Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino delas Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABEN 75 – Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

Second Semester, AY 2022-2023

Name: Mancol, Lyka Mae A. Engr. Jose Carlo R. Dizon

Course, Year and Section: BSABE 4-2 old Date: June 19, 2023

Laboratory Report No. 6

Open Channel Design

Introduction

Irrigation and structures are constructed in order to have a betterment of water flow.
Earth has a natural waterway where the fluids flow from one place to another, these
waterways are called open canals or open channels. The open channel has a free surface
and the water flows due to gravity, usually driven by the slope of the channel rather than the
pressure. There are different types or shapes of the cross-section such as rectangular,
trapezoidal, parabolic or circular, and triangular. The most commonly used shape of the
cross-section is the trapezoid. The canal can be either unlined or lined. Unlined canal
exhibits excessive seepage losses, prone to erosion, and favorable to the growth of weeds.
As a result, canal lining is introduced for control effectiveness. Moreover, a lined canal is
able to minimize seepage losses, make the bed channel sturdy, avoid soil erosion, and
prevent weed growth. (Food and Agriculture Organization, n.d.).

Designing an open channel requires taking into consideration discharge, flow

velocity, roughness coefficient of the material, canal cross-section, freeboard, and bottom
slope. Hence, this laboratory report aims to design an open channel in reference to the class
sequence employing the various design requirements and following the standards.

Objectives

After this exercise, the student should be able to:

1. Understand different considerations in designing an unlined canal;

2. Compute for the design discharge for unlined canal; and
3. Design a trapezoidal unlined canal to carry a given design discharge.
Methodology

Students were tasked to design an open canal through the data that was given by the
instructor and according to class sequence. The area would be the sum of the last two digits
of the student number. Students were tasked to determine the roughness coefficient from
the strata condition, using PAES 603:2016 as guidelines for some water requirements and
channel requirements. In order to have a measurement for the channel design, the students
need to compute the top width, total depth, and freeboard. The researcher ensures that
proper credits to the actual owner of the articles and information used in this paper will be
administered, as well as provide proper citation to all references used in this paper. The
illustration for the designed open channel will be attached at the appendices.

Results and Discussion

The table shown below is the design parameters that can be used for computation in
following tables. The area is the sum of the last two digits of 201816989 which is the student
number. In order to get the value of stable side slope, through Philippine Agricultural
Engineering Standards (PAES) 603:2016 and the location or strata given by the instructor,
the stable slide slope is able to be determined and the mean roughness coefficient.

Table 1. Design Parameters

Area 8 + 9 = 17 ha

Type of Material Sandy Soil

Category of Material and Earth Curved and irregular

Condition

Location or Strata Cutting reaches, granular soils, sand and gravel

Maximum Permissible Velocity 0.45 m/s

Mean Roughness Coefficient 0.0250

Stable Slide Slope 1.5:1

For unlined channels, the design flow velocity of the canal shall not exceed the
maximum permissible velocity in order to avoid destructive erosion to the channel and
progressively destroy fertile lands. The maximum permissible velocity depends on the
resistance to erosion of the banks of the canal.

The mean roughness coefficient of the given strata and condition, n=0.025. Values
for roughness coefficient of different materials forming the channel are from Philippine
Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 603:2016. The value for roughness coefficient
shall not base on the degree of the original finish but on the surface that will exist after a few
years of operation.

The table shown below are the values in computing the crop water requirement, farm
water requirement, and diversion water requirement.

Table 2. Assigned Values For Computations

Week no. Eto (mm) Kc P ER Ec Ea Operating Hours

5.98 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

2.91 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

5.24 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

16 5.21 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

3.55 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

7.67 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

7.44 1.05 1.5 1 0.8 0.7 10

All of the data from table 2 were given by the instructor in order to compute the
following table which is table 3 or the water irrigation requirements.

The table below shown the computed irrigation water requirements such as crop
evapotranspiration, crop water requirement, farm water requirement, and diversion water
requirement.

Table 3. Computed Irrigation Water Requirements

Day ETc CWR FWR DWR

1 6.279 7.779 9.68429 12.105357

2 3.0555 4.5555 5.07929 6.3491071

3 5.502 7.002 8.57429 10.717857

4 5.4705 6.9705 8.52929 10.661607

5 3.7275 5.2275 6.03929 7.5491071

6 8.0535 9.5535 12.2193 15.274107

7 7.812 9.312 11.8743 14.842857

In order to compute the channel discharge which is table 4, the computed value of
diversion water requirement from table 3 will multiply to the potential irrigable area.
 Table 4 shown the computed channel discharge per day. There were small gaps on
computed channel discharge.

Table 4. Computed Channel Discharge

Day Channel Discharge

1 0.02802166

2 0.014697007

3 0.024809854

4 0.024679646

5 0.017474785

6 0.035356729

7 0.034358466

In order to get the recommended b/d ratio in the Philippine Agricultural Engineering
Standards (PAES) 603:2016, the student need to get the average of channel discharge. The
computed channel discharge for table 4 is 0.179398148.

Table 5. Recommended b/d ratio

From the table above, the recommended range of b/d ratio of a 0.1 discharge ranges
from 1.00 – 2.50. To assume, b = 1 and d = 2.
 The area is able to get by dividing the channel discharge into the maximum
permissible velocity.

m
0.179398148
s 2
=0.3986625111 m
m
0.45
s

In this laboratory report, the chosen design of cross-sectional is trapezoidal channel.

From the table 5, the recommended b/d ratio was shown. The value of z was 1.5, it is from
the table below. The bed slope was given by the instructor which has an amount of 0.0016.

Table 6. Stable Side Slopes for Unlined Channels

2
A=bd+ z d

A=( 1 )( 2 )= (1.5 )( 2 )2=8 m2

Computing for the Wetted Perimeter, P

P=b+2 d √1+ z 2

P=1+2 ( 2 ) √2+ ( 1.5 ) =9.246211251m

2

Computing for the hydraulic Radius

A
R=
P

8 m2
R= =0.8652192539 m
9.246211251 m

Computing for the Flow Velocity, V

 2 1
1
V = R3 S2
n
2
1
V= (0.8652192539)3 ¿
0.025

The design was satisfied since the Vc met the Vmax of 0.45.

Computing the actual discharge, Q

Q= AV

m
Q=8 m¿) = 11.62235366
s

The computed values were met since the computed value is greater than the
Qdesign. The calculation for the designing the channel design must proceed.

Computing the top width, T

T =b+ 2 zy

T =1+2 ( 1.5 )( 2 ) =7 m

Computing hydraulic Depth, D

( b+ zy ) y
D=
b+2 zy

( 1+( 1.5 ) ( 2 ) ) 2
D= =1.142857143m
1+2(1.5)(2)

Computing Freeboard, Fb

Fb=4 D

Fb=4 ( 1.142857143 m )=4.571428572 m

Computing velocity head, Fb

Fb=0.5 D+ hv +(0.5−0.15 m)

m
1.452794207
s
Fb=0.5 ( 1.142857143 m )+ + ( 0.5−0.15 m )=0.582186018m
m
2(9,81 )
ss
The top width of the channel was 7m, the base was 1m, the depth was 2m, the bottom width
is 0.8m and the side slope ratio was 1.5:1. The design of the required unlined open channel
is shown below.

Figure 1. Isometric view of designed channel

Figure 2. Side view of designed channel

Conclusion

The student was assigned to design an open channel with a data that were provided
by the instructor. Throughout the computations, new knowledge has been acquired such as:
the Vcompute must be lesser to the maximum permissible velocity and vice versa to
Qcompute. The Qcompute must be lesser to the Qdesign in order to satisfy the open
channel design. In the solution above, the Vcompute is greater than maximum permissible
velocity which resulted as short base for the designed channel. Thus, recommendation will
be applied, base must be greater than 1, or must be adjust the base and depth in order to
obtain the data which comply with the rules.
Throughout the laboratory report, the student learned than the design should always
be within the range of the b/d ratio to know whether the design is realistic or unrealistic.

References
Laboratory guideline from the professor (n.d).

PAES 603-2016. Open Channels – Design of Main Canals, Laterals and Farm Ditches.
Retrieved form: https://amtec.ceat.uplb.edu.ph