Abubakar Ali BU/19B/ENG/3695 Assignment 2: Based On The Following Fluid and Well Characteristics

ABUBAKAR ALI
BU/19B/ENG/3695
ASSIGNMENT 2
1.
The analysis of the production performance is essentially
based on the following fluid and well characteristics:
 Fluid PVT properties
 Relative permeability data
 Inflow-performance-relationship (IPR)
2.
The level of uncertainty is affected by the following factors:
i. Reservoir type,
ii. Source of reservoir energy,
iii. Quantity and quality of the geological, engineering, and geophysical
data,
iv. Assumptions adopted when making the estimate,
v. Available technology, and
vi. Experience and knowledge of the evaluator
3.
different method that can be used in oil and Gas estimation:
 Volumetric method
 Material balance calculation for oil reservoirs
 Material balance calculation for gas reservoirs
 Decline curve method
 Reservoir modeling method
 Analogy
No. 4.
Simulation Approach is an area of reservoir engineering that, combine
physics, mathematics, and computer programming to a reservoir model
allows the analysis and the prediction of the fluid behavior in the reservoir
over time. It can be simply considered as the process of mimicking the
behavior of fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir system( including reservoir
rock and fluids, aquifer, surface and subsurface facilities) through the use of
either physical or mathematical models.
Approach known to me –
i. Black-oil
ii. Compositional
iii. Thermal
iv. Single-porosity or dual-porosity (for fractured reservoirs)
5. Solution
a. calculating J
185
= 1975−1400 = 0.321STB/Psi
b. determine AOF from:
AOF = J ( Pr – 0)
AOF = 0.321(1975-0) = 633.9 STB/day
c. solving for the oil flow rate

Q °=0.321(1975 – 1000) = 312.9 STB/day
d. solving for PWf
1
PWf = 1975 – ( 0.321 ) 335 = 931.3 psi
6. Steps involve in reservoir simulation:
 Determining the facies of the reservoir rock through data gathering

from cores and logs
 Rock typing for each environment of deposition to estimate
permeability from log derived porosity and estimation of vertical
permeability
 Correlation of all wells to provide a framework for the delineation of a
simulation model
 Determination of an optimal grid block pattern using the flow unit
principle
 Mapping the reservoir properties in each grid block layer
The step that is more critical in reservoir simulation is Mapping the

reservoir properties in each grid block layer
7. Anisotropic:. Is A type of formation whose rock properties are the

same in all directions. Although this never actually occurs, fluid flow in rocks
approximates this situation closely enough to consider certain formations
While;
Isotropic: A formation with directionally dependent properties. The most

common directionally dependent properties are permeability and stress.
Most formations have vertical to horizontal permeability anisotropy with
vertical permeability being much less (often an order of magnitude less)
than horizontal permeability.
Homogeneous: Formation with rock properties that do not change with
location in the reservoir. This ideal never actually occurs, but many
formations are close enough to this situation that they can be
considered homogeneous. Most of the models used for pressure-transient
analysis assume the reservoir is homogeneous.
While,
Heterogeneous: Formation with rock properties changing with location in

the reservoir. Some naturally fractured reservoirs are heterogeneous formation.
8.
The draw line through all the Bubble Points in this figyre below, and then draw a
line connecting all the Dew Points, we will end up with the Bubble Point
Curve and the Dew Point Curve, respectively. It is clear that the two curves meet
at the critical point (Pc, Tc). Furthermore, the two curves delineate the phase
envelope, which contains the 2-phase region.
Bubble point: are those in which the temperature is less than the
critical temperature of the fluid.
Dew point: are those for which the temperature lies between the
critical temperature and the for the fluid.
Critical point: the point in temperature and pressure on a phase
diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge
together into a single phase
10.
Yes there is difference in productivity index for oil and gas well wether
they are vertical or horizontal.
Horizontal wells are drilled basically for the reason of producing
more oil or gas than a vertical well. When an engineer is in the process
of deciding to drill a horizontal well or vertical well, one of the first
considerations that is taken is the ratio of horizontal productivity to
vertical productivity. Besides being a function of the reservoir and well
properties, these ratios have the underlying assumption that the
wellbore pressure is constant. These ratios can lead an engineer to
believing that horizontal well will produce two or more times the
production of a vertical well. Therefore, the productivity of a horizontal
well depends on the length of the horizontal section embedded in the
reservoir and the perforation percentage of the horizontal section.
A lot of factors affect pressure in the reservoir and wellbore,
thereby affecting the productivity index of the well. These factors
include reservoir drainage area, pay zone thickness, anisotropy kv/kh,
well length, fluid viscosity etc. Another factor that greatly affects
pressure drawdown is the well completion method. In this case, we
can have pressure loss due to perforation (∆Pperf), pressure loss due
to partial penetration (∆Pp), pressure loss due to gravel pack
environment (∆Pgp) i.e. if gravel packing is done. During drilling,
permeability can be damaged around the wellbore region and so
pressure loss due to damage can also occur.
Productivity index is a valuable methodology for predicting the
future performance of wells.
9.
Possible challenges that you envision you may encounter in the
Process of simulation:
i. Current commercial simulators ( e.g , Eclipse, Tempest MORE,
e.t.c) in the petroleum industry solve the set of governing
equations by linearizing nonlinear governing equations.
ii. Found significant errors in prediction time of petroleum
reservoirs performance.
iii. Scenarios are worse for multiphase flow equations
iv. Hard to estimate the accurate reserves over time
v. Very difficult to explain the real features due to the highly
nonlinear and chaotic behavior of the reservoir
vi. Very challenging to capture the real scenario of a reservoir ,the
memory –based model would be followed along with engineering
approach
vii. Need more accurate solutions through a consistent and reliable
solution scheme
STEPS TO MILITATE AGAINST THEM
I. Several analytical and numerical methods can be applied to
handle the nonlinear problems.
II. Simulation can be used in when the problem under
investigation cannot be solved by any other way
III. It can be used to forecast the reservoir performance
IV. To perform sensitivity study the key parameters that influence
the results of the process under investigation
V. To evaluate and reduce the risk related to the development of
the oil recovery
VI. To optimized the production system*type number and location
of wells required)
10. a. Solution
Part A. cumulative water influx
1st step-
Calculating Cumulative gas –oil ratio Rp:

1000 x 106
Rp = = 1000 scf/STB
1 x 106
2nd step
Arrange equation to solve forW c
[
W c = 106 1.625 + (1000-1275)0.00095 ]
0.00095
-10 [(1.625-1.605)+0.175(1.605) ( 0.00075 – 1)
7
[ ]
+ 1.605(1+0.175) 0.2 ¿ ¿ (3300-2950)]+80,000
= 423,900 bbl.
Part B. net water influx
Net water influx = W e - W p BW = 423,900 – 80,000 = 343,900 bbl

Part c. primary recovery indexes
1st step is calculating the parameter A
A = 106 [1.625 +( 1000 –1275) 0.00095] = 1, 710,275
2nd step calculate DDI, SDI,. And WDI
10 X 10 6 (1.625−1.605)
DDI= = 0.1169
1,710,275
10 x 106 (0.175)(0.00095−0.0008)/0.0008
SDI = = 0.1918
1,710,275
343,900−80000
WDI = = 0.1543
1,710,275
EDI is the expansion drive index.

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ABUBAKAR ALI

b. determine AOF from:

AOF = 0.321(1975-0) = 633.9 STB/day

c. solving for the oil flow rate

d. solving for PWf

 Determining the facies of the reservoir rock through data gathering

The step that is more critical in reservoir simulation is Mapping the

7. Anisotropic:. Is A type of formation whose rock properties are the

Isotropic: A formation with directionally dependent properties. The most

Heterogeneous: Formation with rock properties changing with location in

Calculating Cumulative gas –oil ratio Rp:

Net water influx = W e - W p BW = 423,900 – 80,000 = 343,900 bbl

2nd step calculate DDI, SDI,. And WDI

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