0 0.6 209
Kilifi 99.2 42.9 56.0 0.3 0.8 405
Tana River 98.9 86.4 12.3 0.0 1.1 64
Lamu 98.1 39.5 58.6 0.0 1.9 41
Taita/Taveta 99.1 3.0 96.1 0.0 0.9 103
Garissa 99.9 82.6 17.2 0.0 0.1 117
Wajir 99.7 85.5 12.9 0.0 0.3 63
Mandera 98.6 85.3 12.7 0.3 1.4 81
Marsabit 99.5 30.9 68.2 0.0 0.5 45
Isiolo 99.4 59.1 32.6 7.7 0.6 55
Meru 97.6 59.8 36.8 0.8 2.4 489
Tharaka-Nithi 95.4 56.7 37.0 1.3 4.6 137
Embu 98.7 26.4 72.0 0.1 1.3 176
Kitui 100.0 12.6 87.0 0.0 0.0 312
Machakos 99.2 26.4 69.3 0.0 0.8 480
Makueni 99.6 5.6 94.0 0.0 0.4 279
Nyandarua 98.1 6.4 39.6 51.5 1.9 168
Nyeri 97.3 7.3 89.6 0.4 2.7 235
Kirinyaga 96.7 1.6 95.1 0.0 3.3 191
Murang’a 98.3 2.5 95.2 0.6 1.7 297
Kiambu 98.8 30.9 67.4 0.3 1.2 911
Turkana 56.7 6.3 50.3 0.0 43.3 111
West Pokot 98.6 75.3 23.2 0.0 1.4 150
Samburu 92.3 75.5 16.8 0.0 7.7 51
Trans Nzoia 97.8 35.2 62.6 0.0 2.2 272
Uasin Gishu 94.8 8.3 26.7 59.8 5.2 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 87.5 75.5 12.1 0.0 12.5 110
Nandi 94.3 85.5 8.4 0.4 5.7 265
Baringo 79.8 74.9 4.7 0.0 20.2 165
Laikipia 98.4 19.7 78.4 0.4 1.6 145
Nakuru 95.4 16.9 31.9 46.4 4.6 670
Narok 90.6 17.7 72.2 0.1 9.4 313
Kajiado 97.0 28.8 67.8 0.0 3.0 339
Kericho 98.9 49.0 43.8 4.1 1.1 330
Bomet 98.3 19.5 77.9 0.9 1.7 268
Kakamega 99.5 44.8 54.3 0.0 0.5 532
Vihiga 99.4 60.5 38.2 0.0 0.6 156
Bungoma 97.0 52.1 44.7 0.0 3.0 448
Busia 96.3 18.0 76.5 1.4 3.7 262
Siaya 68.8 3.5 65.2 0.1 31.2 227
Kisumu 71.9 11.9 60.0 0.0 28.1 345
Homa Bay 69.4 2.7 65.7 0.8 30.6 258
Migori 77.5 32.5 45.0 0.0 22.5 246
Kisii 99.1 23.3 75.9 0.0 0.9 326
Nyamira 99.6 2.6 97.0 0.0 0.4 133
Nairobi City 91.0 32.0 58.0 1.0 9.0 1,777
Total 15–49 94.2 32.0 56.5 5.3 5.8 13,652
1
Table 13.12 Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STIs symptoms
Among women and men age 15–49 who ever had sexual intercourse, percentage reporting having an STI and/or symptoms of an STI in the last 12 months,
Percentage of women who reported Percentage of men who reported
having in the past 12 months: having in the past 12 months:
Number STI/ Number
of women Bad abnormal of men
Bad STI/ who ever smelling/ discharge who ever
smelling/ genital had abnormal from had
abnormal Genital discharge/ sexual discharge Genital penis/ sexual
Background genital sore or sore or inter- from sore or sore or inter-
characteristic STI discharge ulcer ulcer course STI penis ulcer ulcer course
Age
15–24 4.7 10.5 6.0 14.7 3,690 3.3 3.1 3.3 7.1 3,372
15–19 2.8 10.1 4.3 13.2 1,035 2.0 3.0 3.9 7.4 1,272
20–24 5.4 10.7 6.7 15.3 2,655 4.0 3.2 2.9 6.9 2,100
25–29 4.8 9.6 5.3 13.2 2,870 4.0 2.8 2.6 6.7 2,227
30–39 4.4 9.7 5.0 13.2 4,627 3.8 2.2 2.3 5.9 3,347
40–49 3.3 8.1 4.5 11.1 2,953 3.1 1.9 1.7 4.8 2,433
Marital status
Never married 3.8 9.5 4.9 13.3 2,775 3.2 2.8 2.6 6.5 4,303
Married/living together 4.6 9.4 5.3 13.0 9,316 3.3 2.1 2.3 5.3 6,257
Divorced/separated/widowed 3.8 10.3 5.4 13.8 2,049 7.1 4.7 4.6 11.2 819
Circumcision status
Traditionally or medically
circumcised1 na na na na na 3.6 2.5 2.5 6.2 10,809
Traditionally circumcised only na na na na na 3.5 2.9 2.5 6.4 3,920
Medically circumcised only na na na na na 3.6 2.2 2.5 5.9 6,188
Both traditionally and medically
circumcised na na na na na 4.7 2.8 3.1 8.6 659
Other2 na na na na na (0.0) (2.3) (2.7) (5.0) 42
Not circumcised or don’t know na na na na na 2.2 3.3 2.8 5.1 570
Residence
Urban 4.3 10.0 4.6 13.7 5,908 2.9 1.6 2.1 5.0 4,697
Rural 4.3 9.3 5.7 12.8 8,231 4.0 3.2 2.8 7.0 6,681
Education3
No education 2.6 8.4 7.0 11.3 873 5.1 1.5 2.3 6.9 333
Primary 4.9 9.4 5.2 12.8 5,427 4.6 3.8 3.5 8.3 4,025
Secondary 3.6 9.4 4.9 13.1 4,885 3.3 2.0 2.5 5.5 4,337
More than secondary 5.0 10.4 5.1 14.5 2,954 2.3 1.6 1.2 3.9 2,684
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.2 8.5 6.2 11.4 2,174 5.2 3.9 4.8 9.4 1,633
Second 4.6 9.8 5.2 13.1 2,422 3.9 3.0 2.3 6.6 2,064
Middle 4.8 9.1 6.5 13.6 2,576 3.6 3.1 2.3 6.4 2,247
Fourth 4.6 9.9 3.7 12.5 3,249 3.0 2.1 1.8 4.9 2,871
Highest 4.3 9.9 5.1 14.6 3,719 2.9 1.3 2.3 5.0 2,563
Total 15–49 4.3 9.6 5.2 13.2 14,139 3.6 2.5 2.5 6.2 11,379
50–54 na na na na na 1.9 1.1 1.9 3.4 798
Total 15–54 na na na na na 3.5 2.4 2.5 6.0 12,176
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on
1
2
Includes men who report they are 1) medically circumcised, but don’t know if they are traditionally circumcised, 2) traditionally circumcised, but don’t know
if they are medically circumcised, or 3) circumcised, but don’t know the type of circumcision
3
Table 13.12C Self-reported prevalence of sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and STIs symptoms by county
Among women and men age 15–49 who ever had sexual intercourse, percentage reporting having an STI and/or symptoms of an STI in the last 12
months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of women who reported Percentage of men who reported
having in the past 12 months: having in the past 12 months:
STI/
Bad Number of Bad abnormal Number of
smelling/ STI/ genital women smelling/ discharge men who
abnormal Genital discharge/ who ever abnormal Genital from penis/ ever had
genital sore or sore or had sexual discharge sore or sore or sexual
County STI discharge ulcer ulcer intercourse STI from penis ulcer ulcer intercourse
Mombasa 3.5 7.3 5.3 9.8 407 3.1 1.8 0.9 4.2 386
Kwale 1.7 2.0 2.1 3.6 195 3.1 5.9 14.7 18.6 160
Kilifi 7.2 14.1 12.0 19.2 379 7.2 6.4 5.4 12.5 325
Tana River 5.2 10.7 2.4 15.3 67 2.7 1.6 0.0 3.4 44
Lamu 5.5 14.1 7.6 18.4 43 2.3 2.5 0.8 4.2 31
Taita/Taveta 3.7 4.5 0.8 6.6 105 2.8 3.3 0.6 4.0 89
Garissa 0.5 3.5 0.4 4.2 111 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 67
Wajir 1.8 4.3 2.3 6.0 61 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 40
Mandera 1.0 34.4 25.5 35.8 85 2.2 1.5 0.0 2.2 45
Marsabit 2.0 4.1 1.4 5.6 61 1.0 0.0 2.4 3.4 36
Isiolo 4.0 2.6 3.9 8.8 58 0.5 10.3 0.6 10.9 48
Meru 2.9 13.5 5.7 18.0 424 3.9 1.0 1.3 6.0 424
Tharaka-Nithi 1.9 12.5 9.6 17.6 121 4.9 5.2 3.9 9.8 126
Embu 3.0 6.4 1.9 8.7 153 2.5 1.9 2.3 3.7 148
Kitui 3.1 3.1 2.8 6.2 296 2.1 0.7 0.2 2.1 258
Machakos 2.4 6.8 0.8 7.8 447 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.1 390
Makueni 5.7 6.7 4.7 13.5 295 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.6 244
Nyandarua 2.5 4.4 2.8 7.3 177 1.2 0.9 2.8 4.1 127
Nyeri 3.2 8.9 1.6 9.9 218 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.7 192
Kirinyaga 4.6 19.1 6.3 22.0 225 6.4 0.4 0.0 6.8 153
Murang’a 10.4 34.7 18.5 39.5 278 4.5 4.4 4.4 10.9 253
Kiambu 5.9 12.4 7.9 20.7 948 1.3 2.1 2.6 3.5 758
Turkana 2.9 3.3 3.7 7.3 147 3.9 1.6 0.6 4.2 95
West Pokot 3.9 4.2 4.5 8.0 179 9.4 2.3 3.0 11.5 145
Samburu 2.7 1.9 0.0 3.7 75 0.8 0.7 1.3 2.1 45
Trans Nzoia 3.4 7.6 4.1 10.3 301 5.8 1.4 0.7 5.8 223
Uasin Gishu 2.9 12.1 2.7 14.5 454 1.9 3.2 2.0 6.2 418
Elgeyo/Marakwet 8.7 12.0 5.1 21.9 106 3.5 3.9 3.7 5.1 101
Nandi 0.4 0.6 1.6 1.8 277 6.9 5.6 1.4 8.8 231
Baringo 3.3 5.0 2.3 6.9 162 1.5 0.6 0.0 1.7 130
Laikipia 0.5 6.7 1.4 7.9 141 3.1 0.9 0.3 4.0 124
Nakuru 1.4 10.0 2.9 11.7 774 4.2 3.5 3.9 7.4 519
Narok 7.0 11.7 5.1 17.1 336 14.1 5.9 5.5 15.5 289
Kajiado 4.0 5.8 4.7 10.4 405 2.9 0.9 1.4 4.8 296
Kericho 16.7 19.0 15.9 21.9 331 4.2 1.4 0.0 4.2 300
Bomet 2.6 6.0 5.1 9.9 262 2.3 0.9 0.5 2.6 225
Kakamega 4.1 8.3 3.7 11.2 551 3.2 2.8 0.4 3.7 367
Vihiga 2.3 5.1 2.4 8.1 148 3.0 4.6 3.3 7.3 117
Bungoma 6.0 13.8 11.2 20.5 486 7.6 8.8 7.4 17.5 364
Busia 6.5 5.2 6.3 10.0 262 5.5 5.5 6.2 12.6 185
Siaya 1.8 4.2 3.0 5.8 221 1.9 2.3 1.8 2.6 165
Kisumu 7.4 8.3 5.7 12.2 321 2.9 1.4 1.2 3.5 280
Homa Bay 3.4 9.9 8.6 14.6 299 2.9 7.0 7.9 13.0 223
Migori 3.7 7.7 4.8 11.0 302 5.7 7.2 7.2 13.1 223
Kisii 3.9 6.4 4.4 9.6 403 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 267
Nyamira 2.2 3.4 3.8 5.5 143 1.2 1.2 1.9 1.9 107
Nairobi City 4.5 9.7 3.1 12.5 1,896 3.0 0.5 2.2 5.0 1,595
Total 15–49 4.3 9.6 5.2 13.2 14,139 3.6 2.5 2.5 6.2 11,379
Table 13.13.1 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people: Women
Percentages of young women age 15–34 who, in response to prompted questions, say that individuals can reduce their risk of getting
HIV by using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse and by having one sex partner who is not infected and has no other
partners, that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, that HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites, and that a person cannot get HIV
by sharing food with a person who has HIV, and the percentage with knowledge about HIV prevention, according to background
Percentage who know:
Having sex A person
with only one cannot get HIV Percentage
Using a uninfected by sharing with
condom every partner who A healthy- HIV cannot be food with a knowledge
Background time they has no other looking person transmitted by person who about HIV Number of
characteristic have sex partners can have HIV mosquito bites has HIV prevention1 women
Age
15–19 72.8 84.1 78.6 87.5 88.6 47.3 3,125
15–17 69.7 82.2 77.2 87.2 87.0 43.9 1,822
18–19 77.2 86.9 80.5 87.9 90.9 52.1 1,303
20–24 86.0 91.9 86.6 88.8 92.1 61.1 3,063
20–22 83.9 91.2 85.3 89.0 91.9 59.5 1,850
23–24 89.2 93.1 88.5 88.4 92.4 63.7 1,212
25–29 88.3 93.9 88.3 89.7 90.6 65.4 2,916
30–34 88.8 93.9 88.7 88.1 89.5 64.9 2,364
Marital status
Never married 79.6 88.3 83.3 89.2 91.1 55.5 5,072
Ever had sex 88.0 93.4 86.2 90.2 93.2 63.9 2,509
Never had sex 71.3 83.4 80.5 88.2 89.0 47.3 2,563
Ever married 86.8 92.6 86.8 88.0 89.6 62.2 6,396
Residence
Urban 87.1 92.0 88.6 89.8 91.4 63.3 4,944
Rural 80.9 89.8 82.7 87.5 89.4 56.1 6,524
Education2
No education 49.2 67.7 61.7 67.8 69.2 20.4 498
Primary 80.6 89.3 81.1 85.6 87.6 52.6 3,394
Secondary 84.5 91.8 86.5 90.3 92.1 60.3 5,213
Wealth quintile
Lowest 71.4 82.8 75.1 82.1 85.3 43.2 1,820
Second 81.3 91.4 80.9 87.6 89.4 54.9 2,033
Middle 85.3 91.8 85.4 89.4 91.3 61.7 2,001
Fourth 85.7 92.6 89.1 90.0 91.6 63.5 2,569
Highest 89.5 92.7 91.0 91.2 91.9 66.5 3,046
Total 15–34 83.6 90.7 85.3 88.5 90.2 59.2 11,468
1
Knowledge about HIV prevention means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one
uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting two
major misconceptions about HIV transmission: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and a person can become infected by sharing
food with a person who has HIV.
2
Table 13.13.1C Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people by county: Women
Percentages of young women age 15–34 who, in response to prompted questions, say that individuals can reduce their risk of getting
HIV by using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse and by having one sex partner who is not infected and has no other
partners, that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, that HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites, and that a person cannot get HIV
by sharing food with a person who has HIV, and the percentage with knowledge about HIV prevention, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Having sex A person
time they has no other looking person transmitted by person who about HIV Number of
County have sex partners can have HIV mosquito bites has HIV prevention1 women
Mombasa 80.0 87.9 83.3 91.9 95.9 57.9 353
Kwale 86.1 86.4 92.4 97.2 83.8 61.9 184
Kilifi 79.9 93.6 82.7 90.5 89.6 59.5 359
Tana River 47.0 71.6 74.2 87.6 82.2 32.8 59
Lamu 55.5 85.5 82.5 82.5 84.2 39.9 36
Taita/Taveta 86.3 87.8 92.3 86.3 88.5 58.1 75
Garissa 35.7 62.0 86.4 90.1 72.1 17.3 129
Wajir 45.3 80.2 73.3 92.4 81.8 28.3 64
Mandera 11.2 26.6 28.5 70.5 74.6 3.1 86
Marsabit 49.5 61.0 54.1 77.1 66.5 20.0 52
Isiolo 71.6 83.5 69.8 83.3 78.3 38.8 55
Meru 69.4 90.2 86.7 80.5 90.1 45.0 290
Tharaka-Nithi 81.9 92.9 84.9 81.4 82.3 55.0 76
Embu 82.3 86.5 85.1 91.0 91.7 57.5 106
Kitui 75.9 91.7 95.5 96.8 92.9 69.5 242
Machakos 93.0 98.9 89.5 91.7 91.6 71.7 347
Makueni 82.0 91.8 90.6 88.6 88.5 60.0 225
Nyandarua 87.3 97.6 96.1 82.9 96.4 70.6 127
Nyeri 90.6 88.8 96.9 88.6 91.6 68.3 163
Kirinyaga 88.8 94.8 97.7 85.4 92.9 71.2 146
Murang’a 88.1 92.8 91.1 88.0 69.3 52.3 206
Kiambu 86.8 89.8 91.6 84.5 94.4 60.4 739
Turkana 74.1 81.7 75.3 63.0 73.5 25.9 122
West Pokot 74.4 82.9 63.1 74.1 86.6 43.1 146
Samburu 71.6 83.6 64.7 83.2 78.5 39.0 60
Trans Nzoia 92.4 97.7 91.2 92.1 95.8 78.1 238
Uasin Gishu 84.8 93.9 84.5 87.0 94.3 62.9 392
Elgeyo/Marakwet 85.0 94.6 84.3 87.2 94.5 59.9 77
Nandi 80.7 90.4 67.0 97.3 93.1 49.2 224
Baringo 70.6 89.8 83.9 82.0 84.8 43.1 130
Laikipia 87.0 92.0 80.6 83.9 93.1 58.1 108
Nakuru 87.6 92.5 86.4 89.6 94.7 65.0 568
Narok 77.9 89.2 93.0 75.1 89.8 48.1 289
Kajiado 85.8 92.5 83.1 86.8 86.0 62.7 330
Kericho 91.7 90.0 71.5 92.6 79.7 51.1 273
Bomet 83.5 95.7 86.7 90.8 91.1 61.1 226
Kakamega 81.9 92.3 78.3 89.2 94.2 59.8 431
Vihiga 79.7 85.1 84.0 94.0 95.5 64.0 134
Bungoma 77.9 88.7 74.0 88.1 91.1 45.6 404
Busia 86.2 94.5 89.7 89.5 94.0 67.5 237
Siaya 93.9 93.1 88.9 97.2 95.2 76.1 192
Kisumu 95.8 96.2 94.4 95.2 87.8 73.7 296
Homa Bay 87.9 91.3 79.9 90.3 93.3 58.8 250
Migori 75.9 87.0 78.5 86.7 96.1 52.3 239
Kisii 93.0 96.0 95.5 93.4 96.2 80.2 322
Nyamira 88.8 97.5 95.1 91.6 96.6 80.0 115
Nairobi City 92.2 93.2 88.3 90.4 89.4 62.9 1,546
Total 15–34 83.6 90.7 85.3 88.5 90.2 59.2 11,468
1
Table 13.13.2 Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people: Men
Percentages of young men age 15–34 who, in response to prompted questions, say that individuals can reduce their risk of getting HIV by
using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse and by having one sex partner who is not infected and has no other partners, that a
healthy-looking person can have HIV, that HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites, and that a person cannot get HIV by sharing food
with a person who has HIV, and the percentage with knowledge about HIV prevention, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Having sex A person
Background time they has no other looking person transmitted by person who about HIV Number of
characteristic have sex partners can have HIV mosquito bites has HIV prevention1 men
Age
15–19 79.7 85.7 78.8 82.1 88.4 48.7 3,175
15–17 76.5 83.0 76.6 80.4 86.3 43.8 1,954
18–19 84.7 90.1 82.2 84.9 91.7 56.5 1,221
20–24 87.8 92.3 88.3 86.5 89.2 63.8 2,404
20–22 87.7 91.8 88.1 87.3 89.9 64.1 1,484
23–24 87.8 93.0 88.6 85.2 88.0 63.3 920
25–29 91.0 94.4 91.9 87.7 90.7 67.9 2,268
30–34 90.4 94.3 91.7 86.0 89.8 67.4 1,787
Marital status
Never married 84.6 89.2 84.2 84.9 89.0 57.6 6,393
Ever had sex 88.5 92.3 88.2 86.4 90.3 62.7 4,134
Never had sex 77.3 83.6 76.9 82.2 86.7 48.2 2,258
Ever married 89.8 94.5 91.5 85.8 90.1 66.1 3,242
Residence
Urban 89.9 94.7 92.4 89.6 89.8 68.7 3,918
Rural 83.8 88.4 82.7 82.2 89.1 54.8 5,716
Education2
No education 59.1 70.1 64.1 64.4 65.2 24.1 184
Primary 80.8 86.5 79.1 75.9 85.0 45.5 2,899
Secondary 87.7 92.6 88.3 87.8 91.1 63.1 4,482
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.0 85.5 77.8 78.9 85.6 48.4 1,464
Second 85.3 88.9 82.7 81.8 89.4 54.1 1,813
Middle 84.6 88.6 84.4 83.1 89.8 57.0 1,913
Fourth 89.2 94.1 91.2 87.5 89.1 64.6 2,404
Highest 92.1 95.3 93.3 92.1 92.0 73.1 2,041
Total 15–34 86.3 91.0 86.7 85.2 89.4 60.5 9,634
1
Knowledge about HIV prevention means knowing that consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and having just one uninfected
faithful partner can reduce the chance of getting HIV, knowing that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, and rejecting two major
misconceptions about HIV transmission: HIV can be transmitted by mosquito bites and a person can become infected by sharing food with
a person who has HIV.
2
Table 13.13.2C Knowledge about HIV prevention among young people by county: Men
Percentages of young men age 15–34 who, in response to prompted questions, say that individuals can reduce their risk of getting HIV
by using condoms every time they have sexual intercourse and by having one sex partner who is not infected and has no other partners,
that a healthy-looking person can have HIV, that HIV cannot be transmitted by mosquito bites, and that a person cannot get HIV by sharing
food with a person who has HIV, and the percentage with knowledge about HIV prevention, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Having sex A person
time they has no other looking person transmitted by person who about HIV Number of
County have sex partners can have HIV mosquito bites has HIV prevention1 men
Mombasa 73.6 95.6 96.3 91.4 96.2 63.2 318
Kwale 68.7 94.4 86.2 81.9 91.0 49.8 158
Kilifi 76.1 86.8 95.8 90.1 96.0 57.0 296
Tana River 64.2 64.0 90.8 92.7 90.1 42.7 46
Lamu 98.5 97.0 94.9 98.4 98.2 89.7 27
Taita/Taveta 80.6 93.0 86.2 87.7 94.1 57.5 70
Garissa 97.0 99.9 98.5 96.3 97.7 90.9 96
Wajir 69.9 85.3 78.2 90.7 75.5 42.5 52
Mandera 61.2 66.4 37.4 69.8 62.6 21.9 61
Marsabit 55.9 91.3 71.9 74.9 83.6 31.3 30
Isiolo 81.2 96.6 77.4 88.6 93.2 55.4 37
Meru 83.0 89.7 90.2 76.1 89.2 51.7 299
Tharaka-Nithi 85.5 93.9 93.9 83.9 88.1 58.4 84
Embu 72.1 71.1 95.5 81.4 89.4 52.0 104
Kitui 97.4 92.4 95.9 95.1 94.2 83.1 227
Machakos 89.1 91.6 78.5 91.0 94.3 65.0 328
Makueni 91.1 98.3 89.7 70.9 90.2 58.5 187
Nyandarua 86.0 82.2 78.3 87.4 94.8 48.8 104
Nyeri 87.2 82.6 92.0 80.6 85.0 59.3 145
Kirinyaga 93.7 91.5 79.9 92.2 89.7 75.1 115
Murang’a 94.2 97.9 88.3 81.5 85.5 61.4 191
Kiambu 81.8 88.4 86.2 80.7 85.7 55.8 631
Turkana 62.4 66.8 74.6 77.7 86.0 38.7 77
West Pokot 92.6 96.0 91.5 95.0 93.7 78.6 118
Samburu 78.1 92.7 73.6 66.7 66.1 35.3 35
Trans Nzoia 84.2 95.0 95.5 88.1 89.9 65.3 195
Uasin Gishu 91.5 88.6 96.0 95.9 93.1 72.3 336
Elgeyo/Marakwet 80.8 72.3 92.0 78.2 93.8 46.0 78
Nandi 89.3 83.6 84.0 97.8 94.2 67.4 180
Baringo 80.7 74.9 77.2 85.8 88.8 47.6 123
Laikipia 76.2 90.5 80.2 84.1 88.8 46.6 105
Nakuru 78.5 80.2 78.6 74.8 79.5 36.9 467
Narok 72.6 90.5 63.7 69.7 86.3 39.8 221
Kajiado 89.3 92.7 89.3 79.3 84.5 56.8 221
Kericho 96.8 98.4 90.2 98.6 99.1 85.2 214
Bomet 92.9 93.4 84.1 84.2 92.2 59.7 181
Kakamega 89.7 97.8 81.6 68.8 90.2 50.4 397
Vihiga 79.7 82.8 86.0 87.9 90.4 52.1 111
Bungoma 73.3 82.9 70.8 80.5 88.0 40.0 339
Busia 81.6 87.1 81.8 79.2 82.8 46.0 201
Siaya 85.6 93.2 64.7 75.5 89.8 42.7 165
Kisumu 97.5 98.2 90.6 97.5 97.0 82.5 234
Homa Bay 86.5 84.9 75.4 81.9 92.6 52.5 189
Migori 95.9 98.4 78.2 87.9 94.6 66.6 175
Kisii 97.8 98.8 98.4 97.7 99.0 95.5 223
Nyamira 77.7 87.2 89.5 80.1 83.5 54.5 87
Nairobi City 97.5 98.8 96.2 91.0 85.9 74.3 1,357
Total 15–34 86.3 91.0 86.7 85.2 89.4 60.5 9,634
1
Table 13.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people
Percentage of young women and young men age 15–24 who had sexual intercourse before age 15 and percentage of young women and young
men age 18–24 who had sexual intercourse before age 18, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women age 15–24 Women age 18–24 Men age 15–24 Men age 18–24
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage
who had who had who had who had
sexual sexual sexual sexual
intercourse intercourse intercourse intercourse
Background before Number of before Number of before Number of before Number of
characteristic age 15 women age 18 women age 15 men age 18 men
Age
15–19 6.8 6,025 na na 18.4 3,175 na na
15–17 7.2 3,564 na na 18.2 1,954 na na
18–19 6.2 2,461 39.8 2,461 18.8 1,221 52.6 1,221
20–24 8.5 6,001 39.6 6,001 19.4 2,404 53.0 2,404
20–22 7.2 3,640 38.2 3,640 18.6 1,484 52.7 1,484
23–24 10.5 2,361 41.9 2,361 20.6 920 53.7 920
Residence
Urban 4.2 4,664 31.3 3,770 15.6 1,830 48.2 1,368
Rural 9.8 7,363 46.4 4,692 20.4 3,750 55.7 2,257
Education1
No education 19.3 306 58.3 240 18.8 63 35.8 40
Primary 14.5 3,132 69.6 1,655 21.7 1,713 63.0 743
Secondary 5.5 6,688 37.1 4,670 17.5 3,078 52.9 2,123
More than secondary 1.9 1,901 17.5 1,898 17.8 725 43.2 719
Total 7.6 12,026 39.7 8,462 18.8 5,579 52.9 3,625
na = not available.
1
Table 13.15 Premarital sexual intercourse among young people
Among never-married women and men age 15–24, percentage who have never had sexual intercourse,
Women age 15–24 Men age 15–24
Background have never had Number of never have never had Number of never
characteristic sexual intercourse married women sexual intercourse married men
Age
15–19 72.8 5,516 60.3 3,153
15–17 82.2 3,464 72.4 1,953
18–19 57.1 2,053 40.8 1,201
20–24 26.6 3,007 15.3 1,987
20–22 31.2 2,088 17.6 1,327
23–24 16.1 919 10.7 660
Residence
Urban 53.2 3,271 40.4 1,640
Rural 58.6 5,253 44.1 3,501
Education1
No education 83.0 103 55.6 53
Primary 69.1 1,925 54.3 1,554
Secondary 59.4 5,076 42.8 2,893
More than secondary 27.0 1,420 14.8 640
Total 56.5 8,524 42.9 5,140
1
No education includes informal education (Madrassa/Duksi/Adult education), and more than secondary
Table 13.16.1 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12 months among young people: Women
Among all young women age 15–24, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, and
percentage who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them; among those having more
than one partner in the last 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among young women age 15–24
who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their husband nor lived with them, percentage who used a condom
during last sexual intercourse with such a partner, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women age 15–24 who had
intercourse in the last 12
Women age 15–24 who months with a person who
had 2+ partners in the was neither their husband
Women age 15–24 last 12 months nor lived with them
Percentage
who had
intercourse in Percentage
the last 12 who reported
months with a Percentage using a
person who who reported condom during
Percentage was neither using a last sexual
who had 2+ their husband condom during intercourse
Background partners in the nor lived Number of last sexual Number of with such a Number of
characteristic last 12 months with them women intercourse women partner women
Age
15–19 1.5 17.5 3,125 30.7 48 46.3 546
15–17 0.5 10.0 1,822 * 10 37.2 182
18–19 2.9 27.9 1,303 (31.7) 38 50.8 364
20–24 5.8 31.1 3,063 36.8 179 40.4 952
20–22 6.3 33.8 1,850 39.1 116 43.0 626
23–24 5.2 26.9 1,212 32.6 63 35.5 326
Marital status
Never married 3.1 30.6 4,381 47.7 136 42.7 1,340
Ever married 5.0 8.8 1,807 17.3 91 41.5 158
Residence
Urban 4.7 27.4 2,430 41.8 115 47.0 665
Rural 3.0 22.2 3,758 29.1 112 39.0 834
Education1
No education 2.4 6.5 160 * 4 * 10
Primary 3.0 16.9 1,591 (30.4) 48 38.9 269
Secondary 2.7 21.7 3,441 35.3 93 43.6 746
More than secondary 8.2 47.5 995 (40.6) 81 43.8 472
Total 15–24 3.7 24.2 6,188 35.5 227 42.6 1,498
1
Table 13.16.2 Multiple sexual partners and higher-risk sexual intercourse in the last 12 months among young people: Men
Among all young men age 15–24, percentage who had sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months, and
percentage who had intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them; among those having
more than one partner in the last 12 months, percentage reporting that a condom was used during last intercourse; among men age 15–
24 who had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months with a person who was neither their wife nor lived with them, percentage who used a
condom during last sexual intercourse with such a partner, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Men age 15–24 who had
intercourse in the last 12
Men age 15–24 who months with a person who
had 2+ partners in the was neither their wife nor
Men age 15–24 last 12 months lived with them
Percentage
who had Percentage
intercourse in who reported
the past 12 Percentage using a
Percentage months with a who reported condom during
who had 2+ person who using a last sexual
partners in was neither condom during intercourse
Background the past their wife nor Number of last sexual Number of with such a Number of
characteristic 12 months lived with them men intercourse men partner men
Age
15–19 5.3 25.2 3,175 62.2 170 67.0 801
15–17 2.2 15.8 1,954 72.5 42 63.6 308
18–19 10.4 40.4 1,221 58.8 128 69.1 493
20–24 21.3 61.3 2,404 64.0 512 71.1 1,474
20–22 20.4 61.6 1,484 63.0 302 72.0 913
23–24 22.8 60.9 920 65.4 210 69.5 560
Marital status
Never married 11.4 41.6 5,140 67.9 588 69.6 2,138
Ever married 21.5 31.2 439 36.5 94 69.6 137
Residence
Urban 15.3 43.8 1,830 64.1 280 68.8 801
Rural 10.7 39.3 3,750 63.2 401 70.1 1,474
Education1
No education 2.2 23.8 63 * 1 (29.3) 15
Primary 9.2 31.9 1,713 49.9 157 63.0 547
Secondary 10.3 39.6 3,078 63.2 316 70.3 1,218
More than secondary 28.7 68.3 725 74.4 208 76.5 495
Total 15–24 12.2 40.8 5,579 63.5 682 69.6 2,275
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25
1
Table 13.17 Recent HIV tests among young people
Among young women and young men age 15–24 who have had sexual intercourse in the last 12
months, percentage who were tested for HIV in the last 12 months and received the results of the
last test, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women age 15–24 who have Men age 15–24 who have
had sexual intercourse in had sexual intercourse in
the last 12 months: the last 12 months:
have been tested have been tested
for HIV in the for HIV in the
past 12 months past 12 months
and received the and received the
Background results of the Number of results of the Number of
characteristic last test women last test men
Age
15–19 49.4 784 21.9 816
15–17 35.7 226 13.3 309
18–19 55.0 558 27.1 507
20–24 61.8 2,307 48.8 1,763
20–22 58.9 1,305 45.0 1,021
23–24 65.5 1,002 54.0 742
Marital status
Never married 54.0 1,345 37.6 2,152
Ever married 62.2 1,746 53.5 427
Total 15–24 58.6 3,091 40.2 2,578
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the
short questionnaire
CHRONIC CONDITIONS 14
Key Findings
 High blood pressure (hypertension): Nine percent of

women age 15–49 have received a diagnosis of
hypertension with 32% currently on treatment. Three
percent of men age 15–49 have received a diagnosis of
hypertension with 32% currently on treatment.
 High blood sugar (diabetes): One percent of women
age 15–49 have received a diagnosis of diabetes of
which 63% are currently on treatment. One percent of
men age 15–49 have received a diagnosis of diabetes of
which 73% are currently on treatment.
 Heart disease or chronic heart condition: One percent
of women and men age 15–49 have ever received a
diagnosis of heart disease or chronic heart conditions.
 Lung disease and chronic lung conditions: The
prevalence of lung disease and chronic lung conditions
among women and men age 15–49 is 1%.
 Depression and anxiety: Four percent of women and
3% of men age 15–49 reported having ever been
diagnosed with depression or anxiety.
 Breast and cervical cancer examinations: Fourteen
percent of women have ever been examined or tested for
breast cancer and 17% have been tested for cervical
cancer. Less than half (45%) of women age 15–49 are
aware that they can self-examine for lumps and cancer in
the breast.
 Arthritis: Three percent of women and 1% of men age
15–49 have ever been diagnosed with arthritis. Forty-nine
percent of these women and 45% of these men are
receiving on treatment.
 Cancer of the prostate: Less than 1% of men have ever
been diagnosed with prostate cancer. Fourteen percent
are receiving treatment.
K
enya is experiencing an epidemiological transition in its disease burden from predominantly
communicable diseases to a rapidly rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and
injuries. This has resulted in a “triple burden of disease,” which is increasingly straining the
health system. It is estimated that 39% of deaths in the country are as a result of NCDs (WHO 2018), with
the four major NCDs: cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases
accounting for 57% of all NCD deaths.
Non-communicable diseases have four common risk factors: tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, physical
inactivity, and unhealthy diets. Other risk factors include environmental pollutants, as well overweight and
obesity.
Chronic Conditions • 471

This chapter presents data on chronic conditions including cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. The chapter
also provides information on physical inactivity, as well as awareness, screening, and management of
chronic diseases.
14.1 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Physical activity
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal
muscles that require energy expenditure.
Respondents were asked on how many days they did moderate to vigorous
intensity activity and how many minutes they did moderate to vigorous
intensity activity in a week.
Sedentary time
Sedentary behaviour is any waking behaviour characterised by an energy
expenditure of 1.5 METS or lower while sitting, reclining, or lying.
Respondents were asked how many hours they spent seated in typical day.
Physical activity is known to confer various benefits in health outcomes including improved all-cause
mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, hypertension, site-specific cancers (bladder, breast, colon,
endometrial, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, gastric, and renal), type 2 diabetes, mental health (reduced
symptoms of anxiety and depression), cognitive health, sleep, and also improved measures of adiposity. It
is important to note that self-reported level of physical activity has been found to be overestimated.
Median time accumulated in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is 179.1 minutes per week for women
and 419.7 minutes per week for men (Table 14.1).
The median time spent being sedentary is similar for women and men (2.7 hours and 2.9 hours per day,
respectively).
 Median time per week at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for both women and men increases
with age, from 99.6 minutes among women age 20–24 to 299.6 minutes among women age 45–49,
and from 240.0 minutes among men age 15–19 to 719.5 minutes among men age 40–44.
 Median time used per week in physical activities is higher in rural areas (209.8 minutes for women and
539.1 for men) than in urban areas (104.9 minutes for women and 299.6 minutes for men).
 Median time used per week in physical activity decreases with wealth quintile, from 239.0 minutes in
the second wealth quintile to 119.2 minutes in the highest quintile for women, and from 599.3 minutes
in the second wealth quintile to 239.2 minutes in the highest wealth quintile for men.
 Median sedentary time per day among women and men decreases with age, from 4.2 hours for women
age 15–19 to 2.2 hours per day among women age 35–49, and from 3.9 hours for men age 15–19 to
2.6 hours among men age 35-39.
 Counties with the highest median time per week at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among
women are Murang’a (899.4 minutes) and Nandi (749.3 minutes).
472 • Chronic Conditions

 Counties with the highest median time per week at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among men
are Bomet (2,159.1 minutes), Laikipia (1,799.1 minutes), and Makueni (1,679.6 minutes) (Table
14.1C).
 Counties with the highest median sedentary time per day among women are Isiolo (5.5 hours), Lamu
(5.2 hours), and Marsabit (4.7 hours).
 Counties with the highest median sedentary time per day among men are Kakamega (5.4 hours), Nandi
(4.7 hours), and Garissa (4.6 hours).
14.2 HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
High blood pressure or hypertension

Respondents were asked if they have ever been told by a doctor or other
healthcare worker that they have high blood pressure or hypertension. If so,
are they taking medication to control their blood pressure.
Nine percent of women and 3% of men age 15–49 Figure 14.1 Blood pressure and blood
reported that they had been told by a doctor or other sugar diagnosis and treatment
healthcare worker that they have high blood pressure
Percentage of who Among those who have
or hypertension. Of those who reported that they had have been told by a been told they have
high blood pressure or hypertension, 32% of women healthcare provider blood pressure or sugar,
and men were taking medication to control blood that they have: percentage taking
medication to control:
pressure (Figure 14.1).
Women Men
63
 The prevalence of high blood pressure increases
with age, from 2% among women age 15–19 to 32 32
20% among women age 45–49. Similarly, the
prevalence of high blood pressure increases from 9
3 1 1
1% among men age 15–19 to 10% among men
Blood Blood Blood Blood
age 45–49 (Table 14.2.1 and Table 14.2.2).
pressure sugar pressure sugar
 Prevalence of high blood pressure increases with household wealth quintile, from 5% in the lowest
wealth quintile to 11% in the highest quintile among women, and from 2% in the lowest quintile to 5%
in the highest quintile among men.
 Counties with the highest percentage of women with hypertension are Kirinyaga (20%), Taita/Taveta
(18%), and Laikipia (16%), whereas Embu (6%) and Homa Bay (6%) counties have the highest
percentage of men with hypertension (Table 14.2.1C and Table 14.2.2C).
14.3 HIGH BLOOD SUGAR
High blood sugar or diabetes

healthcare worker that they have high blood sugar or diabetes. And if so, if
they are taking medication to control their blood sugar or diabetes.

One percent of both men and women age 15–49 had been told they have high blood sugar or diabetes by a
doctor or other healthcare worker. Of those with high blood sugar or diabetes, 63% of women and 73% of
men are taking medication to control blood sugar (Figure 14.1, Table 14.3.1, and Table 14.3.2).
14.4 HEART DISEASE OR CHRONIC HEART DISEASE
Heart disease or chronic heart condition

healthcare worker that they have heart disease or a chronic heart condition.
And if so, if they are receiving any treatment for their heart disease or chronic
heart condition.
One percent of both women and men age 15–49 have been told by a doctor or other healthcare worker they
have heart disease or chronic heart conditions. Of those with heart disease or chronic heart conditions, 43%
of women and 30% of men are receiving treatment (Table 14.4).
14.5 LUNG DISEASE OR A CHRONIC LUNG CONDITION
Lung disease or a chronic lung condition

healthcare worker that they have lung disease or a chronic lung condition. And
if so, if they are receiving any treatment for their lung disease or a chronic lung
condition
The prevalence of lung disease and chronic lung conditions among women and men age 15–49 is 1%.
Sixty-six percent of women and 41% of men who have lung disease or chronic lung conditions are
receiving treatment (Table 14.5).
14.6 MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS, DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY
Depression and anxiety

healthcare worker that they have depression or anxiety, and if so, if they are
receiving any treatment for depression or anxiety.
Four percent of women age 15–49 reported having ever been told by a doctor or other healthcare worker
that they have depression or anxiety. Twenty-seven percent of those with depression or anxiety are
receiving medication. Three percent of men age 15–49 have ever been told by a doctor or other healthcare
worker that they have depression or anxiety. Twenty-one percent of them are receiving medication (Table
14.6).
 Counties with the highest prevalence of depression or anxiety among women age 15–49 are Narok
(17%), Meru (10%), and Uasin Gishu (8%), while Bomet (21%), Laikipia (9%), and Isiolo (9% ) have
the highest prevalence of depression and anxiety among men age 15–49 (Table 14.6C).

14.7 BREAST AND CERVICAL CANCER EXAMINATIONS
Breast cancer examination

Regular breast screening is one of the best ways to improve early diagnosis of
breast cancer, which together with cervical cancer are the leading cases of
cancer in Kenya. Women were asked if a doctor or other healthcare provider
examined their breasts to check for cancer. The examination could include
either a clinical breast exam, in which a healthcare provider uses their hands
to feel for lumps or other changes or the use of medical equipment to make an
image of the breast tissue, such as a mammogram.
Cervical cancer examination
To be checked for cervical cancer, a woman is asked to lie on her back with
her legs apart. A healthcare worker will use a brush or swab to collect a
sample from inside her. The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing. This test
is called Pap smear or human papillomavirus (HPV) test. Another method is
called a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). In this test, the healthcare
worker puts vinegar on the cervix to see if there is a reaction. Women were
asked if a doctor or other healthcare provider ever tested them for cervical
cancer. The type of screening test is not collected.
Early detection of cancer is one of the most effective ways of improving outcome of cancer treatment. It
helps health professionals initiate early treatment that slows the progress of the cancer, and ultimately
intervene to treat cancerous growths.
Breast cancer screening involves feeling the breast tissues by hand to detect any abnormal growths. This
can be done either by a health professional or by individuals. If any abnormal growth is detected, a piece of
the affected tissue is surgically removed and examined in a laboratory for confirmation of cancer cells.
Cervical cancer screening involves detecting abnormal growth in the cervix by using visual inspection or
chemically-based testing. Any abnormal mass that is found in the cervix is surgically removed before it
becomes cancerous.
Forty-five percent of women age 15–49 are aware that they can self-examine for lumps and cancer in the
breast. Fourteen percent of women have ever been examined or tested for breast cancer and 17% have been
tested for cervical cancer. Less than 1% of the women have tested positive for breast or cervical cancer
(Table 14.7).

 The examination for breast cancer is more Figure 14.2 Breast and cervical cancer
common in urban areas (18%) than in rural areas exams by education
(11%). Percentage of women age 15–49 who
were ever examined by a healthcare
 Testing for cervical cancer is higher in urban worker for:
(20%) than in rural areas (14%). Breast cancer Cervical cancer
 The percentage of women examined for breast

cancer increases with education level, from 5%
among those with no education to 25% among
those with more than secondary education.
25 25
 The percentage of women tested for cervical
12 17 12 15
cancer is the lowest among those with no 5 6
education (6%), while the highest percentage is
among those with more than secondary secondary
education (25%) (Figure 14.2).
 The percentage of women examined for breast cancer increases with wealth quintile, from 6% among
women in the lowest wealth quintile to 22% among those in the highest wealth quintile (Table 14.7).
 The percentage of women tested for cervical cancer increases with wealth quintile, from 8% among
women in the lowest wealth quintile to 24% among those in the highest wealth quintile.
 Counties with the highest percentage of women age 15–49 examined for breast cancer are Nyeri
(25%), Murang’a (23%), and Kiambu (21%), while Mandera, Marsabit, Garissa, Kwale, Tana River,
and Wajir have the lowest (2% or less) (Table 14.7C and Map 14.1).
 Counties with the highest percentage of women screened for cervical cancer are Nyeri (32%), Kericho
(27%), and Nairobi City (25%), while Mandera, Marsabit, Garissa, and Wajir have the lowest
percentage (2% or less) (Table 14.7C and Map 14.1).

Map 14.1 Breast and cervical cancer exams by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who were ever examined by a healthcare worker for breast cancer

Map 14.1—Continued
Percentage of women age 15–49 who were ever examined by a healthcare worker for cervical cancer
14.8 ARTHRITIS
Arthritis
healthcare worker that they have arthritis. And if so, if they were receiving any
treatment for arthritis.
Three percent of women age 15–49 have been told by a doctor or other healthcare worker they have
arthritis. About half of women (49%) who have been told they have arthritis are receiving treatment. One
percent of men age 15–49 have arthritis with 45% of them receiving treatment (Table 14.8).
 The prevalence of arthritis increases with age from 1% among women age 15–19 to 9% for women
age 45–49.
 Counties with the highest percentage of women age 15–49 with arthritis are Tharaka-Nithi (11%),
Meru (10%), and Nyandarua (8%) (Table 14.8C).

 Counties with the highest percentage of men age 15–49 with arthritis are Meru (10%), Samburu (5%),
and Laikipia (4%).
14.9 CANCER OF THE PROSTATE
Prostate cancer
healthcare worker that they have prostate cancer, and if so, are receiving any
treatment for prostate cancer.
Less than 1% of men age 15–49 have been told that they have prostate cancer with 14% of them receiving
treatment (Table 14.9).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on chronic conditions, see the following tables:
 Table 14.1 Physical activity

 Table 14.1C Physical activity by county
 Table 14.2.1 Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment: Women
 Table 14.2.1C Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment by county: Women
 Table 14.2.2 Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment: Men
 Table 14.2.2C Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment by county: Men
 Table 14.3.1 Blood sugar diagnosis and treatment: Women
 Table 14.3.2 Blood sugar diagnosis and treatment: Men
 Table 14.4 Heart disease and chronic heart condition diagnosis and treatment
 Table 14.5 Lung disease and chronic lung condition diagnosis and treatment
 Table 14.6 Depression diagnosis and treatment
 Table 14.6C Depression diagnosis and treatment by county
 Table 14.7 Examinations for breast and cervical cancer
 Table 14.7C Examinations for breast and cervical cancer by county
 Table 14.8 Arthritis diagnosis and treatment
 Table 14.8C Arthritis diagnosis and treatment by county
 Table 14.9 Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment

Table 14.1 Physical activity
Median time at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and median sedentary time among
women and men age 15–49, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Median time at Median time at
moderate-to- moderate-to-
vigorous vigorous
physical activity Median physical activity Median
Background (minutes sedentary time (minutes sedentary time
characteristic per week) (hours per day) per week) (hours per day)
Age
15–19 119.1 4.2 240.0 3.9
20–24 99.6 3.3 419.3 3.0
25–29 140.0 2.8 479.5 2.8
30–34 179.6 2.4 599.1 2.6
35–39 279.4 2.2 599.1 2.6
40–44 259.4 2.2 719.5 2.8
45–49 299.6 2.2 599.4 2.7
Residence
Urban 104.9 3.3 299.6 3.3
Rural 209.8 2.4 539.1 2.8
Education1
No education 119.5 3.2 359.3 3.2
Primary 239.4 2.3 599.7 2.6
Secondary 119.9 2.9 360.0 3.0
More than secondary 119.4 3.3 259.8 3.5
Wealth quintile
Lowest 209.5 2.6 539.9 2.5
Second 239.0 2.2 599.3 2.7
Middle 199.5 2.5 479.7 2.9
Fourth 119.7 2.8 419.3 2.9
Highest 119.2 3.5 239.2 3.7
Total 15–49 179.1 2.7 419.7 2.9
50–54 na na 599.4 2.9
Total 15–54 na na 419.8 2.9
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not
in the short questionnaire.
1
secondary includes middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals
who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 14.1C Physical activity by county
Median time at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and median sedentary time

among women and men age 15–49, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Median time at Median time at
moderate-to- moderate-to-
vigorous vigorous
physical activity Median physical activity Median
(minutes sedentary time (minutes sedentary time
County per week) (hours per day) per week) (hours per day)
Mombasa 9.5 3.9 419.5 2.5
Kwale 209.6 4.5 240.0 2.3
Kilifi 359.0 3.9 629.0 2.2
Tana River a 3.5 a 1.1
Lamu 179.2 5.2 59.5 2.0
Taita/Taveta 59.5 2.9 1,007.8 1.8
Garissa a 2.2 239.3 4.6
Wajir a 3.0 99.9 2.7
Mandera 479.3 4.5 599.7 2.6
Marsabit 59.6 4.7 239.7 2.5
Isiolo 6.0 5.5 179.7 4.2
Meru 520.0 1.6 719.4 2.9
Tharaka-Nithi 179.9 2.2 1,499.5 3.8
Embu 139.3 2.5 959.8 3.9
Kitui 19.6 2.8 719.4 3.1
Machakos 139.6 3.1 420.0 2.4
Makueni a 3.4 1,679.6 1.9
Nyandarua 179.3 2.3 1,079.6 2.9
Nyeri 59.3 2.3 299.1 3.3
Kirinyaga 59.1 4.6 a 2.5
Murang’a 899.4 4.5 1,499.1 2.4
Kiambu 719.7 3.0 839.0 2.9
Turkana 299.1 4.3 a 3.7
West Pokot 119.5 2.1 899.8 1.6
Samburu 300.0 2.6 720.0 3.6
Trans Nzoia 719.6 3.0 59.6 4.1
Uasin Gishu 59.7 1.8 839.8 1.2
Elgeyo/Marakwet 199.1 2.6 719.9 1.6
Nandi 749.3 2.4 6.3 4.7
Baringo 29.4 1.5 719.9 2.1
Laikipia 179.2 3.3 1,799.1 1.9
Nakuru a 2.3 1,199.4 4.1
Narok 119.2 3.4 600.0 3.3
Kajiado 149.9 2.4 180.0 3.6
Kericho 119.0 2.2 89.5 3.5
Bomet 719.5 1.6 2,159.1 1.0
Kakamega 479.7 1.6 359.9 5.4
Vihiga 99.1 3.0 419.1 1.5
Bungoma 239.4 2.0 539.6 2.3
Busia 44.5 2.6 239.9 2.9
Siaya 119.8 3.2 239.2 1.9
Kisumu 24.1 2.6 719.1 1.6
Homa Bay 720.0 1.7 1,439.3 2.7
Migori 299.5 1.6 1,199.1 2.1
Kisii 359.6 2.7 239.3 2.4
Nyamira 239.6 2.2 59.0 2.5
Nairobi City 69.4 3.6 119.7 4.0
Total 15–49 179.1 2.7 419.7 2.9
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but
not in the short questionnaire.
a = Omitted because more than 50% of the respondents complete zero minutes of
moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week.

Table 14.2.1 Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment: Women
Percentage of women 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have high blood
pressure or hypertension; among those who have been told they have high blood pressure, percentage
taking medication to control blood pressure; according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women who have been told by a
doctor or other healthcare worker they
Ever told have high have high blood pressure or hypertension,
blood pressure or the percentage who were:
hypertension by a Taking medication
Background doctor or other Number to control blood Number
characteristic healthcare worker of women pressure of women
Age
15–19 1.5 3,125 (31.2) 48
20–24 5.1 3,063 25.2 155
25–29 7.6 2,916 20.6 222
30–34 9.9 2,364 26.2 234
35–39 11.3 2,288 28.3 260
40–44 15.5 1,615 39.4 251
45–49 19.6 1,346 47.5 263
Residence
Urban 9.7 6,850 32.9 666
Rural 7.8 9,866 31.2 765
Education1
No education 5.6 920 34.9 51
Primary 9.7 6,107 34.1 592
Secondary 7.6 6,481 30.2 491
More than
secondary 9.3 3,208 30.4 297
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.0 2,599 36.5 129
Second 6.3 2,974 29.2 186
Middle 9.2 3,086 30.1 284
Fourth 9.3 3,729 31.7 349
Highest 11.2 4,328 33.2 483
Total 15–49 8.6 16,716 32.0 1,431
Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.
1

Table 14.2.1C Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment by county: Women
Percentage of women 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have high blood
pressure or hypertension; among those who have been told they have high blood pressure, percentage
taking medication to control blood pressure; according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women who have been told by a
doctor or other Number to control blood Number
County healthcare worker of women pressure of women
Mombasa 10.7 493 (40.0) 53
Kwale 4.4 260 * 11
Kilifi 6.3 489 (37.9) 31
Tana River 3.6 79 * 3
Lamu 10.2 54 (46.9) 5
Taita/Taveta 18.1 122 (12.9) 22
Garissa 2.3 163 * 4
Wajir 5.9 90 * 5
Mandera 2.9 113 * 3
Marsabit 2.8 72 * 2
Isiolo 5.3 76 * 4
Meru 11.0 488 (24.3) 53
Tharaka-Nithi 14.7 131 (22.7) 19
Embu 10.2 180 (40.5) 18
Kitui 4.3 373 * 16
Machakos 11.1 544 (26.9) 60
Makueni 3.7 356 * 13
Nyandarua 11.7 225 (21.9) 26
Nyeri 14.3 261 (26.6) 37
Kirinyaga 20.0 262 16.7 52
Murang’a 11.6 339 (28.5) 39
Kiambu 7.2 1,095 (20.5) 79
Turkana 3.3 172 * 6
West Pokot 2.6 197 * 5
Samburu 1.7 79 * 1
Trans Nzoia 8.3 359 (29.4) 30
Uasin Gishu 11.3 527 (23.8) 59
Elgeyo/Marakwet 7.6 116 * 9
Nandi 5.1 332 * 17
Baringo 8.3 193 (25.8) 16
Laikipia 15.6 173 (33.6) 27
Nakuru 8.6 862 (23.3) 74
Narok 5.0 374 * 19
Kajiado 13.1 451 (30.6) 59
Kericho 7.1 372 (39.7) 26
Bomet 7.3 327 (18.5) 24
Kakamega 8.6 652 (30.5) 56
Vihiga 7.5 201 (16.9) 15
Bungoma 9.8 572 (50.3) 56
Busia 3.4 336 * 11
Siaya 3.4 275 * 9
Kisumu 8.9 396 (26.3) 35
Homa Bay 10.3 344 (28.2) 35
Migori 7.2 350 (58.9) 25
Kisii 3.6 463 * 17
Nyamira 6.1 168 * 10
Nairobi City 10.7 2,157 41.6 230
Total 15–49 8.6 16,716 32.0 1,431
questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a
figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.

Table 14.2.2 Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment: Men
Percentage of men 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have high blood pressure
or hypertension; among those who have been told they have high blood pressure, percentage taking
medication to control blood pressure; according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among men who have been told by a
Background doctor or other Number to control blood Number
characteristic healthcare worker of men pressure of men
Age
15–19 0.6 3,175 * 19
20–24 1.2 2,404 * 29
25–29 1.7 2,268 (10.9) 39
30–34 2.9 1,787 (17.8) 52
35–39 4.7 1,577 33.0 73
40–44 6.1 1,332 38.2 81
45–49 10.2 1,109 39.8 113
Residence
Urban 3.3 5,382 33.6 177
Rural 2.8 8,270 30.2 228
Education1
No education 5.1 369 * 19
Primary 2.6 4,894 29.2 127
Secondary 2.4 5,592 31.9 134
More than
secondary 4.5 2,797 35.7 125
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.1 2,062 (29.8) 44
Second 2.1 2,584 24.8 54
Middle 2.6 2,754 33.4 70
Fourth 3.1 3,325 32.1 102
Highest 4.6 2,927 33.8 135
Total 15–49 3.0 13,652 31.7 405
50–54 12.4 801 56.0 99
Total 15–54 3.5 14,453 36.5 504
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is
1

Table 14.2.2C Blood pressure diagnosis and treatment by county: Men
Percentage of men 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have high blood pressure
or hypertension; among those who have been told they have high blood pressure, percentage taking
medication to control blood pressure; according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among men who have been told by a
doctor or other Number to control blood Number
County healthcare worker of men pressure of men
Mombasa 3.6 442 * 16
Kwale 1.6 209 * 3
Kilifi 3.7 405 * 15
Tana River 3.8 64 * 2
Lamu 3.9 41 * 2
Taita/Taveta 4.6 103 * 5
Garissa 1.5 117 * 2
Wajir 2.0 63 * 1
Mandera 0.8 81 * 1
Marsabit 2.5 45 * 1
Isiolo 2.5 55 * 1
Meru 4.4 489 * 22
Tharaka-Nithi 4.4 137 * 6
Embu 5.9 176 * 10
Kitui 0.7 312 * 2
Machakos 1.2 480 * 6
Makueni 0.7 279 * 2
Nyandarua 5.4 168 * 9
Nyeri 5.0 235 * 12
Kirinyaga 1.9 191 * 4
Murang’a 3.1 297 * 9
Kiambu 3.1 911 * 28
Turkana 4.4 111 * 5
West Pokot 1.0 150 * 2
Samburu 4.7 51 * 2
Trans Nzoia 1.4 272 * 4
Uasin Gishu 2.8 451 * 13
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.6 110 * 1
Nandi 2.7 265 * 7
Baringo 4.0 165 * 7
Laikipia 4.4 145 * 6
Nakuru 1.2 670 * 8
Narok 3.0 313 * 10
Kajiado 2.5 339 * 8
Kericho 2.2 330 * 7
Bomet 1.2 268 * 3
Kakamega 2.1 532 * 11
Vihiga 5.0 156 * 8
Bungoma 2.6 448 * 12
Busia 3.0 262 * 8
Siaya 2.2 227 * 5
Kisumu 2.1 345 * 7
Homa Bay 5.8 258 * 15
Migori 3.8 246 * 9
Kisii 1.9 326 * 6
Nyamira 3.9 133 * 5
Nairobi City 4.3 1,777 * 77
Total 15–49 3.0 13,652 31.7 405
Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.

Table 14.3.1 Blood sugar diagnosis and treatment: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have
high blood sugar or diabetes; among those who have been told they have high blood sugar,
percentage taking medication to control blood sugar, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Among women who have been
told by a doctor or other healthcare
worker they have high blood
Ever told have sugar or diabetes,
high blood sugar the percentage who were:
or diabetes by a Taking
doctor or other medication to
Background healthcare Number of control blood Number of
characteristic worker women sugar women
Age
15–19 0.1 3,125 * 4
20–24 0.3 3,063 * 9
25–29 0.4 2,916 * 10
30–34 1.2 2,364 * 29
35–39 1.3 2,288 (55.0) 31
40–44 0.9 1,615 * 15
45–49 3.1 1,346 (72.7) 42
Residence
Urban 1.0 6,850 83.3 71
Rural 0.7 9,866 42.7 69
Education1
Primary 0.9 6,107 65.0 54
Secondary 0.8 6,481 (68.1) 51
More than secondary 0.7 3,208 * 23
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.5 2,599 * 14
Second 0.6 2,974 * 17
Middle 0.5 3,086 * 17
Fourth 0.7 3,729 (43.1) 25
Highest 1.6 4,328 (83.6) 67
Total 15–49 0.8 16,716 63.3 139
questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1

Table 14.3.2 Blood sugar diagnosis and treatment: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have high
blood sugar or diabetes; among those who have been told they have high blood sugar,
percentage taking medication to control blood sugar, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Among men who have been
told by a doctor or other healthcare
worker they have high blood
Ever told have sugar or diabetes,
high blood sugar the percentage who were:
or diabetes by a Taking
doctor or other medication to
Background healthcare Number control blood Number
characteristic worker of men sugar of men
Age
15–19 0.1 3,175 * 4
20–24 0.2 2,404 * 4
25–29 0.5 2,268 * 12
30–34 0.4 1,787 * 7
35–39 1.4 1,577 * 22
40–44 3.1 1,332 (84.0) 41
45–49 2.3 1,109 * 25
Residence
Urban 1.0 5,382 (82.8) 56
Rural 0.7 8,270 63.9 59
Education1
Primary 0.7 4,894 (63.8) 33
Secondary 0.6 5,592 (77.6) 32
More than secondary 1.7 2,797 (76.7) 48
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.3 2,062 * 6
Second 0.4 2,584 * 11
Middle 0.8 2,754 * 21
Fourth 0.7 3,325 (72.4) 24
Highest 1.8 2,927 (80.0) 53
Total 15–49 0.8 13,652 73.1 115
50–54 3.6 801 (71.1) 29
Total 15–54 1.0 14,453 72.7 144
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that
a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
1

Table 14.4 Heart disease and chronic heart condition diagnosis and treatment
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have heart disease or a chronic heart
condition and among those who have been told, the percentage receiving treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Women Men
Ever told Ever told
have heart have heart
disease or disease or
chronic heart chronic heart
condition by condition by
a doctor or a doctor or
other Percentage other Percentage
Background healthcare Number of receiving Number of healthcare Number of receiving Number of
characteristic worker women treatment women worker men treatment men
Age
15–19 1.0 3,125 * 31 1.4 3,175 (19.6) 45
20–24 0.8 3,063 (45.0) 24 1.6 2,404 (37.1) 38
25–29 0.6 2,916 * 18 0.8 2,268 * 19
30–34 0.9 2,364 * 21 1.1 1,787 * 20
35–39 0.6 2,288 * 14 0.6 1,577 * 9
40–44 1.0 1,615 * 17 1.4 1,332 * 19
45–49 0.8 1,346 * 11 1.5 1,109 * 16
Residence
Urban 0.8 6,850 40.2 55 1.4 5,382 (24.3) 73
Rural 0.8 9,866 45.0 80 1.1 8,270 34.4 92
Education1
No education 1.6 920 (45.9) 14 1.0 369 * 4
Primary 0.7 6,107 (54.5) 43 1.2 4,894 35.8 61
Secondary 0.8 6,481 (29.0) 52 1.5 5,592 31.4 85
More than secondary 0.8 3,208 * 26 0.6 2,797 * 17
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.3 2,599 (67.4) 33 1.3 2,062 (20.7) 26
Second 0.7 2,974 * 22 1.3 2,584 (27.0) 34
Middle 0.8 3,086 (45.9) 25 1.0 2,754 (44.0) 28
Fourth 0.5 3,729 (30.7) 19 1.2 3,325 * 41
Highest 0.9 4,328 * 37 1.2 2,927 * 36
Total 15–49 0.8 16,716 43.0 135 1.2 13,652 29.9 166
50–54 na na na na 0.8 801 * 7
Total 15–54 na na na na 1.2 14,453 30.6 172
Note: Data for women in this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in
parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
1

Table 14.5 Lung disease and chronic lung condition diagnosis and treatment
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have lung disease or a chronic lung
condition and among those who have been told, the percentage receiving treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Women Men
Ever told Ever told
have lung have lung
disease or disease or
chronic lung chronic lung
condition by condition by
Age
15–19 0.9 3,125 (60.3) 27 0.5 3,175 * 17
20–24 0.9 3,063 (55.9) 26 1.7 2,404 * 41
25–29 1.1 2,916 (64.8) 31 0.6 2,268 * 15
30–34 1.4 2,364 * 33 0.6 1,787 * 11
35–39 1.9 2,288 (74.2) 44 1.1 1,577 * 17
40–44 1.9 1,615 (69.9) 31 0.7 1,332 * 9
45–49 2.7 1,346 (63.3) 37 0.9 1,109 * 10
Residence
Urban 1.2 6,850 73.8 82 1.2 5,382 (34.7) 65
Rural 1.5 9,866 61.0 147 0.7 8,270 48.1 56
Education1
No education 1.6 920 * 15 0.6 369 * 2
Primary 1.7 6,107 65.9 102 0.6 4,894 (53.1) 27
Secondary 1.1 6,481 60.1 71 0.9 5,592 (43.8) 53
More than secondary 1.3 3,208 (79.5) 41 1.4 2,797 * 39
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.6 2,599 (65.6) 42 0.7 2,062 * 15
Second 1.4 2,974 (53.5) 42 0.7 2,584 (65.2) 18
Middle 1.7 3,086 (54.3) 53 0.6 2,754 * 15
Fourth 1.1 3,729 (72.1) 40 1.6 3,325 (38.3) 52
Highest 1.2 4,328 (81.7) 52 0.7 2,927 * 20
Total 15–49 1.4 16,716 65.5 229 0.9 13,652 41.0 121
50–54 na na na na 2.2 801 * 18
Total 15–54 na na na na 1.0 14,453 40.2 139
1

Table 14.6 Depression diagnosis and treatment
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have depression or anxiety and
among those who have been told, the percentage receiving treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Ever told Ever told
have have
depression depression
or anxiety by or anxiety by
Age
15–19 2.5 3,125 30.2 78 1.6 3,175 (13.5) 52
20–24 3.3 3,063 23.4 100 2.2 2,404 30.3 52
25–29 3.9 2,916 24.8 115 2.7 2,268 23.4 61
30–34 3.7 2,364 23.8 87 4.4 1,787 23.7 79
35–39 5.7 2,288 30.2 130 4.1 1,577 14.3 64
40–44 6.5 1,615 28.4 105 4.9 1,332 16.2 65
45–49 4.3 1,346 24.8 58 4.3 1,109 29.2 48
Residence
Urban 4.3 6,850 27.8 293 3.4 5,382 20.4 182
Rural 3.8 9,866 25.8 379 2.9 8,270 21.9 239
Education1
No education 4.5 920 23.3 42 2.1 369 * 8
Primary 3.9 6,107 23.3 239 3.2 4,894 24.7 158
Secondary 3.2 6,481 35.8 208 2.3 5,592 18.6 128
More than
secondary 5.7 3,208 21.5 183 4.6 2,797 17.9 128
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.9 2,599 20.4 102 2.8 2,062 31.8 57
Second 3.4 2,974 22.6 100 3.2 2,584 24.2 82
Middle 4.1 3,086 34.5 126 2.4 2,754 16.3 67
Fourth 3.8 3,729 24.6 142 2.7 3,325 11.1 89
Highest 4.7 4,328 28.4 202 4.3 2,927 24.3 127
Total 15–49 4.0 16,716 26.7 672 3.1 13,652 21.2 421
50–54 na na na na 4.6 801 (28.1) 37
Total 15–54 na na na na 3.2 14,453 21.8 458
parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases
1

Table 14.6C Depression diagnosis and treatment by county
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have depression or anxiety and
among those who have been told, the percentage receiving treatment, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Ever told Ever told
have have
depression depression
or anxiety by or anxiety by
healthcare Number of receiving Number of healthcare Number of receiving Number of
County worker women treatment women worker men treatment men
Mombasa 5.3 493 * 26 2.1 442 * 9
Kwale 1.2 260 * 3 3.7 209 * 8
Kilifi 1.7 489 * 8 0.5 405 * 2
Tana River 0.7 79 * 1 0.8 64 * 1
Lamu 5.9 54 * 3 2.0 41 * 1
Taita/Taveta 3.3 122 * 4 0.3 103 * 0
Garissa 7.1 163 * 12 0.0 117 * 0
Wajir 0.8 90 * 1 0.3 63 * 0
Mandera 0.6 113 * 1 0.3 81 * 0
Marsabit 1.4 72 * 1 0.7 45 * 0
Isiolo 3.9 76 * 3 9.0 55 (4.5) 5
Meru 10.0 488 (10.0) 49 1.8 489 * 9
Tharaka-Nithi 3.1 131 * 4 3.1 137 * 4
Embu 2.0 180 * 4 2.7 176 * 5
Kitui 1.4 373 * 5 0.1 312 * 0
Machakos 3.3 544 * 18 0.5 480 * 3
Makueni 0.4 356 * 1 1.1 279 * 3
Nyandarua 2.9 225 * 7 3.1 168 * 5
Nyeri 5.6 261 * 15 2.5 235 * 6
Kirinyaga 2.7 262 * 7 2.1 191 * 4
Murang’a 5.9 339 * 20 4.2 297 * 12
Kiambu 4.2 1,095 * 46 2.1 911 * 19
Turkana 3.9 172 * 7 1.1 111 * 1
West Pokot 4.2 197 * 8 0.2 150 * 0
Samburu 0.4 79 * 0 2.9 51 * 2
Trans Nzoia 2.8 359 * 10 1.4 272 * 4
Uasin Gishu 7.8 527 (22.4) 41 6.9 451 * 31
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.9 116 * 1 1.0 110 * 1
Nandi 3.4 332 * 11 0.1 265 * 0
Baringo 1.5 193 * 3 0.2 165 * 0
Laikipia 2.6 173 * 4 9.2 145 * 13
Nakuru 3.0 862 * 26 2.3 670 * 16
Narok 17.0 374 12.6 64 6.6 313 * 21
Kajiado 4.9 451 * 22 0.8 339 * 3
Kericho 2.3 372 * 9 1.2 330 * 4
Bomet 4.2 327 * 14 20.5 268 3.2 55
Kakamega 3.5 652 * 23 5.6 532 * 30
Vihiga 4.4 201 * 9 3.5 156 * 5
Bungoma 5.5 572 (45.3) 31 5.3 448 * 24
Busia 5.1 336 * 17 2.2 262 * 6
Siaya 1.1 275 * 3 1.7 227 * 4
Kisumu 2.6 396 * 10 1.9 345 * 7
Homa Bay 2.4 344 * 8 2.2 258 * 6
Migori 4.8 350 * 17 4.7 246 * 11
Kisii 5.2 463 * 24 0.0 326 * 0
Nyamira 3.7 168 * 6 1.9 133 * 3
Nairobi City 3.0 2,157 * 65 4.4 1,777 * 79
Total 15–49 4.0 16,716 26.7 672 3.1 13,652 21.2 421

Table 14.7 Examinations for breast and cervical cancer
Percentage of women age 15–49 ever examined by a doctor or healthcare worker for breast cancer and percentage ever tested by a doctor or
healthcare worker for cervical cancer, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent- Percent-
Percent- age told age told
age by a by a
aware doctor or Ever told have doctor or Ever told have
they can other breast cancer by a other cervical cancer by a
examine health- doctor or other health- doctor or other
their care healthcare worker care healthcare worker
breast for Percent- worker Percent- worker
lumps age that they Percent- age that they Percent-
and examined have age tested for have age
Background breast for breast breast Number receiving Number cervical cervical Number receiving Number
characteristic cancer cancer cancer of women treatment of women cancer cancer of women treatment of women
Age
15–29 39.3 8.8 0.2 9,104 * 18 8.3 0.1 9,104 * 10
30–49 51.1 19.9 0.1 7,612 * 11 27.0 0.3 7,612 * 21
30–34 50.0 16.7 0.1 2,364 * 2 22.3 0.2 2,364 * 5
35–39 50.9 18.8 0.2 2,288 * 5 25.5 0.2 2,288 * 5
40–44 52.9 23.8 0.2 1,615 * 3 32.9 0.2 1,615 * 3
45–49 51.5 22.7 0.1 1,346 * 1 30.7 0.6 1,346 * 8
30–44 51.1 19.3 0.2 6,267 * 10 26.2 0.2 6,267 * 13
40–49 52.3 23.3 0.1 2,960 * 4 31.9 0.4 2,960 * 11
Number of living
children
0 38.1 5.8 0.1 4,747 * 4 5.5 0.2 4,747 * 9
1–2 52.0 18.2 0.3 5,958 * 18 20.3 0.1 5,958 * 5
3–4 46.6 17.9 0.1 3,926 * 5 24.8 0.3 3,926 * 11
5+ 35.2 12.0 0.1 2,085 * 2 17.6 0.3 2,085 * 6
Marital status
Never married 39.2 6.8 0.0 5,348 * 2 6.6 0.1 5,348 * 3
Married or living
together 47.6 16.8 0.2 9,319 * 20 20.6 0.2 9,319 * 20
Divorced/separated/
widowed 45.6 19.0 0.3 2,049 * 7 26.1 0.4 2,049 * 7
Employment (last 12
months)
Not employed 33.8 6.8 0.1 6,709 * 9 8.4 0.1 6,709 * 8
Employed for cash 53.0 19.6 0.2 8,302 * 17 22.9 0.2 8,302 * 20
Employed not for
cash 47.2 13.5 0.2 1,706 * 3 20.4 0.2 1,706 * 3
Residence
Urban 55.2 18.2 0.1 6,850 * 8 20.4 0.2 6,850 * 14
Rural 37.4 10.9 0.2 9,866 * 20 14.3 0.2 9,866 * 17
Education1
No education 16.2 5.2 0.5 920 * 4 5.5 0.1 920 * 1
Primary 35.4 12.0 0.2 6,107 * 14 16.5 0.3 6,107 * 15
Secondary 43.3 11.5 0.1 6,481 * 5 14.6 0.1 6,481 * 5
More than secondary 73.4 24.5 0.2 3,208 * 5 25.0 0.3 3,208 * 9
Wealth quintile
Lowest 21.8 5.9 0.4 2,599 * 10 7.8 0.1 2,599 * 2
Second 31.4 8.8 0.1 2,974 * 4 13.1 0.2 2,974 * 5
Middle 41.9 11.4 0.3 3,086 * 9 16.1 0.2 3,086 * 7
Fourth 51.8 16.6 0.1 3,729 * 3 18.6 0.1 3,729 * 4
Highest 63.4 21.5 0.1 4,328 * 3 23.8 0.3 4,328 * 13
Total 44.7 13.8 0.2 16,716 (27.5) 29 16.8 0.2 16,716 (45.9) 31
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based
1

Table 14.7C Examinations for breast and cervical cancer by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 ever examined by a doctor or healthcare worker for breast cancer and percentage ever tested by a doctor or
healthcare worker for cervical cancer, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent- Percent-
Percent- age told age told
age by a by a
aware doctor or Ever told have breast doctor or Ever told have
they can other cancer by a doctor or other cervical cancer by a
examine health- other healthcare health- doctor or other
their care worker care healthcare worker
breast for Percent- worker Percent- worker
lumps age that they Percent- age that they Percent-
and examined have age tested for have age
breast for breast breast Number receiving Number cervical cervical Number receiving Number
County cancer cancer cancer of women treatment of women cancer cancer of women treatment of women
Mombasa 49.1 15.5 0.5 493 * 2 15.9 0.4 493 * 2
Kwale 24.5 2.0 0.6 260 * 2 2.9 0.0 260 * 0
Kilifi 25.4 9.3 0.4 489 * 2 7.0 0.0 489 * 0
Tana River 18.1 2.0 0.0 79 * 0 6.9 0.0 79 * 0
Lamu 28.2 11.2 0.0 54 * 0 6.9 0.0 54 * 0
Taita/Taveta 29.7 6.1 0.0 122 * 0 10.6 0.0 122 * 0
Garissa 9.6 1.5 0.0 163 * 0 2.0 0.0 163 * 0
Wajir 41.1 2.0 0.0 90 * 0 2.0 0.0 90 * 0
Mandera 0.7 0.3 0.0 113 * 0 0.5 0.0 113 * 0
Marsabit 4.9 1.1 0.2 72 * 0 0.5 0.2 72 * 0
Isiolo 48.9 6.1 0.0 76 * 0 5.1 0.0 76 * 0
Meru 63.2 19.9 0.0 488 * 0 20.5 0.0 488 * 0
Tharaka-Nithi 44.5 18.9 0.0 131 * 0 20.1 0.3 131 * 0
Embu 62.3 18.0 0.0 180 * 0 18.0 0.2 180 * 0
Kitui 26.4 6.3 0.0 373 * 0 4.7 0.0 373 * 0
Machakos 49.0 12.1 0.0 544 * 0 18.8 0.0 544 * 0
Makueni 34.8 4.0 0.0 356 * 0 5.9 0.0 356 * 0
Nyandarua 49.4 18.5 0.1 225 * 0 21.3 0.1 225 * 0
Nyeri 68.5 24.6 0.0 261 * 0 31.6 0.0 261 * 0
Kirinyaga 57.5 20.8 0.0 262 * 0 23.1 0.3 262 * 1
Murang’a 55.6 23.1 0.6 339 * 2 22.1 0.3 339 * 1
Kiambu 54.5 21.3 0.2 1,095 * 2 19.6 0.6 1,095 * 6
Turkana 28.2 6.0 0.0 172 * 0 8.2 0.0 172 * 0
West Pokot 11.7 4.3 0.0 197 * 0 3.1 0.0 197 * 0
Samburu 19.3 6.0 0.4 79 * 0 9.4 0.0 79 * 0
Trans Nzoia 56.2 20.5 0.4 359 * 2 17.1 0.3 359 * 1
Uasin Gishu 58.1 14.2 0.3 527 * 2 21.4 0.3 527 * 1
Elgeyo/Marakwet 25.0 9.5 0.3 116 * 0 13.6 0.0 116 * 0
Nandi 32.2 5.1 0.0 332 * 0 8.0 0.1 332 * 0
Baringo 36.6 8.0 0.5 193 * 1 10.0 0.4 193 * 1
Laikipia 49.0 18.8 0.4 173 * 1 18.6 0.0 173 * 0
Nakuru 58.2 21.1 0.3 862 * 2 22.9 0.0 862 * 0
Narok 28.8 7.0 0.0 374 * 0 7.1 0.3 374 * 1
Kajiado 55.3 17.7 0.0 451 * 0 16.2 0.0 451 * 0
Kericho 63.1 4.8 0.4 372 * 2 27.2 0.4 372 * 2
Bomet 43.1 9.8 0.3 327 * 1 7.6 0.0 327 * 0
Kakamega 34.2 12.2 0.4 652 * 3 11.1 0.0 652 * 0
Vihiga 39.6 5.4 0.0 201 * 0 8.7 0.2 201 * 0
Bungoma 39.6 18.9 0.5 572 * 3 16.4 0.3 572 * 1
Busia 42.6 2.9 0.0 336 * 0 12.3 0.3 336 * 1
Siaya 29.9 3.6 0.3 275 * 1 17.3 0.4 275 * 1
Kisumu 38.3 11.6 0.3 396 * 1 23.4 0.8 396 * 3
Homa Bay 37.9 14.0 0.0 344 * 0 23.8 0.7 344 * 2
Migori 27.3 10.7 0.0 350 * 0 16.0 0.0 350 * 0
Kisii 34.9 8.8 0.0 463 * 0 17.0 0.0 463 * 0
Nyamira 32.1 8.8 0.6 168 * 1 17.8 0.0 168 * 0
Nairobi City 56.5 20.4 0.0 2,157 * 0 25.4 0.2 2,157 * 4
Total 44.7 13.8 0.2 16,716 (27.5) 29 16.8 0.2 16,716 (45.9) 31
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman’s Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire. Figures in parentheses are based

Table 14.8 Arthritis diagnosis and treatment
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare worker that they have arthritis and among those who
have been told, the percentage receiving treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Ever told Ever told
have arthritis have arthritis
by a doctor by a doctor
or other Percentage or other Percentage
Age
15–19 1.1 3,125 (37.0) 34 0.5 3,175 * 17
20–24 0.9 3,063 (26.3) 26 0.7 2,404 * 18
25–29 1.4 2,916 (45.1) 40 0.5 2,268 * 11
30–34 2.2 2,364 32.5 52 0.9 1,787 * 16
35–39 3.9 2,288 53.2 90 1.5 1,577 * 24
40–44 6.4 1,615 52.2 103 2.8 1,332 (42.6) 38
45–49 9.4 1,346 59.4 126 2.8 1,109 (53.0) 31
Residence
Urban 2.4 6,850 50.8 167 0.5 5,382 (55.3) 26
Rural 3.1 9,866 48.0 304 1.6 8,270 42.7 129
Education1
No education 2.4 920 (53.9) 22 2.5 369 * 9
Primary 3.7 6,107 46.5 226 1.9 4,894 46.4 94
Secondary 2.5 6,481 52.5 160 0.6 5,592 (57.3) 32
More than secondary 1.9 3,208 47.3 62 0.7 2,797 * 19
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.8 2,599 38.8 47 1.5 2,062 (43.0) 31
Second 3.0 2,974 43.1 89 1.8 2,584 (38.2) 48
Middle 2.6 3,086 49.9 80 1.2 2,754 (51.4) 32
Fourth 3.8 3,729 56.6 140 0.9 3,325 (37.6) 29
Highest 2.6 4,328 47.7 114 0.5 2,927 * 15
Total 15–49 2.8 16,716 49.0 471 1.1 13,652 44.8 155
50–54 na na na na 5.3 801 (45.2) 42
Total 15–54 na na na na 1.4 14,453 44.9 197
1

Table 14.8C Arthritis diagnosis and treatment by county
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare worker that they have arthritis and among those who
have been told, the percentage receiving treatment, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Ever told Ever told
have arthritis have arthritis
by a doctor by a doctor
or other Percentage or other Percentage
healthcare Number of receiving Number of healthcare Number of receiving Number of
County worker women treatment women worker men treatment men
Mombasa 2.5 493 * 12 1.3 442 * 6
Kwale 0.0 260 * 0 0.5 209 * 1
Kilifi 0.0 489 * 0 1.4 405 * 6
Tana River 0.5 79 * 0 0.7 64 * 0
Lamu 0.7 54 * 0 0.0 41 * 0
Taita/Taveta 0.8 122 * 1 0.0 103 * 0
Garissa 1.9 163 * 3 0.0 117 * 0
Wajir 1.2 90 * 1 0.0 63 * 0
Mandera 1.6 113 * 2 0.0 81 * 0
Marsabit 0.5 72 * 0 0.0 45 * 0
Isiolo 2.3 76 * 2 1.1 55 * 1
Meru 10.4 488 (37.9) 51 10.4 489 (27.1) 51
Tharaka-Nithi 11.1 131 (45.0) 15 3.2 137 * 4
Embu 4.4 180 * 8 2.2 176 * 4
Kitui 0.4 373 * 2 0.0 312 * 0
Machakos 0.4 544 * 2 0.0 480 * 0
Makueni 2.0 356 * 7 0.7 279 * 2
Nyandarua 8.3 225 (27.0) 19 1.8 168 * 3
Nyeri 4.6 261 * 12 3.0 235 * 7
Kirinyaga 7.2 262 * 19 1.1 191 * 2
Murang’a 3.8 339 * 13 2.8 297 * 8
Kiambu 2.8 1,095 * 31 0.2 911 * 2
Turkana 2.1 172 * 4 0.0 111 * 0
West Pokot 3.3 197 * 6 0.0 150 * 0
Samburu 1.2 79 * 1 5.0 51 * 3
Trans Nzoia 0.4 359 * 2 1.5 272 * 4
Uasin Gishu 5.1 527 * 27 0.5 451 * 2
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.8 116 * 1 0.0 110 * 0
Nandi 2.4 332 * 8 0.6 265 * 2
Baringo 7.2 193 (49.7) 14 0.7 165 * 1
Laikipia 4.4 173 * 8 3.6 145 * 5
Nakuru 4.3 862 * 37 1.8 670 * 12
Narok 3.2 374 * 12 1.0 313 * 3
Kajiado 2.6 451 * 12 1.2 339 * 4
Kericho 0.8 372 * 3 0.0 330 * 0
Bomet 1.8 327 * 6 1.9 268 * 5
Kakamega 0.9 652 * 6 0.3 532 * 2
Vihiga 2.4 201 * 5 0.8 156 * 1
Bungoma 2.8 572 * 16 0.7 448 * 3
Busia 0.4 336 * 1 0.4 262 * 1
Siaya 2.6 275 * 7 0.0 227 * 0
Kisumu 2.0 396 * 8 0.3 345 * 1
Homa Bay 4.5 344 * 15 1.9 258 * 5
Migori 1.8 350 * 6 0.8 246 * 2
Kisii 2.0 463 * 9 0.3 326 * 1
Nyamira 1.2 168 * 2 0.0 133 * 0
Nairobi City 2.6 2,157 * 55 0.0 1,777 * 0
Total 15–49 2.8 16,716 49.0 471 1.1 13,652 44.8 155

Table 14.9 Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have been told by a healthcare provider that they have
prostate cancer; among those who have been told they have prostate cancer, percentage
receiving treatment for prostate cancer, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Men
Ever told have
prostate cancer
by a doctor or Receiving any
Background other healthcare Number treatment for Number
characteristic worker of men prostate cancer of men
Age
15–19 0.1 3,175 36.3 3
20–24 0.0 2,404 nc 0
25–29 0.0 2,268 nc 0
30–34 0.0 1,787 nc 1
35–39 0.0 1,577 nc 1
40–44 0.0 1,332 nc 0
45–49 0.3 1,109 0.0 4
Residence
Urban 0.0 5,382 nc 0
Rural 0.1 8,270 14.0 8
Education1
No education 0.0 369 nc 0
Primary 0.0 4,894 nc 2
Secondary 0.1 5,592 24.1 4
More than secondary 0.0 2,797 nc 1
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.1 2,062 0.0 2
Second 0.1 2,584 0.0 3
Middle 0.1 2,754 41.9 3
Fourth 0.0 3,325 nc 0
Highest 0.0 2,927 nc 0
Total 15–49 0.1 13,652 14.0 8
50–54 0.0 801 nc 0
Total 15–54 0.1 14,453 14.0 8
nc = no case
1

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 15
Key Findings
Employment and earnings:

 Sixty-seven percent of currently married women reported
being employed in the12 months before the survey; 77%
of women who were employed received cash payment.
Control over earnings:
 Fifty-five percent of currently married women make
decisions alone on how their cash earnings are used and
40% make these decisions jointly with their husband.
 Seventy-one percent of women earned less than their
husband’s cash earnings.
Women’s and men’s ownership of assets:
 Five percent of women own a house alone, 28% own
jointly with their husband, while 35% of men own a house
alone and 9% own jointly with their wife.
 Twenty-seven percent of women compared to 34% of
men own land (either agricultural or non-agricultural)
alone or jointly.
 Thirteen percent of women who own agricultural land and
31% of those who own non-agricultural land have their
names on the title deed.
 Seventy-eight percent of women own a mobile phone
and 43% own a smartphone.
 Seventy-nine percent of women had and used a bank
account or a mobile phone for financial transactions in
the last 12 months before the survey.
Participation in decision making:
 Sixty-six percent of currently married women usually
make decisions on their own health care, major
household purchases, and visits to her family or relatives,
either by themselves or jointly with their husband.
Attitudes towards wife beating:
 Forty-three percent of women and 35% of men believe
that a husband is justified in beating his wife for at least
one of eight specified reasons.
Participation in decision making about sexual and
reproductive health:
 Thirty-four percent of currently married women make
their own informed decisions about sexual relations,
contraceptive use, and reproductive health care.
Women’s Empowerment • 497

K
enya is committed to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. As a signatory to
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and
the Agenda 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals, the government has put in place a
number of policy and institutional measures, as well as programmes to progressively enhance women’s
empowerment. Examples include the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 that sets minimum requirements for
gender equality; the Sessional Paper No. 2 of 2019 on National Policy on Gender and Development; the
2014 National Policy for Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence; the Women-Economic-
Empowerment-Strategy 2020–2025; the Kenya National Action Plan 2020–2024 for the Implementation
of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325, other related resolutions on women, peace, and
security, and the enactment of various laws that protect and promote the economic rights of women and
girls.
Over the years, the government has increased direct fiscal investment in women’s empowerment
programmes. These include the creation and disbursement of affirmative action funds and increased access
to government procurement opportunities.
This chapter explores women’s empowerment in terms of employment, earnings, control over earnings,
and magnitude of earnings relative to those of their partners. The chapter also examines women and men’s
ownership of assets that include a house, land, and mobile phone, as well as their use of bank accounts and
mobile money services. In addition, responses to specific questions are used to define three different
indicators of women’s empowerment: women’s participation in household decision making, women’s
attitudes towards wife beating, and women’s participation in decision making about sexual and
reproductive health.
15.1 MARRIED WOMEN’S AND MEN’S EMPLOYMENT
Employment
Respondents are considered to be employed if they have done any work other
than their housework in the 12 months before the survey.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15–49
Earning cash for employment

Respondents are asked if they are paid for their labour in cash or in kind. Only
those who receive payment in cash only or in cash and in kind are considered
to earn cash for their employment.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15–49 employed in the
12 months before the survey
The percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who were employed at any time in the 12 months
before the survey was 67% and the corresponding percentage for men was 98%. The percentage of
employed respondents who received earnings in cash was 77% for women and 93% for men. Nineteen
percent of employed women compared with 4% of employed men did not receive any cash or in-kind
earnings (Table 15.1, Table 15.1.1C, and Table 15.1.2C).
Table 15.1.3 shows the average monthly earnings in the last one month before the survey for all employed
women and men who were paid in cash or kind for their work, irrespective of their marital status. Those
who were paid in kind were asked to provide the value of the amount received in kind. Average earning is
calculated excluding respondents who did not work in last month or did not know how much they earned
for their work.
Average earnings for women (KES 12,166.9) are lower than for men (KES 18,594.9). Women report lower
average earnings across all age cohorts relative to males.
498 • Women’s Empowerment

 The percentage of currently married women who are employed is highest for women age 40–44 (77%)
and lowest for women age 15–19 (32%) (Table 15.1).
 The majority of those employed were earning cash only. This included 77% among women and 93%
for men.
 Both women and men in the younger age cohorts of 15–19 and 20–24 reported lower average monthly
earnings (KES 2,381.0 and KES 6,240.9 for women; KES 3,974.7 and KES 10,411.3 for men,
respectively) relative to the older women and men (Table 15.1.3).
 Women and men in professional occupations report the highest average earnings of KES 34,111.4 and
KES 46,747.7, respectively.
15.2 CONTROL OVER WOMEN’S EARNINGS
Control over one’s own cash earnings

Respondents are considered to have control over their own earnings if they
participate in decisions alone or jointly with their spouse about how their own
earnings will be used.
Sample: Currently married women and men age 15–49 who received cash
earnings for employment during the 12 months before the survey
Fifty-five percent of currently married women make Figure 15.1 Control over women’s
decisions alone on how their cash earnings are used, earnings
while 40% decide jointly with their husband (Figure Percent distribution of currently married
15.1). Seven out of ten (71%) women earn less than women with cash earnings in the
their husband and 9% earn more than their husband 12 months before the survey
(Table 15.2.1).
Mainly
Patterns by background characteristics Wife and husband
husband 4%
jointly
 The percentage of currently married women who 40%
make decisions alone about how their cash
earnings are used increases with their number of
living children, from 53% among those with one Mainly wife
living child to 61% for those with five or more 55%
children.
 Fifty-eight percent of women who reside in

urban areas make their own decisions about use
of their earnings compared with 53% of women
in rural areas.
 By county, the percentage of women who decide alone on how their earnings are used is highest in
Kisii (79%), Busia (75%), and Vihiga (73%) counties; and lowest in West Pokot (26%), Kitui (31%)
and Lamu counties (35%) (Table 15.2.1C).
15.3 CONTROL OVER MEN’S EARNINGS

Fifty percent of currently married men age 15–49 who earn cash report that they decide jointly with their
wives on how their cash earnings are used, while 43% make such decisions alone (Table 15.2.2).

Forty percent of currently married women with husbands who have earnings reported that their husband
makes decisions alone on how his cash earnings are used and 52% reported that this decision is made
jointly.
 The percentage of married women who reported that they make decisions jointly with their husband
about how their husband’s cash earnings are used decreases with their number of living children, from
62% among those with no living child to 43% for those with five or more children (Table 15.2.2).
about how their husband’s cash earnings are used increases with level of education, from 40% among
those with no education to 61% for those with more than secondary education.
about how their husband’s cash earnings are used increases with the wealth quintile, from 44% of
women in the lowest quintile to 56% in the highest quintile. In contrast, the percentage of married men
who report that they make decisions jointly with their wife about the use of their own earnings tends to
decrease with the wealth quintile.
 The highest percentage of currently married women who reported that they make decisions jointly
with their husband about how their husband’s cash earnings are used were in Marsabit (85%), Makueni
(70%) and Isiolo counties (70%) (Table 15.2.2C).
15.4 WOMEN’S AND MEN’S OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS

Women’s access to land and property with secure tenure is central to their economic empowerment because
it serves as a base for income as well as collateral for credit (Kabeer 2009). Ownership and control of land
and other assets by women and men enhance their ability to access economic resources at the societal level
and confer additional economic value, status, and bargaining power at the household level. For women,
ownership of assets may provide protection in case of marital dissolution or abandonment, positively
influence their position in their homes, and decrease their vulnerability to various forms of violence or
discrimination. In the 2022 KDHS, respondents were asked if they own a house, agricultural land, and non-
agricultural land alone, jointly with someone else, both alone and jointly, or not at all.
15.4.1 Ownership of a House or Land
Ownership of a house or land

Respondents who own a house or land, whether alone or jointly with their
spouse, someone else, or both their spouse and someone else.

Five percent of women own a house Figure 15.2 Ownership of a house or land
alone and 28% own a house jointly Percentage of women and men age
with their husband or someone else; 15–49 who:
among men, 35% own a house Women Men
alone and 9% own a house jointly
with their wife or someone else.
Overall, 33% of women compared 35
with 45% of men own a house 28
either alone or jointly with their 24
spouse or someone else (Table 22
15.3.1, Table 15.3.1C, Table
15.3.2, Table 15.3.2C, and Figure
10
15.2). 7 6
5 5
3 <1
1
Three percent of women own
agricultural land alone and 22% Own Own Own Own Own Own
own agricultural land jointly with house house agricul- agricul- non-agri- non-agri-
their husband or someone else. alone jointly tural tural cultural cultural
land land land land
Among men, 24% own agricultural alone jointly alone jointly
land alone and 7% own agricultural
land jointly with their wife or someone else. One percent of women own non-agricultural land alone and
5% own non-agricultural jointly with their husband or someone else. Among men, 6% own non-
agricultural land alone, while fewer than 1% own non-agricultural land jointly with their wife or someone
else. Overall, 27% of women and 34% of men own land (either agricultural or non-agricultural) alone or
jointly.
 Three percent of women age 15–19 own a house alone or jointly with their husband or someone else,
while 63% of those age 45–49 own alone or jointly with husband or someone else (Table 15.4.1).
 Thirteen percent of men age 15–19 own a house alone or jointly with their wife or someone else, while
79% of those age 45–49 own alone or jointly with wife or someone else (Table 15.4.2).
 House ownership for women in rural areas (44%) is more than double that of women in urban areas
(17%), whereas house ownership for men in rural areas (55%) is less than twice that for those in urban
areas (29%).
 Thirty-two percent of women and 37% of men in rural areas own agricultural land compared with 14%
of women and 22% of men in urban areas (Table 15.5.1 and Table 15.5.3).
 At the county level, the percentage of women who own a house is highest in Kisii (57%), Turkana
(57%), Homa Bay (59%), Narok (59%), and Samburu counties (61%) and the percentage of men who
own a house is highest in Bungoma (81%) and Bomet counties (88%) (Tables 15.4.1C and 15.4.2C).
 Kisii (50%), Homa Bay (51%), and Narok (53%) counties have the highest percentage of women who
own agricultural land alone or jointly with someone, while Kericho (53%), Narok (53%), Bomet
(59%), Tharaka-Nithi (59%), and Kwale (67%) have the highest percentage of men who own
agricultural land alone or jointly (Table 15.5.1C and Table 15.5.3C).

15.4.2 Documentation of House or Land Ownership
Documentation of ownership of a house or land

Respondents whose name is on the title deed or other recognised government
document.
Among respondents who own a house, 9% of women and 11% of men have a title deed or any other
recognised government document with their name on it, while 73% of women and 83% of men do not have
any documentation (Table 15.4.1 and Table 15.4.2).
Among respondents who own agricultural land, 13% of women and 22% of men have a title deed or any
other recognised government document with their name on it. However, 62% of women and 59% of men
who say they own agricultural land do not have a title deed or any other recognised government document
for their land (Table 15.5.1 and Table 15.5.3).
Thirty-one percent of women and 46% of men who own non-agricultural land have a title deed or any
other recognised government document with their name on it, whereas 44% of women and 43% of men do
not have any such document for their non-agricultural land (Table 15.5.2, Table 15.5.2C, Table 15.5.4,
and Table 15.5.4C).
 Forty-four percent of women in rural areas own a house compared with 17% in urban areas. Nineteen
percent of women in rural areas have a title deed or a recognised documentation for their house
compared with 46% in urban areas (Table 15.4.1).
 Three percent of women in the lowest wealth quintile who own a house have their name on the
ownership document, as compared with 29% of women in the highest wealth quintile.
 The percentage of women who own a house and have documentation bearing their name is highest in
Nairobi City (30%) and lowest in Wajir, Tana River, and Kisii counties (1% each) (Table 15.4.1C).
15.4.3 Ownership and Use of Mobile Phones and Bank Accounts
Use of bank accounts or mobile-money-service providers

Respondents who have and use a bank account or who used a mobile phone
for financial transactions in the last 12 months before the survey.

Seventy-eight percent of women own any mobile Figure 15.3 Ownership of assets
phone, and 43% own a smartphone. Eighty percent of Percentage of women and men age
men own any mobile phone and 49% who own a 15–49 who:
smartphone. Seventy-nine percent of women and Women Men
81% of men used a mobile phone for financial
transactions in the last 12 months (Table 15.6.1,
Table 15.6.2, and Figure 15.3). 78 80
Twenty-nine percent of women own and use a bank

account and 22% deposited or withdrew money from 49
their own account in the last 12 months. Among men, 39
43
39% own and use a bank account and 32% deposited
29
or withdrew money from their own account in the
last 12 months.
Overall, 79% of women and 82% of men age 15–49

have and use a bank account or used a mobile phone Own and use Own mobile Own smart
for financial transactions in the last 12 months before bank account phone phone
the survey.
 The percentage of women who have and use a bank account or used a mobile phone for financial
transactions in the last 12 months is higher in urban (88%) than in rural areas (73%). Among men, the
percentage who have and use a bank account or used a mobile phone for financial transactions in the
last 12 months is higher in urban (93%) than in rural areas (75%).
 Ownership and use of a bank account or use of a mobile phone for financial transactions in the last 12
months increases with education, from 57% of women and 72% of men with no education to 99% of
women and 100% of men with more than secondary education.
 Ownership and use of a bank account or use of a mobile phone for financial transactions in the last 12
months increases with increasing wealth quintile, from 56% of women and 66% of men in the lowest
wealth quintile to 92% of women and 95% of men in the highest wealth quintile.
 The percentage of women who own and use of a bank account or use of mobile phone for financial
transactions in the last 12 months is highest in Nairobi (91%), Kiambu (90%) and Kisumu (89%)
counties and lowest in West Pokot (43%), Mandera (44%), Marsabit (45%), and Tana River (52%)
counties (Table 15.6.1C). Among men, the corresponding percentages are highest in Mombasa (96%),
Nairobi City (96%), Isiolo (93%), Uasin Gishu (93%), and Kirinyaga (92%) counties and lowest in
Tana River (50%), Mandera (58%), Bomet (60%), and Kakamega (60%) counties (Table 15.6.2C).

15.5 PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING
Participation in major household decisions

Women are considered to participate in household decisions if they make
decisions alone or jointly with their husband in all three of the following areas:
(1) the woman’s own health care, (2) major household purchases, and
(3) visits to the woman’s family or relatives.
Men are considered to participate in household decisions if they make
decisions alone or jointly with their wife in both of the following areas: (1) the
man’s own health care and (2) major household purchases.
Sample: Currently married men age 15–49
More than 8 in 10 currently married Figure 15.4 Participation in decision making

women (86%) participate in Percentage of currently
Percentage of currently
decisions about their own health married women age 15–49 married men age 15–49
care, 78% participate in decisions participating in specific participating in specific
about making major household decisions decisions
purchases, and 82% participate in
Woman’s own
decisions about visiting their own 86 Man’s own
health care
health care 94
family or relatives. Overall, 66% of
currently married women participate Major household
purchases 78 Major
in all three decisions, while 6%
household 87
participate in none of the three purchases
Visits to family or
decisions. relatives 82
Participate in
Ninety-four percent of currently both decisions 84
Participate in all
married men participate in decisions 3 decisions 66
on their own health care and 87%
Participate in Participate in
participate in decisions about major none of these 6 neither of the 4
household purchases. Eighty-four decisions two decisions
percent of men participate in both
decisions, while 4% participate in
neither decision (Table 15.7, Table
15.8.1, Table 15.8.1C, Table 15.8.2, Table 15.8.2C, and Figure 15.4).
 The percentage of currently married women who make all the three decisions is higher among women
who are employed for cash (71%) than among those not employed (60%) and those employed but not
paid cash (62%) (Table 15.8.1).
 Currently married women’s involvement in all three decisions increases with age, from 47% of women
age 15–19 participating in all three decisions to 72% of women age 45–49.
 Women’s participation in all three decisions increases with the level of education, from 55% among
currently married women with no education to 78% among those with more than secondary education.
 A higher percentage of married women in urban areas (71%) participate in all three decisions
compared with those in rural areas (63%).
 A higher percentage of married men in urban areas (78%) participate in making both decisions
compared with those in rural areas (89%) (Table 15.8.2).

 The percentage of women who make all three decisions is highest in Kisumu (91%) and Machakos
(88%) counties (Table 15.8.1C).
15.6 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Attitudes toward wife beating

Respondents are asked if they agree that a husband is justified in hitting or
beating his wife under each of the following eight circumstances: she burns
the food, she argues with him, she refuses to cook, she goes out without
telling him, she comes home late, she neglects the children, she is unfaithful,
and she refuses to have sex with him. If respondents answer ‘yes’ in at least
one circumstance, they are considered to have attitudes that justify wife
beating.
Forty-three percent of women and Figure 15.5 Attitudes towards wife beating
35% of men believe that a husband Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who agree
is justified in beating his wife for at that a husband is justified in beating his wife for
least one of eight specified reasons specific reasons
(Table 15.9.1, Table 15.9.2, and Women Men
Figure 15.5).
characteristics
43
34 35
 Agreement with wife beating is 18 15 19 19 14
24
18 23
11 14 12 13
higher in rural areas than in 6 4 7
urban areas, with 51% of
Burns Argues Refuses Goes Comes Neglects Is Refuses Any of
women and 40% of men in the with to cook out home the unfaithful sexual these
rural areas agreeing that wife food him without late children to him inter- reasons
telling course
beating is justified for at least him with him
one of the eight specified
reasons compared with 30% of
women and 26% of men in urban areas.
 The percentage of women and men who agree that wife beating is justified for at least one of the eight
specified reasons decreases with the level of education, from 70% of women and 59% of men with no
education agreeing with wife beating to 19% of women and 21% of men with more than secondary
education doing so.
 For both women and men, acceptance of beating decreases with the wealth quintile, with 63% of
women and 52% of men in the highest wealth quintile agreeing with wife beating compared with 24%
of women and 21% of men in the lowest wealth quintile.
 The percentage who agree with at least one specified reason justifying a husband beating his wife is
highest among women in Turkana (84%), Marsabit (82%), and Wajir (78%) counties and is highest
among men in Isiolo (80%), West Pokot (71%), and Mandera (70%) (Table 15.9.1C and Table
15.9.2C).
15.7 NEGOTIATING SEXUAL RELATIONS

To assess attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husbands, women and men were asked if
they thought a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows he has

had sex with other women and asking that he use a condom if she knows he has a sexually transmitted
infection (STI).
Seventy-nine percent of women and 77% of men believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have
sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows he has sex with other women. In addition, 83% of
women and 89% of men believe that a woman is justified in asking that the man to use a condom if she
knows that her husband has an STI (Table 15.10).
To assess the ability of women to actually negotiate safer sexual relations with their husband, currently
married women were asked if they could say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual
intercourse and if they can ask their husband to use a condom.
Forty percent of women can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse and
38% can ask their husband to use a condom (Table 15.11).
 The percentage of women who can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual
intercourse increases with education, from 24% among women with no education to 47% among those
with more than secondary education. Similarly, the percentage of women who can ask their husband to
use a condom increases from 16% among women with no education to 45% among women with more
than secondary education (Table 15.11).
 The percentage of women who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse
with her husband if she knows he has sex with other women is highest in Machakos (94%), Kisumu
(92%), Trans Nzoia (91%), and Nyeri (91%) counties, while for men this percentage is highest in
Garissa (98%), Nairobi City (97%), and Bomet (97%) (Table 15.10C).
 The percentage who believe that a woman is justified in asking that they use a condom if she knows
that her husband has an STI is highest for women in Nyeri (95%), Nairobi City (95%), Nyamira
(94%), and Nakuru (94%) counties and for men in Nairobi City (99%), Migori (99%), Bomet (98%),
Kisii (98%), and Garissa counties (98%) (Table 15.10C).
 The percentage of women who can say no to their husband if they do not want to have sexual
intercourse is highest in Kisumu (47%), Uasin Gishu (47%), Nairobi City (46%), and Nyeri (46%)
counties. In addition, the percentage of women who can ask their husband to use a condom is highest
in Siaya (48%), Kisumu (47%), Uasin Gishu (44%), Nakuru (44%), and Nairobi City (44%) (Table
15.11C).
15.8 WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING ABOUT SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE

HEALTH
Informed decision making on sexual relations, contraceptive use, and

reproductive health
Women are considered to make their own informed decisions on sexual
relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health if: (1) they can say no to
their husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse, (2) they make
decisions about use of family planning alone or jointly with their husband, and
(3) they make decisions about their own health care alone or jointly with their
husband.
Sixty-five percent of currently married women make their own informed decisions about sexual relations,
contraceptive use, and reproductive health care (Table 15.12).

 The percentage of currently married women who Figure 15.6 Women’s participation in
make their own informed decisions about sexual decision making regarding sexual and
relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive reproductive health by education
health care is higher in urban (73%) than in rural Percentage of currently married women
areas (59%). who make their own informed decision
about sexual relations, contraceptive use,
 The percentage of currently married women who and reproductive health care
make their own informed decisions about sexual 81
relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive 70
health care increases with education, from 31% 59
for those with no education to 81% for those
with more than secondary education 31
(Figure 15.6).
 The percentage of currently married women who

make their own informed decisions about sexual No education Primary Secondary More than
secondary
relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive
health care increases with wealth quintile, from
46% for women in the lowest quintile to 78% for
those in the highest quintile.
 The percentage of currently married women who make their own informed decisions about sexual
relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care is highest in Kisumu (85%), Trans Nzoia
(82%), Nairobi City (81%), and Kitui counties (80%) (Table 15.12C and Map 15.1).

Map 15.1 Women’s participation in decision making about sexual and reproductive
health by county
Percentage of currently married women who make their own informed decisions about sexual relations,
contraceptive use, and reproductive health care
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on women’s empowerment, see the following tables:
 Table 15.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men
 Table 15.1.1C Employment and cash earnings of currently married women by county
 Table 15.1.2C Employment and cash earnings of currently married men by county
 Table 15.1.3 Average monthly earnings
 Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash
earnings
 Table 15.2.1C Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash
earnings by county
 Table 15.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings
 Table 15.2.2C Control over men’s cash earnings by county
 Table 15.3.1 House and land ownership: Women
 Table 15.3.1C House and land ownership by county: Women
 Table 15.3.2 House and land ownership: Men
 Table 15.3.2C House and land ownership by county: Men
 Table 15.4.1 House ownership and documentation of ownership: Women

 Table 15.4.1C House ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Women
 Table 15.4.2 House ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
 Table 15.4.2C House ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Men
 Table 15.5.1 Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Women
 Table 15.5.1C Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county:
Women
 Table 15.5.2 Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Women
 Table 15.5.2C Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county:
Women
 Table 15.5.3 Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
 Table 15.5.3C Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Men
 Table 15.5.4 Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
 Table 15.5.4C Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
 Table 15.6.1 Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts: Women
 Table 15.6.1C Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts by county: Women
 Table 15.6.2 Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts: Men
 Table 15.6.2C Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts by county: Men
 Table 15.7 Participation in decision making
 Table 15.8.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics
 Table 15.8.1C Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics
 Table 15.8.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics
 Table 15.8.2C Men’s participation in decision making by county
 Table 15.9.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women
 Table 15.9.1C Attitude toward wife beating by county: Women
 Table 15.9.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men
 Table 15.9.2C Attitude toward wife beating: Men
 Table 15.10 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband
 Table 15.10C Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband by county
 Table 15.11 Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband
 Table 15.11C Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband by county
 Table 15.12 Women’s participation in decision making regarding sexual and reproductive
health
 Table 15.12C Women’s participation in decision making regarding sexual and reproductive
health by county

Table 15.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men
Percentage of currently married women and men age 15–49 who were employed at any time in the last 12 months and percent
distribution of currently married women and men employed in the last 12 months by type of earnings, according to age, Kenya DHS
2022
Among currently married Percent distribution of currently married respondents
respondents: employed in the last 12 months, by type of earnings
Percentage
employed in
last 12 Number of Cash Cash and In-kind Not Number of
Age months respondents only in-kind only paid Total respondents
WOMEN
Age
15–19 31.7 456 72.4 4.0 0.0 23.6 100.0 144
20–24 51.9 2,635 80.0 3.3 0.4 16.4 100.0 1,367
25–29 64.9 4,055 80.3 2.9 0.3 16.4 100.0 2,633
30–34 68.9 3,460 78.2 3.6 0.3 17.9 100.0 2,385
35–39 74.7 3,234 76.3 4.1 0.8 18.9 100.0 2,417
40–44 77.1 2,246 71.4 5.9 1.2 21.5 100.0 1,733
45–49 74.2 1,735 69.9 6.6 0.5 23.1 100.0 1,288
Total 15–49 67.1 17,822 76.5 4.2 0.6 18.7 100.0 11,967
MEN
Age
15–19 * 12 * * * * 100.0 10
20–24 94.9 341 93.9 2.9 0.2 3.0 100.0 324
25–29 98.3 1,161 94.5 2.4 0.0 3.0 100.0 1,141
30–34 98.4 1,319 94.2 2.3 0.0 3.5 100.0 1,299
35–39 97.6 1,317 92.6 3.0 0.1 4.3 100.0 1,286
40–44 97.9 1,115 92.1 3.6 0.3 3.9 100.0 1,091
45–49 97.7 992 92.5 2.9 0.2 4.4 100.0 970
Total 15–49 97.8 6,257 93.2 2.8 0.1 3.8 100.0 6,121
50–54 97.9 700 88.8 4.7 0.7 5.8 100.0 686
Total 15–54 97.8 6,958 92.8 3.0 0.2 4.0 100.0 6,806

Table 15.1.1C Employment and cash earnings of currently married women by county
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who were employed at any time in the last 12 months and percent distribution of
currently married women employed in the last 12 months by type of earnings, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among currently Percent distribution of currently married women
married women: employed in the last 12 months, by type of earnings
Percentage
employed in
County months women only in-kind only paid Total women
Mombasa 61.6 546 93.7 0.3 0.0 6.0 100.0 337
Kwale 26.1 302 96.0 2.1 0.0 1.9 100.0 79
Kilifi 59.3 483 96.4 1.9 0.0 1.7 100.0 286
Tana River 22.6 107 73.3 0.0 1.1 25.6 100.0 24
Lamu 57.9 59 74.1 1.1 0.8 24.0 100.0 34
Taita/Taveta 59.5 130 78.4 18.4 1.0 2.2 100.0 77
Garissa 19.0 170 78.6 13.5 0.0 7.8 100.0 32
Wajir 18.4 92 43.7 5.6 0.0 50.7 100.0 17
Mandera 5.3 138 * * * * 100.0 7
Marsabit 5.2 94 * * * * 100.0 5
Isiolo 37.2 76 59.4 2.8 0.0 37.8 100.0 28
Meru 90.6 569 58.1 3.1 0.0 38.8 100.0 515
Tharaka-Nithi 72.1 171 72.8 13.6 0.2 13.4 100.0 123
Embu 75.3 214 68.9 15.9 6.1 9.1 100.0 161
Kitui 47.1 449 93.2 1.6 0.0 5.2 100.0 212
Machakos 61.8 553 77.5 3.0 0.0 19.5 100.0 342
Makueni 52.8 366 84.2 0.6 0.0 15.2 100.0 193
Nyandarua 88.2 225 34.6 19.5 2.3 43.6 100.0 198
Nyeri 83.2 254 90.2 3.0 0.0 6.8 100.0 211
Kirinyaga 82.1 253 92.4 5.9 0.0 1.7 100.0 208
Murang’a 77.8 344 77.2 4.7 0.5 17.6 100.0 268
Kiambu 76.4 1,116 95.6 0.8 0.7 2.9 100.0 852
Turkana 66.4 204 78.6 11.5 1.2 8.7 100.0 136
West Pokot 30.9 264 44.9 0.7 0.0 54.4 100.0 82
Samburu 35.0 106 81.5 0.9 0.0 17.5 100.0 37
Trans Nzoia 59.9 361 78.8 3.4 0.0 17.9 100.0 217
Uasin Gishu 72.3 525 88.0 0.6 0.0 11.4 100.0 380
Elgeyo/Marakwet 54.9 143 43.4 2.2 0.0 54.4 100.0 79
Nandi 75.0 327 65.0 0.4 0.0 34.6 100.0 245
Baringo 80.3 200 75.3 2.5 1.8 20.5 100.0 161
Laikipia 79.1 161 77.6 0.4 0.0 22.0 100.0 127
Nakuru 65.5 906 81.0 2.0 0.0 16.9 100.0 594
Narok 60.3 444 83.1 4.1 0.0 12.8 100.0 268
Kajiado 64.2 520 90.2 0.0 1.7 8.0 100.0 334
Kericho 87.3 395 41.9 0.6 0.0 57.5 100.0 345
Bomet 80.3 351 54.7 0.0 0.0 45.3 100.0 282
Kakamega 64.1 715 69.0 9.1 4.1 17.8 100.0 458
Vihiga 58.6 171 89.2 6.6 0.6 3.6 100.0 100
Bungoma 79.8 614 71.5 6.4 0.9 21.2 100.0 490
Busia 75.9 360 60.2 3.3 1.1 35.3 100.0 273
Siaya 55.3 299 78.4 14.8 0.6 6.2 100.0 165
Kisumu 59.2 413 58.3 1.8 0.0 39.9 100.0 244
Homa Bay 77.9 391 65.5 5.2 0.6 28.6 100.0 305
Migori 76.7 397 76.9 3.3 0.8 19.1 100.0 304
Kisii 90.4 470 41.1 26.9 0.0 32.0 100.0 425
Nyamira 90.0 178 74.3 2.1 0.0 23.5 100.0 160
Nairobi City 70.5 2,195 91.7 0.0 0.0 8.3 100.0 1,547
Total 15–49 67.1 17,822 76.5 4.2 0.6 18.7 100.0 11,967

Table 15.1.2C Employment and cash earnings of currently married men by county
Percentage of currently married men age 15–49 who were employed at any time in the last 12 months and percent distribution of
currently married men employed in the last 12 months by type of earnings, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among currently Percent distribution of currently married men employed
married men: in the last 12 months, by type of earnings
Percentage
employed in
County months men only in-kind only paid Total men
Mombasa 97.8 228 99.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 100.0 223
Kwale 99.1 85 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 85
Kilifi 100.0 164 98.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 100.0 164
Tana River 95.3 35 73.1 6.8 2.6 17.5 100.0 33
Lamu 98.1 21 59.2 0.0 0.0 40.8 100.0 20
Taita/Taveta 98.8 48 91.1 7.6 1.3 0.0 100.0 47
Garissa 99.0 56 87.9 0.0 0.0 12.1 100.0 56
Wajir 93.5 21 75.5 0.0 0.0 24.5 100.0 19
Mandera 80.9 35 93.0 1.4 0.0 5.6 100.0 29
Marsabit 70.3 25 61.4 0.0 0.0 38.6 100.0 17
Isiolo 98.4 28 87.5 0.9 0.0 11.6 100.0 28
Meru 95.1 219 98.6 0.0 0.7 0.7 100.0 208
Tharaka-Nithi 100.0 70 98.5 0.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 70
Embu 100.0 79 85.8 13.2 1.0 0.0 100.0 79
Kitui 92.2 124 96.2 0.8 0.0 2.9 100.0 114
Machakos 100.0 201 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 201
Makueni 99.3 111 85.9 14.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 110
Nyandarua 100.0 71 95.4 2.4 0.0 2.1 100.0 71
Nyeri 100.0 104 86.7 8.5 0.0 4.8 100.0 104
Kirinyaga 100.0 92 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 92
Murang’a 99.1 124 97.9 0.0 0.0 2.1 100.0 123
Kiambu 100.0 431 98.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 431
Turkana 51.9 60 92.0 3.7 0.0 4.3 100.0 31
West Pokot 98.8 86 66.2 16.4 0.0 17.4 100.0 85
Samburu 100.0 28 51.0 2.1 0.0 46.9 100.0 28
Trans Nzoia 97.2 112 85.1 12.9 0.0 2.0 100.0 108
Uasin Gishu 99.4 228 90.4 0.0 0.5 9.1 100.0 227
Elgeyo/Marakwet 98.6 54 99.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 100.0 54
Nandi 98.4 125 99.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 100.0 123
Baringo 95.5 70 78.9 0.0 0.0 21.1 100.0 67
Laikipia 97.1 64 74.4 8.0 0.0 17.6 100.0 62
Nakuru 99.3 320 91.1 5.7 0.0 3.2 100.0 318
Narok 100.0 155 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 155
Kajiado 96.6 174 92.7 0.0 0.0 7.3 100.0 168
Kericho 99.4 160 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 159
Bomet 100.0 132 71.3 0.7 0.0 28.0 100.0 132
Kakamega 99.1 212 97.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 100.0 210
Vihiga 100.0 52 85.5 12.1 0.0 2.5 100.0 52
Bungoma 98.4 179 99.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 176
Busia 95.9 107 89.7 4.4 0.0 5.9 100.0 102
Siaya 97.4 99 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 97
Kisumu 99.3 182 86.3 13.2 0.5 0.0 100.0 181
Homa Bay 100.0 119 87.0 10.0 0.0 3.0 100.0 119
Migori 99.1 126 88.1 1.2 0.0 10.8 100.0 125
Kisii 97.5 164 90.5 1.7 0.0 7.8 100.0 159
Nyamira 95.1 59 95.7 4.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 56
Nairobi City 98.0 818 98.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 801
Total 15–49 97.8 6,257 93.2 2.8 0.1 3.8 100.0 6,121

Table 15.1.3 Average monthly earnings
Among women and men age 15–49 who were employed at any time in the last 12 months, average amount earned in Kenya shilling
for their work in the one month before the survey, according to age and type of occupation, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Number of Number of
respondents respondents
Average earnings employed at any Average earnings employed at any
Background in the last one time in the last in the last one time in the last
characteristic month1 12 months month1 12 months
Age
15–19 2,381.0 687 3,974.7 843
20–24 6,240.9 2,495 10,411.3 1,615
25–29 12,852.4 3,247 17,109.2 2,012
30–34 15,478.0 2,643 23,590.8 1,640
35–39 14,155.8 2,594 22,820.7 1,398
40–44 13,880.4 1,871 21,336.7 1,181
45–49 13,665.7 1,445 25,585.7 996
Occupation
Legislators, administrators, and managers 17,300.6 1,514 26,332.7 542
Professionals 34,111.4 914 46,747.7 520
Technicians and associate professionals 25,238.1 1,498 33,945.7 794
Secretarial, clerical services, and related workers 14,306.2 374 24,416.4 135
Service workers, shop and market sales workers 9,417.6 3,395 24,539.3 1,179
Skilled farm, fishery, wildlife, and related workers 6,028.8 2,269 11,034.6 1,659
Craft and related trades workers 5,465.0 202 13,765.1 1,283
Plant and machine operators and assemblers 10,459.5 140 15,037.9 1,146
Elementary occupations 5,390.4 4,229 11,230.4 2,734
Missing 24,021.0 448 29,083.3 396
Total 12,166.9 14,983 18,594.9 10,387
1
Average is calculated excluding respondents who did not work in last month or did not know how much they earned

Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash earnings
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 who received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months before the survey
by person who decides how wife’s cash earnings are used and by if she earned more or less than her husband, according to background
Person who decides how the wife’s Wife’s cash earnings compared
cash earnings are used: with husband’s cash earnings:
Wife Hus-
and About band Number
Background Mainly husband Mainly the has no Don’t of
characteristic wife jointly husband Other Total More Less same earnings know Total women
Age
15–19 51.8 33.9 12.8 1.4 100.0 3.5 76.5 11.4 6.4 2.2 100.0 110
20–24 55.5 39.4 5.0 0.2 100.0 5.0 78.8 11.3 2.3 2.6 100.0 1,138
25–29 52.9 42.0 5.1 0.1 100.0 6.2 78.3 10.8 2.6 2.1 100.0 2,191
30–34 55.4 41.2 3.4 0.0 100.0 9.1 70.3 14.8 3.9 2.0 100.0 1,952
35–39 56.9 38.6 4.5 0.0 100.0 11.7 67.7 13.1 4.2 3.4 100.0 1,942
40–44 57.2 39.3 3.5 0.0 100.0 11.4 63.1 15.9 5.6 3.9 100.0 1,340
45–49 54.0 42.3 3.7 0.0 100.0 12.4 59.1 16.0 8.4 4.1 100.0 984
Number of living
children
0 54.6 42.0 3.0 0.4 100.0 5.5 77.3 11.6 1.9 3.6 100.0 554
1–2 53.0 42.6 4.4 0.0 100.0 7.7 73.6 13.1 3.1 2.4 100.0 4,158
3–4 55.5 40.3 4.1 0.0 100.0 10.6 69.0 13.4 4.1 2.9 100.0 3,446
5+ 60.8 34.0 5.2 0.0 100.0 10.5 62.8 14.5 8.5 3.8 100.0 1,500
Residence
Urban 57.5 39.5 2.9 0.1 100.0 7.7 75.4 11.4 2.6 2.8 100.0 4,385
Rural 53.3 41.1 5.5 0.0 100.0 10.2 66.4 15.0 5.5 2.9 100.0 5,273
Education1
No education 57.6 36.5 6.0 0.0 100.0 11.9 55.7 7.8 19.8 4.9 100.0 357
Primary 58.1 36.6 5.3 0.0 100.0 9.5 67.6 14.4 5.0 3.5 100.0 3,810
Secondary 54.4 40.4 5.1 0.1 100.0 6.8 76.0 12.0 2.8 2.3 100.0 3,002
Wealth quintile
Lowest 57.9 36.4 5.7 0.0 100.0 10.0 62.0 13.8 11.4 2.8 100.0 1,127
Second 55.6 37.6 6.8 0.0 100.0 10.2 64.4 16.1 5.8 3.6 100.0 1,458
Middle 53.2 41.0 5.7 0.2 100.0 11.4 67.2 14.5 3.9 3.0 100.0 1,651
Fourth 54.9 41.2 3.8 0.0 100.0 8.3 73.6 12.7 2.5 3.0 100.0 2,351
Highest 55.3 42.2 2.4 0.1 100.0 7.6 76.0 11.8 2.3 2.4 100.0 3,072
Total 55.2 40.4 4.3 0.1 100.0 9.1 70.5 13.4 4.2 2.9 100.0 9,658
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married, and the term wife includes a partner with whom a man
is living as if married.
1

Table 15.2.1C Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash earnings by county
Percent distribution of currently married women age 15–49 who received cash earnings for employment in the 12 months before the survey by
person who decides how wife’s cash earnings are used and by if she earned more or less than her husband, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Person who decides how the wife’s cash Wife’s cash earnings compared
earnings are used: with husband’s cash earnings:
Wife Hus-
and band
hus- Mainly About has no Num-
Mainly band hus- Mis- the earn- Don’t Mis- ber of
County wife jointly band Other sing Total More Less same ings know sing Total women
Mombasa 61.6 33.8 4.2 0.4 0.0 100.0 9.9 72.8 10.0 2.0 5.3 0.0 100.0 316
Kwale 45.4 52.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 14.8 71.5 7.0 6.3 0.4 0.0 100.0 77
Kilifi 44.7 52.4 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 13.8 76.4 7.1 0.6 2.0 0.0 100.0 282
Tana River 42.2 53.8 4.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.7 52.1 25.9 18.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 18
Lamu 35.1 60.3 4.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.9 65.6 17.5 6.2 4.8 0.0 100.0 26
Taita/Taveta 55.6 39.1 5.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 13.1 64.4 18.6 3.5 0.4 0.0 100.0 75
Garissa (23.2) (70.3) (6.5) (0.0) (0.0) (100.0) (2.4) (85.9) (4.1) (7.6) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 30
Wajir (82.8) (17.2) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (100.0) (5.6) (52.4) (2.4) (29.1) (10.5) (0.0) 100.0 8
Mandera * * * * * * * * * * * * 100.0 5
Marsabit * * * * * * * * * * * * 100.0 4
Isiolo 44.1 54.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 25.9 52.3 5.0 8.5 8.4 0.0 100.0 18
Meru 49.2 49.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 9.3 70.6 13.6 5.5 1.0 0.0 100.0 315
Tharaka-Nithi 42.5 47.8 9.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 13.2 59.5 22.8 2.2 2.2 0.0 100.0 106
Embu 60.7 30.5 8.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 14.2 70.0 13.2 1.8 0.9 0.0 100.0 137
Kitui 30.9 58.1 11.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.1 73.3 18.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 201
Machakos 56.3 42.7 1.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 9.4 74.9 10.2 5.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 275
Makueni 36.6 60.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.6 69.5 7.3 8.9 5.7 0.0 100.0 164
Nyandarua 63.4 29.9 6.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.6 74.8 16.0 1.0 0.6 0.0 100.0 107
Nyeri 45.5 51.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 16.2 63.2 16.1 2.2 2.4 0.0 100.0 197
Kirinyaga 41.7 56.4 1.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.4 61.2 24.2 1.3 4.9 0.0 100.0 204
Murang’a 52.9 41.2 5.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.8 64.4 22.5 2.1 2.2 0.0 100.0 219
Kiambu 49.1 45.9 5.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 6.6 77.6 12.0 2.1 1.7 0.0 100.0 822
Turkana 39.9 55.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 10.3 35.5 7.1 42.3 4.7 0.0 100.0 122
West Pokot 25.7 65.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.5 49.5 13.7 29.4 2.9 0.0 100.0 37
Samburu 51.0 41.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 19.0 67.2 5.9 7.2 0.8 0.0 100.0 31
Trans Nzoia 49.0 47.7 3.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 12.2 62.7 19.3 4.3 1.5 0.0 100.0 178
Uasin Gishu 60.3 31.8 7.4 0.5 0.0 100.0 12.9 70.4 14.0 1.3 1.4 0.0 100.0 336
Elgeyo/Marakwet 48.8 44.3 6.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 13.9 53.2 15.6 17.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 36
Nandi 53.1 44.3 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 11.3 73.1 9.2 5.8 0.6 0.0 100.0 161
Baringo 68.0 28.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.5 76.8 7.8 5.6 1.3 0.0 100.0 125
Laikipia 51.9 45.4 2.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 11.1 73.6 10.8 4.1 0.4 0.0 100.0 99
Nakuru 60.6 33.2 6.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.4 72.5 12.3 4.8 5.0 0.0 100.0 493
Narok 50.7 44.1 5.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 12.7 60.9 16.3 8.5 1.7 0.0 100.0 233
Kajiado 38.0 58.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 5.9 73.8 12.4 7.2 0.7 0.0 100.0 301
Kericho 37.7 57.2 5.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.6 66.3 22.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 147
Bomet 47.7 45.2 7.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.6 64.7 23.6 1.9 1.2 0.0 100.0 154
Kakamega 68.1 28.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.5 54.8 12.7 10.6 13.4 0.0 100.0 357
Vihiga 72.7 24.1 2.9 0.2 0.0 100.0 15.4 61.0 15.3 4.2 4.1 0.0 100.0 96
Bungoma 62.5 31.0 5.9 0.6 0.0 100.0 12.3 63.8 15.3 2.1 6.5 0.0 100.0 381
Busia 75.0 20.7 4.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.6 71.9 13.3 4.6 6.6 0.0 100.0 174
Siaya 47.1 46.4 6.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 6.8 71.1 15.5 5.0 1.6 0.0 100.0 154
Kisumu 66.2 32.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.2 84.3 4.9 6.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 147
Homa Bay 61.4 34.7 3.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.9 70.9 12.3 5.5 3.4 0.0 100.0 216
Migori 57.6 36.6 5.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.0 70.1 15.8 2.8 3.4 0.0 100.0 244
Kisii 79.1 17.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.6 78.7 9.0 2.8 1.9 0.0 100.0 289
Nyamira 50.9 43.4 5.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 11.8 62.5 12.4 2.9 10.5 0.0 100.0 123
Nairobi City 62.8 34.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.6 77.1 12.5 1.1 1.7 0.0 100.0 1,419
Total 55.2 40.4 4.3 0.1 0.0 100.0 9.1 70.5 13.4 4.2 2.9 0.0 100.0 9,658
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married, and the term wife includes a partner with whom a man is
living as if married. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25

Table 15.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings
Percent distributions of currently married men age 15–49 who receive cash earnings and of currently married women age 15–49 whose husbands
receive cash earnings, by person who decides how husband’s cash earnings are used, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Men Women
Wife and Wife and Number
Background Mainly husband Mainly Number Mainly husband Mainly of
characteristic wife jointly husband Other Total of men wife jointly husband Other Total women
Age
15–19 * * * * 100.0 8 11.6 53.8 34.6 0.0 100.0 427
20–24 5.1 48.1 46.7 0.0 100.0 314 8.5 56.1 35.3 0.1 100.0 2,553
25–29 8.7 45.7 45.6 0.0 100.0 1,106 7.9 54.8 37.3 0.0 100.0 3,948
30–34 5.2 47.4 47.4 0.0 100.0 1,253 8.0 51.8 40.2 0.1 100.0 3,334
35–39 10.8 50.1 39.1 0.0 100.0 1,229 8.7 47.0 44.3 0.0 100.0 3,114
40–44 6.9 52.1 41.0 0.0 100.0 1,046 9.0 46.5 44.4 0.1 100.0 2,120
45–49 5.8 53.9 40.3 0.0 100.0 925 7.8 51.1 41.0 0.1 100.0 1,590
Number of living
children
0 7.1 44.6 48.2 0.1 100.0 340 8.3 62.3 29.3 0.2 100.0 989
1–2 9.8 45.7 44.5 0.0 100.0 2,576 7.7 55.0 37.2 0.1 100.0 7,177
3–4 5.9 53.7 40.4 0.0 100.0 1,937 7.9 50.0 42.1 0.1 100.0 5,848
5+ 4.5 52.9 42.6 0.0 100.0 1,027 10.8 43.1 46.1 0.0 100.0 3,071
Residence
Urban 13.1 40.1 46.8 0.0 100.0 2,618 8.2 53.9 37.9 0.0 100.0 6,798
Rural 2.9 57.1 40.0 0.0 100.0 3,262 8.5 50.1 41.3 0.1 100.0 10,287
Education1
No education 8.8 37.6 53.6 0.0 100.0 179 12.3 39.7 47.9 0.1 100.0 1,182
Primary 5.4 52.8 41.8 0.0 100.0 2,401 9.1 47.7 43.1 0.1 100.0 7,046
Secondary 9.9 47.6 42.5 0.0 100.0 1,893 8.3 53.7 37.9 0.1 100.0 5,599
More than
secondary 7.5 48.1 44.4 0.0 100.0 1,408 5.4 60.6 34.0 0.0 100.0 3,257
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.9 54.4 40.7 0.0 100.0 721 10.5 44.1 45.4 0.1 100.0 2,701
Second 4.2 59.3 36.5 0.0 100.0 984 9.4 48.5 42.0 0.2 100.0 2,964
Middle 2.0 56.3 41.7 0.0 100.0 1,106 8.3 52.0 39.7 0.0 100.0 3,214
Fourth 9.8 43.6 46.6 0.0 100.0 1,578 7.1 53.9 38.9 0.1 100.0 3,860
Highest 12.3 42.0 45.7 0.0 100.0 1,491 7.5 56.0 36.5 0.0 100.0 4,347
Total 15–49 7.4 49.5 43.0 0.0 100.0 5,880 8.4 51.6 40.0 0.1 100.0 17,085
50–54 5.6 55.8 38.6 0.0 100.0 641 na na na na na na
Total 15–54 7.3 50.1 42.6 0.0 100.0 6,521 na na na na na na
living as if married. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
na = not applicable,
1

Table 15.2.2C Control over men’s cash earnings by county
Percent distributions of currently married men age 15–49 who receive cash earnings and of currently married women age 15–49 whose
husbands receive cash earnings, by person who decides how husband’s cash earnings are used, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Men Women
Wife and Wife and
Mainly husband Mainly Number Mainly husband Mainly Number
County wife jointly husband Other Total of men wife jointly husband Other Total of women
Mombasa 3.9 40.0 56.0 0.0 100.0 222 11.8 47.1 40.7 0.5 100.0 538
Kwale 2.2 74.8 23.0 0.0 100.0 85 7.9 67.8 24.3 0.0 100.0 297
Kilifi 1.4 89.8 8.8 0.0 100.0 162 12.4 59.6 28.0 0.0 100.0 482
Tana River 1.6 81.3 17.1 0.0 100.0 27 9.8 34.9 55.3 0.0 100.0 96
Lamu 0.0 57.2 42.8 0.0 100.0 12 4.8 54.2 41.0 0.0 100.0 58
Taita/Taveta 6.3 68.0 25.7 0.0 100.0 47 15.8 41.0 43.1 0.0 100.0 126
Garissa 0.0 75.2 24.8 0.0 100.0 49 5.5 59.1 35.4 0.0 100.0 153
Wajir 2.1 61.5 36.4 0.0 100.0 14 8.5 33.3 58.2 0.0 100.0 71
Mandera 1.4 19.6 77.5 1.4 100.0 27 27.5 5.2 67.3 0.0 100.0 121
Marsabit 2.8 75.8 21.4 0.0 100.0 11 4.0 85.1 10.9 0.0 100.0 93
Isiolo 16.2 30.2 53.7 0.0 100.0 24 6.5 70.0 23.4 0.0 100.0 72
Meru 2.5 67.1 30.4 0.0 100.0 205 8.3 61.0 30.7 0.0 100.0 547
Tharaka-Nithi 1.7 42.8 55.6 0.0 100.0 69 4.5 57.9 37.6 0.0 100.0 168
Embu 1.0 70.4 28.6 0.0 100.0 78 13.9 43.6 42.5 0.0 100.0 211
Kitui 2.1 83.1 14.8 0.0 100.0 111 4.7 67.3 27.9 0.0 100.0 449
Machakos 0.0 72.2 27.8 0.0 100.0 201 11.3 63.9 24.8 0.0 100.0 525
Makueni 0.0 84.4 15.6 0.0 100.0 110 6.7 70.2 23.1 0.0 100.0 346
Nyandarua 1.1 64.1 34.8 0.0 100.0 69 9.2 55.3 35.5 0.0 100.0 224
Nyeri 0.4 28.9 70.6 0.0 100.0 99 5.2 57.7 37.1 0.0 100.0 246
Kirinyaga 0.0 3.4 96.6 0.0 100.0 92 3.4 57.5 39.1 0.0 100.0 250
Murang’a 6.0 41.0 53.0 0.0 100.0 121 10.3 47.9 41.8 0.0 100.0 339
Kiambu 17.4 21.7 60.9 0.0 100.0 431 5.8 58.5 35.7 0.0 100.0 1,099
Turkana 2.8 21.1 76.1 0.0 100.0 30 10.5 65.9 23.6 0.0 100.0 139
West Pokot 7.1 59.6 33.2 0.0 100.0 70 7.5 47.3 45.2 0.0 100.0 224
Samburu 3.1 61.6 35.4 0.0 100.0 15 11.5 44.1 44.4 0.0 100.0 79
Trans Nzoia 1.9 74.3 23.8 0.0 100.0 106 6.8 55.8 37.5 0.0 100.0 354
Uasin Gishu 2.6 47.4 50.0 0.0 100.0 205 9.9 43.4 46.4 0.2 100.0 518
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3.4 44.4 52.2 0.0 100.0 53 6.5 56.5 37.0 0.0 100.0 135
Nandi 1.2 44.1 54.8 0.0 100.0 122 5.1 59.4 35.5 0.0 100.0 315
Baringo 2.4 51.9 45.6 0.0 100.0 53 13.3 32.9 53.8 0.0 100.0 191
Laikipia 3.7 66.1 30.1 0.0 100.0 51 9.0 49.4 41.6 0.0 100.0 156
Nakuru 11.4 34.2 54.4 0.0 100.0 308 6.2 41.0 52.7 0.0 100.0 850
Narok 0.0 40.7 59.3 0.0 100.0 155 6.5 49.9 43.6 0.0 100.0 420
Kajiado 1.6 14.7 83.6 0.0 100.0 155 6.1 56.0 37.9 0.0 100.0 465
Kericho 0.0 72.8 27.2 0.0 100.0 159 13.5 66.6 19.9 0.0 100.0 391
Bomet 0.0 58.8 41.2 0.0 100.0 95 6.7 52.4 41.0 0.0 100.0 347
Kakamega 6.3 64.6 29.1 0.0 100.0 206 3.6 37.5 58.6 0.3 100.0 625
Vihiga 9.4 64.2 26.3 0.0 100.0 50 2.8 29.4 67.8 0.0 100.0 163
Bungoma 12.8 50.5 36.4 0.3 100.0 176 13.0 38.3 48.7 0.0 100.0 603
Busia 3.1 47.4 49.5 0.0 100.0 96 4.4 27.5 67.8 0.3 100.0 338
Siaya 3.8 34.5 61.7 0.0 100.0 97 13.6 44.1 42.2 0.0 100.0 288
Kisumu 1.1 72.5 26.4 0.0 100.0 180 13.1 54.8 32.0 0.0 100.0 400
Homa Bay 1.1 77.3 21.6 0.0 100.0 115 7.0 34.7 57.3 0.9 100.0 373
Migori 3.8 71.4 24.9 0.0 100.0 111 9.8 47.5 42.7 0.0 100.0 387
Kisii 0.0 31.5 68.5 0.0 100.0 147 11.3 36.0 52.7 0.0 100.0 461
Nyamira 0.0 63.2 36.8 0.0 100.0 56 9.7 49.7 40.6 0.0 100.0 173
Nairobi City 26.4 33.3 40.3 0.0 100.0 801 7.2 57.4 35.4 0.0 100.0 2,179
Total 15–49 7.4 49.5 43.0 0.0 100.0 5,880 8.4 51.6 40.0 0.1 100.0 17,085
living as if married.

Table 15.3.1 House and land ownership: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by current marital status, according to house ownership status and land ownership
status, Kenya DHS 2022
Marital status
Never Married/ Divorced/
Ownership status married living together separated Widowed Total
HOUSE OWNERSHIP
Alone 1.6 2.5 11.8 54.7 4.5

Jointly with husband only na 49.1 1.5 9.4 27.7
Jointly with someone else only 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2
Jointly with husband and someone else na 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.3
Both alone and jointly 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Alone or jointly 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Does not own 98.2 47.5 86.0 34.8 67.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 10,438 17,822 2,989 908 32,156
AGRICULTURAL LAND OWNERSHIP
Alone 1.4 1.6 7.8 37.3 3.1
Jointly with husband only na 34.9 1.6 7.7 19.7
Jointly with husband and someone else na 1.8 0.0 1.1 1.1
Alone or jointly 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Does not own 98.3 60.6 89.3 51.4 75.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 10,438 17,822 2,989 908 32,156
NONAGRICULTURAL LAND OWNERSHIP
Alone 0.9 0.9 3.1 10.0 1.4
Jointly with husband only 0.0 8.5 0.4 1.1 4.8
Jointly with husband and someone else 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2
Alone or jointly 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Does not own 98.9 89.8 95.9 88.5 93.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 10,438 17,822 2,989 908 32,156
LAND OWNERSHIP (BOTH AGRICULTURE AND NONAGRICULTURE LAND)
Alone or jointly 2.6 42.7 13.7 52.0 27.2
Does not own 97.4 57.3 86.3 48.0 72.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of women 10,438 17,822 2,989 908 32,156
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married.

Table 15.3.1C House and land ownership by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of a house and by ownership of agricultural or non-agricultural land, according to
Percentage
who own
agricultural
Percentage who own a house: Percentage or non-
who do not agricultural Percentage
Both alone own a land alone who do not Number of
County Alone Jointly2 and jointly house Total or jointly1 own land Total women
Mombasa 4.3 12.4 0.2 83.1 100.0 13.6 86.4 100.0 947
Kwale 3.7 29.9 0.0 66.4 100.0 19.3 80.7 100.0 498
Kilifi 5.1 24.4 0.0 70.5 100.0 17.3 82.7 100.0 928
Tana River 4.8 45.5 0.0 49.7 100.0 20.4 79.6 100.0 149
Lamu 6.7 28.7 0.2 64.4 100.0 25.6 74.4 100.0 101
Taita/Taveta 6.7 20.5 0.1 72.7 100.0 14.8 85.2 100.0 234
Garissa 2.3 6.1 0.0 91.6 100.0 3.5 96.5 100.0 290
Wajir 5.7 2.0 0.1 92.2 100.0 4.9 95.1 100.0 160
Mandera 3.2 7.3 2.7 86.8 100.0 2.0 98.0 100.0 206
Marsabit 4.9 9.9 0.2 85.0 100.0 5.7 94.3 100.0 129
Isiolo 3.5 26.7 0.1 69.8 100.0 12.8 87.2 100.0 137
Meru 9.4 33.3 0.2 57.1 100.0 37.0 63.0 100.0 979
Tharaka-Nithi 6.1 36.8 0.6 56.4 100.0 26.6 73.4 100.0 271
Embu 4.4 23.0 0.0 72.6 100.0 11.8 88.2 100.0 358
Kitui 4.0 36.6 0.1 59.4 100.0 36.6 63.4 100.0 735
Machakos 3.3 42.8 0.0 53.9 100.0 41.9 58.1 100.0 992
Makueni 3.7 35.0 0.0 61.3 100.0 24.5 75.5 100.0 683
Nyandarua 5.5 35.5 0.0 59.0 100.0 29.9 70.1 100.0 409
Nyeri 2.9 23.9 0.0 73.2 100.0 25.7 74.3 100.0 501
Kirinyaga 5.4 28.2 0.0 66.4 100.0 22.1 77.9 100.0 481
Murang’a 3.9 25.9 0.3 69.9 100.0 23.5 76.5 100.0 692
Kiambu 4.2 18.1 0.5 77.2 100.0 26.3 73.7 100.0 2,094
Turkana 17.7 38.8 0.2 43.2 100.0 31.2 68.8 100.0 331
West Pokot 3.3 45.9 0.0 50.8 100.0 47.3 52.7 100.0 384
Samburu 10.7 50.4 0.0 38.9 100.0 25.2 74.8 100.0 156
Trans Nzoia 3.3 36.1 0.2 60.4 100.0 33.0 67.0 100.0 675
Uasin Gishu 3.3 23.8 0.1 72.8 100.0 30.2 69.8 100.0 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.6 20.9 0.2 77.3 100.0 19.0 81.0 100.0 228
Nandi 7.0 36.6 0.0 56.4 100.0 34.1 65.9 100.0 622
Baringo 10.6 23.1 0.0 66.3 100.0 27.5 72.5 100.0 378
Laikipia 7.1 9.0 0.0 83.9 100.0 13.3 86.7 100.0 332
Nakuru 3.6 24.2 0.0 72.2 100.0 17.0 83.0 100.0 1,658
Narok 5.5 53.6 0.3 40.6 100.0 58.4 41.6 100.0 718
Kajiado 5.6 25.1 0.2 69.1 100.0 22.1 77.9 100.0 887
Kericho 2.9 17.5 0.0 79.6 100.0 18.7 81.3 100.0 729
Bomet 5.4 23.7 0.1 70.8 100.0 25.1 74.9 100.0 650
Kakamega 3.2 30.4 0.0 66.4 100.0 26.0 74.0 100.0 1,283
Vihiga 5.5 34.2 0.1 60.2 100.0 28.3 71.7 100.0 371
Bungoma 3.7 42.8 0.1 53.4 100.0 43.0 57.0 100.0 1,138
Busia 6.4 44.6 0.0 49.0 100.0 43.5 56.5 100.0 622
Siaya 4.4 47.4 0.0 48.2 100.0 39.2 60.8 100.0 537
Kisumu 5.9 26.2 0.0 67.9 100.0 23.5 76.5 100.0 771
Homa Bay 8.2 51.1 0.0 40.7 100.0 51.8 48.2 100.0 662
Migori 9.8 31.9 0.0 58.3 100.0 31.7 68.3 100.0 674
Kisii 2.7 53.9 0.1 43.3 100.0 50.5 49.5 100.0 831
Nyamira 6.5 43.3 0.0 50.3 100.0 39.4 60.6 100.0 327
Nairobi City 1.4 12.2 0.0 86.4 100.0 16.4 83.6 100.0 4,235
Total 4.5 28.2 0.1 67.2 100.0 27.2 72.8 100.0 32,156
1
Jointly with a husband, someone else, or both a husband and someone else.

Table 15.3.2 House and land ownership: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by current marital status, according to house ownership status and land ownership
status, Kenya DHS 2022
Marital status
Never Married/ Divorced/
Ownership status married living together separated Widowed Total
HOUSE OWNERSHIP
Alone 16.1 51.0 58.3 (76.5) 34.7

Jointly with wife only na 18.4 0.4 (0.0) 8.5
Jointly with someone else only 0.0 0.3 1.3 (0.0) 0.2
Jointly with wife and someone else na 0.3 0.0 (0.0) 0.6
Both alone and jointly 1.3 0.1 0.1 (0.0) 0.7
Alone or jointly 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0
Does not own 81.7 29.9 39.9 (23.5) 55.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 6,576 6,257 771 49 13,652
AGRICULTURAL LAND OWNERSHIP
Alone 6.3 41.5 35.8 (57.5) 24.3
Jointly with wife only na 7.6 0.2 (0.0) 3.5
Jointly with wife and someone else na 0.9 0.0 (0.0) 0.4
Alone or jointly 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0
Does not own 91.3 46.7 57.8 (39.5) 68.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 6,576 6,257 771 49 13,652
NON-AGRICULTURAL LAND OWNERSHIP
Alone 1.5 11.3 7.3 (18.0) 6.4
Jointly with wife only 0.0 1.9 0.3 (0.0) 0.9
Jointly with wife and someone else 0.0 0.3 0.0 (0.0) 0.1
Alone or jointly 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) 0.0
Does not own 97.9 86.0 91.7 (81.1) 92.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 6,576 6,257 771 49 13,652
LAND OWNERSHIP (BOTH AGRICULTURE AND NONAGRICULTURE LAND)
Alone or jointly 9.8 57.2 46.5 (74.0) 33.8
Does not own 90.2 42.8 53.5 (26.0) 66.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of men 6,576 6,257 771 49 13,652
Note: The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49
unweighted cases.

Table 15.3.2C House and land ownership by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of a house and by ownership of agricultural or non-agricultural land, according to county,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
who own
agricultural
Percentage who own a house: Percentage or non-
who do not agricultural Percentage
Both alone own a land alone who do not Number of
1
County Alone Jointly and jointly house Total or jointly1 own land Total men
Mombasa 29.2 10.6 0.0 60.2 100.0 29.7 70.3 100.0 442
Kwale 11.6 16.7 0.0 71.7 100.0 69.0 31.0 100.0 209
Kilifi 48.4 4.1 0.0 47.4 100.0 11.7 88.3 100.0 405
Tana River 30.9 6.8 0.0 62.3 100.0 21.9 78.1 100.0 64
Lamu 29.8 15.1 0.0 55.2 100.0 33.3 66.7 100.0 41
Taita/Taveta 31.7 15.3 0.0 53.0 100.0 33.4 66.6 100.0 103
Garissa 35.5 0.0 0.0 64.5 100.0 6.8 93.2 100.0 117
Wajir 27.5 0.4 0.0 72.1 100.0 2.4 97.6 100.0 63
Mandera 32.6 1.7 0.0 65.7 100.0 8.6 91.4 100.0 81
Marsabit 38.1 7.2 0.0 54.7 100.0 12.9 87.1 100.0 45
Isiolo 32.7 3.3 0.0 64.0 100.0 42.8 57.2 100.0 55
Meru 73.2 0.4 0.0 26.4 100.0 46.9 53.1 100.0 489
Tharaka-Nithi 59.0 2.0 0.0 39.1 100.0 60.2 39.8 100.0 137
Embu 45.4 10.5 0.0 44.1 100.0 37.9 62.1 100.0 176
Kitui 58.6 0.0 0.0 41.4 100.0 45.8 54.2 100.0 312
Machakos 63.6 0.0 0.0 36.4 100.0 37.9 62.1 100.0 480
Makueni 35.3 38.2 3.3 23.2 100.0 36.2 63.8 100.0 279
Nyandarua 38.2 4.1 0.6 57.1 100.0 30.1 69.9 100.0 168
Nyeri 44.5 0.5 0.0 54.9 100.0 41.7 58.3 100.0 235
Kirinyaga 22.9 1.1 0.0 76.0 100.0 16.8 83.2 100.0 191
Murang’a 48.8 1.3 0.0 50.0 100.0 45.7 54.3 100.0 297
Kiambu 39.5 12.6 0.0 47.9 100.0 40.3 59.7 100.0 911
Turkana 39.6 2.8 0.0 57.5 100.0 11.8 88.2 100.0 111
West Pokot 22.3 28.8 0.0 48.9 100.0 41.5 58.5 100.0 150
Samburu 13.0 36.3 0.0 50.7 100.0 22.7 77.3 100.0 51
Trans Nzoia 28.5 5.2 0.0 66.3 100.0 24.5 75.5 100.0 272
Uasin Gishu 39.5 0.7 0.0 59.8 100.0 36.8 63.2 100.0 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 49.5 0.8 0.4 49.2 100.0 47.4 52.6 100.0 110
Nandi 42.1 0.6 0.1 57.2 100.0 35.8 64.2 100.0 265
Baringo 56.3 0.4 0.0 43.3 100.0 40.7 59.3 100.0 165
Laikipia 36.8 1.8 0.0 61.4 100.0 24.9 75.1 100.0 145
Nakuru 19.6 1.7 0.0 78.7 100.0 18.1 81.9 100.0 670
Narok 19.2 39.1 1.0 40.6 100.0 54.8 45.2 100.0 313
Kajiado 28.5 2.0 0.5 69.0 100.0 30.0 70.0 100.0 339
Kericho 70.7 0.1 0.0 29.2 100.0 53.2 46.8 100.0 330
Bomet 87.2 1.0 0.0 11.9 100.0 58.5 41.5 100.0 268
Kakamega 23.0 14.1 0.0 62.9 100.0 31.3 68.7 100.0 532
Vihiga 33.4 3.0 0.0 63.5 100.0 38.0 62.0 100.0 156
Bungoma 45.0 22.1 14.3 18.7 100.0 44.9 55.1 100.0 448
Busia 44.0 3.9 0.0 52.1 100.0 42.1 57.9 100.0 262
Siaya 18.7 18.8 0.1 62.4 100.0 36.6 63.4 100.0 227
Kisumu 12.1 27.6 0.0 60.3 100.0 22.8 77.2 100.0 345
Homa Bay 12.5 35.4 1.7 50.5 100.0 54.5 45.5 100.0 258
Migori 37.0 27.2 2.4 33.4 100.0 47.3 52.7 100.0 246
Kisii 39.6 9.0 0.0 51.4 100.0 41.5 58.5 100.0 326
Nyamira 35.9 1.5 0.0 62.6 100.0 35.7 64.3 100.0 133
Nairobi City 5.4 7.0 0.0 87.6 100.0 14.8 85.2 100.0 1,777
Total 15–49 34.7 9.2 0.7 55.4 100.0 33.8 66.2 100.0 13,652
1

Table 15.4.1 House ownership and documentation of ownership: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of a house; and among women who own a house, percent distribution by if the house
owned has a title deed and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title deed, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage who House has
own a house: a title deed1:
Percent- Woman’s
Both age who Woman’s name is Does not Number
alone do not Number name is not on have a of women
Background and own a of on title title title Don’t who own
characteristic Alone Jointly2 jointly house Total women deed1 deed1 deed1 know3 Total a house4
Age
15–19 0.3 2.8 0.1 96.8 100.0 6,025 6.0 9.6 80.6 3.8 100.0 196
20–24 1.0 16.7 0.1 82.1 100.0 6,001 3.5 10.4 82.9 3.2 100.0 1,072
25–29 2.0 30.3 0.1 67.6 100.0 5,687 6.9 12.8 78.1 2.2 100.0 1,842
30–34 4.5 37.4 0.1 57.9 100.0 4,530 9.8 13.7 74.6 1.9 100.0 1,906
35–39 8.1 41.7 0.2 50.0 100.0 4,311 11.1 16.4 71.2 1.3 100.0 2,155
40–44 11.4 46.9 0.1 41.7 100.0 3,084 11.7 17.9 68.7 1.6 100.0 1,799
45–49 14.0 48.8 0.2 37.1 100.0 2,518 11.2 20.2 67.3 1.2 100.0 1,584
Residence
Urban 2.4 14.6 0.1 82.9 100.0 13,143 22.0 23.5 52.5 2.0 100.0 2,253
Rural 6.0 37.5 0.1 56.3 100.0 19,013 5.9 13.2 79.1 1.8 100.0 8,300
Education5
No education 10.3 36.3 0.4 53.1 100.0 993 6.2 7.6 85.2 1.0 100.0 466
Primary 5.2 32.8 0.1 61.8 100.0 11,173 6.8 14.0 77.6 1.6 100.0 4,266
Secondary 4.1 27.5 0.1 68.3 100.0 11,769 9.6 15.2 73.2 2.0 100.0 3,732
More than
secondary 3.2 20.4 0.2 76.3 100.0 6,798 16.6 21.9 59.3 2.1 100.0 1,613
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.8 36.8 0.1 54.2 100.0 5,019 2.8 8.0 87.5 1.6 100.0 2,297
Second 5.7 38.3 0.1 56.0 100.0 5,698 3.5 12.5 81.9 2.2 100.0 2,509
Middle 4.6 34.0 0.1 61.3 100.0 6,069 6.3 14.9 77.2 1.7 100.0 2,351
Fourth 2.9 21.1 0.1 75.8 100.0 7,139 11.9 20.1 66.0 2.0 100.0 1,726
Highest 2.4 17.8 0.1 79.7 100.0 8,231 29.0 25.8 43.4 1.8 100.0 1,669
Total 4.5 28.2 0.1 67.2 100.0 32,156 9.4 15.4 73.4 1.9 100.0 10,553
1
Title deed or other government recognised document.
2
3
Includes women who have a house with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and
women who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the house.
4
Includes women who own a house alone, jointly with their husband only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with husband and someone else,
or both alone and jointly.
5

Table 15.4.1C House ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of a house; and among women who own a house, percent distribution by if the house owned
has a title deed, and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
House has
Percentage who own a house: a title deed1:
Percent- Woman’s Number
Both age who Woman’s name is Does not of
alone do not Number name is not on have a women
and own a of on title title title Don’t who own
County Alone Jointly2 jointly house Total women deed1 deed1 deed1 know3 Total a house4
Mombasa 4.3 12.4 0.2 83.1 100.0 947 24.0 17.9 56.6 1.5 100.0 160
Kwale 3.7 29.9 0.0 66.4 100.0 498 7.3 3.1 89.2 0.4 100.0 167
Kilifi 5.1 24.4 0.0 70.5 100.0 928 7.5 6.0 82.8 3.7 100.0 274
Tana River 4.8 45.5 0.0 49.7 100.0 149 1.2 2.2 95.5 1.0 100.0 75
Lamu 6.7 28.7 0.2 64.4 100.0 101 14.4 6.8 76.7 2.0 100.0 36
Taita/Taveta 6.7 20.5 0.1 72.7 100.0 234 12.6 37.8 48.7 0.9 100.0 64
Garissa 2.3 6.1 0.0 91.6 100.0 290 27.6 19.3 53.1 0.0 100.0 24
Wajir 5.7 2.0 0.1 92.2 100.0 160 1.2 0.0 97.4 1.4 100.0 13
Mandera 3.2 7.3 2.7 86.8 100.0 206 12.1 10.6 76.5 0.8 100.0 27
Marsabit 4.9 9.9 0.2 85.0 100.0 129 3.8 1.0 95.2 0.0 100.0 19
Isiolo 3.5 26.7 0.1 69.8 100.0 137 9.0 13.7 75.2 2.1 100.0 41
Meru 9.4 33.3 0.2 57.1 100.0 979 8.2 24.0 65.6 2.3 100.0 420
Tharaka-Nithi 6.1 36.8 0.6 56.4 100.0 271 3.7 9.6 85.7 1.0 100.0 118
Embu 4.4 23.0 0.0 72.6 100.0 358 11.2 16.4 72.4 0.0 100.0 98
Kitui 4.0 36.6 0.1 59.4 100.0 735 8.3 3.6 87.2 0.9 100.0 299
Machakos 3.3 42.8 0.0 53.9 100.0 992 8.8 11.5 77.0 2.7 100.0 457
Makueni 3.7 35.0 0.0 61.3 100.0 683 2.5 12.7 84.7 0.0 100.0 265
Nyandarua 5.5 35.5 0.0 59.0 100.0 409 11.0 44.6 44.4 0.0 100.0 168
Nyeri 2.9 23.9 0.0 73.2 100.0 501 15.4 21.9 62.8 0.0 100.0 134
Kirinyaga 5.4 28.2 0.0 66.4 100.0 481 15.3 16.1 66.5 2.1 100.0 162
Murang’a 3.9 25.9 0.3 69.9 100.0 692 6.0 21.2 72.2 0.7 100.0 209
Kiambu 4.2 18.1 0.5 77.2 100.0 2,094 15.4 15.9 68.7 0.0 100.0 477
Turkana 17.7 38.8 0.2 43.2 100.0 331 2.0 2.1 95.0 1.0 100.0 188
West Pokot 3.3 45.9 0.0 50.8 100.0 384 3.8 4.2 91.9 0.1 100.0 189
Samburu 10.7 50.4 0.0 38.9 100.0 156 2.3 3.8 93.0 0.8 100.0 95
Trans Nzoia 3.3 36.1 0.2 60.4 100.0 675 13.7 16.1 68.7 1.5 100.0 267
Uasin Gishu 3.3 23.8 0.1 72.8 100.0 983 15.8 19.3 64.4 0.5 100.0 267
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.6 20.9 0.2 77.3 100.0 228 4.7 30.5 63.2 1.6 100.0 52
Nandi 7.0 36.6 0.0 56.4 100.0 622 2.5 3.9 91.2 2.4 100.0 271
Baringo 10.6 23.1 0.0 66.3 100.0 378 4.4 8.8 85.1 1.7 100.0 127
Laikipia 7.1 9.0 0.0 83.9 100.0 332 19.7 27.9 51.6 0.9 100.0 53
Nakuru 3.6 24.2 0.0 72.2 100.0 1,658 9.8 22.2 66.8 1.2 100.0 461
Narok 5.5 53.6 0.3 40.6 100.0 718 8.8 30.7 57.4 3.2 100.0 427
Kajiado 5.6 25.1 0.2 69.1 100.0 887 20.6 18.8 58.4 2.2 100.0 274
Kericho 2.9 17.5 0.0 79.6 100.0 729 9.0 8.3 82.7 0.0 100.0 149
Bomet 5.4 23.7 0.1 70.8 100.0 650 2.2 1.5 96.3 0.0 100.0 190
Kakamega 3.2 30.4 0.0 66.4 100.0 1,283 7.2 2.9 89.3 0.5 100.0 431
Vihiga 5.5 34.2 0.1 60.2 100.0 371 2.5 11.1 85.4 1.0 100.0 148
Bungoma 3.7 42.8 0.1 53.4 100.0 1,138 6.1 6.5 85.0 2.4 100.0 531
Busia 6.4 44.6 0.0 49.0 100.0 622 4.8 10.7 84.5 0.0 100.0 317
Siaya 4.4 47.4 0.0 48.2 100.0 537 7.9 25.1 64.8 2.3 100.0 278
Kisumu 5.9 26.2 0.0 67.9 100.0 771 4.2 6.9 88.4 0.5 100.0 247
Homa Bay 8.2 51.1 0.0 40.7 100.0 662 7.7 26.7 60.9 4.7 100.0 392
Migori 9.8 31.9 0.0 58.3 100.0 674 6.7 18.9 72.8 1.6 100.0 281
Kisii 2.7 53.9 0.1 43.3 100.0 831 1.2 11.2 80.4 7.2 100.0 471
Nyamira 6.5 43.3 0.0 50.3 100.0 327 1.7 9.5 87.0 1.8 100.0 162
Nairobi City 1.4 12.2 0.0 86.4 100.0 4,235 29.8 32.0 34.4 3.8 100.0 576
Total 4.5 28.2 0.1 67.2 100.0 32,156 9.4 15.4 73.4 1.9 100.0 10,553
1
Title deed or other recognised government document.
2
3
Includes women who have a house with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and
women who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the house
4
Includes women who own a house alone, jointly with their husband only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with husband and someone else, or
both alone and jointly.

Table 15.4.2 House ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of a house; and among men who own a house, percent distribution by if the house owned
has a title deed, and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title deed, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent- Man’s
Both age who Man’s name is Does not Number
alone do not name is not on have a of men
Background and own a Number on title title title Don’t who own
characteristic Alone Jointly2 jointly house Total of men deed1 deed1 deed1 know3 Total a house4
Age
15–19 10.5 0.9 1.4 87.2 100.0 3,175 0.4 0.6 98.6 0.4 100.0 408
20–24 19.3 3.1 1.1 76.5 100.0 2,404 2.9 3.3 93.5 0.3 100.0 566
25–29 33.4 9.0 0.6 57.1 100.0 2,268 5.1 6.2 88.1 0.5 100.0 973
30–34 47.9 13.1 0.1 38.9 100.0 1,787 9.8 6.9 82.9 0.3 100.0 1,091
35–39 56.4 15.1 0.1 28.5 100.0 1,577 13.4 6.8 79.6 0.2 100.0 1,128
40–44 58.7 19.6 0.0 21.6 100.0 1,332 16.6 7.1 76.1 0.2 100.0 1,044
45–49 59.0 20.1 0.1 20.8 100.0 1,109 17.8 5.4 76.5 0.3 100.0 878
Residence
Urban 21.7 7.1 0.1 71.1 100.0 5,382 18.9 3.7 76.9 0.5 100.0 1,558
Rural 43.1 10.7 1.0 45.2 100.0 8,270 8.0 6.6 85.2 0.2 100.0 4,532
Education5
No education 46.7 20.7 0.3 32.3 100.0 369 15.6 4.0 80.3 0.1 100.0 250
Primary 42.6 12.1 0.5 44.8 100.0 4,894 7.5 6.7 85.6 0.2 100.0 2,701
Secondary 28.3 6.4 0.9 64.4 100.0 5,592 9.2 4.9 85.4 0.5 100.0 1,991
More than
secondary 32.2 8.4 0.5 59.0 100.0 2,797 20.2 5.9 73.7 0.2 100.0 1,147
Wealth quintile
Lowest 43.8 12.3 1.0 42.9 100.0 2,062 3.7 6.1 89.9 0.2 100.0 1,178
Second 43.9 10.3 1.5 44.3 100.0 2,584 5.4 6.4 87.9 0.2 100.0 1,439
Middle 38.2 9.7 0.4 51.7 100.0 2,754 8.9 6.7 84.1 0.3 100.0 1,331
Fourth 29.8 8.0 0.5 61.6 100.0 3,325 14.0 5.1 80.4 0.5 100.0 1,276
Highest 22.4 7.1 0.1 70.5 100.0 2,927 27.4 4.1 68.2 0.3 100.0 865
Total 15–49 34.7 9.2 0.7 55.4 100.0 13,652 10.8 5.8 83.1 0.3 100.0 6,089
50–54 63.1 25.6 0.0 11.3 100.0 801 24.2 5.1 70.2 0.5 100.0 710
Total 15–54 36.3 10.2 0.6 53.0 100.0 14,453 12.2 5.8 81.7 0.3 100.0 6,799
1
2
Jointly with a wife, someone else, or both a wife and someone else.
3
Includes men who have a house with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and
men who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the house.
4
Includes men who own a house alone, jointly with wife only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with wife and someone else, or both alone
and jointly
5

Table 15.4.2C House ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of a house; and among men who own a house, percent distribution by if the house owned
has a title deed, and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent- Man’s
Both age who Man’s name is Does not Number
alone do not name is not on have a of men
and own a Number on title title title Don’t who own
County Alone Jointly2 jointly house Total of men deed1 deed1 deed1 know3 Total a house4
Mombasa 29.2 10.6 0.0 60.2 100.0 442 9.5 8.5 81.1 0.9 100.0 176
Kwale 11.6 16.7 0.0 71.7 100.0 209 6.4 4.9 88.7 0.0 100.0 59
Kilifi 48.4 4.1 0.0 47.4 100.0 405 9.7 0.0 90.3 0.0 100.0 213
Tana River 30.9 6.8 0.0 62.3 100.0 64 6.1 0.0 93.9 0.0 100.0 24
Lamu 29.8 15.1 0.0 55.2 100.0 41 37.0 7.5 55.6 0.0 100.0 18
Taita/Taveta 31.7 15.3 0.0 53.0 100.0 103 7.8 5.5 85.4 1.4 100.0 49
Garissa 35.5 0.0 0.0 64.5 100.0 117 25.1 1.2 73.7 0.0 100.0 42
Wajir 27.5 0.4 0.0 72.1 100.0 63 13.9 1.6 84.6 0.0 100.0 18
Mandera 32.6 1.7 0.0 65.7 100.0 81 30.7 3.8 64.5 1.0 100.0 28
Marsabit 38.1 7.2 0.0 54.7 100.0 45 1.4 7.0 91.6 0.0 100.0 20
Isiolo 32.7 3.3 0.0 64.0 100.0 55 39.1 1.6 59.3 0.0 100.0 20
Meru 73.2 0.4 0.0 26.4 100.0 489 3.7 0.0 96.3 0.0 100.0 359
Tharaka-Nithi 59.0 2.0 0.0 39.1 100.0 137 1.5 1.4 97.2 0.0 100.0 83
Embu 45.4 10.5 0.0 44.1 100.0 176 29.3 9.8 60.2 0.7 100.0 98
Kitui 58.6 0.0 0.0 41.4 100.0 312 0.4 0.0 99.6 0.0 100.0 183
Machakos 63.6 0.0 0.0 36.4 100.0 480 2.2 0.0 97.4 0.4 100.0 305
Makueni 35.3 38.2 3.3 23.2 100.0 279 1.1 1.1 97.3 0.4 100.0 214
Nyandarua 38.2 4.1 0.6 57.1 100.0 168 30.8 5.0 64.2 0.0 100.0 72
Nyeri 44.5 0.5 0.0 54.9 100.0 235 25.3 46.5 28.2 0.0 100.0 106
Kirinyaga 22.9 1.1 0.0 76.0 100.0 191 63.8 1.2 35.1 0.0 100.0 46
Murang’a 48.8 1.3 0.0 50.0 100.0 297 8.5 2.2 88.9 0.4 100.0 148
Kiambu 39.5 12.6 0.0 47.9 100.0 911 5.0 0.5 94.5 0.0 100.0 475
Turkana 39.6 2.8 0.0 57.5 100.0 111 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 47
West Pokot 22.3 28.8 0.0 48.9 100.0 150 2.0 4.4 93.6 0.0 100.0 76
Samburu 13.0 36.3 0.0 50.7 100.0 51 11.1 8.5 79.1 1.4 100.0 25
Trans Nzoia 28.5 5.2 0.0 66.3 100.0 272 18.8 1.7 79.5 0.0 100.0 92
Uasin Gishu 39.5 0.7 0.0 59.8 100.0 451 7.7 10.5 81.8 0.0 100.0 181
Elgeyo/Marakwet 49.5 0.8 0.4 49.2 100.0 110 10.1 48.6 40.4 0.8 100.0 56
Nandi 42.1 0.6 0.1 57.2 100.0 265 7.8 15.2 77.0 0.0 100.0 114
Baringo 56.3 0.4 0.0 43.3 100.0 165 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 93
Laikipia 36.8 1.8 0.0 61.4 100.0 145 30.9 7.1 60.4 1.7 100.0 56
Nakuru 19.6 1.7 0.0 78.7 100.0 670 32.7 17.2 50.0 0.0 100.0 143
Narok 19.2 39.1 1.0 40.6 100.0 313 36.1 41.3 22.5 0.0 100.0 186
Kajiado 28.5 2.0 0.5 69.0 100.0 339 59.1 2.1 36.9 2.0 100.0 105
Kericho 70.7 0.1 0.0 29.2 100.0 330 2.6 5.4 92.0 0.0 100.0 233
Bomet 87.2 1.0 0.0 11.9 100.0 268 1.8 2.3 95.8 0.0 100.0 236
Kakamega 23.0 14.1 0.0 62.9 100.0 532 6.2 1.0 92.8 0.0 100.0 198
Vihiga 33.4 3.0 0.0 63.5 100.0 156 4.7 4.9 90.4 0.0 100.0 57
Bungoma 45.0 22.1 14.3 18.7 100.0 448 4.2 0.4 94.5 0.9 100.0 364
Busia 44.0 3.9 0.0 52.1 100.0 262 11.5 9.5 79.0 0.0 100.0 126
Siaya 18.7 18.8 0.1 62.4 100.0 227 25.3 28.0 46.7 0.0 100.0 86
Kisumu 12.1 27.6 0.0 60.3 100.0 345 2.7 2.7 92.8 1.8 100.0 137
Homa Bay 12.5 35.4 1.7 50.5 100.0 258 7.7 7.7 84.7 0.0 100.0 128
Migori 37.0 27.2 2.4 33.4 100.0 246 4.8 3.0 91.5 0.7 100.0 164
Kisii 39.6 9.0 0.0 51.4 100.0 326 4.0 0.0 96.0 0.0 100.0 158
Nyamira 35.9 1.5 0.0 62.6 100.0 133 5.8 1.3 93.0 0.0 100.0 50
Nairobi City 5.4 7.0 0.0 87.6 100.0 1,777 (25.3) (0.0) (73.9) (0.8) 100.0 221
Total 15–49 34.7 9.2 0.7 55.4 100.0 13,652 10.8 5.8 83.1 0.3 100.0 6,089

1
2
3
Includes men who have a house with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and
men who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the house.
4
Includes men who own a house alone, jointly with wife only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with wife and someone else, or both alone
and jointly.

Table 15.5.1 Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of agricultural land; and among women who own agricultural land, percent distribution by if the
agricultural land owned has a title deed, and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title deed, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who own Percent- Agricultural land Number
agricultural land: age who has a title deed1: of women
do not Woman’s Woman’s who own
Both own agri- name is name is Does not agri-
Background alone and cultural Number on title not on have a Don’t cultural
characteristic Alone Jointly2 jointly land Total of women deed1 title deed1 title deed1 know3 Total land4
Age
15–19 0.3 1.8 0.0 97.9 100.0 6,025 6.7 21.3 62.4 9.6 100.0 124
20–24 0.9 12.8 0.1 86.3 100.0 6,001 8.4 23.0 64.7 4.0 100.0 825
25–29 2.0 23.3 0.0 74.7 100.0 5,687 13.1 21.2 62.8 2.9 100.0 1,439
30–34 3.4 28.4 0.1 68.1 100.0 4,530 14.7 19.4 63.3 2.6 100.0 1,447
35–39 4.8 31.6 0.5 63.2 100.0 4,311 14.4 21.4 61.7 2.5 100.0 1,587
40–44 7.1 36.1 0.2 56.6 100.0 3,084 15.1 22.5 60.3 2.0 100.0 1,337
45–49 9.5 38.4 0.2 52.0 100.0 2,518 12.9 27.5 57.6 2.0 100.0 1,209
Residence
Urban 2.1 11.9 0.1 85.9 100.0 13,143 27.4 28.3 42.1 2.2 100.0 1,854
Rural 3.8 28.2 0.2 67.8 100.0 19,013 9.1 20.4 67.6 2.9 100.0 6,114
Education5
No education 3.9 21.8 0.1 74.3 100.0 993 9.4 18.2 70.0 2.5 100.0 255
Primary 3.3 24.9 0.1 71.7 100.0 11,173 10.6 21.9 64.8 2.7 100.0 3,162
Secondary 3.3 21.4 0.1 75.2 100.0 11,769 13.8 21.6 61.4 3.2 100.0 2,916
More than
secondary 2.6 16.8 0.1 80.5 100.0 6,798 20.6 26.8 51.0 1.6 100.0 1,324
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.0 25.1 0.1 70.8 100.0 5,019 4.3 15.5 77.7 2.5 100.0 1,466
Second 4.1 29.1 0.0 66.8 100.0 5,698 6.4 18.2 71.8 3.6 100.0 1,893
Middle 3.1 26.0 0.2 70.6 100.0 6,069 10.0 22.2 65.2 2.6 100.0 1,782
Fourth 2.2 16.7 0.2 80.9 100.0 7,139 16.7 28.9 51.8 2.6 100.0 1,362
Highest 2.6 15.1 0.1 82.2 100.0 8,231 32.6 27.9 37.3 2.1 100.0 1,465
Total 3.1 21.5 0.1 75.2 100.0 32,156 13.4 22.3 61.7 2.7 100.0 7,968
1
2
3
Includes women who have agriculture land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it,
and women who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes women who own agricultural land alone, jointly with their husband only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with husband and someone
else, or both alone and jointly.
5

Table 15.5.1C Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of agricultural land; and among women who own agricultural land, percent distribution by if the
agricultural land owned has a title deed, and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who own Percent- Agricultural land has Number
agricultural land: age who a title deed1: of women
Both do not Woman’s Woman’s Does not who own
alone own agri- name is name is have a agri-
and cultural Number on title not on title Don’t cultural
County Alone Jointly2 jointly land Total of women deed1 title deed1 deed1 know3 Total land4
Mombasa 1.8 7.3 0.1 90.8 100.0 947 30.2 16.8 47.0 6.0 100.0 87
Kwale 2.3 16.4 0.0 81.4 100.0 498 8.2 9.7 81.3 0.8 100.0 93
Kilifi 1.9 14.2 0.2 83.8 100.0 928 9.2 10.3 71.7 8.8 100.0 150
Tana River 1.3 17.2 0.2 81.2 100.0 149 1.5 1.9 96.6 0.0 100.0 28
Lamu 4.2 19.5 0.2 76.1 100.0 101 11.5 8.1 74.3 6.0 100.0 24
Taita/Taveta 2.0 10.6 0.0 87.4 100.0 234 15.5 38.4 44.7 1.5 100.0 29
Garissa 0.1 1.7 0.0 98.2 100.0 290 * * * * 100.0 5
Wajir 0.9 0.7 0.0 98.3 100.0 160 * * * * 100.0 3
Mandera 0.4 1.1 0.2 98.3 100.0 206 * * * * 100.0 3
Marsabit 0.7 1.6 0.0 97.7 100.0 129 * * * * 100.0 3
Isiolo 1.0 7.8 0.0 91.1 100.0 137 12.1 7.4 76.5 3.9 100.0 12
Meru 6.5 27.3 0.8 65.4 100.0 979 15.3 24.3 58.2 2.2 100.0 339
Tharaka-Nithi 5.8 19.1 0.2 74.9 100.0 271 10.7 15.1 69.3 4.8 100.0 68
Embu 1.8 9.3 0.3 88.7 100.0 358 31.4 32.7 33.7 2.1 100.0 41
Kitui 3.4 32.2 0.1 64.3 100.0 735 11.0 17.2 71.4 0.5 100.0 263
Machakos 3.3 36.2 0.1 60.3 100.0 992 9.6 9.9 76.3 4.2 100.0 394
Makueni 2.7 20.5 0.0 76.9 100.0 683 2.6 16.1 81.3 0.0 100.0 158
Nyandarua 7.1 21.7 0.0 71.3 100.0 409 14.6 35.5 50.0 0.0 100.0 118
Nyeri 4.7 18.6 0.3 76.4 100.0 501 29.7 26.2 44.1 0.0 100.0 118
Kirinyaga 4.7 15.2 0.2 79.9 100.0 481 22.2 27.0 49.5 1.4 100.0 97
Murang’a 3.4 18.8 0.4 77.5 100.0 692 10.4 17.9 69.6 2.1 100.0 156
Kiambu 2.6 16.8 0.4 80.2 100.0 2,094 15.9 32.2 51.9 0.0 100.0 415
Turkana 5.2 21.4 0.0 73.4 100.0 331 2.0 2.7 94.5 0.9 100.0 88
West Pokot 2.8 43.7 0.0 53.5 100.0 384 6.2 9.7 82.9 1.2 100.0 179
Samburu 2.1 16.1 0.0 81.8 100.0 156 7.3 16.7 75.4 0.6 100.0 28
Trans Nzoia 2.5 29.8 0.0 67.8 100.0 675 20.8 25.8 52.6 0.8 100.0 217
Uasin Gishu 3.6 19.8 0.0 76.6 100.0 983 25.0 25.0 49.4 0.5 100.0 230
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.9 16.2 0.0 81.9 100.0 228 8.9 26.6 62.5 2.0 100.0 41
Nandi 6.6 24.8 0.0 68.6 100.0 622 6.1 17.8 70.5 5.5 100.0 195
Baringo 6.7 19.2 0.5 73.7 100.0 378 10.6 9.6 78.1 1.7 100.0 99
Laikipia 3.6 5.3 0.0 91.1 100.0 332 20.9 36.4 41.1 1.6 100.0 30
Nakuru 2.5 11.0 0.0 86.5 100.0 1,658 17.8 37.7 43.1 1.4 100.0 224
Narok 3.8 49.0 0.1 47.1 100.0 718 12.1 48.3 34.3 5.4 100.0 380
Kajiado 2.3 13.5 0.4 83.8 100.0 887 30.4 28.2 37.8 3.6 100.0 143
Kericho 2.5 15.8 0.0 81.6 100.0 729 9.4 6.1 84.5 0.0 100.0 134
Bomet 4.4 19.0 0.1 76.5 100.0 650 18.5 12.8 65.8 2.9 100.0 153
Kakamega 2.6 21.7 0.0 75.7 100.0 1,283 10.3 14.5 74.9 0.3 100.0 312
Vihiga 3.6 24.5 0.1 71.8 100.0 371 5.9 16.8 74.2 3.1 100.0 105
Bungoma 3.8 38.1 0.1 57.9 100.0 1,138 13.8 13.4 68.9 3.9 100.0 478
Busia 2.9 40.0 0.3 56.7 100.0 622 6.7 19.1 72.1 2.1 100.0 269
Siaya 2.8 36.2 0.0 61.0 100.0 537 6.7 25.6 65.6 2.1 100.0 210
Kisumu 2.8 18.9 0.1 78.1 100.0 771 5.7 9.2 83.9 1.2 100.0 169
Homa Bay 5.6 45.6 0.0 48.7 100.0 662 11.9 44.3 39.8 4.0 100.0 339
Migori 6.1 24.5 0.0 69.4 100.0 674 6.2 24.0 66.9 2.8 100.0 206
Kisii 1.9 47.9 0.2 50.0 100.0 831 1.8 14.1 75.3 8.9 100.0 416
Nyamira 3.9 35.4 0.0 60.7 100.0 327 1.7 14.4 80.7 3.2 100.0 128
Nairobi City 1.6 12.3 0.0 86.1 100.0 4,235 30.3 30.1 37.6 2.0 100.0 590
Total 3.1 21.5 0.1 75.2 100.0 32,156 13.4 22.3 61.7 2.7 100.0 7,968
1
2
3
Includes women who have agriculture land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it,
and women who do not know if there is a title deed or other government recognised document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes women who own agricultural land alone, jointly with their husband only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with husband and someone

Table 15.5.2 Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of non-agricultural land; and among women who own non-agricultural land, percent distribution by if
the non-agricultural land owned has a title deed, and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title deed, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who own non- Percent- Non-agricultural land Number of
agricultural land: age who has a title deed1: women
Both own non- name is name is Does not non-
alone and agricul- Number of on title not on title have a Don’t agricul-
County Alone Jointly2 jointly tural land Total women deed1 deed1 title deed1 know3 Total tural land4
Age
15–19 0.0 0.4 0.1 99.4 100.0 6,025 (9.0) (26.6) (47.8) (16.6) 100.0 34
20–24 0.3 2.0 0.1 97.6 100.0 6,001 22.0 23.9 51.9 2.1 100.0 141
25–29 1.1 5.9 0.0 93.1 100.0 5,687 23.0 24.0 49.9 3.1 100.0 395
30–34 1.6 7.1 0.1 91.3 100.0 4,530 36.2 24.4 37.7 1.6 100.0 396
35–39 2.7 8.4 0.3 88.6 100.0 4,311 35.5 20.2 42.3 2.0 100.0 490
40–44 2.9 9.4 0.3 87.4 100.0 3,084 30.7 26.7 41.8 0.8 100.0 387
45–49 3.4 9.3 0.1 87.2 100.0 2,518 32.7 23.4 42.8 1.1 100.0 323
Residence
Urban 1.7 5.1 0.1 93.2 100.0 13,143 44.5 26.7 27.3 1.5 100.0 900
Rural 1.2 5.3 0.2 93.3 100.0 19,013 21.0 21.5 55.2 2.4 100.0 1,265
Education5
No education 1.4 7.1 0.3 91.2 100.0 993 17.5 25.5 55.5 1.5 100.0 88
Primary 1.1 5.4 0.1 93.3 100.0 11,173 23.8 22.1 52.5 1.7 100.0 747
Secondary 1.4 4.8 0.1 93.7 100.0 11,769 30.7 22.7 44.4 2.2 100.0 740
More than
secondary 1.7 5.7 0.2 92.4 100.0 6,798 43.5 28.4 25.7 2.4 100.0 515
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.8 3.8 0.1 95.3 100.0 5,019 9.0 20.5 67.9 2.6 100.0 236
Second 0.9 3.1 0.2 95.8 100.0 5,698 12.2 19.0 66.3 2.5 100.0 241
Middle 1.0 4.9 0.1 93.9 100.0 6,069 20.8 18.7 58.8 1.8 100.0 367
Fourth 1.6 5.5 0.1 92.8 100.0 7,139 27.2 25.2 44.6 3.0 100.0 513
Highest 2.1 7.6 0.1 90.2 100.0 8,231 49.5 27.2 22.1 1.2 100.0 807
Total 1.4 5.2 0.1 93.3 100.0 32,156 30.8 23.6 43.6 2.0 100.0 2,165

1
2
3
Includes women who have non-agricultural land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and
women who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes women who own non-agricultural land alone, jointly with their husband only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with husband and someone else,
or both alone and jointly.
5

Table 15.5.2C Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 by ownership of non-agricultural land; and among women who own non-agricultural land, percent distribution by
if the non-agricultural land owned has a title deed and whether or not the woman’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who own non- Percent- Non-agricultural land Number
agricultural land: age who has a title deed1: of women
Both own non- name is name is Does not non-
alone and agricul- Number on title not on have a Don’t agricul-
County Alone Jointly2 jointly tural land Total of women deed1 title deed1 title deed1 know3 Total tural land4
Mombasa 2.8 3.6 0.0 93.7 100.0 947 (44.7) (6.2) (46.6) (2.5) 100.0 60
Kwale 0.2 1.5 0.0 98.4 100.0 498 * * * * 100.0 8
Kilifi 0.8 1.7 0.0 97.5 100.0 928 * * * * 100.0 23
Tana River 0.8 4.9 0.0 94.4 100.0 149 (7.6) (10.2) (82.2) (0.0) 100.0 8
Lamu 0.7 6.1 0.0 93.2 100.0 101 (11.3) (12.7) (68.6) (7.5) 100.0 7
Taita/Taveta 1.9 2.0 0.2 95.8 100.0 234 * * * * 100.0 10
Garissa 1.5 0.5 0.0 98.0 100.0 290 * * * * 100.0 6
Wajir 2.9 0.5 0.0 96.6 100.0 160 * * * * 100.0 5
Mandera 0.0 1.0 0.2 98.8 100.0 206 * * * * 100.0 2
Marsabit 0.4 3.2 0.5 95.9 100.0 129 * * * * 100.0 5
Isiolo 1.3 5.2 0.0 93.5 100.0 137 (18.9) (3.0) (76.5) (1.6) 100.0 9
Meru 2.0 3.7 0.2 94.1 100.0 979 (52.0) (24.7) (20.2) (3.1) 100.0 58
Tharaka-Nithi 1.1 4.4 0.0 94.5 100.0 271 (45.9) (8.6) (38.5) (7.0) 100.0 15
Embu 0.1 0.8 0.0 99.0 100.0 358 * * * * 100.0 3
Kitui 0.3 8.0 0.6 91.1 100.0 735 4.1 5.7 86.2 4.0 100.0 65
Machakos 1.6 9.8 0.0 88.6 100.0 992 33.5 16.2 46.6 3.6 100.0 113
Makueni 1.0 4.2 0.4 94.3 100.0 683 (18.6) (23.3) (52.6) (5.5) 100.0 39
Nyandarua 1.0 1.6 0.0 97.4 100.0 409 * * * * 100.0 11
Nyeri 1.3 4.8 0.0 93.9 100.0 501 (63.9) (23.7) (12.4) (0.0) 100.0 31
Kirinyaga 1.2 1.5 0.0 97.3 100.0 481 * * * * 100.0 13
Murang’a 1.1 2.3 0.3 96.3 100.0 692 * * * * 100.0 26
Kiambu 2.6 11.8 0.6 85.0 100.0 2,094 23.0 26.6 50.4 0.0 100.0 314
Turkana 2.7 4.0 0.1 93.2 100.0 331 (24.0) (5.3) (69.6) (1.1) 100.0 22
West Pokot 0.6 8.8 0.1 90.4 100.0 384 12.1 22.5 65.4 0.0 100.0 37
Samburu 2.1 8.4 0.0 89.5 100.0 156 7.3 10.4 81.2 1.1 100.0 16
Trans Nzoia 0.5 3.8 0.0 95.7 100.0 675 (22.5) (27.8) (49.7) (0.0) 100.0 29
Uasin Gishu 3.5 14.5 0.4 81.5 100.0 983 30.2 21.1 47.3 1.5 100.0 182
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.7 4.1 0.0 95.2 100.0 228 (6.9) (28.4) (64.7) (0.0) 100.0 11
Nandi 2.8 10.7 0.2 86.3 100.0 622 11.5 7.8 79.2 1.5 100.0 85
Baringo 0.6 3.5 0.0 95.9 100.0 378 (31.4) (10.5) (58.1) (0.0) 100.0 15
Laikipia 2.7 2.6 0.0 94.7 100.0 332 (56.5) (17.5) (23.4) (2.6) 100.0 18
Nakuru 1.2 4.8 0.0 94.0 100.0 1,658 31.8 36.1 32.0 0.0 100.0 99
Narok 4.3 22.8 0.3 72.6 100.0 718 21.2 44.4 30.3 4.1 100.0 197
Kajiado 1.8 7.9 0.0 90.3 100.0 887 43.9 37.5 16.7 1.9 100.0 86
Kericho 0.3 1.9 0.1 97.6 100.0 729 * * * * 100.0 17
Bomet 1.9 2.5 0.1 95.4 100.0 650 (53.4) (19.1) (27.6) (0.0) 100.0 30
Kakamega 0.6 2.1 0.3 97.1 100.0 1,283 (40.8) (8.6) (43.5) (7.1) 100.0 37
Vihiga 0.3 0.8 0.1 98.8 100.0 371 * * * * 100.0 5
Bungoma 1.1 4.9 0.0 94.0 100.0 1,138 25.3 22.3 50.2 2.3 100.0 68
Busia 0.6 1.1 0.0 98.4 100.0 622 * * * * 100.0 10
Siaya 0.0 2.1 0.0 97.9 100.0 537 * * * * 100.0 11
Kisumu 0.6 2.2 0.0 97.2 100.0 771 * * * * 100.0 22
Homa Bay 0.1 4.2 0.0 95.7 100.0 662 (17.4) (54.8) (27.8) (0.0) 100.0 28
Migori 0.8 4.0 0.0 95.2 100.0 674 (15.9) (17.4) (66.8) (0.0) 100.0 32
Kisii 0.1 4.6 0.0 95.3 100.0 831 (12.1) (23.4) (59.1) (5.4) 100.0 39
Nyamira 0.1 1.2 0.0 98.7 100.0 327 * * * * 100.0 4
Nairobi City 1.4 4.0 0.0 94.5 100.0 4,235 57.2 25.3 15.9 1.6 100.0 232
Total 1.4 5.2 0.1 93.3 100.0 32,156 30.8 23.6 43.6 2.0 100.0 2,165
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
1
2
3
Includes women who have non-agricultural land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it,
and women who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes women who own non-agricultural land alone, jointly with their husband only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with husband and someone

Table 15.5.3 Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of agricultural land; and among men who own agricultural land, percent distribution by if the
agricultural land owned has a title deed, and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title deed, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Percentage who own Percent- Agricultural land has
agricultural land: age who a title deed1: Number
do not Man’s Man’s of men
Both own name is name is Does not who own
Background alone and agricul- Number on title not on have a Don’t agricul-
characteristic Alone Jointly2 jointly tural land Total of men deed1 title deed1 title deed1 know3 Total tural land4
Age
15–19 2.2 1.6 0.2 95.9 100.0 3,175 8.4 18.0 58.0 15.7 100.0 129
20–24 8.6 3.9 0.1 87.4 100.0 2,404 7.9 24.5 63.1 4.5 100.0 302
25–29 21.8 6.7 0.4 71.2 100.0 2,268 15.8 23.9 59.4 0.9 100.0 654
30–34 36.9 7.0 0.0 56.0 100.0 1,787 21.9 17.8 59.9 0.4 100.0 786
35–39 43.6 11.1 0.2 45.2 100.0 1,577 21.4 17.3 60.9 0.4 100.0 865
40–44 46.4 12.7 0.2 40.7 100.0 1,332 25.5 18.7 55.4 0.3 100.0 790
45–49 51.9 14.1 0.6 33.4 100.0 1,109 30.8 12.7 56.0 0.5 100.0 739
Residence
Urban 16.7 5.2 0.1 78.0 100.0 5,382 34.5 20.3 44.2 1.1 100.0 1,186
Rural 29.2 7.8 0.3 62.8 100.0 8,270 16.8 17.7 64.3 1.3 100.0 3,079
Education5
No education 18.6 15.1 0.3 66.0 100.0 369 17.4 11.9 68.8 1.9 100.0 125
Primary 30.6 8.9 0.3 60.3 100.0 4,894 15.7 18.3 64.8 1.2 100.0 1,945
Secondary 17.7 4.8 0.2 77.3 100.0 5,592 20.5 19.4 58.5 1.7 100.0 1,270
More than
secondary 27.1 5.9 0.1 66.9 100.0 2,797 36.5 18.1 44.8 0.6 100.0 925
Wealth quintile
Lowest 26.1 9.7 0.3 63.9 100.0 2,062 8.1 16.0 74.3 1.5 100.0 744
Second 29.2 6.6 0.4 63.8 100.0 2,584 12.9 15.7 70.8 0.7 100.0 935
Middle 26.8 7.6 0.2 65.4 100.0 2,754 16.9 22.1 59.4 1.6 100.0 954
Fourth 20.0 6.1 0.2 73.7 100.0 3,325 31.0 19.9 47.5 1.6 100.0 874
Highest 21.0 4.8 0.1 74.1 100.0 2,927 41.1 17.7 40.4 0.8 100.0 758
Total 15–49 24.3 6.8 0.2 68.8 100.0 13,652 21.7 18.4 58.7 1.2 100.0 4,265
50–54 58.6 14.7 0.0 26.7 100.0 801 34.9 12.9 51.9 0.3 100.0 587
Total 15–54 26.2 7.2 0.2 66.4 100.0 14,453 23.3 17.7 57.9 1.1 100.0 4,852
1
2
3
Includes men who have agriculture land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and men
who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes men who own agriculture land alone, jointly with wife only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with wife and someone else, or both alone and
jointly.
5

Table 15.5.3C Agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership by county: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of agricultural land; and among men who own agricultural land, percent distribution by if the
agricultural land owned has a title deed and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who own Percent- Agricultural land has
agricultural land: age who a title deed1: Number
do not Man’s Man’s of men
Both own name is name is Does not who own
alone and agricul- Number on title not on have a Don’t agricul-
County Alone Jointly2 jointly tural land Total of men deed1 title deed1 title deed1 know3 Total tural land4
Mombasa 8.4 18.8 0.9 71.9 100.0 442 18.4 55.1 25.5 1.0 100.0 124
Kwale 9.5 57.2 0.0 33.2 100.0 209 3.4 34.2 46.0 16.3 100.0 140
Kilifi 8.9 0.4 0.0 90.8 100.0 405 (62.0) (0.0) (38.0) (0.0) 100.0 37
Tana River 16.7 3.7 0.0 79.6 100.0 64 0.0 2.7 97.3 0.0 100.0 13
Lamu 17.2 13.6 0.0 69.1 100.0 41 42.8 5.8 51.4 0.0 100.0 13
Taita/Taveta 17.5 12.8 0.0 69.6 100.0 103 18.0 34.4 45.8 1.8 100.0 31
Garissa 5.9 0.7 0.0 93.5 100.0 117 * * * * 100.0 8
Wajir 2.3 0.0 0.0 97.7 100.0 63 * * * * 100.0 1
Mandera 4.2 1.3 0.0 94.5 100.0 81 * * * * 100.0 4
Marsabit 4.9 1.2 0.0 94.0 100.0 45 * * * * 100.0 3
Isiolo 15.3 12.6 0.0 72.1 100.0 55 35.1 13.2 46.2 5.5 100.0 15
Meru 41.6 3.2 0.4 54.8 100.0 489 22.5 11.7 65.8 0.0 100.0 221
Tharaka-Nithi 57.8 1.1 0.0 41.2 100.0 137 23.1 0.8 76.1 0.0 100.0 81
Embu 18.5 18.7 0.0 62.8 100.0 176 37.8 21.7 40.5 0.0 100.0 65
Kitui 44.9 0.0 0.0 55.1 100.0 312 4.8 0.0 93.9 1.2 100.0 140
Machakos 35.9 0.0 0.0 64.1 100.0 480 16.7 0.8 82.5 0.0 100.0 173
Makueni 7.0 26.9 0.8 65.3 100.0 279 1.9 3.5 94.6 0.0 100.0 97
Nyandarua 24.8 2.8 0.0 72.3 100.0 168 34.3 1.7 64.0 0.0 100.0 47
Nyeri 35.6 4.4 0.0 60.0 100.0 235 26.7 45.4 27.6 0.3 100.0 94
Kirinyaga 15.6 1.2 0.0 83.2 100.0 191 (69.1) (0.0) (30.9) (0.0) 100.0 32
Murang’a 41.0 3.5 0.4 55.0 100.0 297 12.2 4.1 82.8 1.0 100.0 133
Kiambu 29.0 6.2 0.0 64.8 100.0 911 37.6 29.0 32.4 1.0 100.0 320
Turkana 9.0 0.3 0.0 90.7 100.0 111 * * * * 100.0 10
West Pokot 19.8 19.0 0.0 61.2 100.0 150 8.6 7.6 83.8 0.0 100.0 58
Samburu 6.0 15.3 0.0 78.7 100.0 51 (26.1) (14.1) (59.8) (0.0) 100.0 11
Trans Nzoia 14.8 3.9 0.0 81.3 100.0 272 23.3 3.1 73.6 0.0 100.0 51
Uasin Gishu 34.0 0.4 0.0 65.6 100.0 451 20.7 61.7 15.6 2.0 100.0 155
Elgeyo/Marakwet 45.4 1.6 0.0 53.0 100.0 110 9.5 50.0 40.5 0.0 100.0 52
Nandi 32.6 1.9 0.8 64.7 100.0 265 15.9 33.9 50.2 0.0 100.0 93
Baringo 34.1 5.6 0.0 60.3 100.0 165 11.2 21.5 67.3 0.0 100.0 66
Laikipia 12.7 5.1 0.9 81.3 100.0 145 (50.6) (8.0) (39.7) (1.7) 100.0 27
Nakuru 13.7 0.6 0.0 85.7 100.0 670 (36.7) (6.2) (55.1) (2.1) 100.0 96
Narok 30.6 21.9 0.3 47.2 100.0 313 34.8 43.5 21.7 0.0 100.0 165
Kajiado 16.2 6.0 0.0 77.8 100.0 339 (80.6) (0.0) (19.4) (0.0) 100.0 75
Kericho 52.3 0.3 0.0 47.4 100.0 330 2.8 9.2 88.0 0.0 100.0 173
Bomet 57.9 0.6 0.0 41.5 100.0 268 3.4 1.3 95.1 0.1 100.0 157
Kakamega 28.5 0.8 1.6 69.1 100.0 532 10.8 0.9 84.6 3.7 100.0 165
Vihiga 34.1 2.8 0.4 62.8 100.0 156 7.4 1.0 91.6 0.0 100.0 58
Bungoma 29.7 9.5 0.7 60.0 100.0 448 24.5 7.8 67.7 0.0 100.0 179
Busia 34.9 6.1 0.0 59.1 100.0 262 13.9 11.2 73.7 1.2 100.0 107
Siaya 31.8 2.5 0.4 65.3 100.0 227 35.0 37.7 26.1 1.2 100.0 79
Kisumu 11.5 10.6 0.2 77.7 100.0 345 9.4 43.5 45.6 1.5 100.0 77
Homa Bay 19.7 30.1 0.4 49.8 100.0 258 17.8 44.2 35.7 2.4 100.0 129
Migori 19.5 21.6 0.5 58.4 100.0 246 19.2 40.4 38.1 2.2 100.0 102
Kisii 33.3 5.5 0.0 61.2 100.0 326 5.3 0.0 94.7 0.0 100.0 127
Nyamira 34.7 0.9 0.1 64.3 100.0 133 7.8 2.5 89.7 0.0 100.0 47
Nairobi City 9.0 2.9 0.0 88.1 100.0 1,777 (45.8) (0.9) (53.3) (0.0) 100.0 212
Total 15–49 24.3 6.8 0.2 68.8 100.0 13,652 21.7 18.4 58.7 1.2 100.0 4,265
1
2
3
Includes men who have agriculture land with a title, deed, or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and
men who do not know if there is a title deed or other government document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes men who own agriculture land alone, jointly with wife only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with wife and someone else, or both alone
and jointly.

Table 15.5.4 Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of non-agricultural land; and among men who own non-agricultural land, percent distribution by if the non-
agricultural land owned has a title deed, and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
Percentage who own non- Non-agricultural land
age who Number of
agricultural land: has a title deed1:
do not men who
own non- Man’s Man’s own non-
agri- name is name is Does not agri-
Both alone cultural Number on title not on title have a Don’t cultural
County Alone Jointly2 and jointly land Total of men deed1 deed 1
title deed1 know3 Total land4
Age
15–19 0.5 0.4 0.0 99.1 100.0 3,175 (15.6) (23.4) (46.5) (14.5) 100.0 28
20–24 2.3 1.1 0.1 96.5 100.0 2,404 24.4 23.4 50.6 1.5 100.0 83
25–29 4.4 1.3 0.0 94.2 100.0 2,268 30.1 15.1 54.7 0.0 100.0 131
30–34 8.8 1.9 0.0 89.2 100.0 1,787 54.2 11.7 34.1 0.0 100.0 193
35–39 12.6 2.4 0.0 85.0 100.0 1,577 53.9 7.1 38.8 0.1 100.0 237
40–44 12.9 3.3 0.3 83.6 100.0 1,332 46.5 9.2 44.1 0.2 100.0 218
45–49 15.0 3.2 0.0 81.8 100.0 1,109 49.6 7.7 42.8 0.0 100.0 202
Residence
Urban 6.9 1.3 0.1 91.7 100.0 5,382 58.8 8.3 32.6 0.3 100.0 444
Rural 6.0 1.8 0.0 92.2 100.0 8,270 36.5 12.9 49.8 0.7 100.0 648
Education5
No education 6.4 2.3 0.0 91.3 100.0 369 (34.9) (4.1) (61.0) (0.0) 100.0 32
Primary 5.5 1.5 0.0 92.9 100.0 4,894 29.9 12.5 57.2 0.4 100.0 345
Secondary 4.4 1.4 0.1 94.2 100.0 5,592 42.8 11.6 44.4 1.2 100.0 327
More than
secondary 11.8 2.0 0.1 86.1 100.0 2,797 62.8 10.0 27.1 0.2 100.0 389
Wealth
quintile
Lowest 3.4 1.9 0.0 94.7 100.0 2,062 22.9 15.2 60.7 1.2 100.0 110
Second 5.1 1.1 0.0 93.8 100.0 2,584 25.1 11.9 62.2 0.7 100.0 161
Middle 6.0 2.0 0.0 92.0 100.0 2,754 32.0 14.7 52.4 0.8 100.0 221
Fourth 5.6 1.6 0.1 92.7 100.0 3,325 48.7 13.4 37.4 0.5 100.0 243
Highest 10.7 1.5 0.1 87.8 100.0 2,927 68.0 5.6 26.3 0.1 100.0 358
Total 15–49 6.4 1.6 0.0 92.0 100.0 13,652 45.6 11.1 42.8 0.6 100.0 1,093
50–54 18.3 3.5 0.8 77.4 100.0 801 61.8 9.2 29.0 0.0 100.0 181
Total 15–54 7.0 1.7 0.1 91.2 100.0 14,453 47.9 10.8 40.8 0.5 100.0 1,274

1
2
3
Includes men who have non-agricultural land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and men
who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the agriculture land
4
Includes men who own non-agricultural land alone, jointly with wife only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with wife and someone else, or both alone and
jointly
5
Secondary includes people who reported vocational training as the highest education level attended.

Table 15.5.4C Non-agricultural land ownership and documentation of ownership: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 by ownership of non-agricultural land; and among men who own non-agricultural land, percent distribution by if the non-
agricultural land owned has a title deed, and whether or not the man’s name appears on the title deed, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who own non- Percent- Non-agricultural Land
agricultural land: age who has a title deed1: Number
do not of men
own non- Man’s Man’s who own
Both agri- name is name is Does not non-agri-
alone and cultural Number on title not on title have a Don’t cultural
County Alone Jointly2 jointly land Total of men deed1 deed1 title deed1 know3 Total land4
Mombasa 1.0 0.5 0.0 98.4 100.0 442 * * * * 100.0 7
Kwale 3.6 8.0 0.0 88.4 100.0 209 (18.2) (37.3) (34.7) (9.8) 100.0 24
Kilifi 2.9 0.7 0.0 96.3 100.0 405 * * * * 100.0 15
Tana River 2.3 1.9 0.0 95.8 100.0 64 * * * * 100.0 3
Lamu 3.9 2.2 0.0 93.9 100.0 41 * * * * 100.0 3
Taita/Taveta 3.2 1.2 0.0 95.6 100.0 103 * * * * 100.0 5
Garissa 0.2 0.3 0.0 99.4 100.0 117 * * * * 100.0 1
Wajir 0.0 0.1 0.0 99.9 100.0 63 * * * * 100.0 0
Mandera 3.4 0.0 0.0 96.6 100.0 81 * * * * 100.0 3
Marsabit 6.1 2.4 0.0 91.5 100.0 45 * * * * 100.0 4
Isiolo 18.0 4.9 0.0 77.1 100.0 55 31.6 0.0 68.4 0.0 100.0 13
Meru 7.6 0.8 0.0 91.6 100.0 489 (23.6) (5.1) (71.3) (0.0) 100.0 41
Tharaka-Nithi 9.7 0.7 0.0 89.6 100.0 137 (38.2) (0.0) (61.8) (0.0) 100.0 14
Embu 2.0 1.6 0.4 96.0 100.0 176 * * * * 100.0 7
Kitui 4.7 0.4 0.0 94.9 100.0 312 * * * * 100.0 16
Machakos 13.3 0.0 0.0 86.7 100.0 480 (55.8) (0.0) (44.2) (0.0) 100.0 64
Makueni 0.4 3.8 0.0 95.8 100.0 279 * * * * 100.0 12
Nyandarua 7.7 0.7 0.0 91.6 100.0 168 * * * * 100.0 14
Nyeri 6.4 0.0 0.0 93.6 100.0 235 * * * * 100.0 15
Kirinyaga 0.2 0.0 0.0 99.8 100.0 191 * * * * 100.0 0
Murang’a 6.5 0.0 0.0 93.5 100.0 297 * * * * 100.0 19
Kiambu 8.4 2.9 0.0 88.7 100.0 911 (46.9) (10.5) (42.6) (0.0) 100.0 103
Turkana 2.1 0.4 0.0 97.5 100.0 111 * * * * 100.0 3
West Pokot 9.4 2.8 0.0 87.8 100.0 150 (17.2) (0.0) (82.8) (0.0) 100.0 18
Samburu 1.4 0.3 0.0 98.3 100.0 51 * * * * 100.0 1
Trans Nzoia 8.4 1.4 0.0 90.2 100.0 272 (36.4) (0.0) (63.6) (0.0) 100.0 27
Uasin Gishu 9.1 0.4 0.0 90.5 100.0 451 (72.1) (22.5) (5.4) (0.0) 100.0 43
Elgeyo/Marakwet 1.8 0.4 0.0 97.8 100.0 110 * * * * 100.0 2
Nandi 16.2 0.0 0.0 83.8 100.0 265 7.0 43.4 49.6 0.0 100.0 43
Baringo 6.3 0.2 0.0 93.6 100.0 165 * * * * 100.0 11
Laikipia 8.5 2.6 0.0 88.8 100.0 145 * * * * 100.0 16
Nakuru 5.8 0.3 0.0 94.0 100.0 670 * * * * 100.0 41
Narok 11.4 2.6 0.0 86.0 100.0 313 (92.6) (5.2) (2.2) (0.0) 100.0 44
Kajiado 18.1 4.4 0.5 76.9 100.0 339 (64.7) (1.9) (33.3) (0.0) 100.0 78
Kericho 7.8 0.8 0.0 91.4 100.0 330 (12.5) (10.4) (77.0) (0.0) 100.0 28
Bomet 2.6 0.0 0.0 97.4 100.0 268 * * * * 100.0 7
Kakamega 0.4 0.0 0.3 99.2 100.0 532 * * * * 100.0 4
Vihiga 2.1 0.6 0.0 97.3 100.0 156 * * * * 100.0 4
Bungoma 13.5 4.2 0.2 82.1 100.0 448 28.5 7.0 64.5 0.0 100.0 80
Busia 10.0 0.4 0.0 89.6 100.0 262 (17.9) (14.1) (68.0) (0.0) 100.0 27
Siaya 4.0 1.1 0.1 94.8 100.0 227 * * * * 100.0 12
Kisumu 1.3 0.8 0.4 97.5 100.0 345 * * * * 100.0 9
Homa Bay 9.0 13.6 0.0 77.4 100.0 258 27.4 37.0 31.5 4.2 100.0 58
Migori 8.5 7.4 0.0 84.0 100.0 246 (33.6) (26.8) (39.7) (0.0) 100.0 39
Kisii 3.8 3.1 0.0 93.1 100.0 326 * * * * 100.0 22
Nyamira 0.6 1.2 0.0 98.2 100.0 133 * * * * 100.0 2
Nairobi City 4.6 0.5 0.0 94.8 100.0 1,777 * * * * 100.0 92
Total 15–49 6.4 1.6 0.0 92.0 100.0 13,652 45.6 11.1 42.8 0.6 100.0 1,093
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has
been suppressed.
1
2
3
Includes men who have non-agricultural land with a title deed or other recognised government document, but they do not know if their name is on it, and men
who do not know if there is a title deed or other recognised government document for the agriculture land.
4
Includes men who own non-agricultural land alone, jointly with wife only, jointly with someone else only, jointly with wife and someone else, or both alone and
jointly.

Table 15.6.1 Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who own any mobile phone, percentage who own a smartphone, and percentage who used a mobile
phone to make financial transactions in the last 12 months; percentage of women who have and use a bank account, percentage who
have deposited or withdrawn money from their own bank account in the last 12 months, and percentage who have and use a bank account
or used a mobile phone for financial transactions in the last 12 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Bank account ownership Percentage
Mobile phone ownership: and use: who have and
use a bank
Percentage Percentage account or
who used a who deposited used a mobile
mobile phone or withdrew phone for
for financial Percentage money from financial
Percentage Percentage transactions in who have and their own transactions in
Background who own any who own a the last use a bank account in the the last Number of
characteristic mobile phone smartphone 12 months1 account last 12 months 12 months women
Age
15–19 32.3 20.0 35.8 2.8 2.1 36.3 6,025
20–24 82.6 53.8 84.5 25.0 19.2 84.8 6,001
25–29 88.7 53.6 89.8 36.5 28.8 90.4 5,687
30–34 89.5 48.8 89.1 37.5 28.4 89.6 4,530
35–39 90.0 44.1 90.0 37.8 28.8 90.7 4,311
40–44 90.8 41.1 90.8 38.2 29.8 91.5 3,084
45–49 89.0 34.6 89.7 35.7 27.4 90.8 2,518
Residence
Urban 88.9 64.7 87.7 41.9 33.5 88.1 13,143
Rural 69.6 27.5 72.5 19.2 14.0 73.2 19,013
Education2
No education 64.2 10.1 53.9 8.1 4.4 57.1 1,770
Primary 71.4 22.0 74.6 13.8 9.2 75.1 11,687
Secondary 74.6 43.7 76.2 22.6 16.4 76.6 12,550
Wealth quintile
Lowest 52.0 5.9 54.4 5.2 2.5 55.8 5,019
Second 66.1 16.3 71.2 9.7 6.3 71.5 5,698
Middle 76.6 33.8 79.3 20.7 13.8 79.8 6,069
Fourth 86.8 54.5 86.9 34.4 26.0 87.5 7,139
Highest 93.6 79.7 91.2 56.2 47.2 91.6 8,231
Total 77.5 42.7 78.7 28.5 21.9 79.3 32,156
1
Respondents were asked about use of a mobile phone for financial transactions whether or not they owned a mobile phone.
2

Table 15.6.1C Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who own any mobile phone, percentage who own a smartphone, and percentage who used a
mobile phone to make financial transactions in the last 12 months; percentage of women who have and use a bank account,
percentage who have deposited or withdrawn money from their own bank account in the last 12 months, and percentage who have
and use a bank account or used a mobile phone for financial transactions in the last 12 months, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
use a bank
who own any who own a the last use a bank account in the the last Number of
County mobile phone smartphone 12 months1 account last 12 months 12 months women
Mombasa 83.2 52.9 79.8 29.6 22.0 80.6 947
Kwale 63.8 29.4 66.9 10.7 8.6 66.9 498
Kilifi 64.5 24.1 72.8 13.7 11.6 72.9 928
Tana River 59.5 14.5 52.2 7.9 5.2 52.4 149
Lamu 67.2 31.8 69.3 19.0 11.1 69.8 101
Taita/Taveta 87.0 46.3 82.0 24.3 18.1 83.1 234
Garissa 75.4 34.7 69.4 9.7 6.9 69.8 290
Wajir 70.3 28.2 57.6 6.5 2.8 59.1 160
Mandera 76.9 15.2 43.8 3.0 2.2 43.8 206
Marsabit 73.3 13.1 42.7 5.7 3.7 44.6 129
Isiolo 79.4 40.2 74.9 32.0 23.0 75.9 137
Meru 74.1 32.5 76.8 32.0 26.0 77.5 979
Tharaka-Nithi 85.5 40.8 79.0 34.4 24.0 80.0 271
Embu 86.8 45.5 85.5 36.6 28.5 86.5 358
Kitui 73.9 25.9 73.7 18.9 18.5 73.7 735
Machakos 85.5 50.7 87.0 26.3 21.6 87.1 992
Makueni 73.2 38.9 74.8 19.6 15.3 74.9 683
Nyandarua 82.3 38.8 77.5 28.9 19.0 77.9 409
Nyeri 89.8 61.9 85.9 48.5 38.1 87.3 501
Kirinyaga 85.3 50.0 85.4 42.1 34.3 86.5 481
Murang’a 82.0 46.4 80.8 39.1 27.3 82.1 692
Kiambu 91.0 67.2 89.6 47.6 37.8 89.9 2,094
Turkana 49.9 13.0 41.5 33.6 17.0 56.9 331
West Pokot 52.8 15.5 42.0 12.8 9.1 42.9 384
Samburu 66.5 20.4 63.0 18.9 13.3 64.1 156
Trans Nzoia 73.3 37.3 79.0 20.5 12.9 79.1 675
Uasin Gishu 85.9 56.5 84.1 35.1 27.5 84.4 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 72.7 29.5 77.8 23.1 16.6 78.0 228
Nandi 73.9 39.3 75.3 27.4 19.8 76.7 622
Baringo 67.5 26.5 66.1 24.3 19.7 66.7 378
Laikipia 77.8 45.2 77.8 33.2 24.9 78.5 332
Nakuru 80.3 46.6 82.5 30.2 18.7 82.5 1,658
Narok 67.1 26.5 70.6 14.0 10.7 70.9 718
Kajiado 88.0 59.1 85.0 38.5 30.0 85.2 887
Kericho 76.4 33.3 74.7 35.5 29.3 76.4 729
Bomet 65.1 19.8 68.8 27.1 20.8 70.6 650
Kakamega 69.0 32.4 74.2 17.4 13.0 74.2 1,283
Vihiga 65.3 26.2 68.1 12.0 9.0 68.4 371
Bungoma 63.7 29.1 78.4 19.2 12.5 78.5 1,138
Busia 65.0 24.7 74.3 14.4 10.2 74.5 622
Siaya 70.7 28.4 78.3 13.8 11.4 78.6 537
Kisumu 71.7 32.1 88.6 17.5 13.9 88.7 771
Homa Bay 72.0 26.9 80.9 16.2 12.7 81.2 662
Migori 59.7 21.9 63.2 11.2 8.0 63.5 674
Kisii 73.6 31.2 76.0 17.4 13.4 76.2 831
Nyamira 73.5 25.1 79.8 23.0 15.3 79.8 327
Nairobi City 92.0 71.7 90.6 45.9 38.3 90.9 4,235
Total 77.5 42.7 78.7 28.5 21.9 79.3 32,156
1

Table 15.6.2 Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who own any mobile phone, percentage who own a smartphone, and percentage who used a mobile
phone to make financial transactions in the last 12 months; percentage of men who have and use a bank account, percentage who have
deposited or withdrawn money from their own bank account in the last 12 months, and percentage who have and use a bank account or
used a mobile phone for financial transactions in the last 12 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
use a bank
Background who own any who own a the last use a bank account in the the last Number of
characteristic mobile phone smartphone 12 months1 account last 12 months 12 months men
Age
15–19 44.0 27.3 44.0 3.7 2.7 44.4 3,175
20–24 89.6 62.8 89.3 34.3 30.2 89.7 2,404
25–29 94.0 65.7 95.0 54.8 45.2 95.8 2,268
30–34 91.9 57.0 93.9 55.2 45.6 94.6 1,787
35–39 91.8 49.6 93.9 55.3 43.6 94.6 1,577
40–44 90.5 45.2 91.6 53.9 42.8 92.4 1,332
45–49 90.4 39.3 92.6 51.7 41.3 93.6 1,109
Residence
Urban 90.2 70.2 92.0 56.5 49.6 92.5 5,382
Rural 74.1 35.3 74.4 27.7 20.5 75.1 8,270
Education2
No education 77.0 14.2 72.0 13.0 8.9 72.1 369
Primary 69.0 24.5 72.3 22.0 14.9 72.9 4,894
Secondary 81.4 52.3 81.0 32.4 25.5 81.7 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 63.6 15.8 65.1 8.7 4.8 65.6 2,062
Second 69.7 25.3 71.4 19.8 12.4 72.4 2,584
Middle 79.1 42.7 78.5 31.2 23.2 79.4 2,754
Fourth 88.4 62.1 90.1 50.2 41.4 90.4 3,325
Highest 94.0 84.8 94.3 72.3 65.9 94.9 2,927
Total 15–49 80.4 49.1 81.3 39.1 32.0 82.0 13,652
50–54 90.7 39.2 90.7 55.9 43.7 91.5 801
Total 15–54 81.0 48.6 81.9 40.0 32.6 82.5 14,453
1
2

Table 15.6.2C Ownership and use of mobile phones and bank accounts by county: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who own any mobile phone, percentage who own a smartphone, and percentage who used a mobile
phone to make financial transactions in the last 12 months; percentage of men who have and use a bank account, percentage who
have deposited or withdrawn money from their own bank account in the last 12 months, and percentage who have and use a bank
account or used a mobile phone for financial transactions in the last 12 months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
use a bank
who own any who own a the last use a bank account in the the last Number of
County mobile phone smartphone 12 months1 account last 12 months 12 months men
Mombasa 88.9 62.5 96.3 46.8 36.8 96.3 442
Kwale 76.2 38.4 73.2 22.9 13.7 73.4 209
Kilifi 76.8 42.4 86.7 25.3 19.5 86.7 405
Tana River 76.3 19.7 48.3 10.3 7.1 49.6 64
Lamu 84.8 41.2 82.4 34.4 21.6 82.6 41
Taita/Taveta 81.7 48.6 87.0 35.2 21.6 87.5 103
Garissa 88.4 52.0 83.5 24.9 24.4 83.8 117
Wajir 78.2 50.6 71.1 19.5 15.2 71.1 63
Mandera 78.8 38.3 57.7 13.6 12.9 57.7 81
Marsabit 81.4 36.0 72.7 17.1 12.3 73.5 45
Isiolo 89.8 58.6 92.9 36.6 33.5 93.4 55
Meru 80.7 40.1 74.1 40.2 26.9 76.0 489
Tharaka-Nithi 79.5 36.7 79.7 40.9 29.5 81.0 137
Embu 83.9 42.8 85.8 34.8 29.3 85.8 176
Kitui 77.7 29.5 78.3 22.3 19.5 78.3 312
Machakos 77.1 45.1 80.3 38.6 35.1 80.5 480
Makueni 78.9 35.8 81.5 21.9 15.6 81.7 279
Nyandarua 79.7 50.9 76.1 39.1 29.2 77.9 168
Nyeri 90.5 56.1 87.9 53.0 39.5 87.9 235
Kirinyaga 87.6 60.1 91.1 55.9 44.4 91.5 191
Murang’a 81.6 44.1 82.6 39.3 24.1 84.1 297
Kiambu 86.7 60.2 85.9 60.2 46.1 87.7 911
Turkana 66.2 19.5 63.3 17.3 15.4 65.5 111
West Pokot 77.5 26.1 82.4 16.4 10.5 82.4 150
Samburu 83.5 44.4 88.8 43.4 36.1 88.8 51
Trans Nzoia 72.9 46.3 76.2 26.0 24.3 76.6 272
Uasin Gishu 85.3 61.9 93.2 51.3 40.5 93.2 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 76.4 38.4 76.9 26.3 20.4 77.2 110
Nandi 80.2 42.9 77.0 36.2 29.6 77.3 265
Baringo 73.2 36.2 70.8 24.2 20.2 70.8 165
Laikipia 85.1 57.7 82.2 58.6 42.4 82.8 145
Nakuru 75.1 50.8 78.9 40.7 37.3 78.9 670
Narok 84.9 44.4 84.8 31.5 20.9 85.2 313
Kajiado 86.2 63.0 86.8 54.6 48.4 87.1 339
Kericho 81.3 37.8 82.5 35.8 26.7 82.5 330
Bomet 74.9 34.6 54.8 33.2 30.8 59.6 268
Kakamega 64.9 34.0 59.1 25.7 21.6 59.8 532
Vihiga 65.7 34.3 87.0 16.6 12.9 87.0 156
Bungoma 66.2 34.6 69.1 27.6 21.9 69.8 448
Busia 66.2 33.9 78.1 22.5 13.5 78.1 262
Siaya 65.2 34.6 66.8 15.1 12.0 66.8 227
Kisumu 77.9 33.3 77.4 20.2 16.7 77.8 345
Homa Bay 76.8 37.3 84.9 27.6 19.1 84.9 258
Migori 72.1 36.9 77.5 27.0 19.6 78.1 246
Kisii 75.8 41.5 79.0 32.0 26.4 79.0 326
Nyamira 69.2 31.0 65.0 32.6 22.9 67.8 133
Nairobi City 94.6 81.5 95.4 63.8 59.7 96.1 1,777
Total 15–49 80.4 49.1 81.3 39.1 32.0 82.0 13,652
1

Table 15.7 Participation in decision making
Percent distribution of currently married women and currently married men age 15–49 by person who usually makes decisions about
various issues, Kenya DHS 2022
Wife and
Mainly husband Mainly Someone
Decision wife jointly husband else Other Total Number
WOMEN
Own health care 41.5 44.2 14.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 17,822
Major household purchases 19.5 58.7 21.5 0.2 0.2 100.0 17,822
Visits to her family or relatives 23.9 57.7 18.2 0.1 0.1 100.0 17,822
MEN
Own health care 5.7 37.5 56.3 0.3 0.1 100.0 6,257
Major household purchases 12.9 53.0 33.9 0.2 0.0 100.0 6,257
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married, and the term wife includes a partner with whom
a man is living as if married.
Table 15.8.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics

Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or jointly with their
husband, by background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Specific decisions
Making major Visits to her
Background Woman’s own household family or All three None of the Number of
characteristic health care purchases relatives decisions three decisions women
Age
15–19 72.2 64.7 67.6 46.9 15.1 456
20–24 80.4 73.3 76.2 57.5 8.2 2,635
25–29 85.7 77.9 80.6 65.4 5.8 4,055
30–34 87.0 79.6 81.9 68.5 5.0 3,460
35–39 86.3 79.3 82.5 67.8 5.3 3,234
40–44 88.1 80.1 86.2 71.2 4.9 2,246
45–49 90.2 82.3 87.8 72.1 2.9 1,735
Employment (last 12 months)
Not employed 79.9 72.4 77.1 60.3 10.3 5,855
Employed for cash 89.8 82.2 84.9 70.8 2.8 9,658
Employed not for cash 82.5 75.7 79.4 61.7 6.8 2,308
0 84.3 78.4 81.0 65.4 6.7 1,020
1–2 86.5 78.1 81.8 66.2 5.4 7,386
3–4 86.6 79.1 83.2 67.7 4.8 6,094
5+ 82.5 76.7 78.5 63.4 8.0 3,321
Residence
Urban 89.3 81.0 84.0 70.6 3.9 6,953
Rural 83.3 76.4 80.1 63.3 7.0 10,869
Education1
No education 72.6 68.9 72.2 55.4 15.3 1,373
Primary 83.7 76.9 78.8 62.8 6.3 7,376
Secondary 86.8 77.7 81.7 66.0 5.2 5,734
Wealth quintile
Lowest 77.2 71.8 74.6 57.4 11.7 2,994
Second 82.8 76.2 79.1 62.2 6.7 3,125
Middle 85.7 77.1 81.6 65.0 5.5 3,330
Fourth 88.2 78.7 82.2 67.6 4.4 3,945
Highest 91.0 84.2 87.6 74.6 2.5 4,427
Total 85.6 78.2 81.6 66.2 5.8 17,822
1

Table 15.8.1C Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or jointly
with their husband, by county, Kenya DHS 2022
Specific decisions
Making major Visits to her
Woman’s own household family or All three None of the Number of
County health care purchases relatives decisions three decisions women
Mombasa 81.4 77.2 74.5 61.7 8.6 546
Kwale 81.3 75.7 78.8 69.8 15.9 302
Kilifi 83.7 82.2 68.7 58.2 6.2 483
Tana River 60.2 63.8 74.1 51.4 20.5 107
Lamu 84.5 78.5 84.7 67.8 6.3 59
Taita/Taveta 83.8 82.0 78.1 65.6 6.6 130
Garissa 74.7 75.4 76.1 67.5 16.5 170
Wajir 89.6 57.4 95.1 56.5 2.7 92
Mandera 55.2 52.5 62.6 46.1 35.6 138
Marsabit 88.8 89.7 88.8 84.7 5.9 94
Isiolo 90.9 82.2 90.7 77.7 3.3 76
Meru 79.1 85.1 92.1 65.1 1.4 569
Tharaka-Nithi 79.2 65.7 69.0 50.4 9.2 171
Embu 79.0 75.3 75.6 60.9 10.2 214
Kitui 95.3 87.4 93.2 83.7 3.0 449
Machakos 96.3 91.5 95.4 87.8 1.2 553
Makueni 87.2 91.1 91.4 81.3 4.1 366
Nyandarua 86.7 82.0 78.4 63.8 4.2 225
Nyeri 84.9 79.2 83.8 65.2 3.2 254
Kirinyaga 93.1 76.7 92.2 71.4 1.7 253
Murang’a 83.3 70.5 75.3 59.1 8.7 344
Kiambu 90.8 70.4 78.0 62.9 3.6 1,116
Turkana 88.0 91.5 95.2 83.0 1.5 204
West Pokot 86.5 85.1 88.6 79.0 7.3 264
Samburu 71.4 55.5 60.3 35.8 19.2 106
Trans Nzoia 95.7 82.2 82.0 68.7 0.6 361
Uasin Gishu 82.7 73.5 83.0 61.2 5.1 525
Elgeyo/Marakwet 79.6 76.7 82.3 69.7 11.8 143
Nandi 89.8 60.9 83.4 54.1 3.6 327
Baringo 58.4 62.6 69.1 43.2 18.0 200
Laikipia 79.8 77.8 82.3 63.4 7.5 161
Nakuru 85.0 68.3 70.4 52.6 6.2 906
Narok 68.2 67.1 65.2 43.5 13.8 444
Kajiado 79.9 75.2 78.0 60.4 8.5 520
Kericho 85.6 92.2 93.0 80.4 2.3 395
Bomet 86.1 66.1 76.7 50.6 5.3 351
Kakamega 95.2 83.0 88.7 74.7 2.0 715
Vihiga 90.2 85.1 89.6 74.8 1.7 171
Bungoma 81.4 73.1 68.1 52.3 7.3 614
Busia 79.2 58.6 77.4 50.9 10.9 360
Siaya 77.3 74.3 83.2 61.4 7.7 299
Kisumu 94.6 94.8 96.5 90.6 1.4 413
Homa Bay 74.3 75.8 73.9 56.2 9.1 391
Migori 89.2 75.3 77.2 62.2 6.1 397
Kisii 89.9 85.7 84.0 74.1 2.9 470
Nyamira 95.0 92.5 84.9 79.6 2.0 178
Nairobi City 91.3 85.3 87.4 75.7 2.9 2,195
Total 85.6 78.2 81.6 66.2 5.8 17,822

Table 15.8.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics
Percentage of currently married men age 15–49 who usually make specific decisions either alone or jointly with
their wife, by background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Specific decisions
Making major
Background Man’s own household Both Neither of the Number
characteristic health purchases decisions two decisions of men
Age
15–19 * * * * 12
20–24 94.6 82.5 80.5 3.4 341
25–29 91.7 82.9 79.9 5.3 1,161
30–34 95.3 88.5 85.9 2.0 1,319
35–39 94.0 84.3 82.5 4.2 1,317
40–44 94.2 89.8 87.3 3.3 1,115
45–49 93.8 91.1 88.0 3.2 992
Employment (last 12
months)
Not employed 94.4 86.8 85.7 4.4 137
Employed for cash 93.7 86.9 84.3 3.7 5,880
Employed not for cash 96.4 87.8 85.8 1.6 240
0 91.1 85.0 81.6 5.5 375
1–2 92.5 84.4 81.4 4.5 2,686
3–4 95.8 88.6 86.9 2.5 2,063
5+ 94.6 90.2 87.6 2.8 1,134
Residence
Urban 92.1 80.5 78.3 5.7 2,689
Rural 95.2 91.8 88.9 2.0 3,568
Education1
No education 94.8 84.1 83.8 4.9 267
Primary 95.1 89.4 86.8 2.3 2,544
Secondary 92.7 84.0 81.4 4.8 1,987
Wealth quintile
Lowest 95.3 90.0 87.7 2.3 873
Second 93.5 90.9 87.2 2.8 1,059
Middle 96.2 92.3 90.1 1.6 1,166
Fourth 94.5 83.4 81.9 4.0 1,632
Highest 90.7 82.0 78.7 6.0 1,527
Total 15–49 93.9 86.9 84.3 3.6 6,257
50–54 93.8 89.0 86.2 3.3 700
Total 15–54 93.9 87.1 84.5 3.6 6,958
Note: The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married. Figures in parentheses are based
on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and
1
middle-level colleges and universities. Secondary includes individuals who reported vocational training as the
highest education level attended.

Table 15.8.2C Men’s participation in decision making by county
Percentage of currently married men age 15–49 who usually make specific decisions either alone or
jointly with their wife, by county, Kenya DHS 2022
Specific decisions
Making major
Background Man’s own household Both Neither of the Number
characteristic health purchases decisions two decisions of men
Mombasa 100.0 74.8 74.8 0.0 228
Kwale 97.5 88.3 86.7 0.9 85
Kilifi 100.0 98.4 98.4 0.0 164
Tana River 98.8 97.3 97.1 1.0 35
Lamu 100.0 48.5 48.5 0.0 21
Taita/Taveta 100.0 81.4 81.4 0.0 48
Garissa 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 56
Wajir 90.5 90.2 88.2 7.4 21
Mandera 96.5 94.8 94.8 3.5 35
Marsabit 100.0 97.4 97.4 0.0 25
Isiolo 93.4 38.0 36.1 4.6 28
Meru 86.4 92.8 79.2 0.0 219
Tharaka-Nithi 97.4 97.7 96.4 1.3 70
Embu 96.9 93.4 93.4 3.1 79
Kitui 97.7 98.7 97.7 1.3 124
Machakos 100.0 99.5 99.5 0.0 201
Makueni 100.0 99.1 99.1 0.0 111
Nyandarua 98.4 76.6 76.1 1.1 71
Nyeri 89.1 90.2 82.8 3.5 104
Kirinyaga 99.2 100.0 99.2 0.0 92
Murang’a 95.2 69.2 65.7 1.2 124
Kiambu 92.7 72.1 72.1 7.3 431
Turkana 99.1 89.6 88.7 0.0 60
West Pokot 96.5 71.0 68.3 0.7 86
Samburu 97.2 80.3 78.9 1.5 28
Trans Nzoia 93.5 97.7 92.3 1.0 112
Uasin Gishu 100.0 94.5 94.5 0.0 228
Elgeyo/Marakwet 97.5 96.9 96.9 2.5 54
Nandi 100.0 88.0 88.0 0.0 125
Baringo 96.7 92.9 90.6 0.9 70
Laikipia 80.3 91.7 75.9 4.0 64
Nakuru 84.6 84.2 81.7 12.9 320
Narok 99.3 97.1 96.5 0.0 155
Kajiado 98.1 95.9 95.2 1.2 174
Kericho 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 160
Bomet 99.4 97.1 97.1 0.6 132
Kakamega 94.3 93.9 93.4 5.3 212
Vihiga 90.3 89.0 87.3 8.0 52
Bungoma 76.7 75.6 66.0 13.7 179
Busia 90.4 71.8 67.5 5.3 107
Siaya 94.9 95.7 93.6 3.1 99
Kisumu 98.9 97.4 97.4 1.1 182
Homa Bay 85.2 95.9 81.7 0.5 119
Migori 91.5 86.3 81.3 3.4 126
Kisii 99.3 98.1 98.1 0.7 164
Nyamira 98.3 98.3 96.6 0.0 59
Nairobi City 87.7 72.7 68.9 8.5 818
Total 15–49 93.9 86.9 84.3 3.6 6,257
Note: The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married.

Table 15.9.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women
Percentage of all women age 15–49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, by background
Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she: Percent-
Refuses age who
to have agree with
sexual at least
Goes out Neglects inter- Is one
Background without the Argues course Burns the Refuses Comes unfaithful specified Number of
characteristic telling him children with him with him food to cook home late to him reason women
Age
15–19 14.3 27.9 19.8 10.9 7.5 22.0 22.7 36.7 48.2 6,025
20–24 12.7 22.9 16.1 9.0 5.7 16.8 17.5 31.6 41.3 6,001
25–29 10.9 19.6 15.1 10.8 5.0 15.8 15.1 28.9 37.7 5,687
30–34 13.1 22.6 17.2 13.6 5.9 17.9 17.3 33.5 41.4 4,530
35–39 15.3 23.7 19.3 14.8 6.3 21.8 19.3 36.4 44.0 4,311
40–44 14.4 23.7 18.4 17.8 7.2 22.0 18.9 34.6 42.5 3,084
45–49 15.7 23.7 17.0 18.5 8.1 21.5 18.4 34.9 42.9 2,518
Employment (last 12
months)
Not employed 14.4 24.9 19.0 13.1 7.0 19.4 20.7 34.6 44.0 12,943
Employed for cash 11.7 21.0 15.6 11.7 5.6 17.1 15.8 30.4 39.1 15,889
Employed not for cash 18.1 29.9 21.0 15.8 7.4 29.2 22.7 44.0 53.7 3,324
0 11.1 21.8 15.2 8.1 5.7 16.7 17.4 29.8 39.9 9,198
1–2 10.6 19.9 14.2 9.3 4.6 15.6 15.0 29.3 37.9 11,512
3–4 14.5 24.6 19.0 15.5 6.6 20.9 18.6 36.4 44.7 7,463
5+ 25.3 35.3 29.4 27.6 12.5 32.7 30.7 49.0 58.0 3,983
Marital status
Never married 10.4 21.9 14.7 7.9 5.6 17.1 16.8 29.3 39.1 10,438
Married or living together 15.0 24.2 19.0 14.8 6.8 20.1 19.3 35.8 44.4 17,822
Divorced/separated/
widowed 14.5 24.5 18.3 15.6 6.5 21.6 19.0 34.6 43.3 3,897
Residence
Urban 7.2 15.0 10.5 6.4 3.0 10.0 10.2 21.7 30.1 13,143
Rural 17.8 29.3 22.4 17.0 8.7 25.7 24.2 41.7 51.2 19,013
Education1
No education 35.1 44.8 40.7 40.9 20.9 38.9 45.2 60.3 70.3 1,770
Primary 19.1 30.0 23.6 18.5 8.7 26.7 24.5 42.2 52.5 11,687
Secondary 10.5 21.8 14.9 8.2 4.5 16.9 15.8 31.8 41.1 12,550
Wealth quintile
Lowest 28.1 39.0 32.7 28.1 14.2 35.1 36.1 53.3 62.7 5,019
Second 18.1 31.1 24.1 16.7 9.0 27.9 24.8 43.5 54.1 5,698
Middle 14.0 25.6 18.3 13.5 6.6 21.0 19.9 37.2 46.8 6,069
Fourth 9.1 19.3 13.1 8.2 3.9 13.6 13.5 27.8 37.2 7,139
Highest 4.8 10.8 6.9 3.8 1.7 7.4 6.5 16.8 23.8 8,231
Total 13.5 23.5 17.5 12.7 6.4 19.3 18.5 33.5 42.6 32,156
1

Table 15.9.1C Attitude toward wife beating by county: Women
Percentage of all women age 15–49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, by county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Refuses to age who
have agree with
sexual at least
without the Argues course Burns the Refuses Comes unfaithful specified Number of
County telling him children with him with him food to cook home late to him reason women
Mombasa 10.4 12.0 9.8 4.3 2.4 7.6 10.0 17.3 26.1 947
Kwale 18.7 26.5 20.8 20.2 4.2 7.6 25.4 32.7 42.0 498
Kilifi 17.9 21.7 20.3 15.9 4.9 21.4 17.5 28.5 42.7 928
Tana River 15.4 21.2 14.9 10.2 3.0 8.7 14.8 28.0 38.8 149
Lamu 16.7 23.4 19.9 16.8 8.1 20.4 19.5 35.8 42.0 101
Taita/Taveta 7.0 13.4 8.3 5.7 3.5 6.9 9.0 17.8 25.4 234
Garissa 40.3 47.9 47.5 33.3 7.9 25.0 33.6 47.9 70.1 290
Wajir 20.4 31.4 33.5 34.7 7.2 21.9 42.6 66.5 77.7 160
Mandera 6.9 15.5 13.4 17.5 8.0 14.9 22.5 31.0 37.0 206
Marsabit 40.3 48.5 56.9 69.5 38.6 66.2 71.7 73.7 81.5 129
Isiolo 25.4 30.2 27.3 13.2 9.8 23.3 32.0 39.0 47.9 137
Meru 23.1 36.9 25.2 18.2 6.4 30.9 25.7 54.2 62.4 979
Tharaka-Nithi 13.6 24.2 10.9 8.2 3.8 15.5 11.2 32.5 42.6 271
Embu 3.6 14.6 11.3 16.2 1.6 11.0 20.1 33.2 37.3 358
Kitui 2.6 4.7 4.8 2.0 2.3 4.5 4.9 7.8 11.0 735
Machakos 3.9 4.8 4.1 3.1 1.4 4.6 5.9 11.0 12.6 992
Makueni 7.4 18.5 10.7 11.9 4.0 15.9 20.4 28.5 36.8 683
Nyandarua 9.5 27.1 10.1 10.8 2.6 19.6 18.7 34.6 43.5 409
Nyeri 3.6 13.3 4.5 3.1 2.0 6.8 7.2 16.8 26.8 501
Kirinyaga 13.6 20.5 12.3 10.7 1.8 17.4 11.5 27.4 32.9 481
Murang’a 13.5 23.2 22.9 17.6 6.6 34.1 21.2 47.2 58.5 692
Kiambu 6.8 18.6 7.1 7.2 3.2 13.0 12.1 27.6 35.1 2,094
Turkana 41.5 49.6 43.8 44.2 37.0 42.8 64.1 79.1 84.2 331
West Pokot 45.1 52.1 38.9 34.9 11.2 37.2 46.8 63.1 73.0 384
Samburu 32.2 43.9 35.7 32.6 21.8 46.4 46.8 62.1 66.6 156
Trans Nzoia 12.0 24.6 25.8 16.2 10.2 23.4 23.5 34.3 45.4 675
Uasin Gishu 11.4 24.2 15.7 7.4 4.9 13.1 15.1 28.5 43.1 983
Elgeyo/Marakwet 27.9 40.7 20.9 14.7 7.0 27.5 29.1 49.7 56.8 228
Nandi 15.0 24.4 11.5 5.2 4.6 14.0 12.9 43.7 51.7 622
Baringo 32.8 43.4 29.1 26.1 15.5 27.7 40.0 67.0 73.7 378
Laikipia 9.5 22.0 10.5 8.0 2.4 15.6 18.4 25.1 37.0 332
Nakuru 8.9 24.1 17.7 8.8 4.0 17.8 19.4 35.2 43.5 1,658
Narok 25.0 40.1 25.6 25.5 10.2 31.8 32.8 59.8 66.3 718
Kajiado 12.7 26.1 23.6 17.8 9.0 21.0 21.1 33.8 42.5 887
Kericho 5.9 14.5 4.8 5.8 4.1 13.9 11.8 41.4 45.2 729
Bomet 23.0 51.1 20.2 15.5 5.0 52.5 22.2 61.7 77.3 650
Kakamega 9.4 23.4 22.6 9.0 6.0 19.1 15.4 34.3 44.9 1,283
Vihiga 9.7 19.4 23.0 8.8 5.2 16.8 18.6 32.9 41.2 371
Bungoma 27.2 46.4 45.9 28.7 20.3 41.1 37.0 53.8 70.6 1,138
Busia 21.0 27.3 20.0 17.8 10.0 29.4 22.4 39.8 46.4 622
Siaya 6.2 9.3 9.8 10.1 8.6 14.2 11.7 14.9 22.9 537
Kisumu 1.5 3.4 3.1 2.9 1.6 4.4 2.5 4.5 8.9 771
Homa Bay 31.2 34.6 28.3 22.7 18.0 39.0 36.2 50.8 60.1 662
Migori 22.7 40.0 40.2 21.7 12.0 39.8 32.9 48.0 67.3 674
Kisii 14.5 28.3 17.3 16.9 4.3 20.5 16.9 38.1 47.2 831
Nyamira 18.8 26.5 21.0 19.1 8.6 27.1 20.1 37.7 40.8 327
Nairobi City 5.6 12.5 9.3 4.4 2.9 8.3 7.2 18.0 26.7 4,235
Total 13.5 23.5 17.5 12.7 6.4 19.3 18.5 33.5 42.6 32,156

Table 15.9.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men
Percentage of all men age 15–49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, by background
Refuses to age who
have agree with
sexual at least
Background without the Argues course Burns the Refuses Comes unfaithful specified Number
characteristic telling him children with him with him food to cook home late to him reason of men
Age
15–19 13.5 22.0 18.6 8.2 4.8 14.7 16.7 25.6 39.6 3,175
20–24 11.4 20.2 16.3 7.1 4.0 10.3 13.3 24.1 35.6 2,404
25–29 10.1 16.2 12.8 6.3 2.5 10.0 13.0 19.6 31.8 2,268
30–34 10.6 16.8 14.4 6.7 3.1 10.5 12.9 20.6 31.9 1,787
35–39 12.4 17.1 14.0 6.3 3.0 11.3 12.3 24.2 35.3 1,577
40–44 12.7 15.4 14.1 7.1 2.6 10.2 11.7 21.0 31.8 1,332
45–49 12.6 16.5 13.5 6.6 3.5 9.2 13.9 21.3 31.9 1,109
Employment (last 12
months)
Not employed 12.0 18.3 15.0 7.8 3.9 12.0 14.8 20.9 33.9 2,658
Employed for cash 11.7 18.2 15.1 6.4 3.3 10.7 13.4 22.6 34.3 9,963
Employed not for cash 13.1 20.5 17.8 11.0 5.0 15.4 14.9 28.1 40.4 1,031
Number of living
children
0 11.5 19.0 15.3 7.0 4.1 11.9 14.1 22.4 34.8 6,711
1–2 11.0 16.8 14.1 6.5 2.4 9.1 12.5 20.8 32.2 3,550
3–4 11.7 17.4 15.4 6.4 2.9 10.7 13.2 23.9 35.5 2,208
5+ 17.0 21.7 18.6 10.1 4.8 15.7 16.6 27.7 40.3 1,183
Marital status
Never married 11.5 19.4 15.9 7.1 4.1 12.2 14.6 23.0 35.3 6,576
Married or living
together 11.7 16.6 14.2 6.5 2.9 10.0 12.4 21.5 32.5 6,257
Divorced/separated/
widowed 16.6 24.5 18.9 9.8 4.1 14.6 17.7 29.7 47.0 819
Residence
Urban 8.0 13.8 9.8 4.0 1.8 6.6 10.0 15.0 26.3 5,382
Rural 14.4 21.4 18.9 9.0 4.7 14.4 16.2 27.7 40.2 8,270
Education1
No education 32.4 42.4 31.5 21.7 12.9 30.3 32.6 37.6 58.5 369
Primary 16.8 23.0 21.1 9.8 4.8 15.7 17.5 28.0 42.1 4,894
Secondary 9.9 17.0 13.5 5.5 2.7 9.5 12.6 22.1 33.6 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.7 30.7 28.0 16.1 7.4 21.6 23.4 35.5 51.8 2,062
Second 13.9 21.4 19.2 8.6 4.0 14.3 17.2 28.3 40.7 2,584
Middle 12.3 18.6 16.2 6.2 3.8 11.9 13.7 24.7 37.2 2,754
Fourth 9.1 14.4 11.7 4.6 2.0 7.2 11.3 18.5 30.0 3,325
Highest 5.3 11.4 6.1 2.7 2.0 5.5 6.8 11.6 20.5 2,927
Total 15–49 11.9 18.4 15.3 7.0 3.5 11.3 13.8 22.7 34.7 13,652
50–54 11.0 13.7 12.5 6.5 2.0 9.0 11.5 19.6 29.1 801
Total 15–54 11.8 18.1 15.1 7.0 3.5 11.2 13.6 22.5 34.4 14,453
1

Table 15.9.2C Attitude toward wife beating: Men
Percentage of all men age 15–49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for specific reasons, by county, Kenya
DHS 2022
Refuses to age who
have agree with
sexual at least
without the Argues course Burns the Refuses Comes unfaithful specified Number of
County telling him children with him with him food to cook home late to him reason men
Mombasa 13.8 17.2 11.4 4.5 0.8 9.1 14.2 16.1 40.2 442
Kwale 27.6 31.2 27.7 10.7 5.4 22.8 19.8 30.1 51.4 209
Kilifi 22.5 26.7 30.1 9.5 4.6 10.2 12.8 17.6 41.9 405
Tana River 9.7 12.3 12.2 15.5 3.4 7.2 12.6 16.8 22.9 64
Lamu 12.0 12.0 15.6 7.6 8.3 7.7 10.6 9.7 17.1 41
Taita/Taveta 11.2 17.5 9.0 3.3 4.6 10.0 11.4 15.6 31.4 103
Garissa 11.7 11.8 12.3 12.0 0.0 4.3 10.6 3.4 25.1 117
Wajir 20.3 21.9 19.9 25.7 1.2 8.1 23.3 31.0 41.6 63
Mandera 40.6 61.4 18.2 46.0 18.4 56.7 43.1 37.1 70.4 81
Marsabit 44.5 58.6 49.6 31.1 21.4 51.6 61.6 60.1 69.2 45
Isiolo 34.3 40.4 47.6 28.1 4.8 44.6 36.9 69.1 79.6 55
Meru 17.9 29.5 27.6 12.4 4.8 21.8 26.3 34.4 52.8 489
Tharaka-Nithi 16.9 25.1 18.5 9.4 2.7 16.6 10.2 29.7 46.2 137
Embu 11.0 11.6 12.0 3.1 3.1 6.7 8.8 10.9 17.5 176
Kitui 3.4 3.8 2.4 1.4 0.4 2.5 3.5 10.1 11.9 312
Machakos 33.6 30.4 17.8 4.3 3.1 4.6 21.2 32.5 42.0 480
Makueni 24.2 30.3 29.9 10.4 1.1 15.0 27.6 29.8 44.1 279
Nyandarua 12.8 17.5 12.6 9.1 4.3 12.5 13.6 27.0 35.4 168
Nyeri 9.5 26.2 13.8 8.3 4.3 10.0 20.1 31.9 49.4 235
Kirinyaga 0.0 1.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.1 1.9 4.0 6.8 191
Murang’a 11.4 20.9 21.3 8.6 4.2 19.8 13.3 30.3 56.9 297
Kiambu 8.0 19.0 10.1 3.7 4.8 12.6 16.3 20.6 34.5 911
Turkana 22.2 39.2 16.0 8.3 9.9 6.2 11.4 5.7 53.6 111
West Pokot 19.0 37.3 19.9 8.3 4.6 22.7 33.2 41.3 71.2 150
Samburu 35.3 47.1 41.7 28.0 12.1 41.7 36.0 58.8 68.8 51
Trans Nzoia 2.0 3.4 5.1 2.8 0.8 2.3 3.3 15.0 18.8 272
Uasin Gishu 8.5 23.0 11.6 3.1 5.1 11.9 12.3 18.6 42.2 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 22.3 30.7 24.2 7.5 1.9 19.6 22.7 39.8 55.0 110
Nandi 4.9 4.3 10.1 1.3 1.8 3.6 7.8 9.7 14.4 265
Baringo 18.3 19.3 12.1 7.3 8.3 12.8 14.8 31.2 40.4 165
Laikipia 7.5 17.6 13.0 9.1 3.2 14.9 15.3 39.9 45.4 145
Nakuru 6.7 9.4 8.5 7.9 4.5 6.7 13.6 15.9 18.7 670
Narok 25.9 52.2 35.8 10.0 6.0 31.6 28.1 66.6 67.9 313
Kajiado 15.0 18.3 14.8 8.6 2.9 13.1 15.0 26.4 35.0 339
Kericho 1.3 5.1 2.4 3.4 1.3 1.5 5.0 8.0 11.5 330
Bomet 13.9 29.1 9.0 30.3 0.4 23.2 10.6 53.6 63.4 268
Kakamega 3.7 2.7 2.2 2.4 1.2 2.8 2.3 5.2 8.9 532
Vihiga 12.7 23.5 18.7 5.1 4.0 12.0 14.0 29.8 38.6 156
Bungoma 12.8 25.4 25.9 8.5 8.6 19.1 20.8 25.3 48.6 448
Busia 17.7 25.9 27.3 11.0 12.8 19.1 19.7 31.5 52.5 262
Siaya 3.4 6.2 9.4 1.1 1.0 2.5 6.0 10.4 12.8 227
Kisumu 0.3 1.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.2 5.6 6.6 345
Homa Bay 10.5 17.4 28.3 6.9 7.6 16.2 18.0 32.1 48.7 258
Migori 17.3 31.0 41.5 11.2 8.2 30.5 28.3 50.4 64.2 246
Kisii 3.1 5.3 18.8 8.3 1.1 7.9 7.8 40.6 42.1 326
Nyamira 15.2 25.2 22.6 21.6 6.2 15.1 26.7 32.7 40.8 133
Nairobi City 6.1 10.5 9.7 2.4 0.6 3.9 5.3 9.5 18.3 1,777
Total 15–49 11.9 18.4 15.3 7.0 3.5 11.3 13.8 22.7 34.7 13,652

Table 15.10 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she
knows that he has sexual intercourse with other women, and percentage who believe that a woman is justified in asking that they use a condom
if she knows that her husband has a sexually transmitted infection (STI), according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Refusing to have Refusing to have
sexual intercourse Asking that they sexual intercourse Asking that they
with her husband if use a condom if with her husband if use a condom if
she knows he has she knows that her she knows he has she knows that her
Background sex with other husband has Number sex with other husband has Number
characteristic women an STI of women women an STI of men
Age
15–24 76.9 79.5 6,188 71.3 83.8 5,579
15–19 72.2 73.6 3,125 66.4 78.6 3,175
20–24 81.6 85.4 3,063 77.8 90.7 2,404
25–29 81.6 85.9 2,916 81.9 93.6 2,268
30–39 81.3 85.1 4,652 79.7 92.8 3,364
40–49 79.0 85.2 2,960 81.4 91.2 2,441
Marital status
Never married 77.8 80.4 5,348 73.2 85.5 6,576
Ever had sex 83.5 89.3 2,775 78.2 91.2 4,303
Never had sex 71.7 70.9 2,573 63.8 74.5 2,273
Married/living together 79.5 83.7 9,319 81.2 92.4 6,257
Divorced/separated/
widowed 82.5 87.8 2,049 74.3 91.0 819
Residence
Urban 84.3 88.0 6,850 84.5 92.3 5,382
Rural 75.9 79.8 9,866 72.0 86.8 8,270
Education1
No education 50.8 45.4 920 65.6 74.2 369
Primary 75.5 80.5 6,107 71.3 85.5 4,894
Secondary 82.6 86.3 6,481 78.0 89.3 5,592
Wealth quintile
Lowest 66.6 67.7 2,599 67.8 82.2 2,062
Second 76.5 81.2 2,974 71.1 87.8 2,584
Middle 79.3 82.7 3,086 72.9 87.9 2,754
Fourth 82.0 86.4 3,729 82.7 91.3 3,325
Highest 86.7 91.4 4,328 85.9 93.2 2,927
Total 15–49 79.3 83.2 16,716 77.0 89.0 13,652
50–54 na na na 79.5 90.8 801
Total 15–54 na na na 77.1 89.1 14,453
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman's Questionnaire but not in the short questionnaire.
1

Table 15.10C Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband by county
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who believe that a woman is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband if
she knows that he has sexual intercourse with other women, and percentage who believe that a woman is justified in asking that they use a
condom if she knows that her husband has a sexually transmitted infection (STI), according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Refusing to have Refusing to have
sexual intercourse Asking that they sexual intercourse Asking that they
with her husband if use a condom if with her husband if use a condom if
she knows he has she knows that her she knows he has she knows that her
sex with other husband has Number sex with other husband has Number
County women an STI of women women an STI of men
Mombasa 75.7 80.8 493 76.6 89.0 442
Kwale 51.9 44.1 260 63.1 89.7 209
Kilifi 87.6 84.6 489 90.0 92.1 405
Tana River 65.0 43.5 79 74.5 68.2 64
Lamu 76.8 77.2 54 92.8 96.8 41
Taita/Taveta 66.0 65.0 122 70.9 80.2 103
Garissa 24.5 15.8 163 98.1 97.5 117
Wajir 79.4 52.2 90 53.9 48.6 63
Mandera 10.6 5.8 113 37.8 74.9 81
Marsabit 45.8 31.1 72 77.0 81.1 45
Isiolo 75.8 65.9 76 84.4 91.2 55
Meru 84.6 91.8 488 71.4 86.5 489
Tharaka-Nithi 75.2 81.3 131 80.4 92.9 137
Embu 76.0 80.1 180 83.9 83.0 176
Kitui 85.2 78.2 373 48.2 89.3 312
Machakos 93.5 92.5 544 62.5 89.4 480
Makueni 76.9 73.7 356 69.8 94.6 279
Nyandarua 78.4 88.4 225 76.6 90.4 168
Nyeri 90.7 95.3 261 74.0 84.9 235
Kirinyaga 84.0 93.1 262 78.5 73.9 191
Murang’a 78.3 86.0 339 80.7 91.5 297
Kiambu 84.0 88.2 1,095 75.9 89.3 911
Turkana 64.6 52.2 172 87.8 84.4 111
West Pokot 52.5 46.0 197 83.5 84.2 150
Samburu 72.3 67.3 79 75.7 75.0 51
Trans Nzoia 91.3 93.1 359 80.9 96.2 272
Uasin Gishu 85.5 90.9 527 76.7 94.6 451
Elgeyo/Marakwet 88.5 83.8 116 72.7 85.8 110
Nandi 71.8 63.7 332 92.6 90.1 265
Baringo 72.0 71.4 193 67.3 85.2 165
Laikipia 86.9 86.2 173 56.5 71.7 145
Nakuru 86.4 93.8 862 71.3 73.1 670
Narok 78.0 83.3 374 53.5 87.2 313
Kajiado 81.1 87.5 451 88.0 80.6 339
Kericho 78.3 77.8 372 91.9 89.9 330
Bomet 69.7 85.2 327 96.6 98.4 268
Kakamega 66.5 83.3 652 65.7 87.9 532
Vihiga 78.3 82.9 201 56.3 79.3 156
Bungoma 76.0 85.8 572 76.4 84.8 448
Busia 75.3 80.7 336 79.3 87.1 262
Siaya 75.3 67.2 275 28.0 68.7 227
Kisumu 92.0 91.0 396 75.3 96.3 345
Homa Bay 72.7 89.9 344 64.0 95.7 258
Migori 76.2 91.1 350 74.4 98.6 246
Kisii 76.1 87.9 463 86.2 98.3 326
Nyamira 89.2 93.9 168 77.5 83.1 133
Nairobi City 87.9 93.9 2,157 96.9 99.0 1,777
Total 15–49 79.3 83.2 16,716 77.0 89.0 13,652

Table 15.11 Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who can say no to their husband
if they do not want to have sexual intercourse, and percentage who can ask their
husband to use a condom, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage who
can say no to their Percentage who
husband if they do can ask their
Background not want to have husband to use a Number
characteristic sexual intercourse condom of women
Age
15–24 39.3 38.5 3,091
15–19 36.1 37.1 456
20–24 39.8 38.7 2,635
25–29 41.0 38.5 4,055
30–39 40.5 37.6 6,694
40–49 39.4 36.3 3,981
Residence
Urban 43.0 40.5 6,953
Rural 38.4 35.8 10,869
Education1
No education 23.7 15.8 1,373
Primary 37.9 35.4 7,376
Secondary 42.9 41.3 5,734
Wealth quintile
Lowest 31.6 28.1 2,994
Second 39.1 36.6 3,125
Middle 38.9 37.1 3,330
Fourth 42.7 40.8 3,945
Highest 45.3 42.6 4,427
Total 40.2 37.7 17,822
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if
married.
1
attended.

Table 15.11C Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband by county
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 who can say no to their
husband if they do not want to have sexual intercourse, and percentage who can
ask their husband to use a condom, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who
can say no to their Percentage who
husband if they do can ask their
not want to have husband to use a Number
County sexual intercourse condom of women
Mombasa 41.9 34.3 546
Kwale 28.9 32.3 302
Kilifi 40.6 36.7 483
Tana River 36.5 20.4 107
Lamu 40.2 32.2 59
Garissa 12.7 6.5 170
Wajir 32.8 10.3 92
Mandera 9.6 3.8 138
Marsabit 22.5 20.8 94
Isiolo 33.1 21.8 76
Meru 45.1 37.9 569
Embu 37.7 31.1 214
Kitui 40.7 42.6 449
Machakos 37.8 35.2 553
Makueni 40.8 38.4 366
Nyandarua 44.8 40.9 225
Nyeri 45.7 40.6 254
Kirinyaga 39.3 42.2 253
Murang’a 24.4 22.7 344
Kiambu 42.8 39.1 1,116
Turkana 36.7 22.8 204
West Pokot 22.0 15.8 264
Samburu 38.7 25.9 106
Nandi 42.7 41.2 327
Baringo 38.9 33.8 200
Laikipia 40.9 43.4 161
Nakuru 41.5 43.8 906
Narok 43.2 34.6 444
Kajiado 35.8 38.1 520
Kericho 42.2 40.7 395
Bomet 38.8 38.6 351
Kakamega 38.9 38.0 715
Vihiga 41.1 32.6 171
Bungoma 42.3 42.0 614
Busia 37.2 38.5 360
Siaya 43.7 47.6 299
Kisumu 47.2 47.2 413
Homa Bay 35.2 38.8 391
Migori 42.5 42.3 397
Kisii 36.5 31.0 470
Nyamira 41.8 36.3 178
Nairobi City 45.7 43.7 2,195
Total 40.2 37.7 17,822
married.

Table 15.12 Women’s participation in decision making about
sexual and reproductive health
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 years who make
their own informed decisions about sexual relations, contraceptive use,
and reproductive health care, according to background characteristics
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who
make decisions about
sexual relations,
contraceptive use,
Background and reproductive Number of currently
characteristic care1 married women
Age
15–19 49.3 244
20–24 58.9 1,358
25–29 67.5 2,085
30–34 65.4 1,824
35–39 64.8 1,707
40–44 68.0 1,147
45–49 65.9 954
Employment (last 12
months)
Not employed 56.4 3,050
Employed for cash 70.4 5,049
Employed not for cash 62.5 1,219
Residence
Urban 73.2 3,616
Rural 59.4 5,703
Education2
Primary 59.4 3,842
Wealth quintile
Lowest 45.6 1,559
Second 59.6 1,631
Middle 63.7 1,711
Fourth 69.9 2,096
Highest 77.5 2,322
Total 64.8 9,319
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman's
1
Percentages of currently married women who make decisions about
sexual relations, contraceptive use, and health care are presented in
Table 15.11, Table 7.17, and Table 15.8.1, respectively.
2

Table 15.12C Women’s participation in decision making about
sexual and reproductive health by county
Percentage of currently married women age 15–49 years who make
their own informed decisions about sexual relations, contraceptive
use, and reproductive health care, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage who
make decisions about
sexual relations,
contraceptive use,
and reproductive Number of currently
County care1 married women
Mombasa 66.4 281
Kwale 46.3 159
Kilifi 65.4 255
Tana River 42.0 56
Lamu 65.8 33
Garissa 14.8 94
Wajir 48.0 52
Mandera 13.3 75
Marsabit 36.2 50
Isiolo 50.3 43
Meru 67.2 291
Embu 56.5 109
Kitui 79.9 218
Machakos 66.3 297
Makueni 60.6 199
Nyandarua 76.2 119
Nyeri 76.0 132
Kirinyaga 65.6 135
Murang’a 41.1 164
Kiambu 73.7 574
Turkana 48.8 105
West Pokot 34.7 138
Samburu 51.5 52
Trans Nzoia 82.1 180
Nandi 69.8 173
Baringo 45.5 103
Laikipia 66.5 84
Nakuru 65.2 501
Narok 53.3 242
Kajiado 59.6 262
Kericho 69.4 197
Bomet 61.1 187
Kakamega 67.9 381
Vihiga 61.7 98
Bungoma 61.7 311
Busia 51.5 195
Siaya 61.1 155
Kisumu 85.0 207
Homa Bay 49.9 200
Migori 71.2 205
Kisii 54.9 277
Nyamira 76.2 92
Total 64.8 9,319
Note: Data for this table were collected in the full Woman's
1
Percentages of currently married women who make decisions about
sexual relations, contraceptive use, and health care are presented in
Table 15.11, Table 7.17, and Table 15.8.1, respectively.

HOUSEHOLD WATER AND SANITATION 16
Key Findings
 Drinking water sources: Eighty percent of households
have an improved source of drinking water, with 94% in
urban and 71% in rural areas.
 Drinking water service ladder: Sixty-eight percent of the
population has access to at least basic drinking water
services, while 9% have limited service, and 8% use
unimproved sources. The remaining 16% rely on surface
water for drinking.
 Sanitation: Seven in ten households have access to an
improved sanitation facility.
 Sanitation service ladder: Forty-one percent of the
population has access to at least basic sanitation
services. One in four people (26%) has limited service.
Open defecation is practiced by 7% of the population.
 Management of household excreta: Sixty-six percent of
the household population has access to facilities that are
connected to a sewer, has excreta safely disposed of on-
site, or has excreta removed for treatment off-site.
 Handwashing: Fifty-one percent of the population has
access to a basic handwashing facility.
H ousehold access to and use of safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene has profound
implications on the health, safety, and overall well-being of the population.
This chapter presents information on source of drinking water, type of sanitation facility, disposal of
excreta, including disposal of young children’s stool, hand washing, and menstrual hygiene.
16.1 DRINKING WATER SOURCES, AVAILABILITY, AND TREATMENT
Improved sources of drinking water

Include piped water, public taps, standpipes, tube wells, boreholes, protected
dug wells and springs, rainwater, water delivered via tanker truck or a cart with
a small tank, and bottled water.
Households that use unimproved sources of drinking water are at a higher risk
of waterborne diseases and contamination.
Nationally, 80% of households have an improved source of drinking water. The percentage of households
with access to an improved source of drinking water is higher in urban (94%) than in rural areas (71%)
(Table 16.1).
The main improved source of drinking water for urban and rural households is piped water in their
dwelling, yard, or plot (40% and 15%, respectively).
Household Water and Sanitation • 553

About half (53%) of the households Figure 16.1 Household with improved source of
have water on their premises. The drinking water service by residence
percentage is much higher in urban Percentage of households with an improved source of
areas than in rural areas (73% drinking water
versus 40%). Fourteen percent of
93 94
the households (22% in urban areas 89 Urban
91
85
and 3% in rural areas) spend more 79 80
73
than 30 minutes (round trip) to 65
obtain drinking water. 71
44 Total 45 60
Trends: The percentage of 36
55
households with improved sources
of drinking water increased from 33 34
Rural
36% in 1998 to 80% in 2022. The 20
change is higher in rural areas
where it increased by fifty-one 1993 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
percentage points (20% in 1998 to KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
71% in 2022), compared to urban Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally representative, while data
areas that increased by eight districts in the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
percentage points between 1998 and
2008–09 (85% in 1998 and 93% in
2008–09) (Figure 16.1).
16.1.1 Drinking Water Service Ladder
Drinking water service ladder

Safely managed
Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises,
available when needed, and free from faecal and priority chemical
contamination.
Basic
Drinking water from an improved source, with water either on the premises or
round-trip collection time of 30 minutes or less.
Limited
Drinking water from an improved source, with round-trip collection time more
than 30 minutes.
Unimproved
Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected spring.
Surface water
Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, or
irrigation canal.
Sample: De jure population
The classification of drinking water sources as improved and unimproved served as the foundation of a
five-rung drinking water service ladder by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation,
and Hygiene (JMP) to benchmark and compare progress toward achieving SDG targets (WHO/UNICEF
2018). The 2022 KDHS captures information on four of the five levels because the survey did not include
testing drinking water for faecal or chemical contamination. Therefore, safely managed and basic drinking
water services cannot be distinguished and are grouped as “at least basic service.”
554 • Household Water and Sanitation

Nationally, 68% of the household population has Figure 16.2 Household population
access to at least basic drinking water services, while drinking water service by residence
9% have limited service, and 8% use unimproved
Percent distribution of de jure population by
sources. The remaining 16% use surface water for drinking water service ladder
drinking (Figure 16.2).
2
4
23 Surface water
8
 A higher percentage of the urban population 9 9
(91%) has access to at least basic drinking water 11
Unimproved
services compared to the rural population (56%).

About one in every five persons (23%) in rural 91
Limited service
areas uses surface water sources for drinking 68
56
purposes (Table 16.2).
At least basic
service
 Access to at least basic drinking water services
increases with increasing wealth, with only 35% Total Urban Rural
of the population in the lowest wealth quintile
and 96% of the population in the highest wealth
quintile.
 The county with the lowest percentage of the population with at least basic service is Kitui with 21%,
followed by Samburu at 29% and West Pokot at 38%. Nairobi City County has the highest percentage
of the population with at least basic service (99%), followed by Kiambu (94%), Nyeri (91%), and
Nyandarua (90%) (Table 16.2C and Map 16.1).

Map 16.1 At least basic service for drinking water by county
Percentage of household population with at least basic service for drinking water

16.1.2 Person Collecting Drinking Water
About half of the household population (54%) do not Figure 16.3 Person collecting drinking
have drinking water on the premises. In households water
without drinking water on premises, the person who Among de jure household population without
most commonly collects water is an adult female age drinking water on premises, percent distribution by
15 or older (69%) (Table 16.3 and Figure 16.3). person who collects drinking water
Female
Patterns by background characteristics child
under
 The percentage of the population without age 15
5% Male
drinking water on premises is more than twice as Adult male child
high in rural areas (65%) than in urban areas age 15+ under
(30%). 15% age 15
3%
 The percentage of the population without
drinking water on premises decreases with Adult female Person
increase in wealth quintile, from 86% in the age 15+ not in
lowest quintile to 16% in the highest wealth 69% household
quintile. 8%
 Counties with the highest percentage of

population without drinking water on the
premises are Kisii (88%) and Marsabit (88%),
while Nyeri has the lowest percentage (10%)
(Table 16.3C).
16.1.3 Availability of Drinking Water
Availability of sufficient drinking water

Percentage of the population with sufficient quantities of drinking water in the
last month.
Overall, 65% of the de jure population had access to sufficient quantities of drinking water in the last
month (Table 16.4).
 Among those who take more than 30 minutes to obtain drinking water, only half (51%) have drinking
water available in sufficient quantities. In comparison, two-thirds of the population with water on
premises and 7 in 10 of those who use 30 minutes or less to obtain drinking water have drinking water
available in sufficient quantities.

 The lowest wealth quintile has the lowest Figure 16.4 Availability of sufficient
percentage of the population (57%) with access quantities of drinking water by wealth
to sufficient drinking water compared to the quintile
highest wealth quintile (71%) (Figure 16.4). Percentage of household population with
sufficient quantities of drinking water in the
 The percentage of population with sufficient last month
drinking water varies widely across counties, 71
68 66
with availability ranging from as low as 23% in 63
Garissa to as high as 90% in Vihiga and Kisii 57
counties (Table 16.4C).

Poorest Wealthiest
16.1.4 Treatment of Drinking Water
Appropriate water treatment methods

Appropriate water treatment methods are boiling, bleaching, filtering, and solar
disinfecting.
About one-third (35%) of de jure population reported using an appropriate method to treat their water
before drinking. Boiling (21%) and adding bleach or chlorine (17%) to drinking water before drinking are
the most common water treatment methods. However, 6 in 10 household population (63%) do not treat
their water prior to drinking (Table 16.5).
 Using an appropriate water treatment method is less common among the population in the lowest
wealth quintile compared with the population in the second or highest wealth quintile (21% versus
35% or higher).
 At the county level, the percentage of household population using an appropriate method to treat their
water prior to drinking ranges from as low as 3% in Garissa and 6% in Wajir to as high as 63% in
Siaya and 64% in Busia (Table 16.5C).
16.2 SANITATION
Improved sanitation facility

Includes a flush/pour flush toilet that flushes the water and waste to a piped
sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine, or unknown destination; a ventilated
improved pit (VIP) latrine; a pit latrine with a slab; or a composting toilet.
Seven in ten households have access to an improved sanitation facility (Table 16.6). Urban areas have a
higher percentage of households with improved sanitation facilities than rural areas, with 93% versus 58%,
respectively. Nevertheless, open defecation is still practiced by 5% of households, with 9% in rural areas
and 1% in urban areas.

Among the improved sanitation facilities, only 12% of households have a flush/pour flush toilet that
flushes water to a piped sewer system. This is the most common sanitation facility in urban areas (29%),
followed by pit latrine with slab (26%), and flush/pour flush toilet that flushes water to a septic tank
(20%). In rural areas, the most common type of improved sanitation facility is pit latrine with a slab
(40%), followed by ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine (13%).
Sanitation facilities are located within the dwelling of one-third of urban households (33%), while only 7%
of rural households have such facilities within their dwelling.
16.2.1 Sanitation Service Ladder
Sanitation service ladder

Safely managed
Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where
excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite.
Basic
Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households.
Limited
Use of improved facilities shared by 2 or more households.
Unimproved
Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines, or bucket
latrines.
Open defecation
Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of water,
beaches, or other open spaces, or with solid waste.
To benchmark and compare progress toward achieving sanitation-related SDG targets, the JMP developed
a five-rung sanitation service ladder. The 2022 KDHS captured information on all the five levels, but
determining if excreta taken offsite from households is appropriately treated was not possible.
Consequently, safely managed and basic sanitation services are grouped together as “at least basic service.”
Nationally, 41% of the population have access to at Figure 16.5 Household population
least basic sanitation services. One in four people sanitation service by residence
(26%) use limited service. Open defecation is
Percent distribution of de jure population by
practiced by 7% of the population (Figure 16.5). sanitation service ladder
1
7 7
Open defecation
26
 The percentage of population with at least basic 45 36
Unimproved
sanitation services is higher in urban areas (47%)
compared to rural areas (38%) (Table 16.7). 26
16 Limited service
 Eleven percent of the population in the lowest

At least basic
wealth quintile has access to at least basic 41 47
38 service
sanitation service compared to 71% of the
population in the highest wealth quintile.
Total Urban Rural
 Bomet County has the highest percentage of
population with at least basic sanitation service
(77%), followed by Trans Nzoia (66%), and
Kirinyaga (64%) counties. Tana River and Turkana counties have the lowest percentage (9%) of the
population, followed by Samburu (14%) and Migori (18%) counties (Table 16.7C).

 Turkana, Tana River, Samburu, Marsabit, and Wajir counties have the highest percentage of their
population who practice open defecation (71%, 55%, 53%, 42%, and 40%, respectively).
16.2.2 Removal and Disposal of Excreta
Disposal of excreta from on-site facilities

Excreta safely disposed of in situ
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been buried in a
covered pit, never emptied, and don’t know if ever emptied.
Excreta disposed of unsafely
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been emptied to
uncovered pits, open ground, water body, or other locations.
Excreta removed for treatment
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been removed by a
service provider to a treatment plant or an unknown location or were removed
by a non-service provider to an unknown location.
Appropriate management of excreta
Household is connected to a sewer, has excreta safely disposed of on-site, or
has excreta removed for treatment off-site.
Sample: De jure population with on-site sanitation facilities (septic tanks, pit
latrines, and composting toilets)
Information on the disposal of excreta from sanitation facilities that are not connected to a sewer system is
essential for assessing the percentage of the population using safely managed sanitation services.
Overall, 66% of the household population has Figure 16.6 Management of household
appropriate management of excreta. They are excreta
households with facilities that are connected to a Percent distribution of household
sewer (10%), have excreta safely disposed of on-site population by management of
(53%), or have excreta removed for treatment off-site household excreta
(3%). However, 34% of the population lack Connected to
appropriate management of household excreta sewer
(Figure 16.6). 10%
Overall, 94% of the population has on-site sanitation Lack

facilities, has excreta safely disposed of in situ, 6% appropriate
management
excreta removed for treatment, and less than 1% of household
disposed of unsafely. Similarly, for population with excreta
improved on-site sanitation facilities, 89% have 34%
Safe disposal in
never emptied their septic tank or latrine, 5% have situ of excreta from
had the waste removed by a service provider but do on-site sanitation
Removal of facilities
not know the removal location, 1% have had their excreta for 53%
waste removed by a service provider to a treatment treatment
plant, and 1% buried the waste in a covered pit off-site
(Table 16.8 and Table 16.8C) 3%

 Appropriate management of excreta is less Figure 16.7 Management of household

common among the rural population (54%) than excreta by household wealth
in the urban population (90%) (Table 16.9). Percentage of household population
connected to sewer or using improved on-
 The percentage of the population using site sanitation facilities with safe disposal
appropriate management of excreta increases of excreta on site or removal of excreta for
off-site treatment
with wealth quintile, from 22% in the lowest
wealth quintile to 95% in the highest wealth 95
90
74
49
22

Poorest Wealthiest
16.3 DISPOSAL OF CHILDREN’S STOOLS
Appropriate disposal of children’s stools

The child’s last stools were put or rinsed into a toilet or latrine, or the child
used a toilet or latrine.
Sample: Youngest child under age 2 living with the mother
For 63% of children, stools are disposed of appropriately (Table 16.10 and Table 16.10C).
 Appropriate disposal of children’s stools is most common among children age 18–23 months (71%).
 Seventy-two percent of the children in rural areas had their stool disposed appropriately compared to
45% in urban areas.
 Half of the children (51%) in the lowest wealth quintile have their stool disposed of appropriately
compared to 40% in the highest wealth quintile.
16.4 HANDWASHING
Handwashing facilities
Basic
Availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water.
Limited
Availability of handwashing facility on premises without soap and water.
Sample: De jure population for whom a place for handwashing was observed
or with no place for handwashing in dwelling, yard, or plot. Excludes the de
jure population for whom permission to see the facility was not granted

Handwashing is an important step in monitoring hygiene and preventing the spread of disease. Rather than
asking direct questions on the practice of handwashing, which can be subject to over-reporting,
interviewers asked to see the place where members of the household most often washed their hands.
A place for washing hands was observed for 71% of the population (Table 16.11). Of the handwashing
places observed, 25% of the population used a fixed place, while 47% used a mobile place. Handwashing
facilities were not observed by interviewers because the facility was not in the dwelling, yard, or plot
(22%), permission to observe the facility was not obtained (less than 1%), and other reasons (4%).
Following the description of handwashing facilities developed by JMP, 51% of the population has a basic
handwashing facility and 24% has a limited handwashing facility (Table 16.11).
Additional information on the distribution of handwashing facilities is provided in Appendix C, Table

C.14.
 The percentage of the population with a basic handwashing facility is higher in urban areas (68%) than
in rural areas (43%).
 The percentage of the population with a basic handwashing facility increases with wealth quintile,
from 29% in lowest wealth quintile to 80% in the highest wealth quintile.
 Nairobi City (93%) and Kajiado (86%) counties have the highest percentage of the population with
access to a basic handwashing facility, while Tana River (7%) and Wajir (7%) counties have the lowest
(Table 16.11C).
16.5 MENSTRUAL HYGIENE
Appropriate menstrual hygiene materials

Reusable sanitary pads, disposable sanitary pads, tampons, menstrual cup,
cloth, and/or cotton wool.
Sample: Women age 15–49 with a menstrual period in the last year
Privacy and use of appropriate menstrual hygiene materials

Percentage able to wash and change in privacy and who used appropriate
materials during last menstruation.
Sample: Women age 15–49 with a menstrual period in the last year who were
home during their last menstrual period
Among women age 15–49 whose most recent menstrual period occurred in the last year, 91% used
disposable sanitary pads, and 5% used reusable sanitary pads to collect or absorb blood from the most
recent menstrual period. Almost all women age 15–49 (98%) who were at home during their last menstrual
period were able to wash and change in privacy. Ninety-seven percent were able to wash and change in
privacy and used appropriate materials during last menstruation (Table 16.12).

 The percentage of women who were able to Figure 16.8 Menstrual hygiene
wash and change in privacy and used appropriate by education
materials during last menstruation is highest Percentage of women who were able to
among women with more than secondary wash and change in privacy and who used
education (99%) compared to those with no appropriate materials during last
education (84%) (Figure 16.8). menstruation
96 98 99
 Twenty-six percent of women with no education 84
used cloth as a material to collect or absorb
blood from the most recent menstrual period
compared to less than 1% of those with more
 Most women in the highest and fourth wealth

quintiles used disposable sanitary towels (95%),
compared with 79% of women in the lowest No education Primary Secondary More than
wealth quintile. secondary
 Wajir (72%), Samburu (74%) and Mandera (79%) are the only counties that reported less than 80% of
women who were able to wash and change in privacy and used appropriate materials during last
menstruation (Table 16.12C).
LIST OF TABLES
For more information on water and sanitation characteristics, see the following tables:
 Table 16.1 Household drinking water

 Table 16.2 Drinking water service ladder
 Table 16.2C Drinking water service ladder by county
 Table 16.3 Person collecting drinking water
 Table 16.3C Person collecting drinking water by county
 Table 16.4 Availability of sufficient drinking water
 Table 16.4C Availability of sufficient drinking water by county
 Table 16.5 Treatment of household drinking water
 Table 16.5C Treatment of household drinking water by county
 Table 16.6 Household sanitation facilities
 Table 16.7 Sanitation service ladder
 Table 16.7C Sanitation service ladder by county
 Table 16.8 Emptying and removal of wastes from on-site sanitation facilities
 Table 16.8C Emptying and removal of wastes from on-site sanitation facilities by county
 Table 16.9 Management of household excreta
 Table 16.9C Management of household excreta by county
 Table 16.10 Disposal of children’s stools
 Table 16.10C Disposal of children’s stools by county
 Table 16.11 Handwashing
 Table 16.11C Handwashing by county
 Table 16.12 Menstrual hygiene
 Table 16.12C Menstrual hygiene by county

Table 16.1 Household drinking water
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by source of drinking water and by time to obtain drinking water,
according to residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Source of drinking water
Improved source 94.4 70.9 80.4 94.0 67.7 76.5
Piped into dwelling/yard/plot 40.1 15.3 25.3 38.3 12.7 21.3
Piped to neighbour 6.2 4.4 5.1 6.1 3.8 4.6
Public tap/standpipe 16.9 7.2 11.1 16.1 7.3 10.3
Tube well/borehole 4.2 10.0 7.6 4.7 10.0 8.2
Protected dug well 3.1 8.7 6.5 3.6 9.2 7.3
Protected spring 1.5 11.7 7.6 1.9 12.5 9.0
Rainwater 2.8 11.5 8.0 3.0 10.3 7.9
Tanker truck/cart with small
tank 3.6 1.4 2.2 4.6 1.3 2.4
Bottled water 16.1 0.9 7.0 15.7 0.5 5.6
Unimproved source 4.2 8.6 6.8 4.2 9.3 7.6
Unprotected dug well 0.4 2.9 1.9 0.5 3.3 2.4
Unprotected spring 0.4 5.1 3.2 0.5 5.5 3.8
Other 3.4 0.6 1.7 3.3 0.4 1.4
Surface water 1.4 20.4 12.8 1.8 23.0 15.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Time to obtain drinking water
(round trip)
Water on premises1 72.5 40.3 53.3 71.6 35.3 47.5
30 minutes or less 24.0 37.7 32.2 24.2 39.5 34.4
More than 30 minutes 2.7 21.5 13.9 3.3 24.7 17.5
Don’t know 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.6
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1
Includes water piped to a neighbour and those reporting a round trip collection time of zero minutes.
Table 16.2 Drinking water service ladder
Percent distribution of de jure population by drinking water service ladder, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Background At least basic Limited Surface Number of
characteristic service1 service2 Unimproved3 water Total persons
Residence
Urban 90.6 3.3 4.2 1.8 100.0 47,730
Rural 56.3 11.4 9.3 23.0 100.0 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 35.2 15.2 11.2 38.4 100.0 28,409
Second 52.9 12.8 10.9 23.4 100.0 28,408
Middle 69.2 9.0 8.6 13.2 100.0 28,404
Fourth 86.3 4.9 4.8 4.0 100.0 28,406
Highest 95.8 1.4 2.4 0.3 100.0 28,400
Total 67.9 8.7 7.6 15.9 100.0 142,026
Note: Service ladder concept/definitions based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation,
and Hygiene (JMP).
1
Defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided either water is on the premises or round-trip collection time is 30
minutes or less. Includes safely managed drinking water, which is not shown separately.
2
Drinking water from an improved source, provided round-trip collection time is more than 30 minutes or is unknown.
3

Table 16.2C Drinking water service ladder by county
Percent distribution of de jure population by drinking water service ladder, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
At least basic Limited Surface Number of
County service1 service2 Unimproved3 water Total persons
Mombasa 52.4 7.5 39.7 0.4 100.0 3,480
Kwale 46.7 11.9 10.0 31.5 100.0 2,359
Kilifi 66.2 7.3 3.0 23.5 100.0 4,293
Tana River 48.7 10.0 1.6 39.7 100.0 864
Lamu 65.9 14.5 14.4 5.2 100.0 470
Taita/Taveta 68.3 12.1 4.5 15.2 100.0 1,128
Garissa 70.8 14.1 12.5 2.5 100.0 1,516
Wajir 52.9 24.6 11.0 11.5 100.0 920
Mandera 54.0 21.7 1.7 22.6 100.0 1,302
Marsabit 41.3 43.4 1.7 13.7 100.0 795
Isiolo 72.1 13.9 4.3 9.7 100.0 680
Meru 73.7 7.2 7.6 11.5 100.0 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 61.1 1.8 2.9 34.2 100.0 1,345
Embu 73.0 7.1 2.2 17.7 100.0 1,685
Kitui 21.2 14.6 5.6 58.6 100.0 3,479
Machakos 68.1 11.6 4.8 15.4 100.0 4,250
Makueni 46.0 15.1 9.5 29.5 100.0 2,903
Nyandarua 89.5 3.0 2.1 5.4 100.0 1,846
Nyeri 90.7 0.1 1.0 8.2 100.0 2,138
Kirinyaga 76.2 1.7 1.9 20.2 100.0 1,940
Murang’a 80.6 1.7 7.2 10.4 100.0 3,155
Kiambu 94.2 1.6 0.6 3.5 100.0 7,889
Turkana 41.7 24.5 24.8 9.1 100.0 1,854
West Pokot 38.1 4.0 2.4 55.4 100.0 2,266
Samburu 28.6 13.8 16.7 40.8 100.0 863
Trans Nzoia 72.2 12.6 5.6 9.6 100.0 3,219
Uasin Gishu 79.0 1.9 15.0 4.0 100.0 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 64.2 1.4 5.7 28.6 100.0 1,279
Nandi 46.2 0.8 28.5 24.5 100.0 2,681
Baringo 38.7 15.4 5.2 40.7 100.0 1,967
Laikipia 69.7 3.8 4.3 22.2 100.0 1,467
Nakuru 72.6 5.7 8.9 12.8 100.0 6,850
Narok 48.2 11.1 7.5 33.3 100.0 3,740
Kajiado 73.8 14.8 1.6 9.8 100.0 3,761
Kericho 62.5 5.0 16.1 16.5 100.0 3,135
Bomet 73.5 6.1 2.8 17.6 100.0 2,869
Kakamega 74.4 12.7 7.1 5.8 100.0 6,047
Vihiga 75.2 10.4 7.7 6.7 100.0 1,762
Bungoma 70.0 17.9 6.9 5.3 100.0 5,226
Busia 57.1 14.3 14.1 14.6 100.0 3,042
Siaya 48.5 7.0 1.8 42.7 100.0 2,703
Kisumu 71.5 8.5 3.4 16.6 100.0 3,477
Homa Bay 57.2 7.5 2.1 33.2 100.0 3,393
Migori 52.9 2.6 11.0 33.5 100.0 3,341
Kisii 44.4 23.6 27.8 4.2 100.0 3,722
Nyamira 55.6 21.9 6.2 16.4 100.0 1,653
Nairobi City 98.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 14,614
Total 67.9 8.7 7.6 15.9 100.0 142,026
Note: Service ladder concept/definitions based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply,
Sanitation, and Hygiene (JMP).
1
Defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided either water is on the premises or round-trip collection time
is 30 minutes or less. Includes safely managed drinking water, which is not shown separately.
2
Drinking water from an improved source, provided round-trip collection time is more than 30 minutes or is unknown.
3

Table 16.3 Person collecting drinking water
Percentage of de jure population in households without drinking water on premises, and percent distribution of de jure population in households
without drinking water on premises by the person who usually collects drinking water used in the household, according to background
Percentage
of de jure Number of
population Person who usually collects drinking water persons
without without
drinking Adult Adult male Female Male child Person drinking
Background water on Number of female age age 15 child under under not in water on
1
characteristic premises persons 15 or older or older age 15 age 15 household Total premises1
Residence
Urban 30.1 47,730 55.6 22.5 2.3 3.2 16.4 100.0 14,372
Rural 65.4 94,296 71.5 13.3 6.0 2.8 6.4 100.0 61,690
Improved 40.8 108,706 64.9 16.1 5.3 3.0 10.7 100.0 44,359
Unimproved 89.3 10,788 71.8 13.5 5.9 3.5 5.3 100.0 9,635
Surface 97.9 22,532 74.3 13.8 5.0 2.2 4.6 100.0 22,069
Wealth quintile
Lowest 85.6 28,409 75.2 10.2 7.7 2.9 4.1 100.0 24,329
Second 74.3 28,408 73.3 13.6 5.9 2.8 4.3 100.0 21,102
Middle 56.0 28,404 67.1 17.5 3.8 3.0 8.7 100.0 15,912
Fourth 35.4 28,406 55.1 23.0 2.5 3.1 16.3 100.0 10,055
Highest 16.4 28,400 46.2 21.6 1.0 1.7 29.4 100.0 4,664
Total 53.6 142,026 68.5 15.1 5.3 2.8 8.3 100.0 76,062
1
Excludes water piped to a neighbour and those reporting a round trip collection time of zero minutes.

Table 16.3C Person collecting drinking water by county
Percentage of de jure population in households without drinking water on premises, and percent distribution of de jure population in
households without drinking water on premises by the person who usually collects drinking water used in the household, according to
Percentage
of de jure Number of
population Person who usually collects drinking water persons
without without
drinking Adult Adult male Female Male child Person drinking
water on Number of female age age 15 child under under not in water on
1
County premises persons 15 or older or older age 15 age 15 household Total premises1
Mombasa 70.7 3,480 44.2 32.1 0.6 6.6 16.5 100.0 2,460
Kwale 76.5 2,359 69.8 19.7 2.4 3.1 5.0 100.0 1,805
Kilifi 56.4 4,293 74.3 9.8 5.8 1.4 8.7 100.0 2,421
Tana River 80.4 864 78.1 6.4 11.1 1.0 3.5 100.0 695
Lamu 59.6 470 56.5 29.5 4.1 2.1 7.9 100.0 280
Taita/Taveta 42.3 1,128 60.2 25.3 1.2 0.0 13.2 100.0 477
Garissa 56.5 1,516 40.0 9.9 11.3 3.4 35.4 100.0 856
Wajir 65.6 920 52.4 14.8 10.7 7.6 14.4 100.0 604
Mandera 83.2 1,302 54.2 7.1 7.9 4.5 26.3 100.0 1,083
Marsabit 87.5 795 64.6 6.0 4.3 1.8 23.3 100.0 696
Isiolo 37.6 680 83.4 4.4 7.3 1.8 3.1 100.0 256
Meru 39.3 4,568 78.3 9.1 4.9 2.3 5.3 100.0 1,795
Tharaka-Nithi 40.7 1,345 69.1 24.4 1.9 0.8 3.9 100.0 548
Embu 31.3 1,685 52.7 33.9 2.3 1.2 9.9 100.0 527
Kitui 87.3 3,479 66.0 22.1 3.4 1.7 6.7 100.0 3,039
Machakos 65.7 4,250 54.3 27.8 2.1 3.4 12.4 100.0 2,790
Makueni 74.1 2,903 53.0 26.3 3.0 2.5 15.2 100.0 2,152
Nyandarua 16.6 1,846 50.2 23.7 6.3 3.1 16.8 100.0 307
Nyeri 10.1 2,138 67.7 21.2 0.0 0.0 11.1 100.0 217
Kirinyaga 27.4 1,940 54.8 24.2 2.4 1.4 17.1 100.0 531
Murang’a 28.0 3,155 66.3 20.6 2.3 1.2 9.5 100.0 882
Kiambu 14.0 7,889 65.0 19.1 3.3 2.4 10.1 100.0 1,104
Turkana 80.2 1,854 66.1 5.0 22.6 4.6 1.7 100.0 1,488
West Pokot 68.6 2,266 75.3 6.0 13.5 3.3 1.8 100.0 1,554
Samburu 86.4 863 86.3 4.2 3.7 0.1 5.7 100.0 746
Trans Nzoia 60.5 3,219 75.0 12.3 4.8 3.5 4.4 100.0 1,948
Uasin Gishu 28.2 4,090 76.9 13.3 5.4 0.8 3.7 100.0 1,153
Elgeyo/Marakwet 41.7 1,279 80.9 12.0 2.8 2.2 2.2 100.0 533
Nandi 68.2 2,681 83.0 7.7 4.4 1.7 3.2 100.0 1,829
Baringo 72.8 1,967 74.7 9.6 4.3 1.6 9.8 100.0 1,433
Laikipia 37.8 1,467 73.9 16.8 4.0 0.7 4.7 100.0 555
Nakuru 40.3 6,850 69.2 17.7 1.1 3.8 8.2 100.0 2,760
Narok 64.9 3,740 80.4 8.2 2.3 1.3 7.8 100.0 2,429
Kajiado 48.1 3,761 63.9 12.2 4.5 1.1 18.3 100.0 1,810
Kericho 61.2 3,135 85.4 6.0 2.1 0.5 6.1 100.0 1,918
Bomet 44.1 2,869 94.1 2.4 1.6 0.2 1.7 100.0 1,267
Kakamega 72.6 6,047 75.2 11.4 6.6 1.7 5.1 100.0 4,391
Vihiga 80.8 1,762 64.4 13.5 9.1 6.0 7.0 100.0 1,423
Bungoma 79.7 5,226 64.4 13.5 9.7 4.8 7.6 100.0 4,166
Busia 80.3 3,042 75.5 14.8 3.2 2.1 4.4 100.0 2,442
Siaya 71.7 2,703 57.4 27.0 3.1 3.7 8.7 100.0 1,939
Kisumu 55.4 3,477 78.1 14.3 4.0 1.3 2.2 100.0 1,925
Homa Bay 64.1 3,393 71.3 12.4 5.9 3.3 7.1 100.0 2,175
Migori 61.7 3,341 84.1 5.5 5.2 3.0 2.1 100.0 2,062
Kisii 88.0 3,722 66.2 13.7 10.4 5.2 4.4 100.0 3,276
Nyamira 87.2 1,653 56.4 13.0 16.4 8.3 6.0 100.0 1,442
Nairobi City 26.5 14,614 62.1 22.8 0.4 1.8 12.9 100.0 3,873
Total 53.6 142,026 68.5 15.1 5.3 2.8 8.3 100.0 76,062
1
Excludes water piped to a neighbour and those reporting a round trip collection time of zero minutes.

Table 16.4 Availability of sufficient drinking water
Percentage of de jure population with sufficient quantities of

drinking water when needed, according to background
Percentage with
drinking water
available in
Background sufficient Number of
characteristic quantities1 persons
Residence
Urban 64.1 47,730
Rural 65.8 94,296
Improved 65.3 108,706
Unimproved 69.0 10,788
Surface 62.7 22,532
Time to obtain drinking
water (round trip)
Water on premises2 66.3 67,456
30 minutes or less 70.8 48,848
More than 30 minutes 51.4 24,905
Don’t know 60.4 817
Wealth quintile
Lowest 57.3 28,409
Second 68.2 28,408
Middle 66.4 28,404
Fourth 62.8 28,406
Highest 71.3 28,400
Total 65.2 142,026
1
Defined as having sufficient quantities of drinking water in the
last month.
2
Includes water piped to a neighbour and those reporting a
round trip collection time of zero minutes.

Table 16.4C Availability of sufficient drinking water
by county
Percentage of de jure population with sufficient quantities
of drinking water when needed, according to county,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage
with drinking
water available
in sufficient Number of
County quantities1 persons
Mombasa 72.6 3,480
Kwale 68.1 2,359
Kilifi 47.2 4,293
Tana River 42.8 864
Lamu 43.2 470
Taita/Taveta 53.0 1,128
Garissa 22.8 1,516
Wajir 30.8 920
Mandera 33.5 1,302
Marsabit 42.2 795
Isiolo 30.6 680
Meru 54.6 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 58.6 1,345
Embu 65.8 1,685
Kitui 53.3 3,479
Machakos 85.9 4,250
Makueni 86.0 2,903
Nyandarua 62.0 1,846
Nyeri 61.1 2,138
Kirinyaga 57.0 1,940
Murang’a 62.7 3,155
Kiambu 62.4 7,889
Turkana 44.3 1,854
West Pokot 81.3 2,266
Samburu 44.1 863
Elgeyo/Marakwet 74.6 1,279
Nandi 75.4 2,681
Baringo 44.0 1,967
Laikipia 60.5 1,467
Nakuru 55.5 6,850
Narok 67.3 3,740
Kajiado 71.0 3,761
Kericho 88.6 3,135
Bomet 71.5 2,869
Kakamega 80.8 6,047
Vihiga 89.7 1,762
Bungoma 61.1 5,226
Busia 68.8 3,042
Siaya 65.4 2,703
Kisumu 68.1 3,477
Homa Bay 47.1 3,393
Migori 76.9 3,341
Kisii 89.6 3,722
Nyamira 71.4 1,653
Total 65.2 142,026
1
Defined as having sufficient quantities of drinking water
in the last month.

Table 16.5 Treatment of household drinking water
Percentage of de jure population using various methods to treat drinking water, and percentage using an appropriate treatment method, according to
residence, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age using
an appro-
Bleach/ Strain Ceramic, Solar Let it Cover the priate Number
Background chlorine through sand or disin- stand and water Don’t No treatment of
characteristic Boil added cloth other filter fection settle container Other know treatment method1 persons
Residence
Urban 21.6 14.4 0.6 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.0 65.9 33.5 47,730
Rural 19.9 17.6 2.4 1.1 0.1 2.1 2.6 0.1 0.0 61.3 35.4 94,296
Source of drinking
water1
Improved 21.1 16.2 1.5 1.2 0.0 1.5 1.9 0.1 0.0 62.8 35.0 108,706
Unimproved 18.9 15.4 3.0 0.8 0.1 2.3 3.7 0.1 0.1 63.9 32.2 10,788
Surface 18.0 18.7 2.9 1.1 0.1 1.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 62.8 34.4 22,532
Wealth quintile
Lowest 10.8 11.3 2.2 0.8 0.1 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.1 76.0 21.2 28,409
Second 17.2 19.1 3.2 1.1 0.0 2.5 2.9 0.0 0.0 61.1 34.6 28,408
Middle 22.2 18.6 2.1 1.0 0.0 1.9 2.7 0.1 0.0 58.8 38.5 28,404
Fourth 25.6 16.1 1.0 0.9 0.0 1.5 1.9 0.0 0.1 59.6 38.9 28,406
Highest 26.5 17.3 0.6 1.9 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.0 58.9 40.4 28,400
Total 20.5 16.5 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.6 2.0 0.1 0.0 62.9 34.7 142,026
Note: Respondents may report multiple treatment methods so that the sum of treatment may exceed 100%.
1
Appropriate water treatment methods are boiling, bleaching, filtering, and solar disinfecting.

Table 16.5C Treatment of household drinking water by county
Percentage of de jure population using various methods to treat drinking water, and percentage using an appropriate treatment method, according to
residence, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age using
an appro-
Bleach/ Strain Ceramic, Solar Let it Cover the priate Number
chlorine through sand or disin- stand and water Don’t No treatment of
1
County Boil added cloth other filter fection settle container Other know treatment method persons
Mombasa 10.0 24.2 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 68.4 31.0 3,480
Kwale 5.2 14.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 81.8 16.8 2,359
Kilifi 3.8 6.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.6 3.3 0.1 0.0 86.0 10.3 4,293
Tana River 0.9 8.5 0.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 87.2 12.8 864
Lamu 7.3 13.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.2 79.0 19.4 470
Taita/Taveta 13.9 16.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.0 70.3 28.3 1,128
Garissa 2.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 96.8 3.1 1,516
Wajir 2.2 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 94.5 5.5 920
Mandera 0.6 9.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 89.7 10.3 1,302
Marsabit 2.4 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 81.8 18.2 795
Isiolo 12.5 18.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 72.8 27.0 680
Meru 39.2 4.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 57.9 41.4 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 28.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 68.2 31.0 1,345
Embu 19.4 4.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 3.5 0.0 0.0 76.3 23.3 1,685
Kitui 7.8 12.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 79.3 19.2 3,479
Machakos 13.5 14.2 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 72.3 26.7 4,250
Makueni 14.1 16.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 72.3 27.7 2,903
Nyandarua 39.5 5.9 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 56.6 42.9 1,846
Nyeri 35.3 8.3 0.0 0.4 0.3 2.7 3.3 0.0 0.3 54.6 42.0 2,138
Kirinyaga 21.9 11.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 67.7 30.9 1,940
Murang’a 26.4 8.8 1.6 0.6 0.0 10.7 10.0 0.2 0.0 58.4 34.4 3,155
Kiambu 28.4 9.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 64.2 35.5 7,889
Turkana 6.8 12.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 2.3 7.0 0.7 0.0 80.3 16.4 1,854
West Pokot 10.3 5.9 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.8 15.3 2,266
Samburu 7.1 7.5 0.1 1.7 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.0 15.1 863
Trans Nzoia 26.4 27.4 1.2 0.4 0.0 3.9 3.0 0.0 0.0 51.1 46.1 3,219
Uasin Gishu 42.7 18.7 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.4 10.5 0.3 0.0 41.0 57.7 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 26.4 2.8 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 70.3 28.9 1,279
Nandi 38.9 8.5 2.3 0.2 0.0 3.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 52.7 46.3 2,681
Baringo 27.6 6.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 67.0 32.7 1,967
Laikipia 31.3 6.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 63.3 35.9 1,467
Nakuru 26.3 8.6 0.6 5.5 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 63.7 35.7 6,850
Narok 16.8 11.3 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.2 68.7 26.7 3,740
Kajiado 19.1 12.9 1.0 2.8 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.8 30.0 3,761
Kericho 10.3 2.8 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.1 0.1 79.7 15.8 3,135
Bomet 17.2 5.8 0.1 3.5 0.0 0.9 1.8 0.2 0.0 72.3 25.7 2,869
Kakamega 13.7 30.1 2.0 1.9 0.0 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.0 55.4 41.6 6,047
Vihiga 16.5 26.5 2.3 2.4 0.1 7.9 5.2 0.1 0.0 51.6 40.8 1,762
Bungoma 11.7 30.6 5.3 2.7 0.0 2.9 2.6 0.0 0.0 52.6 41.7 5,226
Busia 12.4 56.5 5.8 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.0 33.0 63.8 3,042
Siaya 17.6 53.1 2.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.9 0.0 0.0 36.3 62.5 2,703
Kisumu 22.1 41.2 8.8 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 44.3 53.9 3,477
Homa Bay 26.9 41.9 14.6 0.5 0.3 2.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 33.6 60.4 3,393
Migori 20.2 41.5 15.1 0.5 0.0 3.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 31.1 55.7 3,341
Kisii 19.5 3.5 1.6 1.1 0.0 11.0 12.4 0.0 0.2 64.9 23.3 3,722
Nyamira 35.5 4.0 0.4 1.5 0.0 1.0 3.7 0.3 0.0 59.1 38.6 1,653
Nairobi City 25.6 13.8 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.5 36.2 14,614
Total 20.5 16.5 1.8 1.1 0.0 1.6 2.0 0.1 0.0 62.9 34.7 142,026
Note: Respondents may report multiple treatment methods so that the sum of treatment may exceed 100%.
1
Appropriate water treatment methods are boiling, bleaching, filtering, and solar disinfecting.

Table 16.6 Household sanitation facilities
Percent distribution of households and de jure population by type of toilet/latrine facilities, percent distribution of households
and de jure population with a toilet/latrine facility by location of the facility, according to residence, Kenya DHS 2022
Type and location of toilet/latrine
facility Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Improved sanitation facility 92.6 57.7 71.8 91.8 53.9 66.6
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer
system 29.2 0.4 12.0 28.1 0.3 9.6
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 19.6 2.5 9.4 20.1 2.0 8.1
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 5.7 1.7 3.3 5.6 1.5 2.9
Flush/pour flush, don’t know
where 1.9 0.1 0.8 1.7 0.0 0.6
Ventilated improved pit (VIP)
latrine 10.1 13.0 11.8 10.0 11.9 11.2
Pit latrine with slab 26.0 39.9 34.3 26.2 38.2 34.2
Composting toilet 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Unimproved sanitation facility 6.8 33.8 22.9 7.4 35.6 26.1
Flush/pour flush not to
sewer/septic tank/pit latrine 1.8 0.1 0.8 1.7 0.1 0.6
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 4.8 33.5 21.9 5.3 35.3 25.2
Bucket 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Other 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Open defecation (No facility/
bush/field) 0.6 8.5 5.3 0.9 10.4 7.2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Location of toilet facility
In own dwelling 32.7 7.0 17.9 35.4 6.2 16.7
In own yard/plot 62.2 86.0 75.9 60.1 87.2 77.5
Elsewhere 5.1 7.0 6.2 4.5 6.5 5.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number of households/population
with a toilet/latrine facility 15,186 20,699 35,885 47,323 84,446 131,769
Table 16.7 Sanitation service ladder
Percent distribution of de jure population by type of sanitation service, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Background At least basic Limited Open Number of
characteristic service1 service2 Unimproved3 defecation Total persons
Residence
Urban 47.3 44.5 7.4 0.9 100.0 47,730
Rural 37.7 16.3 35.6 10.4 100.0 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 11.1 11.3 45.4 32.2 100.0 28,409
Second 32.0 16.7 48.0 3.3 100.0 28,408
Middle 49.2 24.5 25.6 0.6 100.0 28,404
Fourth 41.1 49.9 8.9 0.0 100.0 28,406
Highest 71.0 26.4 2.6 0.0 100.0 28,400
Total 40.9 25.8 26.1 7.2 100.0 142,026
1
Defined as use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Includes safely managed sanitation service,
which is not shown separately.
2
Defined as use of improved facilities shared by 2 or more households.
3
Use of flush/pour flush toilet not to sewer, septic tank, or pit latrine, pit latrines without a slab/open pit, hanging toilets/latrines,
or buckets.

Table 16.7C Sanitation service ladder by county
Percent distribution of de jure population by type of sanitation service, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
At least basic Limited Open Number of
County service1 service2 Unimproved3 defecation Total persons
Mombasa 46.5 48.2 4.6 0.7 100.0 3,480
Kwale 32.1 17.1 24.4 26.4 100.0 2,359
Kilifi 29.3 26.3 23.4 21.0 100.0 4,293
Tana River 9.2 24.1 11.5 55.2 100.0 864
Lamu 43.9 15.1 25.2 15.8 100.0 470
Taita/Taveta 56.6 22.6 20.4 0.4 100.0 1,128
Garissa 36.5 43.2 2.8 17.5 100.0 1,516
Wajir 20.3 11.8 27.9 40.0 100.0 920
Mandera 35.7 35.3 1.9 27.1 100.0 1,302
Marsabit 23.4 29.3 5.5 41.8 100.0 795
Isiolo 26.7 34.9 17.6 20.8 100.0 680
Meru 35.9 21.9 41.6 0.6 100.0 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 46.1 17.1 35.6 1.1 100.0 1,345
Embu 47.6 13.9 38.2 0.3 100.0 1,685
Kitui 50.0 11.6 33.3 5.1 100.0 3,479
Machakos 61.4 22.5 15.6 0.5 100.0 4,250
Makueni 45.7 21.3 31.6 1.5 100.0 2,903
Nyandarua 33.6 13.5 52.9 0.0 100.0 1,846
Nyeri 50.7 27.4 21.6 0.4 100.0 2,138
Kirinyaga 64.0 31.8 4.1 0.1 100.0 1,940
Murang’a 49.5 34.2 16.2 0.0 100.0 3,155
Kiambu 47.8 44.5 7.6 0.1 100.0 7,889
Turkana 8.8 16.2 4.2 70.8 100.0 1,854
West Pokot 20.2 9.5 34.1 36.2 100.0 2,266
Samburu 13.8 22.8 10.7 52.6 100.0 863
Trans Nzoia 66.4 22.8 9.9 1.0 100.0 3,219
Uasin Gishu 49.5 23.4 26.5 0.6 100.0 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 28.8 11.3 55.1 4.7 100.0 1,279
Nandi 36.9 19.0 42.1 2.0 100.0 2,681
Baringo 45.9 14.6 5.9 33.6 100.0 1,967
Laikipia 31.6 16.8 44.6 7.0 100.0 1,467
Nakuru 43.3 31.8 24.9 0.0 100.0 6,850
Narok 31.5 16.9 26.9 24.7 100.0 3,740
Kajiado 43.3 34.4 5.1 17.3 100.0 3,761
Kericho 28.5 13.7 57.7 0.0 100.0 3,135
Bomet 76.6 18.4 4.5 0.5 100.0 2,869
Kakamega 33.4 11.4 54.9 0.2 100.0 6,047
Vihiga 60.9 19.2 19.4 0.6 100.0 1,762
Bungoma 40.2 15.2 43.4 1.3 100.0 5,226
Busia 30.6 24.9 43.7 0.8 100.0 3,042
Siaya 35.0 19.7 39.0 6.2 100.0 2,703
Kisumu 35.4 33.4 26.3 4.8 100.0 3,477
Homa Bay 27.0 22.3 39.2 11.5 100.0 3,393
Migori 17.5 18.5 51.0 13.0 100.0 3,341
Kisii 28.9 14.2 56.8 0.1 100.0 3,722
Nyamira 27.9 9.0 63.0 0.1 100.0 1,653
Nairobi City 48.7 45.6 5.7 0.0 100.0 14,614
Total 40.9 25.8 26.1 7.2 100.0 142,026
1
Defined as use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households. Includes safely managed sanitation service,
which is not shown separately.
2
Defined as use of improved facilities shared by 2 or more households.
3
Use of flush/pour flush toilet not to sewer, septic tank, or pit latrine, pit latrines without a slab/open pit, hanging toilets/latrines,
or buckets.

Table 16.8 Emptying and removal of wastes from on-site sanitation facilities
Percent distribution of de jure population in households with septic tanks and improved latrines by method of emptying and removal, and percentage of on-
site sanitation facilities for which excreta was safely disposed of in situ, percentage of on-site sanitation facilities for which excreta was disposed of unsafely,
and percentage of on-site sanitation facilities for which excreta was removed for treatment, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of population with
Percent distribution of method of emptying and disposal of wastes on-site sanitation facilities
from septic tanks or other on-site sanitation facilities for which: Number
Re- Re- To un- of
moved moved covered persons
by a by a pit, open Don’t with im-
service service ground, know Excreta Excreta Excreta proved
provider provider, Buried water where Don’t was was was on-site
to treat- don’t in a body or wastes know if safely disposed removed sani-
Background ment know covered else- were Never ever disposed of for treat- tation
characteristic plant where pit where Other taken emptied emptied Total of in situ1 unsafely2 ment3 facilities
Sanitation facility
type
Flush to septic
tank 4.2 17.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.8 65.7 10.6 100.0 76.4 0.1 23.5 11,448
Latrines and
other improved
facilities 0.6 2.3 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 92.8 2.6 100.0 96.6 0.1 3.3 68,682
Flush to pit
latrine 2.0 6.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 87.4 3.2 100.0 91.6 0.0 8.4 4,103
Ventilated
improved pit
latrine 0.5 3.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 90.8 3.6 100.0 95.5 0.0 4.4 15,953
Pit latrine with
slab 0.6 1.6 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 93.9 2.3 100.0 97.4 0.1 2.5 48,548
Composting
toilet 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.8 2.2 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 78
Residence
Urban 2.8 10.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 1.4 77.1 7.6 100.0 85.3 0.1 14.6 29,558
Rural 0.2 0.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 95.8 1.5 100.0 98.7 0.0 1.3 50,573
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.0 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 97.3 1.2 100.0 99.4 0.0 0.6 6,358
Second 0.1 0.6 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 96.2 1.0 100.0 99.2 0.2 0.7 13,717
Middle 0.2 0.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 95.7 1.6 100.0 98.7 0.0 1.3 20,516
Fourth 1.5 4.2 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.6 88.0 4.7 100.0 93.6 0.1 6.3 22,725
Highest 3.1 13.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 72.8 8.3 100.0 81.3 0.0 18.6 16,813
Total 1.2 4.5 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 88.9 3.8 100.0 93.7 0.1 6.2 80,130
Note: On-site sanitation facilities are those where the excreta are stored in a septic tank, pit latrine, or composting toilet.
1
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been buried in a covered pit, never emptied, and don’t know if ever emptied.
2
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been emptied to uncovered pits, open ground, water body, or other locations.
3
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been removed by a service provider to a treatment plan or an unknown location or were removed

Table 16.8C Emptying and removal of wastes from on-site sanitation facilities by county
Percent distribution of de jure population in households with septic tanks and improved latrines by method of emptying and removal, and percentage of
on-site sanitation facilities for which excreta was safely disposed of in situ, percentage of on-site sanitation facilities for which excreta was disposed of
unsafely, and percentage of on-site sanitation facilities for which excreta was removed for treatment, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of population with
Percent distribution of method of emptying and disposal of wastes on-site sanitation facilities
from septic tanks or other on-site sanitation facilities for which: Number
Re- Re- To un- of
moved moved covered persons
by a by a pit, open Don’t with
service service ground, know Excreta Excreta Excreta improved
provider provider, Buried water where Don’t was was was on-site
to treat- don’t in a body or wastes know if safely disposed removed sani-
ment know covered else- were Never ever disposed of for treat- tation
County plant where pit where Other taken emptied emptied Total of in situ1 unsafely2 ment3 facilities
Mombasa 0.7 4.2 3.1 0.2 0.0 2.0 86.6 3.3 100.0 93.0 0.2 6.8 2,689
Kwale 0.1 3.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 91.6 4.4 100.0 96.2 0.4 3.5 1,158
Kilifi 0.5 1.4 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 96.9 0.1 100.0 97.8 0.3 1.9 2,363
Tana River 0.0 2.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.8 5.8 100.0 97.7 0.0 2.3 284
Lamu 0.1 9.0 5.6 0.0 1.1 0.6 79.9 3.7 100.0 89.3 1.1 9.6 266
Taita/Taveta 0.4 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 96.2 0.4 100.0 96.5 0.0 3.5 864
Garissa 1.2 1.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 96.6 0.7 100.0 97.4 0.0 2.6 884
Wajir 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 84.6 4.3 100.0 88.9 0.0 11.1 286
Mandera 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.9 1.7 100.0 99.6 0.0 0.4 920
Marsabit 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.9 0.0 100.0 99.9 0.0 0.1 419
Isiolo 0.2 8.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 80.5 10.3 100.0 91.4 0.0 8.6 374
Meru 0.4 2.7 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 84.1 4.3 100.0 96.2 0.0 3.8 2,599
Tharaka-Nithi 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.1 96.3 1.3 100.0 98.6 0.3 1.1 839
Embu 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 7.6 100.0 97.6 0.0 2.4 972
Kitui 0.1 0.6 9.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 89.0 0.9 100.0 99.3 0.1 0.7 2,080
Machakos 2.1 5.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 87.1 3.5 100.0 91.7 0.0 8.3 3,342
Makueni 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 97.8 1.3 100.0 99.7 0.0 0.3 1,923
Nyandarua 0.3 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.5 1.9 100.0 92.4 0.0 7.6 849
Nyeri 0.4 3.2 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.2 88.8 6.3 100.0 95.9 0.3 3.8 1,438
Kirinyaga 1.1 2.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 89.9 6.1 100.0 96.4 0.0 3.6 1,843
Murang’a 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 96.0 2.3 100.0 98.3 0.0 1.7 2,589
Kiambu 1.1 11.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 78.4 9.0 100.0 87.5 0.0 12.5 6,424
Turkana 0.0 3.9 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.5 1.8 100.0 96.1 0.0 3.9 448
West Pokot 1.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.0 0.2 100.0 97.2 0.0 2.8 640
Samburu 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 90.7 1.9 100.0 92.6 0.0 7.4 313
Trans Nzoia 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 96.0 2.1 100.0 98.4 0.3 1.3 2,863
Uasin Gishu 5.5 8.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 79.3 3.2 100.0 82.5 0.0 17.5 2,674
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 96.0 3.3 100.0 99.3 0.1 0.6 512
Nandi 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 94.9 3.3 100.0 98.2 0.0 1.8 1,494
Baringo 0.6 1.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.8 1.7 100.0 97.9 0.0 2.1 1,184
Laikipia 3.9 5.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.9 83.6 4.3 100.0 88.4 0.4 11.2 587
Nakuru 0.2 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.9 89.0 5.7 100.0 94.8 0.0 5.2 4,548
Narok 0.8 2.6 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 95.2 1.0 100.0 96.3 0.2 3.5 1,782
Kajiado 0.1 19.8 0.2 0.1 0.0 4.0 68.7 7.2 100.0 76.0 0.1 23.9 2,663
Kericho 0.8 2.9 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 81.8 8.0 100.0 96.2 0.0 3.8 1,301
Bomet 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.6 0.5 100.0 99.2 0.0 0.8 2,725
Kakamega 0.2 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 93.4 4.3 100.0 98.3 0.0 1.7 2,657
Vihiga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 99.5 0.4 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 1,409
Bungoma 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 91.7 5.0 100.0 97.1 0.0 2.9 2,845
Busia 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.4 0.8 100.0 98.4 0.0 1.6 1,672
Siaya 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.3 1.1 100.0 99.8 0.0 0.2 1,448
Kisumu 4.7 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.4 0.5 100.0 93.4 0.0 6.6 2,217
Homa Bay 1.0 5.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 89.2 2.0 100.0 93.2 0.0 6.8 1,636
Migori 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.4 95.8 1.6 100.0 98.2 0.0 1.8 1,154
Kisii 0.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 91.6 6.1 100.0 97.7 0.0 2.3 1,509
Nyamira 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 95.2 4.0 100.0 99.3 0.0 0.7 604
Nairobi City 6.2 15.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.9 70.0 5.9 100.0 75.9 0.2 23.9 3,839
Total 1.2 4.5 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 88.9 3.8 100.0 93.7 0.1 6.2 80,130
1
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been buried in a covered pit, never emptied, and don’t know if ever emptied.
2
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been emptied to uncovered pits, open ground, water body, or other locations.
3
Includes septic tanks and latrines in which wastes have been removed by a service provider to a treatment plan or an unknown location or were removed

Table 16.9 Management of household excreta
Percent distribution of de jure population by management of excreta from household sanitation facilities, according to background characteristics,
Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
Using improved on-site age
sanitation facilities connected
to sewer,
Safe safely
disposal Unsafe Using disposed
in situ of disposal improved of on-site,
excreta of excreta Removal sanitation Using or
from from of excreta facilities, unim- removed
on-site on-site for on-site proved Practicing for
Background Connected sanitation sanitation treatment status sanitation open treatment Number of
characteristic to sewer facilities facilities off-site unknown facilities defecation Total off-site persons
Residence
Urban 28.1 53.0 0.4 8.5 1.7 7.4 0.9 100.0 89.6 47,730
Rural 0.3 53.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 35.6 10.4 100.0 53.8 94,296
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.0 22.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 45.4 32.2 100.0 22.4 28,409
Second 0.4 48.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 48.0 3.3 100.0 48.6 28,408
Middle 1.5 71.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 25.6 0.6 100.0 73.6 28,404
Fourth 10.0 75.1 0.3 4.5 1.1 8.9 0.0 100.0 89.7 28,406
Highest 36.4 48.3 0.4 10.5 1.8 2.6 0.0 100.0 95.1 28,400
Total 9.6 53.0 0.2 3.2 0.6 26.1 7.2 100.0 65.9 142,026

Table 16.9C Management of household excreta by county
Percent distribution of de jure population by management of excreta from household sanitation facilities, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Percent-
age
Using improved on-site connected
sanitation facilities to sewer,
Safe safely
disposal Unsafe Using disposed
in situ of disposal improved of on-site,
excreta of excreta Removal sanitation Using or
from from of excreta facilities, unim- removed
on-site on-site for on-site proved Practicing for
Connected sanitation sanitation treatment status sanitation open treatment Number of
County to sewer facilities facilities off-site unknown facilities defecation Total off-site persons
Mombasa 16.5 72.2 0.1 4.9 0.9 4.6 0.7 100.0 93.7 3,480
Kwale 0.1 47.4 1.3 0.3 0.0 24.4 26.4 100.0 47.8 2,359
Kilifi 0.5 54.5 0.1 0.4 0.0 23.4 21.0 100.0 55.4 4,293
Tana River 0.4 32.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 11.5 55.2 100.0 33.1 864
Lamu 2.2 53.6 1.2 1.8 0.2 25.2 15.8 100.0 57.6 470
Taita/Taveta 1.9 74.1 0.5 2.0 0.6 20.4 0.4 100.0 78.1 1,128
Garissa 21.4 57.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.8 17.5 100.0 79.7 1,516
Wajir 1.0 27.9 0.7 2.5 0.0 27.9 40.0 100.0 31.3 920
Mandera 0.4 70.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 27.1 100.0 71.0 1,302
Marsabit 0.0 52.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 41.8 100.0 52.7 795
Isiolo 6.3 52.3 0.3 2.4 0.3 17.6 20.8 100.0 61.0 680
Meru 0.7 55.1 0.1 1.6 0.3 41.6 0.6 100.0 57.4 4,568
Tharaka-Nithi 0.6 61.7 0.2 0.4 0.3 35.6 1.1 100.0 62.7 1,345
Embu 3.5 56.3 0.0 1.4 0.4 38.2 0.3 100.0 61.1 1,685
Kitui 1.8 59.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 33.3 5.1 100.0 61.5 3,479
Machakos 5.2 72.1 0.2 6.4 0.1 15.6 0.5 100.0 83.7 4,250
Makueni 0.4 66.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 31.6 1.5 100.0 66.6 2,903
Nyandarua 1.0 42.5 0.0 3.5 0.1 52.9 0.0 100.0 47.0 1,846
Nyeri 9.2 64.5 0.6 2.2 1.6 21.6 0.4 100.0 75.8 2,138
Kirinyaga 0.5 91.6 0.1 3.3 0.3 4.1 0.1 100.0 95.5 1,940
Murang’a 1.3 80.7 0.0 1.4 0.4 16.2 0.0 100.0 83.3 3,155
Kiambu 8.1 71.3 0.7 9.5 2.8 7.6 0.1 100.0 88.9 7,889
Turkana 0.8 23.2 0.2 0.7 0.0 4.2 70.8 100.0 24.8 1,854
West Pokot 1.4 27.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 34.1 36.2 100.0 29.6 2,266
Samburu 0.2 33.6 0.0 2.6 0.2 10.7 52.6 100.0 36.5 863
Trans Nzoia 0.2 87.5 0.3 1.2 0.0 9.9 1.0 100.0 88.8 3,219
Uasin Gishu 7.4 53.9 0.4 11.0 0.1 26.5 0.6 100.0 72.4 4,090
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.2 39.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 55.1 4.7 100.0 40.1 1,279
Nandi 0.2 54.7 0.0 1.0 0.0 42.1 2.0 100.0 55.9 2,681
Baringo 0.3 59.1 0.1 1.0 0.0 5.9 33.6 100.0 60.4 1,967
Laikipia 8.3 35.5 0.3 4.2 0.1 44.6 7.0 100.0 48.0 1,467
Nakuru 8.3 63.0 0.1 3.3 0.4 24.9 0.0 100.0 74.5 6,850
Narok 0.7 45.9 0.1 1.6 0.0 26.9 24.7 100.0 48.2 3,740
Kajiado 6.2 53.8 0.7 16.3 0.6 5.1 17.3 100.0 76.3 3,761
Kericho 0.8 40.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 57.7 0.0 100.0 42.3 3,135
Bomet 0.1 94.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 4.5 0.5 100.0 95.0 2,869
Kakamega 0.8 43.2 0.0 0.7 0.1 54.9 0.2 100.0 44.7 6,047
Vihiga 0.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.4 0.6 100.0 80.0 1,762
Bungoma 0.9 53.1 0.0 1.3 0.0 43.4 1.3 100.0 55.3 5,226
Busia 0.5 54.2 0.0 0.8 0.1 43.7 0.8 100.0 55.4 3,042
Siaya 1.2 53.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 39.0 6.2 100.0 54.7 2,703
Kisumu 5.1 59.7 0.3 3.8 0.0 26.3 4.8 100.0 68.6 3,477
Homa Bay 1.0 46.0 0.1 2.1 0.0 39.2 11.5 100.0 49.1 3,393
Migori 1.1 33.9 0.0 0.6 0.4 51.0 13.0 100.0 35.7 3,341
Kisii 2.0 39.6 0.1 0.9 0.5 56.8 0.1 100.0 42.5 3,722
Nyamira 0.3 36.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 63.0 0.1 100.0 36.8 1,653
Nairobi City 65.5 19.9 0.2 6.1 2.5 5.7 0.0 100.0 91.6 14,614
Total 9.6 53.0 0.2 3.2 0.6 26.1 7.2 100.0 65.9 142,026

Table 16.10 Disposal of children’s stools
Percent distribution of youngest children under age 2 living with the mother by the manner of disposal of the child’s last faecal matter, and
percentage of children whose stools are disposed of appropriately, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
children
whose
Manner of disposal of children’s stools stools are
Child used Put/rinsed Put/rinsed Thrown disposed
Background toilet or into toilet into drain into Left in of appro- Number of
characteristic latrine or latrine Buried or ditch garbage the open Other Total priately1 children
Age of child in
months
0–1 0.0 53.6 2.2 9.0 31.1 3.2 1.0 100.0 53.6 332
2–3 1.2 57.7 1.7 12.1 23.0 3.5 0.8 100.0 58.9 282
4–5 1.8 56.6 2.0 7.4 27.6 3.8 0.9 100.0 58.4 274
6–8 1.7 58.2 2.2 6.9 27.1 3.6 0.2 100.0 59.9 451
9–11 0.4 65.3 2.2 5.9 21.6 4.0 0.5 100.0 65.7 444
12–17 1.1 60.3 3.8 6.5 23.0 4.7 0.6 100.0 61.4 837
18–23 1.5 69.6 2.7 4.1 17.4 4.6 0.1 100.0 71.1 769
6–23 1.2 63.7 2.9 5.7 21.8 4.4 0.4 100.0 64.9 2,501
Type of toilet facility2
Improved sanitation
facility 1.1 62.1 0.8 4.9 29.1 1.5 0.4 100.0 63.2 2,234
Unimproved facility 1.4 79.2 0.9 8.1 6.9 3.1 0.5 100.0 80.6 834
Open defecation 0.7 12.5 19.8 15.7 25.0 25.1 1.2 100.0 13.2 320
Residence
Urban 0.7 44.5 0.5 2.7 50.0 1.3 0.3 100.0 45.2 1,208
Rural 1.3 71.1 3.9 8.9 8.5 5.7 0.6 100.0 72.4 2,181
No education 0.7 24.1 14.3 10.0 31.3 19.4 0.3 100.0 24.8 335
Primary 1.0 69.3 1.8 8.1 14.9 4.2 0.7 100.0 70.3 1,187
Secondary 1.1 68.8 1.5 5.3 21.7 1.2 0.5 100.0 69.9 1,252
More than secondary 1.6 52.6 0.4 5.3 38.3 1.6 0.3 100.0 54.2 614
Wealth quintile
Lowest 1.4 49.5 9.9 11.3 13.9 13.2 0.7 100.0 50.9 746
Second 1.1 79.7 0.8 9.1 6.3 2.8 0.2 100.0 80.7 626
Middle 1.4 78.6 0.8 7.6 8.7 2.0 0.9 100.0 80.0 609
Fourth 0.7 65.3 0.6 3.8 28.4 0.8 0.4 100.0 66.0 745
Highest 1.1 38.4 0.3 1.7 57.4 0.8 0.3 100.0 39.5 662
Total 1.1 61.6 2.7 6.7 23.3 4.1 0.5 100.0 62.7 3,388
1
Children’s stools are considered to be disposed of appropriately if the child used a toilet or latrine or if the faecal matter was put/rinsed into a
toilet or latrine.
2
3

Table 16.10C Disposal of children’s stools by county
Percent distribution of youngest children under age 2 living with the mother by the manner of disposal of the child’s last faecal matter, and
percentage of children whose stools are disposed of appropriately, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percent-
age of
children
Manner of disposal of children’s stools whose
stools are
Child Put/rinsed Put/rinsed Thrown disposed
used toilet into toilet into drain into Left in Don’t of appro- Number
County or latrine or latrine Buried or ditch garbage the open Other know Total priately1 of children
Mombasa 5.4 48.6 0.0 3.6 42.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 53.9 90
Kwale 10.4 48.6 6.2 11.9 23.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 59.0 58
Kilifi 0.0 60.8 11.4 1.4 17.8 8.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 60.8 92
Tana River 0.0 31.6 14.7 10.4 39.8 3.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 31.6 28
Lamu 0.8 50.5 12.1 3.4 28.6 4.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 51.3 15
Taita/Taveta (0.0) (74.3) (0.0) (8.8) (14.9) (0.0) (1.9) (0.0) 100.0 (74.3) 23
Garissa 0.0 41.3 4.3 0.9 44.0 9.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 41.3 44
Wajir 0.3 11.1 35.0 11.4 41.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 100.0 11.3 26
Mandera 0.0 16.1 4.1 19.1 23.8 36.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 16.1 46
Marsabit 1.4 43.4 6.7 12.4 25.6 10.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 44.7 27
Isiolo 2.4 55.9 7.1 7.5 15.6 11.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 58.3 21
Meru 2.5 90.4 1.0 1.6 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 92.9 98
Tharaka-Nithi 1.9 87.8 0.0 2.1 6.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 100.0 89.7 25
Embu (0.0) (68.2) (0.0) (5.9) (25.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (68.2) 28
Kitui 7.1 46.9 6.9 12.9 21.4 1.7 3.2 0.0 100.0 54.1 71
Machakos 0.0 52.5 4.2 1.8 34.2 3.8 3.4 0.0 100.0 52.5 75
Makueni 2.6 95.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.0 59
Nyandarua 4.1 74.8 0.0 3.5 16.8 0.0 0.8 0.0 100.0 78.9 42
Nyeri (1.0) (79.3) (0.0) (6.1) (13.6) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (80.4) 46
Kirinyaga 1.9 57.2 0.0 12.6 28.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 59.1 45
Murang’a 0.0 90.3 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0 0.9 0.0 100.0 90.3 65
Kiambu 0.0 54.0 0.0 3.6 41.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 100.0 54.0 191
Turkana 0.4 14.1 26.0 0.0 35.2 22.6 1.7 0.0 100.0 14.6 61
West Pokot 0.8 68.9 16.8 5.3 6.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 69.7 84
Samburu 0.0 29.4 1.3 23.3 27.8 17.7 0.5 0.0 100.0 29.4 29
Trans Nzoia 2.0 72.5 3.4 14.3 6.2 1.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 74.5 73
Uasin Gishu 1.8 55.7 0.0 13.3 26.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 57.6 100
Elgeyo/Marakwet 0.0 83.6 0.0 10.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 83.6 33
Nandi 0.0 91.9 0.0 4.0 2.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 91.9 55
Baringo 0.6 51.1 2.4 20.6 8.1 14.6 2.5 0.0 100.0 51.7 51
Laikipia (8.4) (59.5) (4.2) (4.3) (21.7) (1.9) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 (67.9) 30
Nakuru 1.2 76.6 0.0 3.8 11.2 7.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 77.8 166
Narok 0.0 40.1 1.0 31.0 2.1 23.6 2.1 0.0 100.0 40.1 115
Kajiado 0.0 39.3 2.3 4.0 31.0 23.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 39.3 89
Kericho 1.3 98.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 99.6 79
Bomet 0.0 76.5 0.0 20.7 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 76.5 63
Kakamega 0.0 90.3 0.0 5.9 3.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 100.0 90.3 145
Vihiga 0.0 95.0 0.0 3.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 95.0 34
Bungoma 0.0 90.6 0.0 6.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 90.6 99
Busia 0.0 97.9 0.0 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 97.9 71
Siaya 0.0 67.2 2.2 21.4 4.4 4.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 67.2 50
Kisumu 1.0 85.9 0.0 0.0 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 86.9 76
Homa Bay 1.3 74.6 4.5 2.5 13.3 2.1 1.5 0.0 100.0 76.0 69
Migori 0.7 73.6 1.9 15.5 4.7 2.5 1.2 0.0 100.0 74.3 92
Kisii 1.2 98.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 92
Nyamira 0.0 98.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 98.0 31
Nairobi City 0.0 15.2 0.0 1.8 83.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 15.2 385
Total 1.1 61.6 2.7 6.7 23.3 4.1 0.5 0.0 100.0 62.7 3,388
1
Children’s stools are considered to be disposed of appropriately if the child used a toilet or latrine or if the faecal matter was put/rinsed into a
toilet or latrine.

Table 16.11 Handwashing
Percentage of the de jure population for whom the place most often used for washing hands was observed, by whether the location was fixed or
mobile, and total percentage of the de jure population for whom the place for handwashing was observed; and among the de jure population for
whom the place for handwashing was observed, percentage with water available, percentage with soap available, and percentage with a cleansing
agent other than soap available; percentage of the de jure population with a basic handwashing facility and percentage with a limited handwashing
facility, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number
of
persons
for whom
a place
for hand-
washing
Percentage of de jure
was
population for whom place
Number Percent- Percent- observed
for washing hands was Place for handwashing
of age of the age of the or with no
observed and: observed and:
persons de jure de jure place for
Place for for whom popu- popu- hand-
hand- Place for Cleansing place for lation with lation with washing
washing hand- agent hand- a basic a limited in the
was a washing Number other than washing hand- hand- dwelling,
Background fixed was of Water Soap soap was washing washing yard, or
1 2 3
characteristic place mobile Total persons available available available observed facility facility4 plot
Residence
Urban 39.9 41.5 81.4 47,730 91.8 82.0 0.3 38,864 67.6 17.2 45,873
Rural 17.0 49.2 66.1 94,296 86.7 63.6 0.9 62,372 43.0 27.1 89,055
Wealth quintile
Lowest 4.1 51.2 55.3 28,409 82.2 52.0 2.6 15,705 29.0 29.4 26,909
Second 9.1 54.9 64.0 28,408 87.3 65.8 0.5 18,186 43.3 25.4 26,485
Middle 18.6 51.4 69.9 28,404 86.7 67.1 0.3 19,864 48.4 26.0 26,690
Fourth 28.4 47.9 76.2 28,406 89.6 70.8 0.3 21,652 55.1 24.5 27,209
Highest 63.4 27.6 91.0 28,400 94.1 88.0 0.1 25,830 80.0 13.5 27,635
Total 24.7 46.6 71.3 142,026 88.6 70.7 0.7 101,236 51.3 23.7 134,928
1
Soap includes soap or detergent in bar, liquid, powder, or paste form.
2
Cleansing agents other than soap include locally available materials such as ash, mud, or sand.
3
The availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water.
4
The availability of a handwashing facility on premises without soap and/or water.

Table 16.11C Handwashing by county
Percentage of the de jure population for whom the place most often used for washing hands was observed, by whether the location was fixed or
mobile, and total percentage of the de jure population for whom the place for handwashing was observed; and among the de jure population for
whom the place for handwashing was observed, percentage with water available, percentage with soap available, and percentage with a cleansing
agent other than soap available; percentage of the de jure population with a basic handwashing facility and percentage with a limited handwashing
facility, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number
of
persons
for whom
Percentage of de jure a place
population for whom place for hand-
for washing hands was Place for handwashing washing
observed and: observed and: was
Number Percent- Percent- observed
of age of the age of the or with no
persons de jure de jure place for
Place for Cleans- for whom populatio populatio hand-
hand- Place for ing agent place for n with a n with a washing
washing hand- other hand- basic limited in the
was a washing Soap than soap washing hand- hand- dwelling,
fixed was Number of Water avai- avai- was washing washing yard, or
County place mobile Total persons available lable1 lable2 observed facility3 facility4 plot
Mombasa 30.1 25.9 56.0 3,480 97.7 81.7 0.9 1,950 47.9 11.0 3,314
Kwale 9.3 37.2 46.5 2,359 76.3 46.1 1.3 1,097 22.7 26.6 2,225
Kilifi 8.4 9.6 18.0 4,293 82.3 55.6 0.9 772 9.7 8.7 4,183
Tana River 3.7 44.0 47.7 864 82.4 11.7 9.7 412 7.3 55.4 658
Lamu 20.7 21.1 41.9 470 87.6 45.4 3.6 197 23.4 31.8 357
Taita/Taveta 31.5 44.9 76.4 1,128 91.7 57.0 0.0 861 43.5 34.0 1,112
Garissa 2.8 38.2 41.0 1,516 94.1 24.1 1.6 622 10.0 31.5 1,498
Wajir 5.0 54.9 59.9 920 56.3 10.8 3.4 551 7.0 59.1 834
Mandera 1.8 90.6 92.4 1,302 67.3 41.5 4.1 1,203 37.8 54.8 1,298
Marsabit 5.0 45.5 50.5 795 88.2 63.9 4.0 402 34.0 21.9 720
Isiolo 19.7 16.4 36.1 680 88.5 61.0 2.5 245 26.2 19.9 532
Meru 22.1 58.9 81.0 4,568 85.8 62.1 0.3 3,701 49.9 36.3 4,293
Tharaka-Nithi 34.1 44.1 78.2 1,345 90.6 58.7 0.2 1,052 45.6 33.3 1,333
Embu 44.9 31.0 75.9 1,685 97.7 58.3 1.2 1,279 44.8 32.3 1,659
Kitui 7.9 75.4 83.3 3,479 94.1 64.9 0.2 2,898 54.4 31.0 3,396
Machakos 35.2 43.0 78.2 4,250 77.0 64.3 0.0 3,323 50.2 29.4 4,170
Makueni 19.2 2.8 22.0 2,903 89.3 56.8 1.2 638 12.3 9.8 2,889
Nyandarua 35.2 32.6 67.8 1,846 87.0 76.0 0.0 1,252 52.2 17.8 1,788
Nyeri 60.2 23.4 83.6 2,138 91.2 48.8 0.3 1,788 41.4 45.1 2,068
Kirinyaga 46.2 36.0 82.2 1,940 83.4 61.8 0.1 1,596 53.0 39.6 1,723
Murang’a 40.0 48.0 88.0 3,155 70.7 42.7 0.0 2,776 37.7 51.9 3,097
Kiambu 42.4 43.7 86.1 7,889 74.2 56.6 0.0 6,795 48.7 42.9 7,415
Turkana 5.3 29.3 34.6 1,854 89.3 47.6 1.0 641 16.4 18.4 1,844
West Pokot 20.4 35.5 55.9 2,266 87.0 59.6 17.8 1,266 32.6 23.7 2,250
Samburu 11.4 48.7 60.1 863 62.7 33.5 0.7 519 19.2 41.9 850
Trans Nzoia 15.5 54.4 69.9 3,219 89.0 69.5 0.2 2,250 49.9 30.8 2,788
Uasin Gishu 38.4 57.7 96.1 4,090 95.1 70.7 0.2 3,931 66.4 30.7 4,051
Elgeyo/Marakwet 32.6 39.9 72.5 1,279 85.3 59.2 2.0 927 42.8 30.9 1,259
Nandi 21.9 65.2 87.1 2,681 87.6 70.4 0.3 2,336 65.7 32.0 2,391
Baringo 11.7 62.7 74.4 1,967 80.0 65.6 0.4 1,463 47.6 28.6 1,920
Laikipia 42.7 47.9 90.7 1,467 90.7 59.5 0.2 1,330 57.4 42.2 1,336
Nakuru 31.3 48.6 79.9 6,850 92.0 84.1 0.0 5,471 69.2 14.9 6,505
Narok 8.5 73.4 81.9 3,740 90.0 62.7 1.3 3,063 53.0 32.6 3,577
Kajiado 34.7 59.5 94.3 3,761 97.3 91.4 0.3 3,545 85.7 8.6 3,757
Kericho 23.4 25.8 49.2 3,135 81.6 51.6 0.7 1,542 25.4 23.9 3,130
Bomet 12.7 42.6 55.3 2,869 97.3 75.9 0.7 1,588 42.2 13.6 2,845
Kakamega 14.6 38.5 53.1 6,047 90.2 72.8 0.5 3,209 39.8 16.2 5,732
Vihiga 16.2 51.6 67.8 1,762 92.9 66.3 0.0 1,194 57.5 30.7 1,354
Bungoma 11.1 70.4 81.5 5,226 95.7 72.8 0.1 4,259 71.1 28.7 4,265
Busia 15.0 47.4 62.3 3,042 96.5 88.3 0.0 1,896 68.0 10.4 2,421
Siaya 11.4 14.2 25.6 2,703 86.8 79.0 0.5 692 20.7 5.9 2,608
Kisumu 13.1 17.7 30.8 3,477 47.0 70.9 0.0 1,071 12.3 18.7 3,449
Homa Bay 14.1 42.5 56.6 3,393 86.9 85.3 0.5 1,921 44.9 13.0 3,321
Migori 12.9 78.6 91.5 3,341 97.6 85.7 0.5 3,059 77.6 14.2 3,330
Kisii 11.5 76.3 87.8 3,722 85.0 69.9 0.0 3,269 58.6 30.8 3,658
Nyamira 6.0 61.7 67.6 1,653 95.8 82.9 0.0 1,118 67.7 14.1 1,367
Nairobi City 46.8 50.9 97.6 14,614 98.0 94.0 0.1 14,269 92.5 6.9 14,358
Total 24.7 46.6 71.3 142,026 88.6 70.7 0.7 101,236 51.3 23.7 134,928
1
Soap includes soap or detergent in bar, liquid, powder, or paste form.
2
Cleansing agents other than soap include locally available materials such as ash, mud, or sand.
3
The availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water.
4
The availability of a handwashing facility on premises without soap and/or water.

Table 16.12 Menstrual hygiene
Among women age 15–49 whose most recent menstrual period was in the last year, percentage who used specified materials to collect or absorb blood
from the most recent menstrual period; and among women age 15–49 whose most recent menstrual period was in the last year and were at home during
their last menstrual period, percentage who were able to wash and change in privacy while at home and percentage who were able to both wash and
change in privacy and who used appropriate materials during their last menstruation, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women
whose most recent
menstrual period
was in the last year
and who were at
home during their
Among women whose most recent menstrual period was in the last year, percentage who last menstrual
used the specified materials to collect or absorb blood from most recent menstrual period period
Percent-
age able
to wash
and
change
in
privacy
and who
used
Percent- appro-
age able priate
Re- Dis- to wash materials
usable posable and during
sani- sani- Men- Under- Number change last Number
Background tary tary Tam- strual Toilet Cotton wear of in menstru- of
1
characteristic pads pads pons cup Cloth paper wool only Other Nothing women privacy ation women
Age
15–19 5.2 93.3 0.3 0.0 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.2 2,941 97.7 97.1 2,895
20–24 4.6 93.8 0.8 0.0 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 2,796 98.6 98.1 2,782
25–29 3.7 92.3 2.3 0.0 2.8 0.2 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.5 2,545 98.6 97.2 2,537
30–34 4.5 89.9 1.6 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.9 1.5 0.0 0.4 2,094 97.9 96.3 2,086
35–39 3.7 89.7 0.7 0.1 5.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 0.1 0.7 2,027 98.4 96.4 2,022
40–44 5.4 87.1 1.1 0.0 5.9 1.2 1.0 2.1 0.0 1.0 1,443 97.6 95.0 1,436
45–49 4.0 86.8 0.2 0.0 6.7 0.4 1.2 1.8 0.1 0.6 978 97.7 95.5 969
Residence
Urban 4.9 93.4 2.1 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.2 6,278 99.1 98.4 6,251
Rural 4.2 89.6 0.3 0.0 5.2 0.4 0.9 1.7 0.0 0.6 8,546 97.5 95.6 8,475
Education2
No education 8.5 58.6 0.0 0.0 26.2 0.2 0.7 7.1 0.1 4.0 681 92.8 84.4 679
Primary 4.1 89.2 0.1 0.1 5.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.7 5,167 97.9 95.6 5,135
Secondary 4.6 94.7 0.7 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.1 5,948 98.5 98.1 5,901
More than
secondary 3.8 95.1 3.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 3,028 99.0 99.0 3,012
Wealth quintile
Lowest 3.9 79.4 0.0 0.0 13.3 0.2 1.0 3.6 0.1 1.7 2,106 95.3 91.2 2,084
Second 4.4 89.6 0.2 0.0 5.0 0.5 1.0 2.1 0.1 0.5 2,606 97.8 95.8 2,588
Middle 4.9 92.2 0.2 0.1 2.9 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.4 2,712 98.1 96.9 2,702
Fourth 4.8 94.6 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 3,382 98.7 98.2 3,362
Highest 4.2 94.9 3.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 4,018 99.4 99.2 3,991
Total 4.5 91.2 1.1 0.0 3.5 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.0 0.5 14,823 98.1 96.8 14,726
1
Reusable sanitary pads, disposable sanitary pads, tampons, menstrual cup, cloth, and/or cotton wool.
2

Table 16.12C Menstrual hygiene by county
Among women age 15–49 whose most recent menstrual period was in the last year, percentage who used specified materials to collect or absorb blood from
the most recent menstrual period; and among women age 15–49 whose most recent menstrual period was in the last year and were at home during their last
menstrual period, percentage who were able to wash and change in privacy while at home and percentage who were able to both wash and change in privacy
and who used appropriate materials during their last menstruation, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Among women
whose most recent
menstrual period
was in the last year
and who were at
home during their
Among women whose most recent menstrual period was in the last year, percentage who used last menstrual
the specified materials to collect or absorb blood from most recent menstrual period period
Percent-
age able
to wash
and
change
in
privacy
and who
used
appro-
Percent- priate
age able materials
Re- Dis- to wash during
usable posable Under- Number and last
sanitary sanitary Tam- Mens- Toilet Cotton wear of change menstru- Number
County pads pads pons trual cup Cloth paper wool only Other Nothing women in privacy ation1 of women
Mombasa 11.3 83.6 0.2 0.0 3.6 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.9 434 98.1 96.7 434
Kwale 0.8 93.3 1.1 0.0 5.0 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 225 100.0 99.6 225
Kilifi 1.9 93.7 1.6 0.0 2.3 0.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 435 99.5 99.0 433
Tana River 21.3 58.9 0.0 0.0 19.1 0.0 1.3 6.0 0.0 3.5 61 93.2 87.9 61
Lamu 0.7 95.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 1.9 0.9 0.0 0.4 46 99.3 98.2 46
Taita/Taveta 1.0 90.9 0.6 1.0 8.4 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 112 93.8 93.5 112
Garissa 52.4 22.9 0.2 0.0 20.8 0.0 0.8 2.9 0.0 0.8 143 93.7 90.7 141
Wajir 0.6 67.4 0.0 0.0 30.1 0.3 0.5 4.8 0.0 10.2 80 80.2 71.8 80
Mandera 10.0 29.2 0.0 0.0 63.3 0.0 0.3 9.3 0.0 1.1 101 85.4 79.3 101
Marsabit 25.6 81.1 0.6 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.4 1.2 0.0 4.5 55 94.7 89.9 55
Isiolo 1.7 90.5 0.9 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9 69 93.5 92.8 69
Meru 0.0 94.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.2 3.7 0.8 0.0 1.9 434 96.2 94.7 434
Tharaka-Nithi 3.6 92.5 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.9 1.6 0.5 0.4 106 99.6 97.6 106
Embu 1.8 95.8 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 2.0 0.4 0.0 0.7 163 95.0 93.8 163
Kitui 0.6 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 344 98.3 98.3 321
Machakos 37.7 61.4 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 499 99.1 98.8 493
Makueni 2.0 99.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 308 99.0 99.0 308
Nyandarua 0.2 99.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 208 100.0 100.0 208
Nyeri 1.4 97.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 244 99.2 99.2 244
Kirinyaga 0.3 99.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 235 96.4 96.4 235
Murang’a 5.6 92.2 4.0 0.0 3.8 8.5 6.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 302 96.2 96.2 296
Kiambu 1.9 97.9 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,020 100.0 100.0 1,015
Turkana 1.8 80.2 0.6 0.0 11.2 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.6 5.1 107 98.3 90.2 107
West Pokot 1.4 80.1 0.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 0.3 5.0 0.0 0.0 165 97.1 92.4 164
Samburu 1.2 72.6 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 21.8 0.0 1.1 64 85.6 74.0 64
Trans Nzoia 6.3 85.9 0.2 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.0 2.7 317 98.4 95.4 316
Uasin Gishu 1.9 95.5 1.7 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 477 97.4 97.0 477
Elgeyo/Marakwet 2.2 96.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.3 96 91.1 90.0 94
Nandi 1.1 94.7 0.4 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 296 98.0 95.0 286
Baringo 2.6 91.4 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.4 1.5 0.0 0.5 159 94.1 92.9 156
Laikipia 18.2 83.7 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 149 98.2 98.2 148
Nakuru 1.3 95.8 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 729 99.1 98.0 724
Narok 2.0 93.1 0.5 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.1 325 99.5 98.9 324
Kajiado 1.9 97.5 1.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 402 99.8 98.8 402
Kericho 5.0 95.8 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 348 90.7 90.7 345
Bomet 1.3 90.2 0.7 0.0 4.7 0.0 0.7 3.6 0.0 0.0 277 98.9 95.3 276
Kakamega 2.0 89.0 0.1 0.0 6.7 0.7 0.4 2.4 0.0 0.4 538 98.8 96.1 533
Vihiga 6.1 85.2 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 1.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 176 99.6 98.7 176
Bungoma 0.4 90.6 0.1 0.0 3.7 0.0 1.3 5.2 0.0 1.0 502 98.5 92.6 493
Busia 2.3 96.6 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 292 98.9 98.6 291
Siaya 1.7 96.7 0.1 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 245 98.3 98.1 245
Kisumu 13.4 83.0 0.3 0.0 3.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 353 99.3 98.8 353
Homa Bay 3.0 94.3 0.6 0.0 4.0 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.1 291 99.2 97.6 290
Migori 2.7 85.7 0.0 0.2 7.2 0.2 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.6 303 98.6 94.4 303
Kisii 0.4 91.5 0.6 0.0 7.3 0.0 0.3 1.9 0.0 0.0 410 97.5 95.7 410
Nyamira 1.7 93.6 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 1.7 0.4 0.0 0.4 143 99.0 98.1 142
Nairobi City 1.2 99.1 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2,034 100.0 99.9 2,026
Total 4.5 91.2 1.1 0.0 3.5 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.0 0.5 14,823 98.1 96.8 14,726
1
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GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE 17
Key Findings
Experience of physical violence:

 Thirty-four percent of women and 27% of men age
15–49 have experienced physical violence since age 15.
 Sixteen percent of women and 10% of men age 15–49
experienced physical violence often or sometimes in the
12 months before the survey.
Experience of sexual violence:
 Thirteen percent of women and 7% of men age 15–49
have ever experienced sexual violence.
 Seven percent of women and 4% of men age 15–49
experienced sexual violence in the 12 months before the
survey.
Controlling behaviours:
 Twenty percent of women report that their current or
most recent husband or intimate partner has ever
demonstrated three or more of the specified behaviours,
while 38% said that their most recent husband or intimate
partner have never demonstrated any of the specified
controlling behaviours.
 Twenty-eight percent of men report that their current or
most recent wife or intimate partner has ever
demonstrated three or more of the specified controlling
behaviours, and 27% said that their most recent husband
or intimate partner has never demonstrated any of the
specified controlling behaviours.
Intimate-partner violence:
 Forty-one percent of women who have ever had a
husband or intimate partner have ever experienced
economic, psychological/ emotional, physical, or sexual
violence by their current or most recent husband/intimate
partner.
 Thirty-six percent of men who have ever had a wife or
intimate partner have experienced any form of economic,
psychological/emotional, physical, or sexual violence by
their current or most recent wife/intimate partner.
 Twenty-eight percent of women who have ever had one
or more husbands/intimate partners experienced
physical, sexual, or psychological/ emotional violence in
the 12 months before the survey from any husband or
intimate partner.
Gender-Based Violence • 585

 Sixteen percent of women who have ever had one or
more husbands/intimate partners experienced physical
intimate partner violence, 7% experienced sexual
intimate partner violence, and 22% experienced
emotional intimate partner violence.
Injuries to women and men due to intimate partner
violence:
 Among women and men age 15–49 who have ever had a
spouse or intimate partner and who experienced physical
or sexual violence committed by their current or most
recent spouse or intimate partner, 51% and 20%,
respectively, sustained any of the specified injuries, while
71% of women and 36% of men suffered any form of
emotional harm in the 12 months before the survey.
Help seeking:
 Forty-two percent of women and 29% of men who have
ever experienced any physical or sexual violence sought
help to stop the violence.
G
ender-based violence (GBV) is acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human rights.
Increasing research has highlighted the health burdens, intergenerational effects, and demographic
consequences of such violence (United Nations 2006). As defined by the United Nations, GBV is
any act of violence that results in physical, sexual, economic, psychological harm, or suffering to women,
girls, men, and boys, as well as threats of such acts, coercion, or the arbitrary deprivation of liberty.
In Kenya, GBV is widely acknowledged to be of great concern from the perspective of human rights,
economics, and health. To combat this scourge, a number of legal and policy frameworks have been
adopted, including: The Constitution of Kenya, 2010; Sexual Offences Act, No.3 of 2006; Protection
Against Domestic Violence Act, No.2 of 2015; Victims Protection Act, No 17 of 2014; National Policy on
Prevention and Response to Gender Based Violence, 2014; and Sessional Paper No. 2 of 2019 on National
Policy on Gender and Development.
Kenya has also ratified several international and regional instruments to address the obligations of the state
to reduce GBV. These include: The Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against
Women, CEDAW (1979); the United Nations Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women,
1993; and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in
Africa, 2003. Despite legislation and efforts to protect women and vulnerable populations against violence,
much remains to be done to protect victims and prosecute perpetrators. Therefore, nationally representative
data on the prevalence of different forms of violence are key to monitoring progress towards the
elimination of violence against persons in Kenya.
Historically, The DHS Program has collected detailed information on intimate partner violence
experienced by ever-married women, defined as women who are currently married or living with a man as
if married and women who were formerly married or lived with a man as if married. Recently, the
questionnaire module used to capture intimate partner violence in a DHS survey was revised to also
capture intimate partner violence experienced by never-married women who reported that they currently or
formerly had an intimate partner.
In the 2022 KDHS, the revised version of the domestic violence questionnaire module was used, and
intimate partner violence experienced by never-married women and men who reported that they currently
or formerly had an intimate partner was captured. The module of questions on GBV was administered in
accordance with the World Health Organization’s guidelines on the ethical collection of information on
gender-based violence (WHO 2001). The module was implemented in a subsample of household. A total
586 • Gender-Based Violence

of 16,926 women age 15–49 (unweighted) and 5,583 men age 15–49 (unweighted) eligible for the module
were interviewed successfully. Five percent of eligible women could not be interviewed, including less
than 1% who could not be interviewed because privacy could not be obtained, while 1% of eligible men
could not be successfully interviewed because privacy could not be obtained or for other reasons.
Specifically constructed weights were used to adjust for the selection of only one respondent per household
and to ensure that the subsample was nationally representative.
This chapter presents findings for women and men age 15–49 who may have experienced different forms
of violence (physical, sexual, psychological/emotional, and economic violence). The chapter also provides
detailed information on forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence, injuries from
intimate partner violence, violence against spouses/intimate partners, and help-seeking among women and
men who have experienced violence.
17.1 MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE
Husband: A man with whom a woman is married or living with as if married.

Intimate partner for women: A man with whom a never-married woman is in a
relationship that involves physical and/or emotional intimacy and for which the
relationship is or has the expectation of being longer lasting. As defined in this
chapter, an intimate partner is not a husband or a man a woman is living with
and is also not a boyfriend with whom her relationship is casual or a man with
whom she has a one-time encounter.
Intimate partner for men: A woman with whom a never-married man is in a
relationship that involves physical and/or emotional intimacy and for which the
relationship is or has the expectation of being longer lasting. As defined in this
chapter, an intimate partner is not a wife or a woman a man is living with and is
also not a girlfriend with whom his relationship is casual or a woman with whom
he has a one-time encounter.
Husband/intimate partner for women: This refers to the current husband for
currently married women; the most recent husband for divorced, separated, or
widowed women; the current intimate partner for never married women who
currently have an intimate partner; and the most recent intimate partner for
never married women who do not currently have an intimate partner but had
one in the past.
Wife/intimate partner for me: This refers to the current wife for currently
married women; the most recent wife for divorced, separated, or widowed men;
the current intimate partner for never married men who currently have an
intimate partner; and the most recent intimate partner for never married men
who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past.
Boyfriend: This is a man with whom the woman has a casual relationship and
whom she did not mention as an intimate partner.
Girlfriend: This is a woman with whom the man has a casual relationship and
who he did not mention as an intimate partner.
In the 2022 KDHS, information was obtained from women and men age 15–49 on their experience of
violence committed by any perpetrator, including current and former spouses or other intimate partners. To
capture intimate partner violence, ever-married women/men were asked about their experience of violence
committed by their current and former spouse/live-in partners and, if applicable, never-married
women/men were asked about their experience of violence committed by their current and former intimate
partners. More specifically, intimate-partner violence was measured by asking women/men if their current
or former spouse/intimate partner ever did the following to them:
 Physical violence: Push you, shake you, or throw something at you; slap you; twist your arm or pull
your hair; punch you with fist or with something that could hurt you; kick you, drag you, or beat you
up; choke you or burn you on purpose; or attack you with a knife, gun, or other weapon.

 Sexual violence: Physically force you to have sexual intercourse with him/her when you did not want
to; physically force you to perform any other sexual acts you did not want to; force you with threats or
in any other way to perform sexual acts you did not want to.
 Psychological/Emotional violence: Say or do something to humiliate you in front of others; threaten

to hurt or harm you or someone you care about; insult you or make you feel bad about yourself.
 Economic Violence: Restrict, exploit, or sabotage your ability to acquire or access or maintain
economic resources.
In addition to the questions on different forms of intimate partner violence, information was also obtained
from women and men about physical violence committed by anyone other than any spouse/intimate
partner since they were age 15 by asking if anyone had hit, slapped, kicked, or done something else to hurt
them physically. All women and men were also asked if they had experienced sexual violence committed
by anyone other than any spouse/intimate partner. They were asked if at any time in their life, as a child or
as an adult, they were forced in any way to have sexual intercourse or to perform any other sexual acts
when they did not want to. In addition, ever pregnant women were asked about their experience of physical
violence during any pregnancy.
17.2 WOMEN’S EXPERIENCE OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
Physical violence by any perpetrator

Percentage of women who have experienced any physical violence (committed
by a husband, intimate partner, or anyone else) since age 15 and in the 12
months before the survey.
Percentage of men who have experienced any physical violence (committed by
a wife, intimate partner, or anyone else) since age 15 and in the 12 months
before the survey.
Thirty-four percent of women have experienced physical violence since age 15. Sixteen percent have
experienced such violence often or sometimes in the 12 months before the survey (Table 17.1).
Among men, 27% have experienced physical violence since age 15 and 10% have experienced such
violence often or sometimes in the 12 months before the survey.

Trends: The percentage of women who experienced Figure 17.1 Trends in physical violence
physical violence in the 12 months before the survey Percentage who have experienced
declined between 2008–09 and 2022, from 24% to physical violence by any perpetrator in the
16%. The percentage of men who have experienced 12 months preceding the survey
physical violence in the 12 months before the survey
declined slightly from 12% in 2014 to 10% in 2022
(Figure 17.1). 23
24
20 Women
16
 Experience of physical violence among women 12 10
increases with age; 20% of women age 15–19 Men
and 42% of women age 40–49 have experienced
physical violence since age 15 (Table 17.1).
 Nine percent of never married women and 13% 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
of never married men, often or sometimes
experienced physical violence in the 12 months representative, while data collected before 2003 exclude
before the survey, while 19% of ever married the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
women and 8% of ever married men had the
same experience.
 At the county level, experience of physical violence among women in the 12 months before the survey
is most prevalent in Migori (30%), Bungoma (29%), Isiolo (29%), and Samburu (29%) counties
(Table 17.1C).
 The percentage of women who have ever experienced physical violence since age 15 is most prevalent
in Bungoma (62%), Murang’a (54%), Homa Bay (54%), and Migori counties (51%).
17.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence
The most common perpetrators of physical violence among women who have ever been married or have
ever had an intimate partner are their current husband/intimate partner (54%), followed by a former
husband/intimate partner (34%) (Table 17.2).
The most common perpetrators of physical violence among women who have never been married or have
never had an intimate partner are teachers (33%), mothers/stepmothers (25%), and fathers/step-fathers
(17%).
The most common perpetrators of physical violence among men who have ever been married or ever had
an intimate partner are teachers (28%). Other perpetrators include current wife/intimate partner (20%) and
former wife/intimate partner (19%).
The most common perpetrators of physical violence among men who have never been married or never
had an intimate partner are teachers (46%). Other perpetrators include schoolmates/classmates (22%),
mothers/step-mothers (14%), and fathers/step-fathers (14%).

17.2.2 Experience of Physical Violence during Pregnancy
Physical violence during pregnancy

Percentage of women who have experienced physical violence (committed by a
husband, intimate partner, or anyone else) during any pregnancy.
Sample: Women age 15–49 who have ever been pregnant
Seven percent of women age 15–49 who have ever been pregnant have experienced physical violence
during pregnancy (Table 17.3).
 Experience of physical violence during pregnancy by marital status is highest among women who are
divorced, separated, or widowed (12%).
 Nine percent of women in the lowest wealth quintile (9%) have experienced physical violence during
pregnancy compared with those in the highest wealth quintile (4%).
 At the county level, physical violence during pregnancy is prevalent in Kisii (14%), Homa Bay (12%),
Bungoma (12%), and Narok counties (12%) (Table 17.3C).
17.3 EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Sexual violence by any perpetrator for women

Percentage of women who have experienced any sexual violence (committed
by a husband, intimate partner, or anyone else) ever and in the 12 months
before the survey.
Sexual violence by any perpetrator for men
Percentage of men who have experienced any sexual violence (committed by a
wife, intimate partner, or anyone else) ever and in the 12 months before the
survey.
17.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence
Thirteen percent of women and 7% of men have ever experienced sexual violence by any perpetrator. In
the 12 months before the survey, 7% of women and 4% of men experienced sexual violence (Table 17.4).
 By marital status, the percentage of women who have ever experienced sexual violence is higher
among ever married women (15%) than among never married women (8%).
 Lifetime experience of sexual violence is higher among women and men employed for cash (16% and
8%, respectively) than women and men who are not employed (9% and 4%, respectively).
 At the county level, experience of sexual violence among women in the 12 months before the survey is
prevalent in Bungoma (17%), Murang’a (14%), and Embu counties (13%) (Table 17.4C).
17.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence
The most frequently reported perpetrators of sexual violence among women who have ever been married
or have ever had an intimate partner is the current husband/intimate partner (71%), followed by former

husband/intimate partner (19%) (Table 17.5). Among men, the majority of perpetrators of sexual violence
are current wife/ intimate partner (63%), followed by former wife/intimate partner (32%).
17.3.3 Experience of Sexual Violence by a Non-intimate Partner
The percentage of women and men who reported to have ever experienced sexual violence from any non-
intimate partner is 4% and 2%, respectively (Table 17.6 and Table 17.6C).
17.3.4 Age at First Experience of Sexual Violence
Five percent of women and 2% of men reported that they first experienced sexual violence by age 18
(Table 17.7). The percentage of women who experienced sexual violence by age 22 is twice (8%) as high
as for men (4%).
17.4 EXPERIENCE OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF VIOLENCE

Physical violence and sexual violence may not occur in isolation since victims of violence may experience
a combination of different forms of violence. Twenty-four percent of women and 22% of men have
experienced physical violence only, 4% of women and 2% of men have experienced sexual violence only,
and 10% of women and 5% of men have experienced both physical and sexual violence. Overall, 37% of
women and 29% of men age 15–49 have experienced either physical or sexual violence (Table 17.8).
Among women, the percentage who have experienced physical or sexual violence by anyone increases
with age from 23% among women age 15–19 to 46% among women 40–49. Among men, this percentage
varies little by age.
17.5 FORMS OF CONTROLLING BEHAVIOURS AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Controlling behaviour
For women: Percentage of women whose current or most recent husband/
intimate partner demonstrates one or more of the following controlling
behaviours: is jealous or angry if she talks to other men; wrongly accuses her of
being unfaithful; does not permit her to meet her female friends; tries to limit her
contact with her family; and insists on knowing where she is at all times.
Sample: Women age 15–49 who ever had a husband or an intimate partner
For men: Percentage of men whose current or most recent wife/intimate
partner demonstrates one or more of the following controlling behaviours: is
jealous or angry if he talks to other women; wrongly accuses him of being
unfaithful; does not permit him to meet his male friends; tries to limit his contact
with his family; and insists on knowing where he is at all times.
Sample: Men age 15–49 who ever had a wife or an intimate partner
Intimate-partner violence
For women: Percentage of women who have experienced any of the specified
acts of physical, sexual, psychological/emotional, or economic violence
committed by their current or most recent husband/intimate partner, ever and in
the 12 months before the survey.
For men: Percentage of men who have experienced any of the specified acts
of physical, sexual, psychological/emotional, or economic violence committed
by their current or most recent wife/intimate partner, ever and in the 12 months
before the survey.
Sample: Men age 15–49 who ever had a wife or an intimate partner

17.5.1 Prevalence of Controlling Behaviours
Attempts by husbands or wives to closely control and monitor their spouses’ behaviour are important early
warning signs and correlates of violence in a relationship. Because the concentration of behaviours is more
significant than the display of any single behaviour, the percentage of women and men whose spouses
display at least three of the specified behaviours is also discussed.
The percentage of women and men who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner and ever experienced
any controlling behaviour from the current or the most recent spouse or intimate partner is 62% and 73%,
respectively (Table 17.9.1 and Table 17.9.2).
Fifty-one percent of women and 64% of men experienced any of the controlling behaviour during the 12
months before the survey (Table 17.9.1 and Table 17.9.2).
Among women who have ever had Figure 17.2 Forms of controlling behaviours
a husband or intimate partner, 52%
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have
report that their current or most ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have ever
recent husband or intimate partner expererienced specific types of controlling behaviors
is jealous or angry if they talk with Women
Men
other men; 35% report that he
Is jealous or angry if they talk to 52
insists on knowing where they are at
other men/women 64
all times; 21% report that he
wrongly accuses them of being Wrongly accuses her/him of 21
unfaithful; 16% report that he does being unfaithful 40
not permit them to meet their
female friends, and 9% report that Does not permit meeting with her 16
female/his male friends 16
he tries to limit their contact with
their families. 9
Tries to limit her/his contact with
her/his family 6
Overall, 20% of women who have
ever had a husband or intimate Insists on knowing where she/he 35
partner report that their current or is at all times 39
most recent husband or intimate
partner displays three or more of the Displays 3 or more of the specific 20
behaviors 28
specified behaviours, and 38% say
that he displays none of the Displays none of the specific 38
specified controlling behaviours behaviors 27
(Figure 17.2).
Similarly, among men who have ever had a wife or intimate partner, 28% report that their current or most
recent wife or intimate partner displays three or more of the specified behaviours, and 27% say that she
displays none of them.
Patterns of controlling behaviours by background characteristics
 Women’s reports of controlling behaviours by their husband/intimate partner vary greatly by whether
the respondent is afraid of this husband or intimate partner. Twelve percent of women who say that
they are never afraid of their husband or intimate partner report three or more controlling behaviours
by their husband or intimate partner, while 54% of women who are afraid of their husband or intimate
partner most of the time report three or more controlling behaviours by their husband or intimate
partner (Table 17.10.1).
 The percentage of men whose wife/intimate partner displays three or more specific controlling
behaviours increases with education, from 23% among men with no education to 32% among men

with more than secondary education. The percentage similarly increases with wealth, from 22% for
men in the lowest wealth quintile to 34% for men in the highest wealth quintile (Table 17.10.2).
 By county, the highest percentage of women whose husband or intimate partner displays three or more
specific controlling behaviours are in Murang’a (36%), Embu (32%), Kiambu (29%), and Taita/Taveta
(29%) counties (Table 17.10.1C).
17.5.2 Prevalence of Intimate-partner Violence Perpetrated by Current or Most Recent

Spouse/intimate Partner
Four in ten women who have ever Figure 17.3 Prevalence of intimate partner violence
had a husband or intimate partner among women
(41%) have ever experienced Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a
economic, psychological/emotional, husband or intimate partner who have experienced
physical, or sexual violence specfic types of violence by their current
perpetrated by their current or most husband/intimate partner
recent husband/intimate partner, and
Ever
29% have experienced any form of Psychological/emotional violence
30
experienced
such violence in the 12 months 22
before the survey (Table 17.9.1 and Experienced
Figure 17.3). 28 in the last 12
Physical violence months
16
Thirty percent of women who have
ever had a husband or intimate Sexual violence
10
partner have ever experienced 7
psychological/emotional violence
11
perpetrated by their current or most Economic violence
5
recent husband/intimate partner,
while 22% reported experiencing
this type of violence in the 12
months before the survey (Table
17.9.1 and Figure 17.3). 20
At least three forms of controlling
behaviours 16
Twenty-eight percent of women
have ever experienced physical
Any form of physical and/or 31
violence perpetrated by their current sexual violence 19
or most recent husband or intimate
partner, while 16% reported Any form of 40
experiencing this type of violence in psychological/emotional or
physical or sexual violence 28
the 12 months before the survey.
Any form of economic, 41
Ten percent of the women have ever psychological/emotional or
29
physical or sexual violence
experienced sexual violence
perpetrated by their current or most
recent husband or intimate partner, while 7% reported experiencing this type of violence in the 12 months
before the survey.
Eleven percent of the women have ever experienced economic violence perpetrated by their current or
most recent husband or intimate partner, while 5% reported experiencing this type of violence in the past
12 months before the survey.

Among men who have ever had a wife or intimate partner:
 Thirty-six percent have ever experienced any form of economic, psychological/emotional, physical, or
sexual violence from their current or most recent wife or intimate partner, and 28% have experienced
any form of such violence in the 12 months before the survey.
 Twenty-five percent have ever experienced psychological/ emotional violence perpetrated by their
current or most recent wife or intimate partner, while 19% reported experiencing such violence in the
12 months before the survey,
 Eight percent have ever Figure 17.4 Prevalence of intimate partner violence
experienced physical violence among men
perpetrated by their current or Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever had a wife
most recent wife or intimate or intimate partner who have experienced specfic types
partner, while 6% reported of violence by their current wife/intimate partner
experiencing such violence in
25 Ever
the 12 months before the Psychological/emotional
experienced
violence
survey. 19
Experienced
 Six percent have ever 8 in the last 12
Physical violence months
experienced sexual violence 6
perpetrated by their current or
most recent wife or intimate 6
Sexual violence
partner, while 4% reported 4
the 12 months before the 6
Economic violence
survey. 2
 Six percent have ever

experienced economic violence
perpetrated by their current or
most recent wife or intimate 28
At least three forms of
partner, while 2% reported controlling behaviours 25
the past 12 months (Table
Any form of physical and/or 11
17.9.2 and Figure 17.4). sexual violence 8
Trends: The percentage of ever
Any form of 29
married women who have psychological/emotional or
experienced physical, sexual, or physical or sexual violence 22
phycological/emotional violence
Any form of economic, 36
was 47% in both 2008 and 2014 psychological/emotional or
and, at 45% in 2022, has changed physical or sexual violence 28
little over time. For ever married
men, this percentage has increased
from 24% in 2014 to 30% in 2022.
Patterns of intimate partner violence perpetrated by the current or most recent husband/intimate
partner by background characteristics
 Forty-four percent of women in rural areas have ever experienced at least one form of violence
committed by their current or most recent husband/ intimate partner compared with 37% of those in
urban areas. Among men, the percentage of those who have ever experienced at least one form of

violence by their current or most recent wife/intimate partner is higher in urban (41%) than in rural
areas (34%) (Table 17.11.1 and Table 17.11.2).
 The percentage of women who have ever experienced at least one form of violence perpetrated by
their current or most recent husband/intimate partner is higher among ever married women (46%) than
among never married women (22%) (Table 17.11.1).
 A higher percentage of employed women (45% of those employed for cash and 47% of those
employed, not for cash) than those not employed (33%) have ever experienced at least one form of
violence perpetrated by their current or most recent husband/intimate partner.
 Counties with the highest percentage of women who have ever experienced at least one form of
violence committed by their current or most recent husband/intimate partner are Bungoma (61%),
Migori (59%), Embu (59%), and Murang’a counties (59%) (Table 17.11.1C).
Patterns of intimate partner violence perpetrated by the current or most recent spouse/intimate
partner by spouse’s/intimate partner’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators
 Eighty-four percent of women whose husband or Figure 17.5 Intimate partner violence by
intimate partner are often drunk have ever husband’s/intimate partner’s alcohol
experienced at least one form of violence consumption
perpetrated by their current or most recent Percentage of women age 15–49 who
husband/intimate partner compared with 32% of have ever had a husband/intimate partner
those whose husband or intimate partner do not who have ever experienced
psychological/emotional, physical,
drink alcohol (Figure 17.5). economic, or sexual violence committed
by their current/most recent
 The percentage of women and men who have husband/intimate partner
ever experienced at least one form of violence 84
perpetrated by the current or most recent
spouse/intimate partner, increases with the 55 52
number of controlling behaviours displayed by
32
their spouse/intimate partner, from 18% to 96%
among women (Table 17.12.1) and from 17% to
88% among men (Table 17.12.2).
Does not Drinks/never Gets drunk Gets drunk
drink gets drunk sometimes very often
17.5.3 Intimate-partner Violence in the Last 12 Months Perpetrated by Any

Husband/Intimate Partner
Intimate-partner violence by any partner in the last 12 months

Percentage of women who have experienced any of the specified acts of
physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence committed by any
husband or intimate partner in the 12 months before the survey. These
indicators correspond to SDG 5.2
Twenty-eight percent of women who have ever had one or more husbands/intimate partners experienced
physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence in the 12 months before the survey from any
husband or intimate partner.

Sixteen percent of women who have ever had one or more husbands/intimate partners experienced
physical intimate partner violence, 7% experienced sexual intimate partner violence, and 22% experienced
emotional intimate partner violence (Table 17.13.1).
In comparison, among men who have ever had one or more wives/intimate partners, 22% experienced
physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence in the 12 months before the survey from any wife or
intimate partner (Table 17.13.2).
An equal percentage of women and men (8%) experienced economic violence in the 12 months before the
survey from any spouse or intimate partner.
 Among women, the experience of any physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence by any
husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months is more prevalent in rural (31%) than in urban areas
(24%). Among men, experience of such violence perpetrated by any wife or intimate partner in the last
12 months is higher in urban (27%) than in rural areas (20%) (Tables 17.13.1 and 17.13.2).
 Sixteen percent of never married women experienced any physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional
violence by any intimate partner in the last 12 months compared with 31% of ever married women
(Table 17.13.1).
 Among women who have ever had one or more husbands/intimate partners, the percentage who
experienced physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence from any husband/intimate partner
in the last 12 months before the survey decreases from 33% for those in the two lowest wealth
quintiles to 21% for those in the highest wealth quintile.
 By county, the experience of physical, sexual, or psychological/emotional violence by any husband or

intimate partner in the 12 months before the survey, is prevalent in Bungoma (48%), Embu (48%), and
Migori (47%) (Table 17.13.1C and Map 17.1).

Map 17.1 Intimate partner violence by any partner in the last 12 months by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a husband or intimate partner who have experienced
psychological/emotional, physical, or sexual violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months
17.6 INJURIES TO WOMEN AND MEN DUE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Injuries due to intimate partner violence

Percentage of women and men who have the following types of injuries from
intimate partner violence: cuts, bruises, or aches; eye injuries, sprains,
dislocations, or burns; deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or any other
serious injury; or who felt humiliated, stressed, isolated, lonely, anxious, or any
other form of emotional harm.
Sample: Women age 15–49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence
committed by their current or most recent husband/intimate partner and men
age 15–49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence committed by
their current or most recent wife/intimate partner
Among women and men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner and who experienced
physical or sexual violence committed by their current or most recent spouse or intimate partner, 51% and
20%, respectively sustained any of the specified injuries, while 71% of women and 36 % of men suffered
any form of emotional harm in the 12 months before the survey (Table 17.14).

17.7 VIOLENCE INITIATED BY WOMEN AND MEN AGAINST SPOUSES/INTIMATE PARTNERS
Initiation of physical violence by respondent or men

Percentage of women and men who have ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done
anything else to physically hurt their current or most recent spouse/intimate
partner at times when he/she was not already beating or physically hurting
them.
and men age 15–49 who ever had a wife or an intimate partner
Among men who have ever had a wife or intimate partner, 20% have ever committed physical violence
against their current or most recent wife or intimate partner when she was not already beating or physically
hurting him compared to 3% of women.
Among men who have ever had a wife or intimate partner, 10% committed physical violence against their
current or most recent wife or intimate partner when she was not already beating or physically hurting him
compared to 2% of women in the 12 months before the survey (Table 17.15 and Table 17.15C).
 Among men who in the 12 months before the survey experienced physical intimate partner violence,
within the same period, 48% initiated physical violence against their current or most recent wife or
intimate partner when the wife or intimate partner was not already beating or physically hurting him
(Table 17.15).
 Among men who have never experienced physical intimate partner violence, 8% committed physical
violence against their current or most recent wife or intimate partner in the last 12 months when the
wife or intimate partner was not already beating or physically hurting him.
 Thirteen percent of ever-married men compared with 5% of never married men committed physical
violence against their current or most recent wife or intimate partner in the 12 months before the
survey when the wife or intimate partner was not already beating or physically hurting him.
 The percentage of men employed for cash, who committed physical violence against their current or
most recent wife or intimate partner in the 12 months before the survey when the wife or intimate
partner was not already beating or physically hurting him (11%), compared to those employed not for
cash (7%) and those not employed (5%).
 Among men who have ever had a wife or intimate partner and whose wife or intimate partner is often
drunk, 24% committed physical violence against their current or most recent wife or intimate partner
in the last 12 months when she was not already beating or physically hurting him compared to 5% of
women (Table 17.16).
17.8 HELP-SEEKING AMONG WOMEN WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED VIOLENCE

17.8.1 Prevalence of Help Seeking
Among women and men who have ever experienced any physical or sexual violence: 42% of women and
29% of men sought help to stop violence; 17% of women and 13% of men never sought help but told
someone; and 42% of women and 58% of men never sought help and never told anyone (Tables 17.17.1,
17.17.1C, and 17.17.2).

 The percentage of women and men who sought Figure 17.6 Help seeking by type of
help to stop the violence is higher among those violence experienced
who have experienced physical violence only
Percentage of women and men age
(38% and 29%, respectively) than among those 15–49 who have experienced physical or
who experienced sexual violence only (29% and sexual violence who sought help
20%, respectively) (Figure 17.6).
Women Men
 Help seeking by women and men who have ever
experienced physical or sexual violence is higher
in urban areas (44% for women and 30% for 55
men) than in rural areas (40% and 29%, 38 40 42
respectively) (Table 17.7.1 and Table 17.17.2). 29 29 29
20
 Thirty-three percent of women and 25% of men

who have never been married sought help to stop Physical Sexual Physical and Physical or
the violence, while 44% of women and 34% of violence violence sexual sexual
men who have ever been married sought help to only only violence violence
stop the violence.
 By education, the percentage of women who have never sought help and never told anyone is highest
among women with no education (58%).
17.8.2 Sources for Help
The most common source of help among women age 15–49 who have experienced physical violence only
is their own family (62%), followed by husband’s/intimate partner’s family (32%), friend (15%), and
chief/other national government administrative officers (15%) (Table 17.18). Among men who have
experienced physical violence only, the predominant source of help is their own family (48%), followed by
police (26%), chief/other national government administrative officers (20%), and friend (16%).
Fifty-eight percent of women who have experienced sexual violence only sought help from their own
family, 21% from friends, and 15% from police.
Among those who have experienced both physical and sexual violence, the most common source of help is
their own family for both women (69%) and men (40%). Similarly, these same sources of help are also
observed among those who have experienced physical or sexual violence (64% for women and 47% for
men).

LIST OF TABLES
For more information on gender-based domestic violence, see the following tables:
 Table 17.1 Experience of physical violence by any perpetrator

 Table 17.1C Experience of physical violence by any perpetrator according to county
 Table 17.2 Persons committing physical violence
 Table 17.3 Experience of physical violence during pregnancy
 Table 17.3C Experience of violence during pregnancy by county
 Table 17.4 Experience of sexual violence by any perpetrator
 Table 17.4C Experience of sexual violence by any perpetrator according to county
 Table 17.5 Persons committing sexual violence
 Table 17.6 Experience of sexual violence by any non-intimate partner
 Table 17.6C Experience of sexual violence by any non-intimate partner according to county
 Table 17.7 Age at first experience of sexual violence
 Table 17.8 Experience of different forms of violence
 Table 17.9.1 Forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence: Women
 Table 17.9.2 Forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence: Men
 Table 17.10.1 Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by background
characteristics: Women
 Table 17.10.1C Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by county: Women
 Table 17.10.2 Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by background
characteristics: Men
 Table 17.11.1 Intimate partner violence by background characteristics: Women
 Table 17.11.1C Intimate partner violence by county: Women
 Table 17.11.2 Intimate partner violence by background characteristics: Men
 Table 17.12.1 Intimate partner violence by husband’s/intimate partner’s characteristics and
women’s empowerment indicators: Women
 Table 17.12.2 Intimate partner violence by wife’s/intimate partner’s and respondent’s
characteristics: Men
 Table 17.13.1 Violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months: Women
 Table 17.13.1C Violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months by county:
Women
 Table 17.13.2 Violence by any wife or intimate partner in the last 12 months: Men
 Table 17.14 Injuries to women due to intimate-partner violence
 Table 17.15 Physical violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner by
respondent’s background characteristics
 Table 17.15C Violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner by county
 Table 17.16 Violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner by spouse/intimate
partner characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators
 Table 17.17.1 Help seeking to stop violence: Women
 Table 17.17.1C Help seeking to stop violence by county: Women
 Table 17.17.2 Help seeking to stop violence: Men
 Table 17.18 Sources for help to stop the violence

Table 17.1 Experience of physical violence by any perpetrator
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have experienced physical violence by any perpetrator since age 15 and percentage who have
experienced physical violence by any perpetrator in the 12 months before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Percent- Percent-
age who age who
have have
experi- experi-
enced enced
physical physical
violence Often or violence Often or
Background since Some- some- Number since Some- some- Number
characteristic age 151 Often times times2 of women age 153 Often times times4 of men
Age
15–19 19.5 1.0 10.0 11.2 3,063 29.2 1.7 15.5 17.4 1,252
20–24 29.0 2.9 12.3 15.4 3,289 26.6 0.7 9.7 10.4 921
25–29 36.9 4.4 14.4 18.9 3,071 28.3 0.6 7.8 8.3 847
30–39 40.2 4.9 13.2 18.2 4,575 25.3 0.9 7.5 8.4 1,350
40–49 41.7 4.0 9.8 13.9 2,928 26.1 1.0 4.9 6.0 996
Residence
Urban 31.6 3.3 10.0 13.4 6,742 29.1 0.7 11.9 12.7 1,992
Rural 35.5 3.7 13.5 17.3 10,184 25.8 1.2 7.8 9.1 3,373
Marital status
Never married 19.8 0.9 8.0 9.0 5,465 28.1 1.2 12.0 13.4 2,524
Never ever had intimate
partner 12.3 0.5 6.2 6.7 2,314 30.0 1.1 14.5 15.6 1,204
Ever had intimate partner 25.2 1.3 9.3 10.7 3,151 26.3 1.3 9.8 11.3 1,319
Ever married 40.7 4.8 14.0 19.0 11,461 26.1 0.9 6.9 7.8 2,842
Married/living together 37.0 4.1 14.7 18.9 9,492 23.5 0.6 5.9 6.5 2,510
Divorced/separated/
widowed 58.4 8.1 10.8 19.3 1,969 45.5 2.6 14.3 17.1 332
5
Education
No education 35.9 4.9 12.7 17.6 896 11.5 0.0 5.1 5.1 148
Primary 42.7 5.5 15.7 21.4 6,126 26.3 1.4 9.1 10.6 2,024
Secondary 30.8 2.9 11.7 14.7 6,650 29.4 0.9 11.0 12.0 2,147
Wealth quintile
Lowest 36.9 5.3 15.8 21.2 2,716 23.0 1.1 8.1 9.2 828
Second 36.7 4.4 14.4 19.0 3,045 27.2 1.2 9.4 10.9 1,085
Middle 36.8 3.5 13.8 17.4 3,231 28.6 1.7 9.1 10.8 1,137
Fourth 33.6 2.8 11.0 14.1 3,775 27.4 0.3 8.5 8.8 1,230
Highest 28.1 2.4 7.6 10.0 4,159 27.9 0.9 11.3 12.2 1,085
Total 15–49 33.9 3.5 12.1 15.8 16,926 27.0 1.0 9.3 10.4 5,365
50–54 na na na na na 22.8 0.6 4.2 4.8 318
1
Includes physical violence in the last 12 months. For women who were married or living together before age 15 and reported violence only by
their husband and for never married women who had an intimate partner before age 15 and reported violence only by their intimate partner, the
violence could have occurred before age 15.
2
Includes women who report physical violence in the last 12 months but for whom frequency is not known.
3
Includes physical violence in the last 12 months. For men who were married or living together before age 15 and reported violence only by their
wife and for never married men who had an intimate partner before age 15 and reported violence only by their intimate partner, the violence could
have occurred before age 15.
4
Includes men who report physical violence in the last 12 months but for whom frequency is not known.
5

Table 17.1C Experience of physical violence by any perpetrator according to
county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have experienced physical violence by any
perpetrator since age 15 and percentage who have experienced physical violence by
any perpetrator in the 12 months before the survey, according to county, Kenya DHS
2022
Percent-
age who
have
experi-
enced
physical
violence Often or
since Some- some- Number of
County age 151 Often times times2 women
Mombasa 24.5 2.1 9.4 11.5 500
Kwale 13.1 3.0 8.3 11.3 264
Kilifi 20.1 1.6 5.9 8.3 491
Tana River 35.8 1.5 21.8 23.2 81
Lamu 33.9 4.3 7.7 12.0 51
Taita/Taveta 29.5 2.1 5.4 7.4 110
Garissa 21.0 6.4 6.4 12.8 148
Wajir 13.2 1.4 4.1 5.5 84
Mandera 8.6 0.7 2.6 3.3 104
Marsabit 16.4 1.7 12.3 14.2 68
Isiolo 45.6 9.8 19.5 29.3 69
Meru 35.8 4.9 10.2 15.1 547
Tharaka-Nithi 34.6 2.8 11.0 13.9 146
Embu 40.3 5.6 22.1 27.7 207
Kitui 11.5 0.5 4.1 4.7 391
Machakos 25.7 2.8 7.4 10.1 515
Makueni 22.7 2.2 9.7 11.9 362
Nyandarua 24.3 1.4 3.6 5.0 222
Nyeri 36.9 3.1 11.7 15.4 276
Kirinyaga 39.6 1.2 10.4 12.5 263
Murang’a 53.7 6.3 15.7 22.0 359
Kiambu 41.7 5.6 12.2 17.9 1,091
Turkana 42.4 5.0 14.9 19.9 176
West Pokot 27.1 4.2 14.8 19.1 205
Samburu 48.6 9.7 18.7 28.5 87
Trans Nzoia 40.8 5.0 12.2 17.2 351
Uasin Gishu 41.9 2.3 9.7 12.4 495
Elgeyo/Marakwet 30.2 1.7 14.2 15.9 119
Nandi 39.4 2.5 12.5 15.0 334
Baringo 37.9 8.5 10.3 19.6 207
Laikipia 34.5 2.9 8.8 11.7 175
Nakuru 23.5 1.2 8.2 9.4 898
Narok 40.5 3.6 12.6 16.3 376
Kajiado 36.1 5.6 11.0 17.0 471
Kericho 16.3 2.1 8.0 10.2 386
Bomet 32.8 1.6 9.1 10.7 369
Kakamega 40.1 3.5 15.5 19.1 707
Vihiga 33.8 3.1 13.9 17.1 195
Bungoma 62.2 4.0 24.8 29.4 623
Busia 38.4 6.5 14.6 21.1 309
Siaya 23.6 2.1 14.8 16.9 291
Kisumu 36.0 1.7 24.1 26.0 420
Homa Bay 53.5 6.9 19.7 26.6 352
Migori 51.1 4.7 24.7 29.5 364
Kisii 35.7 4.9 14.8 19.8 404
Nyamira 33.3 1.8 7.1 11.3 176
Nairobi City 29.7 3.6 9.9 13.5 2,088
Total 15–49 33.9 3.5 12.1 15.8 16,926
1
Includes physical violence in the last 12 months. Women who were married or living
together before age 15 and reported violence only by their husband and for never
married women who had an intimate partner before age 15 and reported violence only
by their intimate partner, the violence could have occurred before age 15.
2
Includes women who report physical violence in the last 12 months but for whom
frequency is not known.

Table 17.2 Persons committing physical violence
Among women and men age 15–49 who have experienced physical violence
since age 15, percentage who report specific persons who committed the
violence, by the respondent’s partnership status, Kenya DHS 2022
Partnership status
Ever-married/ Never
ever had married/never
intimate had intimate
Person partner partner Total
WOMEN
Current husband/intimate
partner 53.9 na 51.2
Former husband/intimate
partner 33.7 na 32.0
Current boyfriend 0.2 0.0 0.2
Former boyfriend 2.2 3.2 2.2
Father/step-father 5.2 16.8 5.7
Mother/step-mother 8.1 24.8 8.9
Sister/brother 3.3 10.9 3.7
Daughter/son 0.1 0.0 0.1
Other relative 2.6 9.9 3.0
Mother-in-law 0.2 na 0.2
Father-in-law 0.1 na 0.1
Other in-law 1.0 na 0.9
Teacher 5.8 32.5 7.1
Schoolmate/classmate 1.8 14.3 2.4
Employer/someone at work 0.4 0.0 0.4
Police/soldier 0.3 0.9 0.3
Other 2.7 5.0 2.8
Number of women who have
experienced physical violence
since age 15 5,458 286 5,744
MEN
Current wife/intimate partner 19.8 na 14.8
Former wife/intimate partner 19.3 na 14.5
Current girlfriend 0.3 0.0 0.2
Former girlfriend 1.5 0.0 1.2
Father/step-father 13.1 13.5 13.2
Mother/step-mother 8.0 13.9 9.5
Sister/brother 3.4 7.3 4.4
Other relative 5.7 7.9 6.2
Mother-in-law 0.1 na 0.1
Other in-law 0.9 na 0.7
Teacher 27.9 46.2 32.5
Schoolmate/classmate 16.3 22.3 17.8
Employer/someone at work 5.4 0.5 4.2
Police/soldier 6.6 0.7 5.1
Other 22.5 18.9 21.6
Number of men who have
experienced physical violence
since age 15 1,089 362 1,451
married. Percentages may add to more than 100% since women can report
more than one perpetrator.

Table 17.3 Experience of physical violence during pregnancy
Among women age 15–49 who have ever been pregnant,

percentage who have ever experienced physical violence during
pregnancy, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Percentage who
experienced Number of women
Background physical violence who have ever
characteristic during pregnancy been pregnant
Age
15–19 5.0 497
20–24 6.2 1,995
25–29 6.5 2,791
30–39 6.9 4,434
40–49 6.2 2,892
Residence
Urban 6.0 4,905
Rural 6.7 7,705
Marital status
Never married 4.5 1,444
partner 1.2 121
Ever had intimate
partner 4.8 1,323
Ever married 6.7 11,166
Married/living together 5.7 9,219
Divorced/separated/
widowed 11.7 1,948
0 5.0 436
1–2 5.2 6,150
3–4 7.5 3,989
5+ 8.6 2,035
Education1
Primary 8.8 5,217
Secondary 6.0 4,256
Wealth quintile
Lowest 8.5 2,131
Second 7.0 2,263
Middle 7.0 2,420
Fourth 6.6 2,838
Highest 4.1 2,958
Total 6.5 12,610
1

Table 17.3C Experience of violence during pregnancy
by county
Among women age 15–49 who have ever been pregnant,
percentage who have ever experienced physical violence
during pregnancy, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who
experienced Number of women
violence during who have ever
County pregnancy been pregnant
Mombasa 4.0 366
Kwale 0.9 191
Kilifi 3.0 332
Tana River 2.6 65
Lamu 5.5 38
Taita/Taveta 6.2 90
Garissa 6.4 98
Wajir 3.5 58
Mandera 1.4 80
Marsabit 2.0 57
Isiolo 7.4 51
Meru 9.1 432
Embu 6.0 166
Kitui 1.3 289
Machakos 4.9 380
Makueni 1.2 261
Nyandarua 6.3 161
Nyeri 6.6 207
Kirinyaga 7.3 215
Murang’a 11.1 277
Kiambu 6.1 822
Turkana 8.3 135
West Pokot 4.6 174
Samburu 7.8 74
Trans Nzoia 6.1 273
Uasin Gishu 8.7 372
Nandi 2.8 256
Baringo 6.9 153
Laikipia 9.3 127
Nakuru 3.7 657
Narok 11.6 287
Kajiado 8.1 377
Kericho 1.0 294
Bomet 5.8 270
Kakamega 6.5 496
Vihiga 8.4 130
Bungoma 11.7 431
Busia 7.4 238
Siaya 2.9 210
Kisumu 7.2 314
Homa Bay 12.2 277
Migori 7.4 287
Kisii 13.7 315
Nyamira 9.0 132
Total 6.5 12,610

Table 17.4 Experience of sexual violence by any perpetrator
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have ever experienced sexual violence by any perpetrator and percentage who have
experienced sexual violence by any perpetrator in the 12 months before the survey, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Women Men
Background In the last Number of In the last Number of
characteristic Ever1 12 months women Ever1 12 months men
Age
15–19 7.2 3.3 3,063 4.8 2.9 1,252
20–24 11.3 6.3 3,289 8.1 5.5 921
25–29 13.1 7.6 3,071 7.6 5.1 847
30–39 15.2 7.9 4,575 8.0 3.7 1,350
40–49 17.5 7.0 2,928 6.7 2.9 996
Residence
Urban 12.8 5.7 6,742 8.5 5.1 1,992
Rural 13.1 7.1 10,184 6.1 3.2 3,373
Marital status
Never married 8.4 3.3 5,465 5.2 3.1 2,524
Never ever had
intimate partner 3.0 0.5 2,314 1.7 0.2 1,204
Ever had intimate
partner 12.3 5.3 3,151 8.4 5.7 1,319
Ever married 15.2 8.1 11,461 8.5 4.6 2,842
Married/living
together 12.9 8.1 9,492 6.9 3.8 2,510
Divorced/separated/
widowed 26.5 8.3 1,969 21.1 10.9 332
Employment
Employed for cash 16.4 7.8 8,342 8.2 4.6 3,958
Employed not for cash 14.0 8.2 1,748 3.0 2.1 389
Not employed 8.6 4.6 6,836 3.9 1.8 1,018
Education2
No education 8.0 4.8 896 5.3 2.5 148
Primary 16.2 8.3 6,126 7.0 4.2 2,024
Secondary 11.7 6.3 6,650 7.3 4.1 2,147
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.7 7.2 2,716 5.6 3.8 828
Second 14.8 8.1 3,045 7.4 3.8 1,085
Middle 12.9 7.2 3,231 7.2 3.9 1,137
Fourth 13.7 6.2 3,775 7.2 4.6 1,230
Highest 11.3 4.8 4,159 7.1 3.3 1,085
Total 15–49 13.0 6.5 16,926 7.0 3.9 5,365
50–54 na na na 6.3 0.2 318
Total 15–54 na na na 6.9 3.7 5,683
1
Includes experience of sexual violence in the last 12 months.
2

Table 17.4C Experience of sexual violence by any perpetrator
according to county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever experienced sexual
violence by any perpetrator and percentage who have experienced sexual
violence by any perpetrator in the 12 months before the survey, according
In the last Number of
County Ever1 12 months women
Mombasa 9.8 3.8 500
Kwale 4.3 3.3 264
Kilifi 12.2 6.5 491
Lamu 14.5 6.3 51
Garissa 5.8 3.5 148
Wajir 1.5 1.0 84
Mandera 0.8 0.8 104
Marsabit 1.0 1.0 68
Isiolo 9.2 5.3 69
Meru 16.0 8.2 547
Embu 21.5 13.0 207
Kitui 0.9 0.4 391
Machakos 6.3 3.0 515
Makueni 4.7 3.2 362
Nyeri 15.1 5.6 276
Murang’a 24.3 13.6 359
Kiambu 16.6 9.8 1,091
Turkana 10.8 6.7 176
Samburu 6.9 4.2 87
Nandi 6.0 2.6 334
Baringo 8.4 5.7 207
Laikipia 10.9 3.1 175
Nakuru 13.8 3.6 898
Narok 17.5 8.7 376
Kajiado 16.9 8.6 471
Kericho 3.2 1.5 386
Bomet 12.9 7.4 369
Kakamega 16.8 8.9 707
Vihiga 11.9 5.6 195
Bungoma 30.3 16.6 623
Busia 14.7 8.9 309
Siaya 5.7 4.3 291
Kisumu 10.8 6.6 420
Homa Bay 23.1 10.8 352
Migori 16.7 7.4 364
Kisii 16.0 10.1 404
Nyamira 14.5 6.3 176
Nairobi City 12.2 5.8 2,088
Total 15–49 13.0 6.5 16,926
1
Includes experience of sexual violence in the last 12 months.

Table 17.5 Persons committing sexual violence
Among women and men age 15–49 who have experienced sexual violence,
percentage who report specific persons who committed the violence according to
respondent’s partnership status, Kenya DHS 2022
Partnership status
Ever-married/ Never
ever had married/never
intimate had intimate
Person partner partner Total
WOMEN
Current husband/intimate partner 70.9 na 68.6

Former husband/intimate partner 19.2 na 18.6
Current/former boyfriend 3.1 (2.6) 3.1
Father/step father 0.1 (1.9) 0.1
Brother/step brother 0.8 (0.7) 0.8
Other relative 5.1 (29.7) 5.9
In-law 0.4 na 0.4
Own friend/acquaintance 3.0 (21.1) 3.6
Family friend 1.5 (8.5) 1.7
Teacher 1.4 (0.0) 1.4
Schoolmate/classmate 1.4 (6.0) 1.6
Employer/someone at work 0.7 (0.5) 0.7
Police/soldier 0.3 (1.4) 0.4
Priest/religious leader 0.1 (0.0) 0.1
Stranger 6.0 (22.2) 6.5
Other 2.5 (6.7) 2.6
Number women who have experienced
sexual violence 2,132 (70) 2,202
MEN
Current wife/intimate partner 62.5 na 59.0
Former wife/intimate partner 32.2 na 30.5
Current/former girlfriend 6.1 * 7.2
Father/step-father 0.1 * 0.1
Other relative 1.1 * 1.4
Own friend/acquaintance 3.1 * 5.0
Family friend 1.4 * 1.5
Teacher 1.5 * 1.4
Schoolmate/classmate 1.9 * 2.0
Employer/someone at work 2.2 * 2.1
Police/soldier 0.8 * 0.8
Stranger 3.8 * 4.8
Other 7.3 * 7.1
Number men who have experienced
sexual violence 354 21 374
Percentages may add to more than 100% since women can report more than one
perpetrator. Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk
indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.

Table 17.6 Experience of sexual violence by any non-intimate partner
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever experienced sexual violence by someone who
is not a husband or intimate partner, and percentage who have experienced sexual violence by
someone who is not a husband or intimate partner in the 12 months before the survey;
percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever experienced sexual violence by someone who is
not a wife or intimate partner, and percentage who have experienced sexual violence by
someone who is not a wife or intimate partner in the 12 months before the survey, according to
Women Men
Background In the last Number of In the last Number of
characteristic Ever1 12 months women Ever1 12 months men
Age
15–19 3.9 0.8 3,063 2.1 0.4 1,252
20–24 4.3 0.8 3,289 3.8 1.2 921
25–29 3.9 0.5 3,071 1.4 0.1 847
30–39 2.7 0.3 4,575 2.1 0.1 1,350
40–49 3.7 0.6 2,928 2.2 0.8 996
Residence
Urban 4.3 0.6 6,742 2.5 0.4 1,992
Rural 3.2 0.5 10,184 2.2 0.5 3,373
Marital status
Never married 4.8 0.9 5,465 1.9 0.5 2,524
Never ever had
intimate partner 3.0 0.5 2,314 1.7 0.2 1,204
Ever had intimate
partner 6.1 1.2 3,151 2.1 0.7 1,319
Ever married 3.0 0.4 11,461 2.6 0.5 2,842
Married/living
together 2.8 0.4 9,492 1.7 0.3 2,510
Divorced/separated/
widowed 4.3 0.6 1,969 9.4 1.8 332
2
Education
No education 0.3 0.0 896 2.5 0.8 148
Primary 3.1 0.5 6,126 2.1 0.8 2,024
Secondary 3.5 0.6 6,650 2.9 0.4 2,147
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.6 0.4 2,716 1.9 0.7 828
Second 2.9 0.5 3,045 2.4 0.6 1,085
Middle 3.1 0.6 3,231 2.6 0.5 1,137
Fourth 4.5 0.8 3,775 2.6 0.5 1,230
Highest 4.4 0.5 4,159 1.7 0.2 1,085
Total 15–49 3.6 0.6 16,926 2.3 0.5 5,365
50–54 na na na 1.7 0.0 318
Total 15–54 na na na 2.3 0.5 5,683
1
Includes experience of violence in the last 12 months.
2

Table 17.6C Experience of sexual violence by any
non-intimate partner according to county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever
experienced sexual violence by someone who is not a
husband or intimate partner, and percentage who have
experienced sexual violence by someone who is not a
husband or intimate partner in the 12 months before
the survey, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
In the last Number of
County Ever1 12 months women
Mombasa 4.4 0.7 500
Kwale 0.5 0.0 264
Kilifi 1.0 0.2 491
Lamu 1.4 0.0 51
Garissa 0.1 0.0 148
Wajir 0.0 0.0 84
Mandera 0.0 0.0 104
Marsabit 0.0 0.0 68
Isiolo 1.8 0.0 69
Meru 3.4 0.0 547
Embu 2.3 0.0 207
Kitui 0.4 0.2 391
Makueni 0.0 0.0 362
Nyeri 6.3 0.0 276
Murang’a 8.3 2.2 359
Kiambu 2.8 0.6 1,091
Turkana 0.8 0.0 176
Samburu 1.4 0.0 87
Nandi 2.7 0.0 334
Baringo 1.6 0.0 207
Laikipia 6.4 1.7 175
Nakuru 7.7 0.3 898
Narok 2.3 0.7 376
Kajiado 4.7 0.9 471
Kericho 0.3 0.0 386
Bomet 0.0 0.0 369
Kakamega 6.0 1.0 707
Vihiga 5.7 0.3 195
Bungoma 9.0 3.9 623
Busia 4.2 0.5 309
Siaya 0.2 0.0 291
Kisumu 3.8 0.2 420
Homa Bay 5.5 0.0 352
Migori 5.6 0.1 364
Kisii 2.4 0.0 404
Nyamira 3.7 0.0 176
Total 15–49 3.6 0.6 16,926
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom

a woman is living as if married.
1
Includes experience of violence in the last 12 months.

Table 17.7 Age at first experience of sexual violence
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who experienced sexual violence by specific exact ages, according to current age and type
of perpetrator, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage who first experienced sexual violence by exact age: Percentage
who have not
experienced
Background sexual Number of
characteristic 10 12 15 18 22 violence women
WOMEN
Age
15–19 0.1 0.2 2.2 na na 92.8 3,063
20–24 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.9 na 88.7 3,289
25–29 0.5 1.0 1.9 4.2 7.7 86.9 3,071
30–39 0.3 0.4 1.6 4.1 7.5 84.8 4,575
40–49 0.2 0.4 1.9 4.7 7.8 82.5 2,928
18–29 0.7 1.1 1.8 4.9 na 88.5 7,625
Total 15–49 0.4 0.7 1.9 4.8 8.0 87.0 16,926
Type of perpetrator
Any husband/
intimate partner1 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.8 6.1 85.4 14,612
Any non-intimate
partner2 0.4 0.7 1.5 2.7 3.2 96.2 16,926
MEN
Age
15–19 0.4 1.0 1.6 na na 95.2 1,252
20–24 0.0 0.2 0.5 2.6 na 91.9 921
25–29 0.0 0.4 0.5 1.7 3.2 92.4 847
30–39 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.6 3.1 92.0 1,350
40–49 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.8 3.5 93.3 996
18–29 0.0 0.3 0.6 2.6 na 92.7 2,258
Total 15–49 0.3 0.6 0.9 2.4 4.1 93.0 5,365
50–54 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.5 4.0 93.7 318
Total 15–54 0.2 0.6 0.9 2.4 4.1 93.1 5,683
Type of perpetrator
Any wife/intimate
partner3 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.7 3.6 91.5 4,161
Any non-intimate
partner4 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.9 97.5 5,365
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married; the term wife includes a partner with whom a
man is living as if married.
1
Includes only ever-married women and never married women who have ever had an intimate partner.
2
Includes all women 15–49.
3
Includes only ever-married men and never married men who have ever had an intimate partner.
4
Includes all men age 15–49.

Table 17.8 Experience of different forms of violence
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have ever experienced different forms of violence by current age, Kenya DHS
2022
Physical Sexual Physical and sexual Physical or sexual Number of
Age violence only violence only violence violence respondents
WOMEN
15–19 16.0 3.7 3.5 23.2 3,063

15–17 14.2 4.1 2.6 20.9 1,799
18–19 18.7 3.1 4.6 26.5 1,264
20–24 21.9 4.2 7.2 33.2 3,289
25–29 26.6 2.8 10.3 39.7 3,071
30–39 27.7 2.7 12.5 42.9 4,575
40–49 28.7 4.5 13.0 46.2 2,928
Total 15–49 24.4 3.5 9.5 37.4 16,926
MEN
15–19 26.1 1.8 3.1 31.0 1,300
15–17 26.8 2.0 2.5 31.3 790
18–19 25.2 1.4 3.9 30.6 510
20–24 20.3 2.0 5.7 28.0 974
25–29 22.2 2.5 5.4 30.1 910
30–39 19.6 2.3 5.4 27.3 1,442
40–49 22.0 2.6 4.3 28.9 1,056
Total 15–49 22.4 2.3 4.7 29.3 5,365
50–54 17.2 0.6 5.6 23.4 318
Total 15–54 22.1 2.2 4.7 29.0 5,683

Table 17.9.1 Forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have experienced controlling behaviours and various forms
of intimate partner violence ever or in the 12 months before the survey, perpetrated by a spouse or intimate partner, Kenya DHS 2022
Experienced in Frequency in the last 12 months
Ever the last 12
Type of violence experienced experienced months Often Sometimes
CONTROLLING BEHAVIOURS AND INTIMATE-PARTNER VIOLENCE
PERPETRATED BY THE CURRENT OR MOST RECENT HUSBAND/INTIMATE PARTNER
Any controlling behaviour 62.0 51.3 25.2 26.1
Is jealous or angry if she talks to other men 52.4 41.1 14.7 26.4
Wrongly accuses her of being unfaithful 20.8 15.4 4.5 10.9
Does not permit her to meet her female friends 15.6 12.0 4.7 7.3
Tries to limit her contact with her family 9.1 6.5 2.6 3.8
Insists on knowing where she is at all times 34.5 29.0 15.6 13.4
Physical violence
Any physical violence 27.8 15.8 3.9 11.9
Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 13.2 8.0 1.9 6.1
Slapped her 22.9 12.3 2.5 9.8
Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 7.6 4.7 1.2 3.5
Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her 10.6 6.0 1.6 4.4
Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 13.7 7.5 1.8 5.7
Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 3.5 2.2 0.6 1.6
Attacked her with a knife, gun, or other weapon 3.9 2.0 0.6 1.5
Sexual violence
Any sexual violence 10.3 7.0 1.7 5.3
Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse with him when she did
not want to 9.5 6.2 1.5 4.8
Physically forced her to perform any other sexual acts she did not want to 3.7 2.6 0.7 1.9
Forced her with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts she did
not want to 2.8 1.9 0.5 1.4
Psychological/emotional violence
Any psychological/emotional violence 29.9 22.0 6.5 15.5
Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others 15.4 10.4 2.9 7.4
Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone she cared about 12.1 8.0 2.4 5.6
Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself 24.8 18.2 5.0 13.1
Economic violence
Restrict, exploit, or sabotage her ability to acquire or access or maintain
economic resources 10.7 5.0 2.2 2.7
At least three forms of controlling behaviours 19.9 16.3 11.7 4.6
Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 30.6 18.6 4.7 13.9
Any form of psychological/emotional or physical or sexual violence 39.6 27.9 8.3 19.6
Any form of economic, psychological/emotional, or physical or sexual
violence 41.1 29.2 10.0 19.3
INTIMATE-PARTNER VIOLENCE PERPETRATED BY ANY CURRENT OR PREVIOUS HUSBAND OR INTIMATE PARTNER
Physical violence 31.0 16.0 0.0 16.0
Sexual violence 12.1 7.1 0.0 7.1
Psychological/emotional violence 32.0 22.1 na na
Economic violence 10.7 7.3 na na
Any form of physical or sexual violence 34.1 18.8 na na
Any form of emotional or physical or sexual violence 43.0 28.1 na na
Any form of economic, psychological/emotional or physical or sexual violence 44.5 30.8 na na
Number of women ever-married or never married who ever had an intimate
partner 14,612 14,612 14,612 14,612
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married. Husband/intimate partner refers to the current husband for
currently married women, the most recent husband for divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate partner for never married
women who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married women who do not currently have an
intimate partner but had one in the past.
na = not available.

Table 17.9.2 Forms of controlling behaviours and intimate partner violence: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have experienced controlling behaviours and various forms
of intimate-partner violence ever or in the 12 months before the survey, perpetrated by a spouse or intimate partner, Kenya DHS 2022
Experienced in Frequency in the last 12 months
Ever the last 12
Type of violence experienced experienced months Often Sometimes
CONTROLLING BEHAVIOURS AND INTIMATE-PARTNER VIOLENCE
PERPETRATED BY THE CURRENT OR MOST RECENT WIFE/INTIMATE PARTNER
Any controlling behaviour 73.4 64.1 27.3 36.8
Is jealous or angry if he talks to other women 63.8 54.0 15.0 39.0
Wrongly accuses him of being unfaithful 40.3 33.3 6.5 26.8
Does not permit him to meet him male friends 16.1 14.1 4.1 10.0
Tries to limit him contact with his family 6.2 5.0 0.8 4.3
Insists on knowing where he is at all times 39.2 34.4 15.9 18.5
Physical violence
Any physical violence 7.8 5.5 0.7 4.7
Pushed him, shook him, or threw something at him 4.7 3.2 0.3 2.9
Slapped him 3.2 2.0 0.1 1.9
Twisted his arm or pulled his hair 1.9 1.4 0.4 1.0
Punched him with her fist or with something that could hurt him 1.6 1.0 0.1 0.9
Kicked him, dragged him, or beat him up 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.4
Tried to choke him or burn him on purpose 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4
Attacked him with a knife, gun, or other weapon 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.5
Sexual violence
Any sexual violence 5.5 4.3 0.6 3.7
Physically forced him to have sexual intercourse with her when he did not
want to 4.1 3.1 0.3 2.8
Physically forced him to perform any other sexual acts he did not want to 1.8 1.5 0.3 1.2
Forced him with threats or in any other way to perform sexual acts he did
not want to 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.8
Psychological/emotional violence
Any psychological/emotional violence 25.3 19.3 2.9 16.3
Said or did something to humiliate him in front of others 13.7 10.1 1.5 8.6
Threatened to hurt or harm him or someone he cared about 5.5 3.4 0.4 3.1
Insulted him or made him feel bad about himself 14.8 11.0 1.5 9.4
Economic violence
Restrict, exploit, or sabotage his ability to acquire or access or maintain
economic resources 5.6 1.5 0.5 1.0
At least three forms of controlling behaviours 28.0 25.4 15.3 10.1
Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 11.0 7.9 1.1 6.8
Any form of psychological/emotional or physical or sexual violence 28.8 21.9 3.6 18.3
Any form of economic or psychological/emotional or physical or sexual
violence 36.2 27.8 7.7 20.1
INTIMATE-PARTNER VIOLENCE PERPETRATED BY ANY CURRENT OR PREVIOUS WIFE OR INTIMATE PARTNER
Physical violence 9.8 5.4 0.0 5.4
Sexual violence 7.2 4.7 0.0 4.7
Psychological/emotional violence 27.1 19.3 na na
Economic violence 12.6 7.5 na na
Any form of physical or sexual violence 14.1 8.4 na na
Any form of emotional or physical or sexual violence 31.8 22.4 na na
Any form of economic, psychological/emotional or physical or sexual
violence 39.0 28.9 na na
Number of men ever-married or never married who ever had an intimate
partner 4,161 4,161 4,161 4,161
Note: The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married. Wife/intimate partner refers to the current wife for currently married
men, the most recent wife for divorced, separated or widowed men, the current intimate partner for never married men who currently have an
intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married men who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past.
na = not available.

Table 17.10.1 Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by background characteristics: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner whose spouses/intimate partners have ever demonstrated
specific types of controlling behaviours, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of women whose husband/intimate partner:
Does not Number of
Is jealous or Wrongly permit her to Tries to limit Insists on Displays 3 or Displays women who
angry if she accuses her meet her her contact knowing more of the none of the ever had a
Background talks to other of being female with her where she is specific specific husband/inti
characteristic men unfaithful friends family at all times behaviours behaviours mate partner
Age
15–19 50.8 21.6 12.8 3.0 31.8 17.1 37.2 1,292
20–24 59.7 20.7 13.8 6.4 39.9 19.2 30.8 2,894
25–29 54.2 19.1 16.7 9.2 35.4 20.3 37.2 2,997
30–39 50.3 20.6 16.5 10.9 33.6 20.2 39.8 4,535
40–49 47.2 22.7 16.4 11.9 30.6 20.7 43.6 2,894
Residence
Urban 54.1 21.0 15.8 9.0 35.8 21.0 36.9 5,940
Rural 51.2 20.7 15.5 9.2 33.6 19.0 38.7 8,672
Marital status
Never married 58.7 21.9 11.6 2.6 37.0 17.5 32.1 3,151
Currently has intimate
partner 60.9 21.2 11.3 1.8 40.0 17.7 29.5 2,024
Had intimate partner 54.6 23.1 12.2 4.0 31.6 17.3 36.7 1,128
Ever married 50.7 20.5 16.8 10.9 33.8 20.5 39.6 11,461
Married/living together 47.9 17.6 13.6 8.2 30.8 16.6 42.4 9,492
Divorced/separated/
widowed 63.9 34.8 32.2 24.0 48.3 39.1 25.9 1,969
Education1
No education 40.1 16.0 11.8 8.7 23.6 14.5 52.2 853
Primary 52.0 24.2 18.7 11.4 35.5 22.7 37.1 5,461
Secondary 55.2 20.7 16.4 8.8 36.6 20.5 35.0 5,250
Wealth quintile
Lowest 48.6 21.1 16.4 10.8 29.3 19.2 42.3 2,285
Second 50.3 21.4 17.0 9.0 34.2 19.2 37.9 2,556
Middle 53.7 21.2 16.4 9.6 36.8 21.0 36.6 2,755
Fourth 55.8 22.0 17.1 9.9 37.1 21.9 34.5 3,367
Highest 52.1 18.9 12.4 7.2 33.6 18.0 39.5 3,649
Respondent afraid of
spouse/intimate partner
Most of the time afraid 76.2 47.8 47.4 33.0 62.3 53.8 11.3 1,327
Sometimes afraid 69.2 34.0 26.0 16.8 48.9 34.1 20.3 2,785
Never afraid 44.9 13.9 8.9 4.1 27.1 11.8 46.0 10,501
Total 52.4 20.8 15.6 9.1 34.5 19.9 38.0 14,612
intimate partner but had one in the past
1

Table 17.10.1C Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner whose spouses/intimate partners have ever
demonstrated specific types of controlling behaviours, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of women whose husband/intimate partner:
Does not Number of
Is jealous or Wrongly permit her to Tries to limit Insists on Displays 3 or Displays women who
angry if she accuses her meet her her contact knowing more of the none of the ever had a
talks to other of being female with her where she is specific specific husband/inti
County men unfaithful friends family at all times behaviours behaviours mate partner
Mombasa 57.8 23.6 15.8 10.7 40.2 22.5 30.5 437
Kwale 57.0 13.9 4.8 1.3 21.9 9.2 38.5 210
Kilifi 54.6 20.7 8.8 10.2 29.2 17.0 39.0 369
Tana River 50.4 14.0 14.3 8.9 56.0 20.8 30.9 68
Lamu 67.7 12.7 18.3 6.2 26.5 14.5 28.3 43
Taita/Taveta 60.8 27.1 21.9 11.7 41.3 28.7 33.5 94
Garissa 30.9 9.8 13.7 7.7 14.3 14.9 66.7 109
Wajir 16.3 4.9 7.2 3.3 33.4 7.5 60.5 62
Mandera 18.8 1.2 10.6 8.7 16.8 11.5 76.7 84
Marsabit 48.7 21.1 9.3 3.2 17.2 11.8 46.4 60
Isiolo 62.8 21.9 19.8 9.3 36.5 24.4 28.5 55
Meru 55.2 25.5 20.4 11.1 46.9 22.4 25.5 488
Tharaka-Nithi 52.0 17.9 16.7 10.2 42.4 19.6 32.1 122
Embu 66.4 35.7 24.1 12.6 50.2 32.2 24.6 174
Kitui 28.3 12.4 4.0 4.0 20.3 6.8 62.5 313
Machakos 51.7 16.0 11.2 7.9 24.6 16.1 44.1 445
Makueni 49.9 15.6 11.0 7.3 32.2 15.6 41.1 295
Nyandarua 48.7 18.8 12.8 7.1 32.5 15.0 40.2 193
Nyeri 56.7 23.2 19.2 10.0 38.8 22.3 32.5 255
Kirinyaga 57.0 22.6 15.0 8.4 51.4 24.8 30.7 237
Murang’a 61.2 29.0 20.0 17.5 57.1 35.7 25.7 295
Kiambu 59.0 27.5 23.0 12.2 39.2 28.8 31.9 974
Turkana 40.1 17.7 12.6 5.8 23.2 15.0 55.6 149
West Pokot 31.6 14.0 8.0 9.0 18.4 11.2 59.8 180
Samburu 67.1 31.4 21.1 14.5 31.0 27.0 26.5 84
Trans Nzoia 54.4 23.0 17.3 13.2 40.7 23.9 33.7 313
Uasin Gishu 60.1 19.8 16.4 7.7 36.7 18.5 32.4 436
Elgeyo/Marakwet 53.8 14.9 9.9 6.6 23.1 12.0 38.9 103
Nandi 37.2 14.4 11.6 6.5 25.6 12.3 51.3 290
Baringo 68.4 25.1 22.3 11.5 34.6 23.7 25.0 175
Laikipia 60.0 21.0 17.8 7.8 35.2 19.3 31.3 139
Nakuru 52.7 13.3 14.7 7.9 33.2 15.4 36.6 800
Narok 49.1 14.7 13.1 6.3 28.7 15.7 44.6 329
Kajiado 58.1 17.2 15.9 9.1 33.7 17.3 33.5 429
Kericho 50.5 27.3 8.8 3.5 20.8 14.8 44.5 325
Bomet 42.6 14.9 10.4 7.6 17.4 12.0 51.8 293
Kakamega 56.5 23.7 14.9 6.9 31.6 19.6 36.5 619
Vihiga 53.2 23.2 13.3 7.7 40.9 20.2 34.3 153
Bungoma 63.1 26.0 23.2 12.5 47.6 27.9 24.3 575
Busia 63.4 23.9 24.7 12.6 31.4 24.3 30.4 268
Siaya 32.3 16.2 10.8 10.0 20.7 13.4 60.0 232
Kisumu 39.5 16.6 13.0 6.8 25.3 15.3 52.7 346
Homa Bay 52.2 25.6 18.7 9.0 39.0 22.4 35.6 326
Migori 62.8 27.9 18.4 8.6 35.3 23.3 27.7 322
Kisii 39.0 18.3 28.4 11.7 33.6 22.2 41.3 353
Nyamira 39.0 13.8 14.4 8.9 22.1 15.2 54.2 153
Nairobi City 52.1 22.3 13.5 9.4 38.7 20.9 38.1 1,840
Total 52.4 20.8 15.6 9.1 34.5 19.9 38.0 14,612
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married. Husband/intimate partner refers to the current
husband for currently married women, the most recent husband for divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate partner
for never married women who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married women who do
not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past.

Table 17.10.2 Controlling behaviours of spouse/intimate partner by background characteristics: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner whose spouses/intimate partners have ever demonstrated specific
types of controlling behaviours, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage of men whose wife/intimate partner
Number of
Is jealous or Wrongly Does not Tries to limit Insists on Displays 3 or Displays men who
angry if he accuses him permit him to him contact knowing more of the none of the ever had a
Background talks to other of being meet him with his where he is specific specific husband/inti
characteristic women unfaithful male friends family at all times behaviours behaviours mate partner
Age
15–19 61.4 39.8 13.5 3.5 40.9 23.4 22.7 444
20–24 71.1 45.7 18.3 6.0 45.6 33.0 21.7 672
25–29 71.8 41.5 17.2 8.3 44.8 31.5 21.5 761
30–39 61.0 40.6 16.6 6.2 36.2 28.4 29.3 1,301
40–49 57.2 35.6 14.2 6.1 33.9 23.3 32.2 982
Residence
Urban 66.5 43.4 23.5 9.3 41.8 35.6 25.3 1,577
Rural 62.1 38.4 11.6 4.3 37.6 23.3 27.5 2,584
Marital status
Never married 68.0 42.6 15.6 5.3 45.6 29.3 20.6 1,326
partner 71.2 45.3 18.6 6.6 50.0 33.2 16.8 923
Had intimate partner 60.6 36.3 8.9 2.4 35.6 20.4 29.2 403
Ever married 60.5 38.2 15.7 6.4 36.0 26.5 30.2 3,151
Married/living together 59.4 36.4 14.2 5.8 33.2 24.3 31.7 2,778
Divorced/separated/
widowed 68.8 52.1 27.3 11.3 57.0 43.0 19.3 373
Education1
No education 60.0 26.9 19.4 11.6 29.9 22.6 31.3 129
Primary 59.4 38.3 13.5 5.7 34.7 24.0 30.5 1,583
Secondary 65.0 42.3 17.2 6.3 42.4 30.1 24.5 1,525
More than secondary 69.7 42.3 18.2 6.2 43.1 32.0 22.9 924
Wealth quintile
Lowest 61.5 33.1 10.1 5.2 34.4 22.0 29.4 591
Second 62.5 38.9 12.6 4.7 36.7 24.0 28.0 843
Middle 64.9 40.4 14.0 5.2 41.5 25.7 25.1 857
Fourth 63.3 43.0 18.1 7.2 41.7 31.2 26.7 1,001
Highest 66.0 43.5 23.4 8.3 39.9 34.4 24.7 868
Most of the time afraid 67.4 59.9 22.7 9.9 58.2 41.5 8.7 46
Sometimes afraid 73.2 64.2 26.3 13.6 54.0 48.0 13.8 273
Never afraid 63.1 38.4 15.3 5.7 37.9 26.4 27.7 3,841
Total 15–49 63.8 40.3 16.1 6.2 39.2 28.0 26.6 4,161
50–54 49.2 28.9 10.7 4.2 34.2 19.1 37.3 316
Total 15–54 62.7 39.5 15.7 6.1 38.9 27.3 27.4 4,477
1

Table 17.11.1 Intimate partner violence by background characteristics: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have ever experienced psychological/emotional, physical,
sexual, or economical violence committed by their current or most recent spouse/intimate partner, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Physical
and Physical
Physical sexual or sexual Number
and and Physical or of women
sexual psycho- or sexual psycho- who ever
Psycho- and logical/ or logical/ had a
logical/ Eco- Physical psycho- emotional psycho- emotional husband/
Background emotional Physical Sexual nomic and logical/ and Physical logical/ or intimate
characteristic violence violence violence violence sexual emotional economic or sexual emotional economic partner
Age
15–19 15.0 10.4 7.3 2.8 2.3 2.0 0.9 15.4 23.7 24.5 1,292
20–24 22.2 19.9 7.6 8.0 5.0 3.7 1.7 22.5 31.3 33.9 2,894
25–29 29.5 27.9 9.5 11.1 7.1 6.0 3.3 30.3 39.3 40.7 2,997
30–39 33.6 32.9 11.4 11.9 9.2 7.8 3.9 35.2 44.1 45.3 4,535
40–49 38.6 35.4 13.6 14.8 10.3 9.4 5.2 38.7 48.4 49.4 2,894
Residence
Urban 26.8 23.6 9.0 10.4 6.6 5.7 3.1 26.0 35.1 36.8 5,940
Rural 32.0 30.7 11.3 11.0 8.2 6.9 3.5 33.8 42.8 44.0 8,672
Marital status
Never married 15.3 9.1 5.7 3.0 2.1 1.7 0.5 12.7 20.8 22.0 3,151
Currently has
intimate partner 12.2 8.3 4.3 1.9 1.6 1.0 0.2 11.1 18.1 19.3 2,024
Had intimate partner 20.7 10.3 8.3 4.8 3.2 2.8 1.1 15.4 25.7 26.7 1,128
Ever married 33.9 33.0 11.6 12.8 9.0 7.7 4.1 35.6 44.8 46.3 11,461
Married/living
together 29.7 29.1 9.5 10.4 6.9 5.8 2.8 31.8 40.6 42.1 9,492
Divorced/separated/
widowed 54.2 51.4 21.5 24.9 19.3 17.0 10.2 53.7 65.3 66.9 1,969
Employment
Employed for cash 33.8 30.3 11.8 11.8 8.9 7.7 4.0 33.3 43.5 44.8 8,046
Employed not for cash 33.8 32.7 11.0 12.5 8.2 6.8 3.7 35.5 44.5 46.7 1,634
Not employed 22.1 22.1 7.7 8.4 5.1 4.2 2.2 24.6 31.8 33.2 4,933
Education1
No education 24.8 31.8 7.5 7.6 6.1 4.7 2.1 33.3 37.8 38.3 853
Primary 37.7 38.1 13.7 13.3 10.9 9.3 4.8 40.9 49.7 50.6 5,461
Secondary 27.7 24.9 10.0 10.7 6.7 5.8 3.1 28.1 36.9 38.9 5,250
More than secondary 21.0 13.4 5.8 7.0 3.4 2.9 1.5 15.8 27.0 28.6 3,049
Wealth quintile
Lowest 32.1 35.1 11.6 10.7 9.4 7.8 4.1 37.3 44.6 45.5 2,285
Second 33.3 33.0 13.0 11.4 9.4 7.9 3.8 36.6 45.0 46.1 2,556
Middle 32.6 31.0 11.4 12.1 8.1 7.0 3.7 34.3 43.2 44.7 2,755
Fourth 29.8 25.6 9.9 11.5 7.4 6.2 3.2 28.1 38.6 40.8 3,367
Highest 24.1 19.2 7.2 8.5 4.7 4.3 2.4 21.8 31.1 32.4 3,649
Total 29.9 27.8 10.3 10.7 7.5 6.4 3.3 30.6 39.6 41.1 14,612
1

Table 17.11.1C Intimate partner violence by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have ever experienced psychological/emotional, physical,
sexual, or economical violence committed by their current or most recent spouse/intimate partner, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Physical
and
Physical sexual Physical Number of
and and or sexual women
sexual psycho- Physical or psycho- who ever
Psycho- and logical/ or sexual logical/ had a
logical/ Eco- Physical psycho- emotional or psycho- emotional husband/
emotional Physical Sexual nomic and logical/ and Physical logical/ or intimate
County violence violence violence violence sexual emotional economic or sexual emotional economic partner
Mombasa 27.0 20.2 4.8 12.1 3.4 3.1 2.1 21.6 30.6 31.6 437
Kwale 13.8 14.2 4.2 3.3 2.7 1.7 0.3 15.7 21.2 22.0 210
Kilifi 19.6 18.0 13.7 11.1 7.6 7.4 6.2 24.1 29.6 31.0 369
Tana River 42.9 35.3 2.4 5.6 1.9 1.5 0.3 35.8 52.5 52.9 68
Lamu 37.6 24.5 11.9 4.8 8.3 7.3 1.0 28.1 43.8 44.8 43
Taita/Taveta 32.0 27.6 11.7 21.1 10.5 9.9 8.1 28.8 38.4 42.6 94
Garissa 10.9 17.8 5.1 6.6 5.1 3.2 3.2 17.8 19.6 20.4 109
Wajir 9.4 11.8 1.9 6.7 1.0 0.8 0.4 12.7 15.3 18.4 62
Mandera 9.3 8.4 0.9 1.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 9.0 13.5 13.5 84
Marsabit 15.1 16.6 1.2 4.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 17.1 20.0 20.3 60
Isiolo 27.1 40.9 7.9 10.2 6.9 5.0 2.3 41.9 47.4 47.9 55
Meru 39.1 30.7 13.3 15.7 10.5 9.4 6.6 33.6 48.3 50.3 488
Tharaka-Nithi 37.5 31.8 11.0 12.8 7.9 7.6 4.2 34.9 46.4 48.2 122
Embu 44.8 44.0 21.8 13.0 17.5 15.0 5.8 48.3 58.3 59.2 174
Kitui 14.9 12.1 0.6 2.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 12.2 19.0 19.0 313
Machakos 23.6 19.9 5.9 8.0 4.0 1.7 0.7 21.8 32.0 32.5 445
Makueni 20.4 25.8 5.3 9.1 3.9 3.0 2.1 27.2 33.5 36.0 295
Nyandarua 25.7 20.0 12.1 7.6 5.6 4.8 0.9 26.4 33.8 35.4 193
Nyeri 32.8 26.6 9.0 16.3 5.7 4.9 4.3 29.9 39.7 42.4 255
Kirinyaga 48.2 35.2 10.8 7.1 7.9 7.1 2.0 38.0 54.8 54.9 237
Murang’a 51.1 39.6 21.2 17.4 15.1 15.1 7.5 45.7 58.0 58.7 295
Kiambu 32.6 27.1 14.3 9.7 9.9 8.6 4.6 31.4 44.2 45.8 974
Turkana 25.4 34.3 11.3 12.0 10.3 6.3 3.5 35.2 38.7 39.5 149
West Pokot 16.5 24.7 8.0 1.2 3.8 2.5 0.3 28.9 31.8 31.8 180
Samburu 39.6 46.8 6.2 7.1 6.2 5.7 1.8 46.8 54.3 55.1 84
Trans Nzoia 35.7 35.5 11.3 16.6 8.5 7.3 5.1 38.3 47.1 48.4 313
Uasin Gishu 33.1 25.7 5.3 15.4 3.8 3.5 1.9 27.2 39.1 42.8 436
Elgeyo/Marakwet 24.9 22.9 5.2 8.5 4.1 4.1 2.5 24.0 31.2 31.8 103
Nandi 21.5 22.7 3.0 8.5 2.0 2.0 0.4 23.7 30.1 31.5 290
Baringo 23.9 27.2 8.4 14.5 6.0 5.5 4.0 29.6 33.2 35.1 175
Laikipia 35.9 25.0 4.9 15.8 3.3 3.3 1.2 26.6 40.3 42.3 139
Nakuru 25.5 22.6 7.8 12.7 6.3 5.3 3.6 24.0 30.8 33.6 800
Narok 30.7 37.9 17.1 10.6 13.7 8.8 4.5 41.2 49.3 50.3 329
Kajiado 26.1 28.3 12.3 18.1 9.1 7.9 5.1 31.5 37.1 40.3 429
Kericho 20.2 16.5 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.3 0.3 17.3 24.8 25.6 325
Bomet 25.6 30.5 16.0 12.4 13.6 9.5 5.2 33.0 39.4 41.8 293
Kakamega 31.9 31.8 10.8 13.5 7.4 6.8 3.1 35.2 43.6 45.3 619
Vihiga 31.1 31.1 7.8 8.5 5.5 5.5 4.3 33.4 42.5 42.6 153
Bungoma 44.9 40.6 22.5 18.0 14.9 12.6 8.5 48.2 59.8 60.7 575
Busia 41.3 33.8 13.2 10.6 9.0 7.6 3.2 38.0 53.3 54.4 268
Siaya 12.1 25.1 6.9 1.5 5.5 2.9 0.2 26.5 28.7 29.1 232
Kisumu 26.5 34.8 8.6 3.2 7.0 5.7 1.1 36.3 40.6 40.7 346
Homa Bay 43.0 40.1 16.7 10.1 13.2 11.8 2.1 43.5 55.3 56.8 326
Migori 46.7 46.0 11.6 13.0 9.2 8.7 4.5 48.4 58.4 59.4 322
Kisii 45.7 34.9 15.0 13.4 13.5 12.4 5.7 36.4 53.1 53.7 353
Nyamira 32.2 26.2 9.8 6.8 6.8 6.5 2.8 29.2 39.4 39.8 153
Nairobi City 24.6 23.1 8.6 8.4 5.9 5.2 2.2 25.9 33.9 35.3 1,840
Total 29.9 27.8 10.3 10.7 7.5 6.4 3.3 30.6 39.6 41.1 14,612
currently married women, the most recent husband for divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate partner for never married women
who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married women who do not currently have an intimate partner
but had one in the past.

Table 17.11.2 Intimate partner violence by background characteristics: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have ever experienced psychological/emotional, physical,
sexual, or economical violence committed by their current or most recent spouse/intimate partner, according to background characteristics, Kenya
DHS 2022
Physical
and Physical
and and Physical or of men
logical/ Eco- Physical psycho- emotional psycho- emotional wife/
Age
15–19 17.6 6.3 7.3 11.3 2.7 1.4 0.0 11.0 23.5 33.2 444
20–24 27.4 9.5 6.8 8.8 3.3 3.0 0.2 13.0 32.6 37.6 672
25–29 25.4 7.8 5.8 10.6 2.5 2.2 0.5 11.1 29.4 35.8 761
30–39 26.4 6.8 5.0 11.4 2.0 1.7 0.3 9.7 28.6 36.8 1,301
40–49 24.8 8.0 3.4 12.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 11.2 28.7 36.2 982
Residence
Urban 29.0 9.0 6.6 11.6 3.2 2.7 0.4 12.4 33.3 40.5 1,577
Rural 22.6 6.8 4.5 10.7 1.1 0.9 0.1 10.2 26.1 33.6 2,584
Marital status
Never married 21.6 7.2 5.9 9.5 2.2 1.7 0.2 10.9 26.7 33.6 1,326
Currently has
intimate partner 21.5 7.1 4.6 9.9 1.0 0.3 0.0 10.6 27.0 34.6 923
Had intimate partner 22.0 7.4 8.9 8.6 4.9 4.8 0.8 11.4 25.8 31.2 403
Ever married 26.5 7.9 4.9 11.5 1.9 1.7 0.2 10.9 29.7 37.3 3,151
Married/living
together 23.4 5.9 3.7 11.8 0.9 0.6 0.1 8.6 26.6 35.0 2,778
Divorced/separated/
widowed 49.5 22.6 14.5 9.2 9.5 9.3 0.9 27.6 52.5 54.5 373
Employment
Employed for cash 26.2 8.0 5.5 11.2 2.0 1.6 0.2 11.4 30.0 37.4 3,542
Employed not for cash 17.3 3.2 3.4 10.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 6.2 19.3 26.7 259
Not employed 19.2 7.7 5.1 9.8 2.4 1.9 0.0 10.4 24.3 31.7 360
Education1
No education 18.7 5.2 3.4 12.5 1.6 0.9 0.0 6.9 21.8 28.7 129
Primary 25.9 8.2 4.9 10.9 1.3 1.1 0.2 11.8 29.8 36.5 1,583
Secondary 25.2 8.6 6.1 11.7 2.3 1.8 0.0 12.4 30.1 38.9 1,525
More than secondary 24.2 5.5 5.0 9.9 2.5 2.0 0.6 8.0 26.1 32.3 924
Wealth quintile
Lowest 22.1 7.0 4.4 11.3 0.5 0.5 0.0 10.9 26.4 33.9 591
Second 25.6 8.4 5.1 9.6 1.8 1.3 0.3 11.7 29.5 35.7 843
Middle 22.7 7.3 5.6 11.4 2.1 1.9 0.0 10.8 26.3 33.8 857
Fourth 29.0 7.6 6.0 12.8 2.8 2.4 0.0 10.7 31.1 39.8 1,001
Highest 24.4 7.8 5.0 9.9 1.8 1.3 0.6 11.0 29.8 36.6 868
Total 15–49 25.1 7.6 5.3 11.0 1.9 1.6 0.2 11.0 28.8 36.2 4,161
50–54 24.4 8.2 4.0 9.6 3.0 2.8 0.0 9.2 27.9 35.7 316
Total 15–54 25.0 7.7 5.2 10.9 2.0 1.7 0.2 10.9 28.8 36.2 4,477
1

Table 17.12.1 Intimate-partner violence by husband’s/intimate partner’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a husband or intimate partner who have ever experienced psychological/emotional, physical, economic,
or sexual violence committed by their current or most recent husband/intimate partner, according to the husband’s/intimate partner’s characteristics and women’s
empowerment indicators, Kenya DHS 2022
Physical
and
logical/ Physical psycho- emotional or psycho- emotional husband/
Background emotional Physical Sexual Economic and logical/ and Physical logical/ or intimate
Husband’s/intimate
partner’s alcohol
consumption
Does not drink alcohol 21.6 19.5 7.3 7.6 4.6 3.6 1.7 22.2 30.5 32.1 10,332
Drinks alcohol but is never
drunk 39.7 41.0 13.0 13.3 7.8 4.9 4.9 46.2 54.2 55.2 120
Is sometimes drunk 38.2 35.7 10.6 12.2 7.9 7.1 3.6 38.3 50.3 51.6 2,679
Is often drunk 71.8 70.2 31.1 30.0 27.2 25.1 14.1 74.1 82.6 83.5 1,481
Husband’s education1
No education 29.7 25.8 11.5 10.9 8.5 7.2 4.0 28.9 38.0 39.2 5,694
Primary 36.1 38.2 12.3 12.3 9.9 8.3 4.3 40.5 49.2 50.2 3,618
Secondary 29.5 27.9 8.7 10.8 5.8 5.1 2.1 30.8 39.6 41.7 3,042
Spousal education
difference1
Husband better educated 30.2 30.2 8.7 10.5 6.3 5.4 2.6 32.5 41.1 42.5 3,818
Wife better educated 34.2 31.9 11.4 11.2 8.5 7.2 4.1 34.9 45.9 47.0 2,315
Both equally educated 26.6 25.5 9.5 10.3 6.5 5.5 2.6 28.4 36.3 38.4 2,937
Neither educated 21.7 29.8 7.4 4.6 5.4 3.5 0.4 31.8 36.2 36.6 423
Spousal age difference1
Wife older 31.3 34.6 12.0 10.2 8.6 6.9 4.0 37.9 43.6 44.9 450
Wife is same age 31.5 29.9 11.2 14.1 8.1 8.1 4.8 33.1 40.7 42.1 411
Wife 1–4 years younger 28.7 28.7 8.7 10.0 6.3 5.3 2.6 31.1 40.1 41.7 3,456
Wife 5–9 years younger 28.5 27.5 8.9 9.6 6.3 5.1 2.2 30.2 39.3 41.0 3,254
Wife 10 or more years
younger 32.7 31.2 11.2 11.4 8.3 7.1 3.7 34.1 43.0 44.0 1,921
Number of decisions in
which he/she participates2
0 27.6 32.1 10.5 9.4 7.9 6.2 3.0 34.7 41.7 42.4 536
1 34.7 32.3 11.9 13.3 8.8 7.3 3.7 35.3 45.8 48.0 2,780
2 27.6 27.5 8.4 9.1 5.9 5.1 2.4 30.0 38.1 39.4 6,177
Number of controlling
behaviours displayed by
spouse/intimate partner3
0 10.1 11.9 2.4 2.3 1.5 0.7 0.2 12.9 17.2 18.1 5,550
1–2 29.4 26.8 8.7 7.7 5.2 3.9 1.1 30.3 41.3 43.2 6,161
3–4 64.0 55.9 25.4 26.7 20.2 18.7 9.9 61.2 75.6 77.4 2,391
5 91.2 81.0 45.6 63.8 42.7 41.5 34.0 83.9 94.6 95.5 510
Number of reasons for
which wife beating is
justified4
0 26.9 23.5 8.3 9.9 6.0 5.3 2.7 25.8 34.9 36.4 9,764
1 35.0 34.6 13.7 12.6 10.0 8.3 4.4 38.3 47.7 49.0 2,999
2 35.6 38.4 15.3 11.8 11.2 9.0 4.7 42.6 50.6 51.9 1,476
3 43.2 44.5 16.2 13.5 12.2 11.3 5.7 48.6 55.6 56.9 373
Father beat mother
Yes 41.2 39.0 16.1 14.6 12.2 10.6 5.4 43.0 54.3 55.9 4,559
No 24.1 21.8 7.3 8.5 5.3 4.5 2.4 23.8 31.9 33.3 9,309
Don’t know 33.6 34.7 12.5 14.1 7.1 4.8 2.3 40.1 46.9 47.4 744
Mother beat father
Yes 48.7 41.8 21.5 15.4 16.4 13.0 5.7 46.9 60.7 61.1 470
No 29.0 26.9 9.8 10.3 7.2 6.2 3.2 29.5 38.5 40.0 13,485
Don’t know 34.6 35.8 14.1 15.6 8.7 6.7 3.7 41.2 47.8 48.2 657
(Continued…)

Table 17.12.1—Continued
Physical
and
Most of the time afraid 74.4 71.5 35.4 37.9 31.5 29.5 18.9 75.4 85.1 86.2 1,327
Sometimes afraid 53.7 52.0 18.3 16.8 15.0 12.5 5.6 55.3 68.0 69.3 2,785
Never afraid 18.0 15.9 5.1 5.7 2.5 1.9 0.8 18.4 26.4 27.9 10,501
Total 29.9 27.8 10.3 10.7 7.5 6.4 3.3 30.6 39.6 41.1 14,612
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married. Husband/intimate partner refers to the current husband for currently
married women, the most recent husband for divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate partner for never married women who currently have
an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married women who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past. Total
includes 127 women (unweighted) for whom information on husband is missing.
1
Includes only currently married women.
2
According to the wife’s report. Includes only currently married women. See Table 15.8.1 for list of decisions.
3
According to the woman’s report. See Table 17.9.1 for list of behaviours.
4
According to the woman’s report. See Table 15.9.1 for list of reasons.

Table 17.12.2 Intimate partner violence by wife’s/intimate partner’s and respondent’s characteristics: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever had a wife or intimate partner who have ever experienced psychological/emotional, physical, economic, or sexual
violence committed by their current or most recent wife/intimate partner, according to the wife’s/intimate partner’s and respondent’s characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Physical
and
Physical sexual Physical
and and or sexual Number of
sexual psycho- Physical or psycho- men who
Psycho- and logical/ or sexual logical/ ever had a
logical/ Physical psycho- emotional or psycho- emotional wife/
Wife’s/intimate partner’s
alcohol consumption
Does not drink alcohol 23.9 6.5 4.7 10.8 1.5 1.3 0.1 9.7 27.4 34.9 3,946
Drinks alcohol but is
never drunk * * * * * * * * * * 18
Is sometimes drunk 45.5 31.2 16.3 15.5 11.8 7.7 2.0 35.6 55.4 61.3 166
Is often drunk (48.6) (25.0) (10.5) (8.9) (4.3) (4.3) (0.0) (31.2) (53.3) (58.5) 30
Number of decisions in
which he/she
participates2
0 30.2 7.1 2.4 17.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.1 32.5 41.4 91
1 23.2 5.9 4.0 11.9 1.0 0.7 0.1 9.0 26.4 34.8 2,419
Number of controlling
behaviours displayed
by spouse/intimate
partner3
0 6.4 1.2 0.5 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 7.5 17.2 1,108
1–2 20.8 5.9 4.9 9.8 0.9 0.6 0.0 9.9 25.2 32.3 1,890
3–4 45.7 16.0 11.4 13.8 5.9 5.0 0.8 21.4 51.5 57.8 1,050
5 86.9 22.4 3.4 12.2 1.9 1.9 0.0 23.8 87.9 87.9 114
Number of reasons for
which wife beating is
justified4
0 21.9 5.9 3.7 10.1 1.3 1.1 0.2 8.3 24.9 31.8 2,972
1 34.0 12.0 7.8 13.0 2.6 1.7 0.0 17.2 40.0 48.1 841
2 29.1 10.9 14.8 15.2 6.4 6.2 0.3 19.3 35.0 45.3 295
3 38.5 15.5 2.3 9.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 17.6 40.6 45.7 54
Father beat mother
Yes 30.9 10.9 6.3 12.1 2.6 2.2 0.2 14.7 34.6 42.0 1,577
No 21.4 5.4 4.8 9.9 1.7 1.2 0.2 8.6 25.1 32.2 2,337
Don’t know 22.3 7.7 3.5 14.7 0.5 0.5 0.0 10.7 27.6 38.1 247
Mother beat father
Yes 37.8 11.8 8.9 16.0 4.7 4.7 0.0 16.0 40.4 51.1 128
No 24.8 7.4 5.3 10.8 1.9 1.5 0.2 10.8 28.5 35.6 3,810
Don’t know 22.9 9.5 2.9 12.2 0.6 0.6 0.0 11.9 29.0 38.2 223
spouse/intimate
partner
Most of the time afraid 57.0 44.1 23.8 12.8 19.4 19.4 4.5 48.5 59.1 66.3 46
Sometimes afraid 51.1 21.0 11.1 9.0 3.2 2.8 0.3 29.0 62.4 65.6 273
Never afraid 22.8 6.2 4.7 11.1 1.6 1.3 0.1 9.3 26.1 33.8 3,841
Total 15–49 25.1 7.6 5.3 11.0 1.9 1.6 0.2 11.0 28.8 36.2 4,161
50–54 24.4 8.2 4.0 9.6 3.0 2.8 0.0 9.2 27.9 35.7 316
Total 15–54 25.0 7.7 5.2 10.9 2.0 1.7 0.2 10.9 28.8 36.2 4,477
Note: The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married. Wife/intimate partner refers to the current wife for currently married men, the
most recent wife for divorced, separated or widowed men, the current intimate partner for never married men who currently have an intimate partner, and the
most recent intimate partner for never married men who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past. Figures in parentheses are based on
1
According to the man’s report. Includes only currently married men. See Table 15.8.2 for list of decisions.
2
According to the man’s report. See Table 17.9.2 for list of behaviours.
3
According to the man’s report. See Table 15.9.2 for list of reasons.

Table 17.13.1 Violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a husband or intimate partner who have experienced psychological/emotional, physical, economic
or sexual violence by any husband/intimate partner in the last 12 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Physical
and
Age
15–19 13.0 9.6 6.1 2.6 1.9 1.7 0.8 13.8 21.3 22.3 1,292
20–24 19.6 16.0 6.3 7.1 3.7 2.8 1.4 18.6 26.7 30.1 2,894
25–29 23.8 18.2 7.5 8.4 4.9 4.3 2.1 20.8 30.5 34.3 2,997
30–39 25.0 17.9 7.7 8.5 5.1 4.4 2.4 20.6 30.3 34.6 4,535
40–49 22.5 13.6 6.7 7.7 3.7 3.4 1.9 16.6 26.7 34.2 2,894
Residence
Urban 19.0 13.8 5.7 6.8 3.6 3.1 1.6 16.0 24.1 29.0 5,940
Rural 24.3 17.5 8.0 8.0 4.6 4.0 2.1 20.8 30.9 34.9 8,672
Marital status
Never married 11.5 7.1 4.3 2.6 1.3 1.0 0.3 10.2 16.4 18.3 3,151
partner 11.5 7.5 4.1 2.4 1.2 0.8 0.1 10.3 17.2 18.7 2,024
Had intimate partner 11.5 6.4 4.8 2.9 1.3 1.3 0.8 9.9 15.0 17.4 1,128
Ever married 25.0 18.4 7.8 8.9 5.0 4.4 2.3 21.2 31.4 36.4 11,461
Married/living
together 25.8 18.4 7.8 9.1 4.7 4.0 2.1 21.5 32.4 34.9 9,492
Divorced/separated/
widowed 21.6 18.6 7.7 7.9 6.6 5.9 3.1 19.7 26.1 43.7 1,969
Education1
No education 19.0 17.3 5.0 5.8 3.0 2.6 1.2 19.3 26.6 28.7 853
Primary 27.9 21.8 9.0 9.6 6.0 5.2 2.9 24.8 34.7 39.1 5,461
Secondary 20.6 15.4 7.3 7.6 4.2 3.5 1.8 18.5 27.2 32.2 5,250
Wealth quintile
Lowest 24.8 22.1 8.4 8.3 5.6 4.7 2.6 24.9 32.8 36.1 2,285
Second 25.5 19.8 9.2 8.2 5.5 4.8 2.2 23.4 33.1 36.9 2,556
Middle 24.7 17.6 7.9 8.9 4.4 3.8 2.3 21.1 31.0 35.4 2,755
Fourth 21.5 14.0 6.3 7.9 3.9 3.1 1.5 16.3 27.0 32.4 3,367
Highest 16.8 10.1 4.8 5.2 2.6 2.5 1.2 12.4 20.7 24.9 3,649
Total 22.1 16.0 7.1 7.5 4.2 3.6 1.9 18.8 28.1 32.5 14,612
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married. Any husband/intimate partner includes all current, most recent, and
former husbands for ever-married women and all current, most recent, or former intimate partners for never married women.
1

Table 17.13.1C Violence by any husband or intimate partner in the last 12 months by county: Women
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a husband or intimate partner who have experienced psychological/emotional, physical, economic or sexual
violence by any husband/intimate partner in the last 12 months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Physical
and sexual Physical or Number of
Physical and psycho- Physical or sexual or women who
Psycho- and sexual logical/ sexual or psycho- ever had a
logical/ and psycho- emotional psychological/ husband/
emotional Physical Sexual Economic Physical logical/ and Physical or logical/ emotional intimate
County violence violence violence violence and sexual emotional economic sexual emotional or economic partner
Mombasa 19.1 12.1 3.5 7.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 13.8 21.2 26.6 437
Kwale 13.5 13.3 4.2 3.3 2.7 1.7 0.3 14.8 20.0 20.8 210
Kilifi 11.5 8.7 8.4 5.5 2.7 2.4 1.7 14.4 19.0 25.7 369
Tana River 34.4 22.3 1.8 4.5 1.7 1.3 0.3 22.4 41.9 43.7 68
Lamu 29.3 12.4 7.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 0.0 16.3 33.3 35.6 43
Taita/Taveta 14.3 6.8 3.0 9.5 1.6 1.3 1.0 8.1 16.5 31.4 94
Garissa 9.2 14.6 4.7 6.2 4.6 2.7 2.7 14.8 16.6 17.8 109
Wajir 6.1 5.8 1.4 3.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 6.5 8.5 12.3 62
Mandera 8.3 2.8 0.9 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 3.4 10.2 10.4 84
Marsabit 14.2 16.0 1.2 3.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 16.5 19.4 20.1 60
Isiolo 22.1 27.4 6.7 7.0 5.4 3.5 1.1 28.8 35.0 39.6 55
Meru 29.9 15.8 9.2 11.0 5.9 5.6 4.2 19.0 33.5 39.7 488
Tharaka-Nithi 26.6 15.4 7.7 8.6 4.0 3.7 3.0 19.1 32.6 38.9 122
Embu 37.5 31.7 15.5 10.9 11.8 11.6 4.6 35.4 47.6 50.8 174
Kitui 11.3 5.5 0.3 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 5.7 13.2 13.8 313
Machakos 17.6 10.0 3.5 4.0 2.0 0.3 0.3 11.5 21.3 24.5 445
Makueni 14.8 14.0 3.9 7.4 2.7 2.1 1.8 15.2 22.3 27.0 295
Nyandarua 14.4 4.5 7.7 4.1 1.0 0.7 0.4 11.2 17.0 22.0 193
Nyeri 24.4 13.9 6.0 9.5 2.9 2.1 1.7 17.0 27.6 34.3 255
Kirinyaga 31.1 13.9 3.6 3.5 2.4 2.4 0.6 15.1 34.7 38.4 237
Murang’a 40.6 19.1 14.2 9.9 7.8 7.8 4.2 25.5 43.2 46.4 295
Kiambu 26.1 17.5 10.7 8.7 6.7 5.5 3.2 21.5 34.3 37.0 974
Turkana 15.7 18.9 8.0 6.4 6.1 4.8 2.9 20.8 23.4 28.9 149
West Pokot 15.3 16.8 7.2 1.2 2.9 2.1 0.3 21.1 25.4 25.4 180
Samburu 31.4 28.2 4.4 5.3 4.0 3.8 1.7 28.6 40.1 42.1 84
Trans Nzoia 23.4 16.5 5.6 10.2 3.2 2.9 2.1 19.0 27.1 34.1 313
Uasin Gishu 26.0 12.1 3.4 13.7 1.8 1.3 1.3 13.6 28.6 34.8 436
Elgeyo/Marakwet 21.6 16.2 4.3 7.5 2.7 2.7 1.1 17.8 25.9 27.5 103
Nandi 14.1 13.0 3.0 6.0 1.7 1.7 0.4 14.2 19.6 24.3 290
Baringo 19.9 20.0 6.8 12.7 4.3 3.5 3.0 22.5 26.9 30.3 175
Laikipia 24.2 11.3 1.8 9.8 0.9 0.9 0.3 12.2 26.9 35.4 139
Nakuru 14.7 9.9 3.7 6.7 2.5 2.1 1.3 11.1 17.6 25.7 800
Narok 19.6 17.8 9.4 6.3 6.1 4.2 2.0 21.0 29.3 34.8 329
Kajiado 18.8 17.2 8.5 12.1 5.8 5.2 2.9 19.9 24.7 33.1 429
Kericho 16.9 10.7 1.7 2.8 1.1 1.0 0.1 11.3 19.7 20.6 325
Bomet 13.7 11.4 9.3 7.2 5.7 4.3 2.7 15.0 20.6 27.3 293
Kakamega 24.3 18.8 9.3 11.2 4.4 3.9 1.8 23.7 32.0 36.3 619
Vihiga 26.3 17.3 6.8 7.3 5.1 5.1 3.8 19.0 30.2 31.4 153
Bungoma 36.0 24.1 15.6 14.0 8.1 7.7 5.4 31.6 47.6 52.6 575
Busia 32.6 22.3 10.3 8.8 6.4 5.2 2.0 26.2 41.1 43.4 268
Siaya 8.6 18.5 5.5 1.0 4.1 1.8 0.2 19.8 21.0 21.9 232
Kisumu 22.4 28.7 7.7 3.8 6.0 4.9 1.0 30.4 34.8 35.7 346
Homa Bay 30.7 24.5 11.7 7.5 7.6 6.0 0.6 28.6 39.7 43.6 326
Migori 38.7 28.9 8.2 10.5 5.7 5.5 2.6 31.4 46.6 49.6 322
Kisii 37.3 20.8 11.6 9.0 7.4 7.1 3.0 25.0 41.0 44.7 353
Nyamira 21.2 12.2 7.3 3.4 2.9 2.9 1.0 16.5 27.0 30.6 153
Nairobi City 17.7 14.9 5.7 5.7 3.5 3.2 1.3 17.1 23.3 27.3 1,840
Total 22.1 16.0 7.1 7.5 4.2 3.6 1.9 18.8 28.1 32.5 14,612
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is living as if married. Any husband/intimate partner includes all current, most recent, and former
husbands for ever-married women and all current, most recent, or former intimate partners for never married women.

Table 17.13.2 Violence by any wife or intimate partner in the last 12 months: Men
Percentage of men age 15–49 who have ever had a wife or intimate partner who have experienced psychological/emotional, physical, economic,
or sexual violence by any wife/intimate partner in the last 12 months, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Physical
and Physical
and and Physical or of men
logical/ Eco- Physical psycho- emotional psycho- emotional wife/
Age
15–19 16.0 6.4 8.1 8.7 3.4 1.4 0.0 11.1 22.2 31.9 444
20–24 24.3 8.5 6.7 6.1 3.0 2.7 0.2 12.3 29.3 34.3 672
25–29 21.3 5.3 5.5 7.9 1.9 1.6 0.0 9.0 25.4 32.6 761
30–39 19.3 4.3 3.7 7.4 1.5 1.1 0.1 6.5 20.8 30.2 1,301
40–49 15.8 4.4 2.2 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 17.6 27.7 982
Residence
Urban 22.7 6.4 6.1 7.6 2.6 2.1 0.0 9.9 26.6 35.2 1,577
Rural 17.2 4.8 3.8 7.6 1.1 0.7 0.1 7.5 19.9 28.2 2,584
Marital status
Never married 18.4 6.0 5.4 7.0 1.8 1.1 0.0 9.6 23.3 30.9 1,326
partner 21.1 6.7 5.0 7.7 1.4 0.3 0.0 10.3 26.7 34.5 923
Had intimate partner 12.4 4.3 6.4 5.4 2.9 2.7 0.0 7.8 15.5 22.6 403
Ever married 19.0 5.1 3.9 7.7 1.4 1.2 0.1 7.6 21.3 30.1 3,151
Married/living
together 18.1 4.3 3.3 7.8 0.9 0.7 0.0 6.7 20.4 29.6 2,778
Divorced/separated/
widowed 26.0 11.3 8.1 6.8 5.1 5.1 0.5 14.2 27.9 34.1 373
Education1
No education 11.6 3.5 2.0 7.4 1.5 0.8 0.0 4.1 13.4 22.3 129
Primary 19.8 5.7 4.7 7.8 1.2 1.1 0.2 9.2 22.5 30.4 1,583
Secondary 20.1 6.8 5.6 8.7 2.4 1.7 0.0 10.1 24.6 33.9 1,525
More than secondary 18.2 2.8 3.4 5.6 1.2 0.7 0.0 5.1 20.0 27.8 924
Wealth quintile
Lowest 17.3 5.0 4.6 8.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 9.1 20.9 29.3 591
Second 18.9 6.3 4.3 7.2 1.9 1.0 0.2 8.7 21.8 29.0 843
Middle 17.4 5.7 5.1 8.1 1.8 1.6 0.0 9.1 20.6 29.0 857
Fourth 23.3 4.8 5.2 8.6 2.4 2.0 0.1 7.6 24.9 34.5 1,001
Highest 18.4 5.3 4.0 6.0 1.3 0.8 0.0 8.0 23.0 31.4 868
Total 15–49 19.3 5.4 4.7 7.6 1.7 1.2 0.1 8.4 22.4 30.9 4,161
50–54 12.5 4.7 0.2 6.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 4.7 15.2 23.4 316
Total 15–54 18.8 5.4 4.3 7.5 1.6 1.2 0.1 8.2 21.9 30.4 4,477
1

Table 17.14 Injuries to women and men due to intimate partner violence
Among women and men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have experienced violence committed by their current
or most recent spouse/intimate partner, percentage who have been injured/harmed as a result of the violence, by types of injuries, according to
the type of violence, Kenya DHS 2022
Felt humiliated, Number of
Deep wounds, stressed, respondents who
Eye injuries, broken bones, isolated, lonely, have
sprains, broken teeth, or anxious, or any experienced
Cuts, bruises, dislocations, any other serious Any of these other form of specified type
Type of violence experienced or aches or burns injury injuries emotional harm of violence
WOMEN
Physical violence1
Ever2 48.6 21.1 11.4 53.1 72.3 4,063
Last 12 months 50.7 23.0 12.2 56.3 72.8 2,311
Sexual violence
Ever2 49.5 24.6 13.8 54.2 78.4 1,511
Last 12 months 46.7 22.6 10.6 51.5 75.3 1,017
Physical or sexual violence1
Ever2 45.1 19.4 10.5 49.5 71.3 4,474
Last 12 months 45.7 20.4 10.6 50.9 71.3 2,719
MEN
Physical violence1
Ever2 25.1 9.5 8.2 29.5 44.8 318
Last 12 months 21.2 8.6 8.5 26.3 42.2 221
Sexual violence
Ever2 12.0 3.7 3.9 16.2 33.6 221
Last 12 months 12.3 4.6 2.4 15.6 31.9 171
Physical or sexual violence1
Ever2 18.5 6.9 6.6 22.6 38.5 458
Last 12 months 15.5 6.2 6.3 19.6 36.1 329
intimate partner but had one in the past. The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married. Wife/intimate partner refers to
the current wife for currently married men, the most recent wife for divorced, separated or widowed men, the current intimate partner for never
married men who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married men who do not currently have an
1
Excludes women who reported violence only in response to a direct question on violence during pregnancy.
2
Includes in the last 12 months.

Table 17.15 Physical violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner by respondent’s background
characteristics
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have committed physical violence
against their current or most recent spouse/intimate partner when he/she was not already beating or physically hurting her/him, ever
and in the last 12 months, according to women’s/men’s own experience of experience of intimate partner violence and background
Women Men
Number of
women who Number of
ever had a men who
husband/ ever had a
Background Last 12 intimate Last 12 wife/intimate
characteristic Ever1 months partner Ever1 months partner
Respondents who have experienced
physical intimate-partner violence
Ever1 7.1 4.4 4,063 52.3 34.7 344
In the last 12 months 7.6 7.1 2,311 52.0 47.9 236
Never 1.0 0.7 10,550 17.1 8.3 4,133
Age
15–19 1.4 1.4 1,292 6.0 5.3 444
20–24 3.5 2.7 2,894 13.3 11.1 672
25–29 2.7 1.9 2,997 16.6 11.2 761
30–39 2.8 1.5 4,535 23.6 12.5 1,301
40–49 2.2 1.2 2,894 25.4 8.6 982
Residence
Urban 3.2 2.1 5,940 18.9 11.4 1,577
Rural 2.4 1.5 8,672 19.4 9.7 2,584
Marital status
Never married 2.2 1.7 3,151 6.5 4.8 1,326
Currently has intimate partner 1.5 1.2 2,024 5.9 5.0 923
Had intimate partner 3.4 2.5 1,128 7.9 4.4 403
Ever married 2.8 1.8 11,461 25.4 12.7 3,151
Married/living together 2.4 1.8 9,492 23.9 12.4 2,778
Divorced/separated/widowed 4.8 1.8 1,969 36.6 15.0 373
Employment
Employed for cash 3.0 1.8 8,046 20.7 11.2 3,542
Employed not for cash 2.0 1.2 1,634 14.4 6.7 259
Not employed 2.4 1.8 4,933 7.5 4.7 360
Education2
No education 1.9 1.4 853 18.6 11.5 129
Primary 2.5 1.6 5,461 24.9 13.0 1,583
Secondary 2.8 2.0 5,250 15.9 8.5 1,525
More than secondary 3.1 1.8 3,049 15.0 8.8 924
Wealth quintile
Lowest 2.4 1.6 2,285 24.6 15.5 591
Second 1.7 1.2 2,556 20.8 10.3 843
Middle 2.7 1.6 2,755 18.0 9.5 857
Fourth 3.3 2.2 3,367 18.2 10.1 1,001
Highest 2.9 1.9 3,649 16.2 8.2 868
Total 2.7 1.8 14,612 19.8 10.4 4,477
husband for currently married women, the most recent husband for divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate
partner for never married women who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married
women who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past. The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is
living as if married. Wife/intimate partner refers to the current wife for currently married men, the most recent wife for divorced,
separated or widowed men, the current intimate partner for never married men who currently have an intimate partner, and the most
recent intimate partner for never married men who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past.
1
2

Table 17.15C Violence by respondent against their
husband/intimate partner by county
Percentage of women age 15–49 who have ever had a husband or
intimate partner who have committed physical violence against their
current or most recent husband/intimate partner when he was not
already beating or physically hurting her, ever and in the last 12
months, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
women who
ever had a
husband/
Last 12 intimate
County Ever1 months partner
Mombasa 3.0 2.5 437
Kwale 0.3 0.0 210
Kilifi 2.4 1.5 369
Lamu 7.6 4.4 43
Garissa 0.4 0.0 109
Wajir 0.9 0.2 62
Mandera 0.3 0.3 84
Marsabit 0.5 0.5 60
Isiolo 4.7 4.7 55
Meru 2.6 0.8 488
Embu 2.3 1.0 174
Kitui 0.1 0.1 313
Makueni 1.2 0.7 295
Nyeri 2.4 1.8 255
Murang’a 10.7 6.3 295
Kiambu 6.2 5.5 974
Turkana 8.7 5.3 149
Samburu 0.6 0.6 84
Nandi 1.0 0.5 290
Baringo 3.6 2.4 175
Laikipia 2.5 1.1 139
Nakuru 1.0 0.5 800
Narok 0.7 0.2 329
Kajiado 3.9 3.1 429
Kericho 0.0 0.0 325
Bomet 0.2 0.2 293
Kakamega 3.4 1.8 619
Vihiga 2.0 1.1 153
Bungoma 3.3 2.3 575
Busia 2.5 0.9 268
Siaya 2.2 1.9 232
Kisumu 2.4 1.9 346
Homa Bay 2.2 1.4 326
Migori 2.8 1.7 322
Kisii 2.1 2.1 353
Nyamira 0.1 0.0 153
Total 2.7 1.8 14,612
Note: The term husband includes a partner with whom a woman is

living as if married. Husband/intimate partner refers to the current
husband for currently married women, the most recent husband for
divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate
partner for never married women who currently have an intimate
partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married
women who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one
in the past. The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is
living as if married.
1

Table 17.16 Violence by respondent against their spouse/intimate partner by spouse/intimate partner characteristics and
women’s empowerment indicators
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have ever had a spouse or intimate partner who have committed physical violence against
their current or most recent spouse/intimate partner when he/she was not already beating or physically hurting her/him, ever and in the
last 12 months, according to their spouse’s/intimate partner’s characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Number of
women who Number of
ever had a men who
husband/ ever had a
Spouse’s/intimate partner’s alcohol
consumption
Does not drink alcohol 1.4 0.8 10,332 18.2 10.1 3,946
Drinks alcohol but is never drunk 4.5 2.3 120 23.6 13.6 18
Is sometimes drunk 5.6 3.6 2,679 37.7 14.6 166
Is often drunk 6.2 4.7 1,481 43.0 24.4 30
Husband’s education1
No education 3.0 1.7 5,694 na na na
Primary 2.6 2.0 3,618 na na na
Secondary 1.9 1.6 3,042 na na na
More than secondary 2.7 1.5 2,140 na na na
DK/missing 6.0 4.8 118 na na na
Spousal education difference1
Husband better educated 2.0 1.6 3,818 na na na
Wife better educated 3.8 2.6 2,315 na na na
Both equally educated 1.9 1.4 2,937 na na na
Neither educated 1.7 1.2 423 na na na
Spousal age difference1
Wife older 3.5 3.1 450 na na na
Wife is same age 5.7 4.5 411 na na na
Wife 1–4 years younger 2.7 1.8 3,456 na na na
Wife 5–9 years younger 1.8 1.3 3,254 na na na
Wife 10 or more years younger 1.9 1.5 1,921 na na na
Number of decisions in which he/she
participates2
0 1.7 1.3 536 16.3 12.5 91
1 2.0 1.6 2,780 23.8 12.6 2,419
2 2.6 1.9 6,177 na na na
Number of controlling behaviours
displayed by spouse/intimate partner3
0 0.9 0.6 5,550 9.2 4.5 1,108
1–2 2.3 1.3 6,161 18.1 9.2 1,890
3–4 5.9 4.2 2,391 30.6 18.2 1,050
5 11.4 8.8 510 28.4 14.1 114
Number of reasons for which wife beating
is justified4
0 2.5 1.6 9,764 13.4 6.4 2,972
1 3.0 1.9 2,999 33.9 19.8 841
2 2.9 2.3 1,476 34.3 22.1 295
3 3.0 1.9 373 25.5 17.8 54
Father beat mother
Yes 4.0 2.7 4,559 29.8 16.5 1,577
No 1.7 1.1 9,309 12.1 6.6 2,337
Don’t know 6.2 3.4 744 17.7 7.2 247
Mother beat father
Yes 14.1 9.8 470 27.1 16.8 128
No 2.1 1.4 13,485 19.0 10.3 3,810
Don’t know 6.2 3.1 657 18.4 7.8 223
Respondent afraid of spouse/intimate
partner
Most of the time afraid 3.3 2.4 1,327 43.6 28.8 46
Sometimes afraid 4.4 3.2 2,785 33.3 17.4 273
Never afraid 2.1 1.3 10,501 17.9 9.6 3,841
(Continued…)

Table 17.16—Continued
Women Men
Number of
women who Number of
ever had a men who
husband/ ever had a
Total 15–49 2.7 1.8 14,612 19.2 10.4 4,161
50–54 na na na 27.8 10.2 316
Total 15–54 na na na 19.8 10.4 4,477
husband for currently married women, the most recent husband for divorced, separated or widowed women, the current intimate partner
for never married women who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never married women who do
not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past. The term wife includes a partner with whom a man is living as if married.
Wife/intimate partner refers to the current wife for currently married men, the most recent wife for divorced, separated or widowed men,
the current intimate partner for never married men who currently have an intimate partner, and the most recent intimate partner for never
married men who do not currently have an intimate partner but had one in the past.
1
2
Includes only currently married women/men.
3
According to the wife’s/husband’s report. Includes only currently married women/men. See Table 15.8.1 and Table 15.8.2 for list of
decisions.
4
According to the woman’s/man’s report. See Table 17.19.1 and Table 17.19.2 for list of behaviours.
5
According to the woman’s/man’s report. See Table 15.9.1 and Table 15.9.2 for list of reasons.

Table 17.17.1 Help seeking to stop violence: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by their help-
seeking behaviour, according to type of violence and background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
respondents
Among respondents who have ever who have ever
experienced any physical or sexual violence experienced
Never sought Never sought any physical
Type of violence/background Sought help to help but told help, never or sexual
characteristic stop violence someone told anyone Total violence
Type of violence experienced
Physical only 37.9 16.4 45.6 100.0 4,135
Sexual only 29.3 19.9 50.7 100.0 593
Both physical and sexual 55.3 15.9 28.9 100.0 1,609
Age
15–19 28.5 15.3 56.2 100.0 711
20–24 38.7 16.8 44.5 100.0 1,092
25–29 39.8 17.6 42.5 100.0 1,218
30–39 44.6 18.2 37.2 100.0 1,962
40–49 47.7 14.0 38.3 100.0 1,354
Residence
Urban 43.6 18.2 38.2 100.0 2,380
Rural 40.3 15.7 44.0 100.0 3,957
Marital status
Never married 32.7 19.4 47.9 100.0 1,318
partner 30.5 19.2 50.3 100.0 338
Ever had intimate partner 33.4 19.5 47.1 100.0 980
Ever married 43.9 15.9 40.2 100.0 5,019
Married/living together 40.7 15.3 43.9 100.0 3,803
Divorced/separated/
widowed 53.7 17.6 28.7 100.0 1,216
Employment
Not employed 33.2 16.4 50.4 100.0 1,905
Education1
No education 29.6 12.5 57.8 100.0 330
Primary 44.0 15.4 40.6 100.0 2,807
Secondary 40.8 16.3 42.9 100.0 2,277
Wealth quintile
Lowest 38.9 13.4 47.7 100.0 1,062
Second 38.7 17.9 43.4 100.0 1,246
Middle 43.4 15.6 41.0 100.0 1,281
Fourth 41.7 16.2 42.0 100.0 1,416
Highest 44.3 19.4 36.3 100.0 1,331
Total 41.5 16.6 41.8 100.0 6,337
1

Table 17.17.1C Help seeking to stop violence by county: Women
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual
violence by their help-seeking behaviour, according to county, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
Among respondents who have ever respondents
experienced who have
any physical or sexual violence ever
experienced
Sought help Never sought Never sought any physical
to stop help but told help, never or sexual
County violence someone told anyone Total violence
Mombasa 39.6 22.5 37.9 100.0 142
Kwale 31.9 22.4 45.7 100.0 39
Kilifi 31.6 7.2 61.2 100.0 117
Tana River 22.0 18.6 59.4 100.0 30
Lamu 64.1 11.2 24.6 100.0 19
Taita/Taveta 36.0 15.8 48.2 100.0 37
Garissa 31.6 13.0 55.4 100.0 31
Wajir 51.4 0.0 48.6 100.0 12
Mandera 11.3 10.0 78.7 100.0 9
Marsabit 18.0 9.3 72.7 100.0 11
Isiolo 24.7 20.7 54.6 100.0 32
Meru 48.4 13.6 38.0 100.0 212
Tharaka-Nithi 45.4 20.4 34.2 100.0 54
Embu 58.4 11.2 30.5 100.0 93
Kitui 32.0 10.1 58.0 100.0 45
Machakos 50.3 23.9 25.8 100.0 137
Makueni 30.9 10.4 58.6 100.0 86
Nyandarua 53.3 9.4 37.3 100.0 74
Nyeri 37.9 19.0 43.1 100.0 115
Kirinyaga 61.5 17.2 21.3 100.0 111
Murang’a 59.3 9.9 30.8 100.0 210
Kiambu 37.2 6.6 56.2 100.0 503
Turkana 30.0 8.2 61.8 100.0 78
West Pokot 20.4 8.7 71.0 100.0 61
Samburu 21.3 11.8 66.9 100.0 43
Trans Nzoia 44.4 17.8 37.8 100.0 156
Uasin Gishu 53.8 10.1 36.0 100.0 215
Elgeyo/Marakwet 38.0 7.6 54.4 100.0 37
Nandi 30.4 29.0 40.6 100.0 139
Baringo 25.7 20.4 53.9 100.0 82
Laikipia 49.8 14.6 35.7 100.0 64
Nakuru 55.6 20.7 23.8 100.0 262
Narok 39.3 16.0 44.6 100.0 163
Kajiado 38.0 24.0 38.0 100.0 197
Kericho 45.1 11.5 43.4 100.0 66
Bomet 54.7 6.0 39.3 100.0 127
Kakamega 28.3 20.5 51.2 100.0 327
Vihiga 37.4 12.4 50.2 100.0 76
Bungoma 38.5 20.4 41.2 100.0 435
Busia 44.4 14.9 40.8 100.0 130
Siaya 25.1 23.0 51.9 100.0 72
Kisumu 32.1 8.6 59.3 100.0 156
Homa Bay 47.4 15.8 36.8 100.0 200
Migori 35.4 18.5 46.1 100.0 203
Kisii 57.5 16.8 25.8 100.0 157
Nyamira 40.4 20.9 38.7 100.0 70
Nairobi City 41.5 25.2 33.3 100.0 699
Total 41.5 16.6 41.8 100.0 6,337

Table 17.17.2 Help seeking to stop violence: Men
Percent distribution of men age 15–49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by their help-
seeking behaviour, according to type of violence and background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Number of
respondents
who have
Among respondents who have ever ever
experienced any physical or sexual violence experienced
Never sought Never sought any physical
Type of violence/background Sought help to help but told help, never or sexual
characteristic stop violence someone told anyone Total violence
Type of violence experienced
Physical only 28.8 13.0 58.2 100.0 1,255
Sexual only 20.2 9.8 70.1 100.0 126
Both physical and sexual 40.4 10.8 48.8 100.0 268
Age
15–19 24.7 11.0 64.2 100.0 403
20–24 27.6 11.2 61.2 100.0 272
25–29 36.1 13.3 50.6 100.0 274
30–39 29.9 11.8 58.3 100.0 394
40–49 34.0 15.0 51.0 100.0 306
Residence
Urban 30.2 12.1 57.7 100.0 624
Rural 28.8 12.8 58.4 100.0 950
Marital status
Never married 24.5 12.7 62.8 100.0 765
partner 22.9 10.5 66.6 100.0 369
Ever had intimate partner 26.0 14.7 59.3 100.0 397
Ever married 33.9 12.4 53.7 100.0 809
Married/living together 33.5 12.3 54.2 100.0 648
Divorced/separated/widowed 35.3 12.9 51.8 100.0 161
Employment
Not employed 18.3 10.6 71.1 100.0 308
Education1
No education 17.8 14.3 67.9 100.0 19
Primary 32.7 15.0 52.3 100.0 581
Secondary 26.3 11.2 62.5 100.0 679
Wealth quintile
Lowest 29.1 16.2 54.7 100.0 215
Second 34.9 13.6 51.5 100.0 323
Middle 25.2 12.5 62.3 100.0 351
Fourth 30.9 12.0 57.1 100.0 362
Highest 26.6 9.8 63.6 100.0 324
Total 15–49 29.3 12.5 58.1 100.0 1,575
50–54 45.3 8.3 46.4 100.0 74
Total 15–54 30.1 12.4 57.6 100.0 1,649
1

Table 17.18 Sources for help to stop the violence
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have experienced physical or sexual violence and
sought help by sources from which they sought help according to the type of violence that women
reported, Kenya DHS 2022
Type of violence experienced Physical or
Physical Sexual Both physical sexual
Source only only and sexual violence
WOMEN
Own family 62.1 58.2 69.3 64.3

Husband/intimate partner’s family 32.4 5.1 35.4 31.6
Current/former husband/intimate partner 1.6 0.0 2.1 1.7
Current/former boyfriend 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
Friend 14.6 21.1 21.5 17.4
Neighbour 7.9 4.9 10.6 8.6
Religious leader 5.2 9.0 11.1 7.5
Doctor/medical personnel 2.6 2.2 3.0 2.7
Police 10.4 14.6 13.6 11.8
Lawyer 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.5
Social work organisation 1.4 0.0 2.1 1.5
Through helplines 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2
Safe spaces/rescue centres 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.5
Chief/other NGAOs 14.5 7.8 17.9 15.2
Other 2.4 7.2 1.0 2.3
Number of respondents who have
sought help 1,569 174 889 2,632
MEN
Own family 48.3 (52.6) 39.9 46.7
Husband/intimate partner’s family 4.0 (3.6) 5.2 4.3
Current/former husband/intimate partner 0.2 (0.0) 0.0 0.2
Current/former boyfriend 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 0.1
Friend 15.6 (45.1) 25.2 19.2
Neighbour 3.0 (13.8) 3.2 3.6
Religious leader 4.2 (12.3) 4.3 4.7
Doctor/medical personnel 6.0 (0.0) 4.5 5.3
Police 25.9 (0.0) 28.2 25.1
Lawyer 0.0 (0.0) 1.6 0.3
Social work organisation 2.7 (0.0) 0.8 2.1
Through helplines 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 0.0
Safe spaces/rescue centres 1.5 (0.0) 0.0 1.1
Chief/other NGAOs 19.8 (0.5) 23.9 19.7
Other 6.3 (9.6) 3.3 5.8
Number of respondents who have
sought help 362 25 108 496
Note: Women can report more than one source from which they sought help. Figures in parentheses
are based on 25–49 unweighted cases.

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION 18
Key Findings
Prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM):

 Fifteen percent of women age 15–49 in Kenya are
circumcised.
 The prevalence of FGM declined from 38% in 1998 to
15% in 2022.
 Two percent of girls age 0–14 whose mothers have ever
heard of circumcision are circumcised.
Age at circumcision:
 Forty-five percent of women (age 15–49) were
circumcised at age 10–14 and 30% at age 5–9.
Persons performing circumcisions:
 Most of female circumcisions are performed by
traditional agents (traditional circumciser, traditional birth
attendants, or other traditional agents); 86% for girls age
0–14 and 82% for women age 15–49.
 Fourteen percent of girls age 0–14 and 17% of women
age 15–49 were circumcised by a medical professional
(doctor, nurse, or midwife).
Attitudes towards FGM:
 Eighty-eight percent of women and 87% of men who
have ever heard of female circumcision believe that their
culture does not require FGM.
 More than 9 in 10 women and men age 15–49 who have
heard of female circumcision believe that the practice of
female circumcision should not be continued.
F
emale genital mutilation (FGM), also known female circumcision, is defined by the World Health
Organization (WHO) as any procedure that involves partial or total removal of the external genitalia
and/or injury to the female genital organs for cultural or any other non-therapeutic reasons (WHO,
UNICEF, and UNFPA 1997). Widely recognised as a violation of human rights, FGM is deeply rooted in
beliefs and perceptions formed over decades and generations, and it is illegal in Kenya. The Prohibition of
FGM Act No 32 of 2011 and the Children’s Act No 29 of 2022 criminalises all forms of FGM and provides
stiff penalties to perpetrators of FGM.
WHO classifies female genital mutilation into four main categories:
Type I: Excision of the prepuce with or without excision of part or the entire clitoris.
Type II: Excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora.
Type III: Excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching or narrowing of the vaginal opening
(infibulation).
Type IV: Other forms, including pricking, piercing, or incising of the clitoris and/or labia; stretching of
the clitoris and/or labia; cauterisation by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue; scraping
Female Genital Mutilation  637

of tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina or cutting of the vagina; and introduction of
corrosive substances or herbs into the vagina to cause bleeding or to tighten or narrow the
vagina.
The 2022 KDHS collected information on FGM from women age 15–49, girls age 0–14, and men age
15–54. For women, the topics included knowledge and prevalence of FGM and attitudes towards the
practice. Women age 15–49 were asked questions about if they were circumcised, age at circumcision, and
type of circumcision. Women with daughters age 0–14 were asked questions about circumcision for each
of their daughters. Male respondents were asked questions on their knowledge and attitudes about FGM.
18.1 RESPONDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Knowledge of female circumcision is near universal (97%) among both women and men (Table 18.1).
 Knowledge of FGM increases with level of education from 92% of women with no education to more
than 99% for those with more than secondary education. Knowledge of FGM among men increases from
94% for those with no education to more than 99% for those with more than secondary education.
 Knowledge of FGM among women increases with wealth quintile from 93% in the lowest quintile to
99% in the highest quintile.
18.2 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AMONG WOMEN

18.2.1 Prevalence and Type of FGM
Fifteen percent of women age 15–49 are Figure 18.1 Type of FGM
circumcised. The most common type of FGM in
Percentage among circumcised women
Kenya is Type II (cut, flesh removed). Seventy age 15–49
percent of circumcised women have undergone this
procedure. Twelve percent of circumcised women
have undergone either Type I procedure (cut, no flesh
removed) or the Type III procedure (also known as Don’t know
infibulation) of FGM (Table 18.2 and Figure 18.1). 6% Cut, flesh
removed
70%
Sewn
closed
12%
Cut/nicked, no
flesh removed
12%
638  Female Genital Mutilation

Trends: The prevalence of FGM declined from 38% Figure 18.2 Trends in FGM
in 1998 to 15% in 2022 (Figure 18.2). Percentage of women age 15–49 who are
circumcised
 The percentage of female who are circumcised is

38
higher among women age 40–44 (24%) and
32
45–49 (23%) than among women age 35–39 27
(19%) or younger (16% or lower) (Figure 18.3).
21
 Prevalence of female circumcision is higher in 15

rural (18%) than in urban areas (10%)
(Table 18.2).
18.2.2 Age at Circumcision among Women 1998 2003 2008–09 2014 2022
KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS KDHS
Among circumcised women, 30% were circumcised Note: Data from 2003 and later are nationally
at age 5–9, 45% at age 10–14, and 21% at age 15–49. the North Eastern region and several northern districts in
Only 2% of women age 15–29 were circumcised the Eastern and Rift Valley regions.
when they were under age 5 (Figure 18.4).
Figure 18.3 FGM by age
Percentage of women age 15–49 who
are circumcised
 Forty-one percent of circumcised women in
urban areas were circumcised at age 5–9
compared with 25% in rural areas (Table 18.3).
 The percentage of women age 15–49 who were 24 23

circumcised before age 5 is higher in the highest 19
wealth quintile; 11% compared to 2% or less in 13
16
other wealth quintiles. 9 10
15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49
Figure 18.4 Age at circumcision

Percent distribution of women who are
circumcised
Don’t know
2%
15+ years
21% <5 years
2%
10–14 years 5–9 years

45% 30%

18.3 FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AMONG DAUGHTERS
Female genital mutilation among girls age 0–14

Women were asked a series of questions about their own circumcision status
and that of their living daughters age 0–14. If a woman reported she had never
heard of FGM, it is assumed that her daughters have not been circumcised.
Sample: Girls age 0–14
Among women with living daughters age 0–14, 2% of these daughters are circumcised (Table 18.4).
In terms of infibulation status, 91% of circumcised girls are cut but not sewn, while 9% are cut and sewn
(infibulated) (Table 18.6).
 Eleven percent of girls age 0–14 whose mothers have no education are circumcised (Table 18.5).
 Seven percent of girls age 0–14 whose mothers are circumcised are also circumcised.
 The highest percentage of circumcised girls age 0–14 are daughters of mothers in the lowest wealth
quintile (4%).
 One in three girls whose mothers are infibulated are also infibulated (Table 18.6).
18.4 PERSON WHO PERFORMED THE CIRCUMCISION

Most of female circumcisions are performed by traditional agents (traditional circumciser, traditional birth
attendants, or other traditional agents); 86% for girls age 0–14 and 82% for women age 15–49 (Table
18.7). Fourteen percent of girls age 0–14 and 17% of women age 15–49 were circumcised by a medical
professional (doctor, nurse, or midwife).
Among women age 15–49 who are circumcised, 72% reported they were circumcised at their home, 14%
at a relative’s home, 9% at a health facility (hospital, clinic), and 5% at other places (forest, river banks, or
caves).

18.5 FEMALE CIRCUMCISION OVER TIME
The prevalence of circumcision among daughters age Figure 18.5 Age at circumcision among
0–14 by their current age is generally lower than that women and girls
of women age 15–49 when measured by their exact Percentage of women age 15–49 and girls
age of circumcision. The prevalence also increases age 0–14 who are circumcised
gradually with current age of circumcised daughters
20
and exact age at circumcision for women. For
example, at age nine, 3% of girls are circumcised
compared with 4% of women who were circumcised 15
at that age. At age fourteen, 5% of girls are Women 15–49
circumcised, while 10% of women were circumcised 10
at that age (Figure 18.5).
5
Girls 0–14
0
<1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Age in years
18.6 ATTITUDES TOWARDS FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Ninety-six percent of women and men age 15–49 who have ever heard of female circumcision do not
believe that their religion requires FGM (Table 18.8.1). Moreover, 88% of women and 87% of men believe
that their culture does not require FGM (Table 18.8.2 ), and 92% of women and 93% of men do not
believe FGM is required by their society (Table 18.8.3 ).
More than 9 in 10 women and men age 15–49 who have heard of female circumcision believe that the
practice should not be continued (Table 18.9)
 Among circumcised women, 82% believe that FGM is not required by their religion, whereas 99% of
uncircumcised women hold a similar opinion (Table 18.8.1).
 Twenty-seven percent of women and 24% of men with no education believe that their religion requires
FGM.

 Among circumcised women, 44% believe that Figure 18.6 Attitudes about FGM by
FGM is required by their culture (Table 18.8.2 circumcision status
and Figure 18.6). Percentage of women age 15–49
believing:
 The belief that culture requires FGM decreases
Circumcised Not circumcised
with increasing education level, from 44% of
women and 49% of men with no education to
7% of women and 9% of men with more than
secondary education. 44
33
 The belief that culture requires FGM decreases 22
17
with increasing wealth quintile, from 21% of
5
women and 22% of men in the lowest wealth 1 3 1
quintile to 7% of women and 9% of men in the Circumcision Circumcision Circumcision Circumcision
highest wealth quintile is required by is required by is required by should
religion culture society continue
 Among circumcised women, 74% believe that
female circumcision should not be continued
(Table 18.9).
 The highest percentage of women and men who believe that female circumcision should be continued
are those with no education (32% and 28%, respectively).
 The belief that female circumcision should be continued is high among women and men in the lowest
wealth quintile (13% and 11%, respectively).
18.7 EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Thirty-one percent of circumcised women age 15–49 have experienced side effects from undergoing
circumcision (Table 18.10). The most common side effects were severe pain (70%) and heavy bleeding
(46%).
18.8 HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOURS

Eighty-four percent of circumcised women who reported having experienced side effects from
circumcision never sought help (Table 18.11). Among women who sought help, 7% sought help from a
doctor or another medical personnel, and 9% sought help from a traditional circumciser or traditional
healer/herbalist.

LIST OF TABLES
For more information on female genital mutilation, see the following tables:
 Table 18.1 Knowledge of female circumcision

 Table 18.2 Prevalence of female circumcision
 Table 18.3 Age at circumcision
 Table 18.4 Prevalence of circumcision and age at circumcision: Girls 0–14
 Table 18.5 Circumcision of girls age 0–14 by mother’s background characteristics
 Table 18.6 Infibulation among circumcised girls age 0–14
 Table 18.7 Aspects of circumcision among circumcised girls age 0–14 and women age 15–49
 Table 18.8.1 Opinion of women and men about whether circumcision is required by religion
 Table 18.8.2 Opinion of women and men about whether circumcision is required by culture
 Table 18.8.3 Opinions of women and men about whether circumcision is required by society
 Table 18.9 Opinion of women and men about whether the practice of circumcision should
continue
 Table 18.10 Effect of female circumcision
 Table 18.11 Help seeking behaviours among circumcised women

Table 18.1 Knowledge of female circumcision
Percentage of women age 15–49 and men age 15–64 who have heard of female circumcision, according to
Women Men
Background Have heard of Number of Have heard of Number of
characteristic female circumcision respondents female circumcision respondents
Age
15–19 94.4 3,125 93.8 3,175
20–24 96.9 3,063 97.9 2,404
25–29 97.7 2,916 98.2 2,268
30–34 97.7 2,364 98.0 1,787
35–39 97.5 2,288 99.0 1,577
40–44 98.3 1,615 98.8 1,332
45–49 97.2 1,346 98.9 1,109
Residence
Urban 98.0 6,850 97.5 5,382
Rural 96.2 9,866 97.2 8,270
Education1
No education 92.4 920 93.8 369
Primary 95.1 6,107 95.4 4,894
Secondary 98.1 6,481 97.9 5,592
More than secondary 99.3 3,208 99.9 2,797
Wealth quintile
Lowest 93.2 2,599 95.8 2,062
Second 96.5 2,974 96.5 2,584
Middle 96.8 3,086 97.7 2,754
Fourth 98.1 3,729 97.5 3,325
Highest 98.6 4,328 98.5 2,927
Total 15–49 96.9 16,716 97.3 13,652
50–54 na na 99.0 801
Total 15–54 na na 97.4 14,453
1

Table 18.2 Prevalence of female circumcision
Percentage of women age 15–49 circumcised, and percent distribution of circumcised women by type of circumcision according to
Type of circumcision
Percentage Cut/nicked, Number of
Background of women Number of no flesh Cut, flesh Sewn Don’t circumcised
characteristic circumcised women removed removed closed know Total women
Age
15–19 9.1 3,125 11.9 67.3 12.6 8.1 100.0 286
20–24 9.9 3,063 13.9 63.3 13.0 9.9 100.0 303
25–29 13.2 2,916 12.0 69.5 12.0 6.4 100.0 384
30–34 16.1 2,364 11.3 69.8 12.7 6.2 100.0 380
35–39 18.7 2,288 12.3 70.1 11.6 6.0 100.0 428
40–44 23.8 1,615 11.1 72.9 10.9 5.1 100.0 385
45–49 23.1 1,346 10.9 76.6 7.9 4.5 100.0 311
Residence
Urban 9.7 6,850 14.0 61.6 16.7 7.7 100.0 662
Rural 18.4 9,866 11.1 73.1 9.7 6.1 100.0 1,815
Education1
No education 56.3 920 4.1 70.4 17.9 7.6 100.0 518
Primary 18.4 6,107 11.2 73.8 9.7 5.3 100.0 1,126
Secondary 9.9 6,481 16.5 64.9 10.8 7.9 100.0 643
Wealth quintile
Lowest 32.0 2,599 8.8 74.7 11.3 5.2 100.0 832
Second 16.8 2,974 11.8 72.2 8.4 7.6 100.0 498
Middle 14.6 3,086 12.7 71.9 7.4 7.9 100.0 450
Fourth 11.0 3,729 15.7 61.4 16.4 6.5 100.0 409
Highest 6.6 4,328 14.3 62.2 17.3 6.2 100.0 287
Total 14.8 16,716 11.9 70.1 11.6 6.5 100.0 2,476
1

Table 18.3 Age at circumcision
Percent distribution of circumcised women age 15–49 by age at circumcision according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Age at circumcision Number of
Background Don’t circumcised
characteristic <5 5–9 10–14 15+ know Total women
Age
15–19 2.9 45.6 39.1 11.7 0.6 100.0 286
20–24 5.3 37.8 40.4 14.8 1.7 100.0 303
25–29 1.5 37.0 43.7 16.4 1.4 100.0 384
30–34 1.1 31.5 45.3 19.6 2.5 100.0 380
35–39 2.0 24.1 47.3 24.6 2.0 100.0 428
40–44 2.2 17.8 50.7 28.1 1.2 100.0 385
45–49 2.9 18.0 44.5 33.1 1.5 100.0 311
Residence
Urban 5.3 41.3 42.6 8.5 2.3 100.0 662
Rural 1.4 25.4 45.6 26.2 1.4 100.0 1,815
Education1
No education 0.6 38.2 41.4 16.6 3.3 100.0 518
Primary 1.7 21.3 45.1 30.6 1.3 100.0 1,126
Secondary 4.5 35.4 47.5 11.4 1.1 100.0 643
More than
secondary 4.8 35.8 43.4 15.2 0.8 100.0 189
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.7 29.8 41.7 25.8 2.0 100.0 832
Second 1.5 24.9 48.0 24.8 0.9 100.0 498
Middle 2.1 28.3 45.2 22.7 1.7 100.0 450
Fourth 1.3 34.1 47.2 15.1 2.2 100.0 409
Highest 11.2 33.3 44.2 10.4 0.9 100.0 287
Total 2.4 29.6 44.8 21.5 1.6 100.0 2,476
1
Table 18.4 Prevalence of circumcision and age at circumcision: Girls 0–14
Percent distribution of girls age 0–14 by age at circumcision, and percentage of girls circumcised according to current age, Kenya DHS
2022
Age at circumcision
Percentage
not Number of Percentage
Current age <1 1–4 5–9 10–14 circumcised Total girls circumcised
0–4 0.0 0.0 na na 100.0 100.0 4,284 0.0
5–9 0.0 0.2 1.1 na 98.7 100.0 4,023 1.3
10–14 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.7 96.3 100.0 3,873 3.7
0–14 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.2 98.4 100.0 12,181 1.6
Note: The circumcision status of girls is reported by their mothers.


Table 18.5 Circumcision of girls age 0–14 by mother’s background
characteristics
Percentage of girls age 0–14 who are circumcised, according to age and mother’s
Current age of girls
Background Total Number
characteristic 0–4 5–9 10–14 0–14 of girls
Residence
Urban 0.0 1.1 4.1 1.5 4,208
Rural 0.0 1.4 3.6 1.7 7,973
No education 0.2 8.2 22.9 10.5 1,454
Primary 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.6 5,665
Secondary 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.4 3,423
Mother’s circumcision
status
Circumcised 0.1 5.6 15.5 7.3 2,704
Not circumcised 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9,091
Wealth quintile
Lowest 0.1 3.5 9.8 4.3 2,789
Second 0.0 0.8 1.7 0.9 2,502
Middle 0.1 0.7 2.2 1.0 2,145
Fourth 0.0 0.8 3.1 1.2 2,338
Highest 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 2,407
Total 0.0 1.3 3.7 1.6 12,181
Note: The circumcision status of girls is reported by their mothers.

1
attended.

Table 18.6 Infibulation among circumcised girls age 0–14
Percent distribution of girls age 0–14 who are circumcised by whether or not they
are infibulated, according to mother’s background characteristics, Kenya DHS
2022
Infibulation status
Background Sewn Not sewn Don’t Number
characteristic closed closed know Total of girls
Residence
Urban 6.8 92.3 0.9 100.0 65
Rural 9.6 90.0 0.5 100.0 133
No education 9.8 90.1 0.1 100.0 152
Primary 6.6 91.8 1.6 100.0 33
Secondary * * * 100.0 12
Mother’s
circumcision status
Infibulated 32.8 67.2 0.0 100.0 45
Circumcised, not
infibulated 1.5 98.1 0.5 100.0 151
Not circumcised * * * 100.0 2
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.6 89.8 0.5 100.0 121
Second 5.8 94.2 0.0 100.0 22
Middle 7.1 90.5 2.4 100.0 22
Fourth 4.0 95.8 0.2 100.0 28
Highest * * * 100.0 5
Total 8.7 90.7 0.6 100.0 198
Note: The circumcision status of girls is reported by their mothers. An asterisk

indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been
suppressed.
1
attended.

Table 18.7 Aspects of circumcision among circumcised girls age 0–14 and women age 15–49
Percent distribution of circumcised girls age 0–14 by current age and women age 15–49, according to person performing the
circumcision and type of circumcision, Kenya DHS 2022
Current age of girls Women age
Characteristic of circumcision 0–4 5–9 10–14 Total 0–14 15–49
Person who performed the
circumcision
Traditional agent * 92.8 84.1 86.2 82.0
Traditional circumciser * 92.8 83.8 86.0 80.5
Traditional birth attendant * 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.4
Other traditional agent * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Medical professional * 7.2 15.9 13.5 16.9
Doctor * 2.0 1.2 1.4 4.4
Nurse/midwife * 5.2 14.6 12.1 12.5
Don’t know * 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Place of circumcision
At home na na na na 72.1
At relative’s home na na na na 13.6
At hospital/clinic/health facility na na na na 8.9
Forest/river bank/cave na na na na 5.0
Other na na na na 0.4
Total na na na na 100.0
Country of circumcision
Kenya na na na na 99.3
Tanzania na na na na 0.3
Other country na na na na 0.3
Don’t know na na na na 0.1
Total na na na na 100.0
Type of circumcision
Cut/nicked, no flesh removed * 10.2 15.7 14.2 11.9
Cut, flesh removed * 79.7 66.9 70.1 70.1
Sewn closed * 6.4 9.6 8.7 11.6
Don’t know * 3.7 7.8 7.0 6.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 1 52 145 198 2,476
Note: The circumcision status of girls is reported by their mothers. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25

Table 18.8.1 Opinion of women and men about whether circumcision is required by religion
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have heard of female circumcision, by opinion on whether their religion requires female
circumcision, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Background Not Don’t Number of Not Don’t Number of
characteristic Required required know Total women Required required know Total men
Female circumcision
status
Circumcised 17.2 81.5 1.2 100.0 2,476 na na na na na
Not circumcised 0.8 98.8 0.4 100.0 13,729 na na na na na
Age
15–19 4.8 94.5 0.7 100.0 2,951 3.7 95.1 1.1 100.0 2,977
20–24 3.4 96.1 0.5 100.0 2,968 3.6 95.8 0.6 100.0 2,353
25–29 2.8 96.7 0.5 100.0 2,848 3.4 96.3 0.3 100.0 2,228
30–34 3.2 96.0 0.8 100.0 2,310 2.7 96.3 1.0 100.0 1,752
35–39 2.6 97.0 0.4 100.0 2,232 3.5 95.9 0.6 100.0 1,562
40–44 3.3 96.6 0.2 100.0 1,588 2.6 96.8 0.6 100.0 1,316
45–49 2.6 96.9 0.5 100.0 1,308 3.2 96.5 0.3 100.0 1,097
Residence
Urban 3.6 95.8 0.6 100.0 6,711 3.1 96.3 0.6 100.0 5,247
Rural 3.1 96.3 0.5 100.0 9,495 3.5 95.7 0.8 100.0 8,038
Education1
No education 27.4 70.6 2.0 100.0 851 23.7 74.3 2.0 100.0 346
Primary 2.7 96.7 0.7 100.0 5,808 3.6 95.3 1.0 100.0 4,670
Secondary 1.9 97.7 0.4 100.0 6,361 2.7 96.6 0.6 100.0 5,476
Wealth quintile
Lowest 9.3 89.6 1.0 100.0 2,423 8.4 90.3 1.3 100.0 1,975
Second 2.5 96.9 0.6 100.0 2,869 2.8 96.3 0.9 100.0 2,494
Middle 2.4 97.3 0.4 100.0 2,987 2.7 96.9 0.4 100.0 2,691
Fourth 2.9 96.6 0.5 100.0 3,657 2.6 96.8 0.6 100.0 3,242
Highest 1.5 98.1 0.4 100.0 4,269 1.6 97.9 0.5 100.0 2,882
Total 15–49 3.3 96.1 0.5 100.0 16,205 3.3 96.0 0.7 100.0 13,285
50–54 na na na na na 3.6 95.6 0.8 100.0 793
1

Table 18.8.2 Opinion of women and men about whether circumcision is required by culture
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have heard of female circumcision, by opinion on whether their culture requires female circumcision,
Women Men
Female circumcision
status
Age
15–19 11.6 87.7 0.6 100.0 2,951 11.1 87.7 1.2 100.0 2,977
20–24 10.6 89.0 0.5 100.0 2,968 11.4 87.9 0.7 100.0 2,353
25–29 10.4 89.2 0.3 100.0 2,848 11.0 88.7 0.3 100.0 2,228
30–34 12.9 86.4 0.7 100.0 2,310 13.0 86.7 0.3 100.0 1,752
35–39 11.2 88.4 0.4 100.0 2,232 13.5 86.1 0.4 100.0 1,562
40–44 11.1 88.6 0.3 100.0 1,588 13.9 85.8 0.3 100.0 1,316
45–49 11.4 88.2 0.4 100.0 1,308 13.6 86.3 0.1 100.0 1,097
Residence
Urban 9.0 90.6 0.5 100.0 6,711 10.7 89.0 0.3 100.0 5,247
Rural 12.9 86.6 0.5 100.0 9,495 13.1 86.2 0.7 100.0 8,038
Education1
No education 43.5 54.8 1.6 100.0 851 49.2 49.3 1.5 100.0 346
Primary 11.5 88.0 0.5 100.0 5,808 13.7 85.5 0.8 100.0 4,670
Secondary 9.1 90.5 0.4 100.0 6,361 10.0 89.5 0.4 100.0 5,476
Wealth quintile
Lowest 21.4 77.6 1.0 100.0 2,423 22.3 76.9 0.8 100.0 1,975
Second 12.8 86.9 0.4 100.0 2,869 11.2 87.9 0.9 100.0 2,494
Middle 10.9 88.6 0.5 100.0 2,987 11.4 88.1 0.5 100.0 2,691
Fourth 8.7 91.0 0.3 100.0 3,657 10.6 89.0 0.4 100.0 3,242
Highest 7.0 92.7 0.4 100.0 4,269 8.5 91.2 0.3 100.0 2,882
Total 15–49 11.3 88.3 0.5 100.0 16,205 12.1 87.3 0.6 100.0 13,285
50–54 na na na na na 15.0 84.9 0.2 100.0 793
1

Table 18.8.3 Opinions of women and men about whether circumcision is required by society
Percentage of women and men age 15–49 who have heard of female circumcision, by opinion on whether their society requires female
circumcision, according to background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Female
circumcision
status
Age
15–19 8.3 90.9 0.8 100.0 2,951 6.6 92.3 1.1 100.0 2,977
20–24 7.3 92.4 0.4 100.0 2,968 6.5 93.1 0.4 100.0 2,353
25–29 7.0 92.5 0.4 100.0 2,848 6.8 92.8 0.4 100.0 2,228
30–34 7.2 92.2 0.6 100.0 2,310 7.4 92.0 0.6 100.0 1,752
35–39 7.1 92.4 0.6 100.0 2,232 7.6 92.0 0.4 100.0 1,562
40–44 7.0 92.7 0.3 100.0 1,588 7.7 92.0 0.3 100.0 1,316
45–49 6.6 93.2 0.2 100.0 1,308 5.7 93.9 0.4 100.0 1,097
Residence
Urban 6.1 93.5 0.4 100.0 6,711 7.0 92.6 0.4 100.0 5,247
Rural 8.2 91.3 0.5 100.0 9,495 6.8 92.6 0.7 100.0 8,038
Education1
No education 37.7 59.8 2.5 100.0 851 34.5 63.7 1.8 100.0 346
Primary 7.1 92.4 0.5 100.0 5,808 7.2 92.0 0.8 100.0 4,670
Secondary 5.3 94.3 0.4 100.0 6,361 5.1 94.4 0.5 100.0 5,476
More than
secondary 3.5 96.4 0.1 100.0 3,186 6.4 93.4 0.2 100.0 2,793
Wealth quintile
Lowest 16.8 82.0 1.1 100.0 2,423 13.7 85.4 1.0 100.0 1,975
Second 6.7 92.7 0.5 100.0 2,869 6.3 93.2 0.6 100.0 2,494
Middle 6.8 92.7 0.5 100.0 2,987 5.2 94.4 0.5 100.0 2,691
Fourth 5.9 93.7 0.4 100.0 3,657 6.2 93.2 0.6 100.0 3,242
Highest 3.7 96.0 0.2 100.0 4,269 5.1 94.6 0.4 100.0 2,882
Total 15–49 7.3 92.2 0.5 100.0 16,205 6.9 92.6 0.6 100.0 13,285
50–54 na na na na na 6.6 92.9 0.5 100.0 793
1

Table 18.9 Opinion of women and men about whether the practice of circumcision should continue
Percent distribution of women age 15–49 and men age 15–64 who have heard of female circumcision by their opinion on whether the practice of
circumcision should be continued, by background characteristics, Kenya DHS 2022
Women Men
Don’t Number of Don’t Number of
Background Not know/ respon- Not know/ respo-
characteristic Continued continued depends Total dents Continued continued depends Total ndents
Female circumcision
status
Age
15–19 4.6 94.2 1.2 100.0 2,951 4.6 93.0 2.4 100.0 2,977
20–24 3.9 94.6 1.5 100.0 2,968 4.3 93.0 2.7 100.0 2,353
25–29 4.0 94.8 1.2 100.0 2,848 4.3 92.4 3.3 100.0 2,228
30–34 5.0 92.9 2.1 100.0 2,310 4.7 92.0 3.3 100.0 1,752
35–39 4.0 93.7 2.3 100.0 2,232 5.9 90.3 3.8 100.0 1,562
40–44 4.3 93.6 2.1 100.0 1,588 5.1 89.6 5.4 100.0 1,316
45–49 4.5 91.6 3.9 100.0 1,308 5.4 91.5 3.1 100.0 1,097
Residence
Urban 3.5 95.2 1.3 100.0 6,711 3.6 93.6 2.8 100.0 5,247
Rural 4.9 92.9 2.3 100.0 9,495 5.5 90.9 3.6 100.0 8,038
Education1
No education 31.9 62.4 5.7 100.0 851 28.0 67.5 4.5 100.0 346
Primary 4.5 92.9 2.5 100.0 5,808 5.7 89.7 4.6 100.0 4,670
Secondary 2.2 96.6 1.2 100.0 6,361 3.5 94.1 2.4 100.0 5,476
Wealth quintile
Lowest 12.9 83.8 3.3 100.0 2,423 11.2 83.5 5.3 100.0 1,975
Second 3.9 94.1 2.0 100.0 2,869 5.1 91.6 3.3 100.0 2,494
Middle 3.2 94.7 2.1 100.0 2,987 4.4 92.8 2.8 100.0 2,691
Fourth 2.8 95.6 1.6 100.0 3,657 3.6 93.7 2.6 100.0 3,242
Highest 1.7 97.3 1.0 100.0 4,269 1.7 95.4 2.9 100.0 2,882
Total 15–49 4.3 93.8 1.9 100.0 16,205 4.8 92.0 3.3 100.0 13,285
50–54 na na na na na 5.4 90.5 4.0 100.0 793
1

654 • Female Genital Mutilation
Table 18.10 Effect of female circumcision

Percentage of circumcised women age 15–49 who experienced side effects, and percent distribution of women who are circumcised by the form of side effect they experienced, according to current women’s age, their age at circumcision,
and type of circumcision, Kenya DHS 2022
Percentage Among circumcised women who experienced side effects, percentage who experienced :
of Compli- Compli- Depres- Number of
circumcised cations cations Compli- sion/ circumcised
women who Number of with during cations Social stress/ women who
experienced circumcised Heavy Severe Urine menstrual sexual during accep- mental experienced
Characteristic side effects women bleeding pain Infection retention Anemia Fever periods intercourse childbirth Fistula tability Stigma health Other side effects
Current age
15–19 22.2 286 37.6 68.3 3.6 8.3 1.0 1.8 8.3 4.0 5.2 0.0 4.1 3.9 4.8 9.4 63
20–24 23.2 303 39.0 77.2 7.2 5.4 2.8 1.5 5.5 3.7 11.5 0.0 4.2 0.8 4.6 0.2 70
25–29 29.9 384 54.9 72.1 7.5 7.1 1.3 3.0 2.2 5.4 10.0 0.2 2.7 0.2 3.5 1.6 115
30–39 32.9 808 47.2 68.5 4.2 6.3 0.5 3.2 1.9 5.0 7.6 0.0 5.9 2.0 4.4 2.5 266
40–49 37.0 696 44.6 70.0 2.5 6.2 0.9 5.6 2.7 3.4 5.9 0.5 4.5 6.5 8.3 2.1 258
Age at
circumcision
<5 38.3 60 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 23
5–9 22.1 734 35.5 62.4 4.0 11.9 1.2 3.2 10.1 6.4 12.1 0.0 7.2 2.1 0.6 0.1 162
10–14 34.7 1,110 50.6 72.7 5.2 5.6 0.9 3.6 1.4 4.0 6.5 0.4 5.1 5.3 9.3 1.0 385
15+ 36.3 532 48.4 76.8 3.1 4.0 1.3 4.1 0.6 2.6 6.0 0.0 1.4 0.8 2.4 2.9 193
Don’t know 20.6 40 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 8
Type of
circumcision
Cut/nicked, no
flesh
removed 36.8 294 33.0 68.9 6.4 6.5 0.4 2.5 2.0 1.1 4.1 0.0 20.8 0.9 1.6 0.0 108
Cut, flesh
removed 30.3 1,735 46.4 71.8 3.0 6.5 1.3 3.5 2.5 3.8 8.1 0.3 1.8 3.2 6.7 2.4 526
Sewn closed 34.0 286 45.2 60.9 10.8 8.2 0.6 7.0 8.4 9.8 9.8 0.0 1.1 7.6 4.5 7.6 97
Don’t know 24.7 161 (76.7) (77.3) (0.7) (1.0) (0.0) (1.1) (0.9) (6.8) (3.7) (0.0) (6.7) (0.0) (5.5) (0.0) 40
Total 31.2 2,476 45.9 70.3 4.3 6.4 1.0 3.7 3.1 4.3 7.5 0.2 4.7 3.3 5.6 2.6 772
Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25–49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Table 18.11 Help seeking behaviours among circumcised women
Percent distribution of circumcised women age 15–49 who experienced side effects by help-seeking behaviour, according to
Women who sought help from:
Traditional Number of
circumciser/ circumcised women
Background Doctor/medical traditional Other Never who experienced
characteristic personnel healer/herbalist person sought help side effects
Age
15–19 4.6 4.8 1.8 89.5 63
20–24 9.2 5.7 5.4 86.1 70
25–29 3.2 6.1 3.9 87.0 115
30–39 8.8 8.3 1.5 83.8 266
40–49 6.7 12.9 2.8 80.3 258
Residence
Urban 8.9 6.9 0.6 84.9 191
Rural 6.3 9.7 3.3 83.4 581
Education1
No education 3.7 4.2 0.6 92.6 135
Primary 6.7 11.3 3.0 82.4 403
Secondary 8.9 8.8 3.2 80.8 176
Wealth quintile
Lowest 5.8 8.2 3.3 86.6 249
Second 7.1 6.8 0.8 86.1 144
Middle 7.6 11.2 3.0 78.4 165
Fourth 10.5 12.8 6.1 77.7 102
Highest 5.0 6.8 0.0 88.2 111
Total 7.0 9.0 2.7 83.8 772
1
Female Genital Mutilation • 655

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Kenya DHS 2022 Main Report - Volume 1

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REPUBLIC OF KENYA

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

The DHS Program

ISBN: 978-9914-49-609-3 (print)

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS ............................................................................................ ix

1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1

2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9

4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 127

5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................. 151

6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES................................................................................................... 175

7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 191

9 MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH CARE.................................................................. 243

10 CHILD HEALTH........................................................................................................................ 303

11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 337

12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 389

13 KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR RELATED TO HIV, AIDS, AND

14 CHRONIC CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 471

15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 497

16 HOUSEHOLD WATER AND SANITATION ......................................................................... 553

17 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE ................................................................................................. 585

1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1

Figure 1.1 2022 Kenya DHS Sample Design ...................................................................... 3

2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9

Tables, Figures, and Maps  ix

3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 67

x  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Figure 3.1 Education of survey respondents ...................................................................... 68

Map 3.1 Lifetime migration by county ........................................................................... 75

4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................ 127

Figure 4.1 Marital status .................................................................................................. 128

Tables, Figures, and Maps  xi

Map 4.1 Polygyny by county ........................................................................................ 130

5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................. 151

Figure 5.1 Trends in fertility by residence ....................................................................... 152

Map 5.1 Fertility by county .......................................................................................... 153

6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES................................................................................................... 175

xii  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Map 6.1 Wanted fertility rates by county ..................................................................... 181

7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 191

Figure 7.1 Contraceptive use ........................................................................................... 192

Tables, Figures, and Maps  xiii

Map 7.1 Modern contraceptive use by county .............................................................. 193

8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 233

Figure 8.1 Trends in early childhood mortality rates ....................................................... 234

9 MATERNAL AND NEWBORN HEALTH CARE.................................................................. 243

xiv  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Figure 9.1 Trends in antenatal care coverage .................................................................. 244

Map 9.1 Health facility births by county ...................................................................... 250

10 CHILD HEALTH........................................................................................................................ 303

Tables, Figures, and Maps  xv

Figure 10.1 Trends in childhood vaccinations ................................................................... 305

11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 337

xvi  Tables, Figures, and Maps

Figure 11.1 Trends in child growth measures .................................................................... 339

Map 11.1 Stunting in children by county........................................................................ 340

12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 389

Figure 12.1 Household ownership of ITNs ........................................................................ 390

Tables, Figures, and Maps  xvii

Map 12.1 ITN ownership by county ............................................................................... 392