MODULE 2 6.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction
- Partitioning
PHARMACOGNOSY
Baced U. Sarapuddin 7. Distillation

 WHO IS WHO?
C.A. Seydler (1815) coined the term, GENERL PROCESS OF EXTRACTION
“pharmacognosy” from
“pharmakon” and “gnosis • Removes substances that can be dissolved by the
JA Schmidt (1811) First to use term, solvent/menstruum
“pharmacognosy” • The undissolved portion of the drug is known as the marc
• Product of extraction process:Percolate/Extractive
Friedrich August Fluckiger Pharmacognosy as
simultaneous application of Crude Drugs – undergone only collection and drying.
various scientific disciplines Natural Substances – have not had changes made in their
with the object of acquiring molecular structure as found in nature.
drugs from every point of view Derivatives/ Extractives – chief constituents obtained by
Pelletier and Caventou Quinine extraction.
Friedrich Serturner Morphe
Robiquet Codeine
PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
1. Collection
1. Infusion
• Small scale
• Hot water (ex. tea); short contact of action
• Ensuring the true natural source of the drug:
2. Maceration
• Soaked in solvent for long period of time 2. Harvesting
• Specific or proper season
3. Percolation • manual labor vs. mechanical devices
• Passage through percolator (ex. Simple Syrup USP)
3. Drying
4. Digestion • Remove moisture to prevent bacterial and fungal growth with
• < 35-40°C enzymatic degradation
• fixed constituents, facilitates grinding and milling, converts
5. Decoction plants to convenient form
• Boiling water
4. Curing CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
• Special drying process that enhances properties of plant’s
active ingredients Morphology – forms. Grouped according to plant part used
• Ex. Cascara in MgO or Vanilla under the “sweating” process Taxonomy – phylogeny (natural relationship or among plants
and animals)
5. Garbling Pharmacologic or Therapeutic – based on effect on the body
• Final step in preparation of crude drugs Chemical classification – based on active constituents;
• removal of extraneous matter *Preferred Method of Classification

Packaging, Storage, Preservation

• Protection and marketability
• maintain high degree of quality of drug
PLANT FAMILY
Old name New name Mnemonics
EVALUATION OF CRUDE DRUGS Labiatae Lamiaceae Labi ka Lami

Organoleptic Evaluation
• Organ of senses
Compositae Asteriaceae CompAst

Microscopic Unbelliferae Apiaceae UnbelApia

• Allows a more detailed examination of a drug and it can be
used to identify organized drugs by their known histological Leguminosae Fabaceae Legum- Faba?
characters

Physical Evaluation
Cruciferae Brassicaceae Bra ni Crush

• Determination of various physical characteristics/ parameters

Graminae Poaceae GramPoa
Chemical Evaluation
• Assay of active constituents using chemicals (titration)
• Best determination of official potency
Guttiferae Glussiaceae GG

Pharmacologic Evaluation Palmae Arecaceae PalmAre

• Bioassays
• Assays using animals or excised organs to evaluate
effects of drugs
CARBOHYDRATES Fructose
• Ketohexose (+) Seliwanoff’s Test: pink/red
• Fruit sugar
(+) Benedicts and Barfoed’s = brick red ppt • aka Levulose (sweetest monosaccharide)

MONOSACCHARIDE Galactose
(simplest forms of sugar, cannot be hydrolzed) (+) mucic acid test
c Name Aldose(lose) Ketose(ulose) • Aldohexose
• “Brain Sugar”
2 Diose Hydroxyacetaldehye • C4 epimer of glucose (C2– mannose)
3 Triose Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetoe
4 Tetrose Erythrose Erythrulose OLIGOSACCHARIDES
5 Pentose Arabinose, Xylose, Ribulose, (DISACCHARIDES)
Ribose Xylulose
6 Hexose Glucose, Galactose Fructose
>NON REDUCING Other Name
Sucrose Saccharum
7 Heptose Sedoheptose Sedoheptulose Glu + Fru Cane sugar
8 Octulose D-glycero-D- Beet sugar
mannoctulose
Table sugar
PENTOSES >REDUCING
Xylose
• “Wood sugar” Maltose Malt sugar
• diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption Glu + Glu
Lactose Milk sugar
HEXOSES Glu + Gal
• most important monosaccharide
Lactulose
Glucose fru + gal
• Aldohexose
• aka Dextrose, Blood Sugar, Grape Sugar
Isolation of Lactose Inulin (Fructosan) Used in
function
evaluation of renal

Chicorium intybus
Butter – cream, united fat globules
Buttermilk – liquid separating from butter
Dextran (Glucosan) plasma expander

Skimmed milk – left after cream separates (Leuconostoc

Cheese – coagulum, skimmed m. + rennin mesenteroides)
Whey – liquid separated from coagulum
Glycogen storage polysaccharide in animals

HOMOGLYCANS
(polysaccharides that yield one type of
monosaccharide unit upon hydrolysis)
Cellulose structural polysaccharide in plants

(from the hair of seeds of

Gossypium hirsutum)
POLYSACCHARIDES
HETEROGLYCANS
Starch Zea mays (corn)
Triticum aestivum (wheat) (yield more than one type of monosaccharide units upon hydrolysis)
(Glucosan) Solanum tuberosum (potato) Gums and Mucilages
• Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as
Starch Preparations: anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides
1. Pregelatinized starch • USES: suspending agents, dental adhesives, laxatives
• tablet binder

2. Sodium starch glycollate

SHRUB & TREE EXUDATES
• disintegrating agent OTHER NAME BOTANICAL ORIGIN

3. Hetastarch
• plasma expander Karaya Sterculia Gum Sterculia urens
• Hydroxyethyl starch Ghatti Indian Gum Anogiessus
• Voluben® latifolia
Acacia Gum Arabic Acacia senegal
4. Glutens
• tacky proteins that impede flow of starch
Tragacanth Gum Tragacanth Astralagus
gummifer
 MARINE GUM PECTIN – purified carbohydrate product obtained from
the dilute acid extract of inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or
from apple pomace
Agar Japanese Gelidium
Isinglass cartilageneum
Carageenan Red algae Chrondrus Pomelo Citrus grandis
crispus
Orange C. aurantum
Algin Brown seaweed Macrocystis Dalanghita C. nobilis
Pyrifera Ponkan C. sinensis
Danish Agar Furcellaran Furcellaria Calamansi C.microcarpa
fastigiata Grape fruit C. paradise
Lemon C.limon
Apple Pyrus malus
SEED GUM
Psyllium Plantago ovata PLANT ACIDS
Cydonium Quince seed Cydonia vulgaris a. Cherry Juice or Succus cerasi
Ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus
Use: preparation of cherry syrup
Locust Carob Pulp Ceratonia siligua
Bean Gum St. John’s Bread b. Plant Acids
*chocolate Uses: Acidulants in effervescent formulations,
substitute Component of buffer systems
Guar gum Guaran Cyamopsis
a. Citric acid 2-hydroxy 1,2,3, propane trioic acid
tetragonolobus
b. Lactic acid alpha-hydroxy propionic acid
MICROBIAL GUM c. Tartaric acid 1,2,3, dihydroxy butane dioic acid
Xanthan Gum Xanthomonas campestris
d. Fe fumarate hematinic
Dextran Leuconostoc mesenteroides
 TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
c. Alcohol or Ethanol
95% ethanol by volume @15.56°C. Molisch’s General for
Product of fermentation. carbohydrates
Undergo the process of distillation to
concentrate the alcohol content to 40-55%.
Fehling’s Reducing sugars

brandy distilled wine Benedict’s Reducing sugars

whiskey malted grain Barfoed’s Reducing sugars;

Monosaccharides
rum molasses
Tollen’s Reducing sugars
wine mild stimulant and tonic (Aldehydes)
Osazone/Kowarsky Mannose

Seliwanoff’s Ketohexose (Fructose)

SUGAR ALCOHOLS
Mannitol (D-mannitol) Keller-Killiani Test Deoxysugars (cardiac
 From Manna, Fraxinus ornus glycosides)
 Osmotic diuretic and Osmotic laxative
Mucic acid Test Galactose
Sorbitol (D-glucitol)
 From the ripe berries of mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia Bial’s Pentoses
 half as sweet as sucrose
 GLYCOSIDES ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
• Heteroglycans (yield one ore more sugars among the products  Cathartics (except chrysarobin)
of hydrolysis)  Aglycone: Anthracene
• The most frequently occurring sugar is Beta-D-glucose (plants)
• Aglycone or genin – nonsugar component,
 ID test: Borntrager’s test
Glycone – sugar component Origin Active Constituent

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES Cascara Sagrada Rhamnus Cascaroside

purshianus A,B,C,D
Origin Active Constituent
Grecian Foxglove Digitalis lanata Digoxin Frangula Rhamnus Movicol
(Rhamnus frangula) frangula
Foxglove Digitalis Digitoxin (lipid
Aloe Aloe Barbaloin
purpurea soluble, long t1⁄2) barbadensis
Convallaria Convallaria Convallatoxin
(Lily-of-the-Valley) majalis Aloe spicata Aloe-emodin

Strophanthus Strophanthus Oubain Rhubarb (Rheum) Rhein Glucorhein

kombe anthrones
Apocynum Apocynum Cymarin Senna Cassia Sennoside
(Black Indian Hemp, cannabinum acutifolia A,B,C,D
Dog bane, Canadian
Hemp) Chrysarobin Andira araroba **Keratolytic agent
(+) hot benzene
Squill Urginea Scillaren A
maritime
Black Hellebore Hellebborus hellebrin
(Christmas rose) niger PHENOL GLYCOSIDES
Origin Constiuent
Adonis Adonis vernalis Adonitoxin
Urva Urshi Arctotaphylos uva- ursi Arbutin
(Pheasant’s eye) (Bearberry)
 CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES
(+)Grignard’s Test = brick red/red coloration FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES
amygdalase
Origin Constituent
Prunase
Amygdalin Mandelonitrile + Glucose Benzaldehyde + HCN Rutin and Glycine soja NOTE:
Origin Constiuent Hesperidin Glycine max Hesperidin- Aglycone
Bitter Amygdalus communis Amygdalin *vitamin P Hesperetin- glycone
(Permeability factors)
Almonds
Wild Cherry Prunus serotina Prunasin Hesperitin, Diosmin,
Apricot Prunus armeniaca Laetrile/Vit. B17 Elin Quercitin
Cassava Manihot esculenta Mannihotoxin Milk Thistle Silybinum Silibinin,Silymarin
marianum
Gingko Gingko biloba Ginkolides,
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES Bilobalides
Identification tests:
1. Froth test
2. Capillary test
3. BAM (Blood Agar Media) Test or ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES
Hemolysis Test
Origin Constiuent
Origin Constiuent
Rapeseed Brassicca napus Gluconapin
Glycirrhiza/ Spanish: Glycirrhiza Glycyrrhizin
glabra Watercress Nastutium officinale Gluconasturtiin
Licorice
*masks bitterness
Russian: Glycirrhiza Black Mustart Brassica nigra Sinigrin > Allyl
glabra v.glandulifera White Mustard Brassica alba Sinalbin > Acrinyl
of quinine
Ginseng Panax ginseng Panaxoside,
*adaptogen ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
Dioscorea/ yam Dioscorea floribunda Diosgenin,
Origin Constiuent
Similax Smilax aspera Smilagenin
Salicin Salix and Populus Saligenin
(Willo, Salix
Purpurea)
ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES
Origin Constiuent LACTONE GLYCOSIDES
Vanilla Vanilla plantifolia Vanillin Coumarin Dipterix odorata Dicoumarol,
Cantharides Cantharis vesicatoria Cantharidin
Psoralens Ammi majus Methoxsalen
 TRUE TANNINS
TANNINS HYDROLYZABLE NON
(+) Gold beater's skin test HYDROLYZABLE
Characteristics of Tannins
Other names PYROGALLOL PHLOBAPHENES,
1. Acidic TANNINS CONDENSED
2. Sharp puckering taste
3. Precipitates alkaloids Goldbeater’s (+) Blooms Leather (+) Tanners Red
4. Precipitates proteins (tanning
industry) Ferric Chloride Bluish-black ppt Green-black ppt
5. Astringents – GI and skin
6. Treatment of burns Bromine Test (-) no precipitate (+) precipitate
7. Found in barks and leaves
KMnO4 Decolorize Do not decolorize
TRUE TANNINS - Polyhydroxy PSEUDOTANNINS
phenolic compounds which
Origin Constituent
convert animal hide to leather by
precipitating proteins and give Hamamelis Leaf Hamamelis viriniana Hamamelitannin
positive Gold beater's skin test
Quercus infectoria Tannic acid (Gallic +
Nutgall
Ellagic = Tannic [GET]
PSEUDO TANNINS - Phenolic Rhus chinensis Gallic acid
compounds of plant origin that Chinese/Japanese
don't convert animal hide to Gall
leather but do give positive Gold
beater's skin test
 LIPIDS
USP Tests:
ester of long chain of fatty acids and alcohols
• Acid value or Acid number
mg of KOH needed to neutralize free FAs
Fixed Oils Fats Waxes
• Saponification value/Koettsdorfer number
Long chain fatty Long chain fatty – long chain fatty acids + mg of KOH needed to saponify the esters
acids + Glycerol acids + Glycerol High MW alcohol such as
cetyl or stearylalcohol
• Iodine value
From vegetables From animals •g of iodine absorbed in 100g of sample
LIQUID at room SOLID at room SOLID at room temp
temp (except temp (except (except jojoba oil) Classification of Fixed oils base on Iodine
Theobroma) cod liver oil) Value
IODINE VALUE RANGE EXAMPLES
FATTY ACIDS Non- <100 Olive Almond
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS drying
10C Capric
12C Lauric
Semi- 100-120 Cottonseed
14C Myristic drying Sesame
16C Palmitic (most abundant FA) Drying >120 Linseed
18C Stearic Cod liver oil
20C Arachidic

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS Fixed oils used for IM

Oleic COCOPESE
Linoleic
Linolenic (dietary precursor of PGE) Corn oil Peanut oil
Arachidonic (precursor of PGE) Cottonseed oil Sesame oil
Vitamin F (essential FAs): Linoleic(omega-6),
a- Linolenic(omega-3)
 FIXED OILS FATS
ORIGIN ACTIVE ORIGIN ACTIVE
CONSTITUENT CONSTITUENT
Cottonseed Oil Gossypium Gossypol 0.6% Theobroma Oil Theobroma cocao *uses:
• cocoa syrup
hirsutum – beverage
Sesame Seed Oil Sesmum indicum Sesamol • cocoa butter
Coconut Oil Cocos nucifera Lauric, Myristic – suppository base
(melts at 30-35°C)
Castor Oil Ricinus Ricinoleic acid
• Nibs → prepared
communis cacao/breakfast
Peanut Oil Arachis hypogaea cacao
Soybean Oil Glycine soja Lecithin Lanolin Wool of Ovis Aries Hydrous Lanolin
Boviidae (25% water)
Corn Oil Zea mays Linoleic, Oleic
Anhydrous
Safflower Oil Carthamus Linoleic Lanolin/wool fat
tinctoria (0.25% water)
Sunflower Oil Helianthus Linoleic, Oleic Cod Liver Oil Gadus morrhua
anuus Undecylenic Acid Pyrolysis of *uses: antifungal
Olive Oil Olea europaea Oleic Ricinoleicacid from
castor oil
Linseed oil Linum Linileic acid – Azelaic Acid onolysis of Castor *uses: anti-acne
usitatissimum (drying oil in paint oil
& varnish)
WAX
COLOR REACTION ORIGIN ACTIVE CONST
Cotton seed oil Halphen’s test Spermaceti head of spermwhale, Physeter macrocephalus
Vegetable oil Serger rxn Jojoba Oil Simmondia chinensis Eicosenoic acid
Beeswax Apis mellifera Myricyl palmitate
Sesame oil Boudoin’s test
Carnauba wax Copernicia punifera Myricyl cerotate
Olive oil Millon’s test
 VOLATILE OILS
c. Steam distillation - for fresh plant drugs (peppermint,
spearmint)

d. Destructive distillation - empyreumatic oils (heat without

the access of air)
Physical Characteristics
• Possess characterisctic odor 2. Enzymatic Actions – mustard oil
• Evaporate when exposed to air
• May act as insect repellants or insect attractants 3. Expression
a. Ecuelle - rolling the fruit over a trough lined with sharp
Fixed Oil Volatile Oil projections (citrus oils)
Ester of Glycerol + Fatty Acid Made up of terpenes
Can be saponified Cannot be saponified b. Enfleurage - expression with the use of cold fat
Become rancid Resinify on long standing (perfume)

4. Extraction – using solvent systems based on volatile solvents

May occur in specialized secretory structures: (petroleum ether/benzene)
PLANT FAMILY
glandular hairs Labiatae (New:Lamiaceae)
modified parenchymal cells Piperaceae
oil tubes called vittae Umbelliferae (New: Apiaceae) Chemistry of Volatile Oils:
lysigenous or schizogenous Pinaceae, Rutaceae
passages
Chemical composition of volatile oil may be divided into two
broad classes, based on their biosynthetic origin:

Methods of Obtaining Volatile Oils:

• Terpenes derivatives (Terpenoids)
Formed via acetate mevalonic acid pathway.
Mainly mono or Sesquiterpenes.
1. Distillation
Majority of volatile oils are terpene derivatives.
a. Water distillation - for those not injured by boiling
(turpentine oil)
• Aromatic compounds (Phenylpropanoids)
b. Water and steam distillation - for those injured by boiling Formed via shikimic-acid pathway.
(clove oil, cinnamon oil)
 Civet
# of isoprene # of carbon Examples
- A glandular secretion appearing in an outwardly discharging pockets
units of Civet cats (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
Monoterpenes 2 10 Most volatile
oils (Limonene, Ambergris
Menthol, - Most valuable material
Terpineol, - Pathologic product formed in the stomach of spermwhale when it
Eugenol..) feeds on squid or cattlefish
Sesquiterpenes 3 15 Artemisinin
Diterpenes 4 20 Taxane HYDROCARBON
(Paclitaxel,
BOTANICAL ORIGIN USES
Phytol)
Turpentine Oil Pinus palustris Disinfectant,
Triterpenes 6 30 Neem, Deodorant,
Squalene Counterirritant in
Tetraterpene 8 40 Lycopene Vicks Vaporub

Medicinal and Commercial Use

1. Fabrication of Perfumes
ALCOHOL
Definition Examples BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE CONST.
Top Notes Most volatile products Lemon oil, Lavender Coriander oil Coriandrum sativum Linalool
Leave the skin readily oil, Anise oil Cardamom oil Eletaria cardamomum Cineole
(smell – minute to Rose oil Rosa gallica Geranoil, Nerol,
hour) Citronellol
Middle Notes Intermediate tenacity Thyme oil, Neroli oil, Neroli oil (Orange Citrus aurantium Linalool
and volatility Rose oil Flower oil)
(3-6 hours) Juniperus oil Juniperus communis Borneol
Base Notes Peppermint Oil Mentha piperita menthol
Aka Fixatives
Low volatility and high tenacity
(long hours)
OXIDE
BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE CONST.
Examples Eucalyptus/ Eucalyptus globulus Cineole
Musk Cajuput oil
- Dried secretion from the preputial follicles of the male musk deer of
Asia (Moschus spp)
 KETONE ALDEHYDE
BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE CONST. BOTANICAL ACTIVE CONST.
Camphor Cinnamomun camphora Carvone ORIGIN
Spearmint Mentha spicata Carvone Cinnamon Oil Cinnamomum cassia cinnamaldehyde
Caraway Oil Carum carvi Carvone Lemon Peel Oil Citrus limon citral and limonene
Buchu Berosma betulina Diosphenol Orange Oil Citrus sinensis Decanal, Limonene
Wormwood Oil Absinthe absinthum Thujone, Citronella Oil Cymbopogon Citronella, 2-
Absinthe Oil winterianus – tanglad hexanal/
Cedar Leaf Oil Thuja accidentalis Thujone,Fenchone Acetaldehyde
Hamamelis Water Hamamelis virginiana α-ionone / βterpinol
PHENOL
BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE CONST.
Thyme oil
Clove oil
Thymus vulgaris
Eugenia caryophillus
Thymol
Eugenol RESIN AND RESIN
COMBINATION
Creosote oi Fagus grandiflorus Creosole, guiacol
Juniper tar Juniperus oxycedrus Cadinene
Myricia oil Pimenta racemosa Eugenol

PHENOLIC ETHER • Amorphous products with complex chemical nature

BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE CONST. • Hard transparent or translucent and when heated they soften
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans safrole and myristicin and melt
Fennel Oil Foeniculum vulgare Trans-anethole,
Fenchone Resin Combinations:
Anise Oil Pimpinella anisum Trans-anethole, 1. Oleoresins – resins + volatile oils
Anisaldehyde 2. Oleo-gum-resins – resins + volatile oils + gum
3. Balsams –cinnamic acid, benzoic acid,
4. Glucoresins or glycoresins –glycosidal combinations (ex.
ESTER Jalap and podophyllum)
BOTANICAL ACTIVE
ORIGIN CONSTITUENT
Gaultheria Oil Gaultheria procumbens Cineole
Wintergreen/Betula
Lavender Oil Lavandula angustifolia
 RESIN BALSAM
BOTANICAL ACTIVE BOTANICAL ACTIVE CONST.
ORIGIN CONSTITUENT ORIGIN
Rosin Pinus Palustris Benzoin Styrax benzoin Compound
Podophyllum Indian Podophyllum Podophyllin Benzoin Tincture
Eriodictyon *mask the Eriodictyon (benzoin, aloe,
bitter taste of alkaloid californicum storax, tolu/BAST)
Jalap Exogonium purge Jalapin and purganol Tolu Balsam Myroxylon balsamum
Mastic Pistacia lentiscus Masticin and Peru Balsam Myroxylon pereirae
mastichic acid Storax Liquidambar orientalis Storesin
Kava Piper methysticum yangonin, kawaiin,
methysticin
Cannabis Cannabis sativa Cannabidiol

Resin Combinations
ALKALOIDS
• Bitter, basic nitrogenous compounds, sparingly soluble in water
• Most of them end in –ine
OLEORESIN All are solids except:
BOTANICAL ACTIVE • Coniine
ORIGIN CONSTITUENT • Arecoline
Turpentine Pinus palustris
Capsicum Capsicum frutescence Capsaicin
• Nicotine
White pine Pinus strobus • Sparteine
Ginger Zingiber officinale Bisabolene
Balsam of Copaiba Copaifera spp. ALKALOIDAL REAGENT
Wagner’s rgt Iodine in KI WIKI
Mayer’s rgt K Mercuric Iodide MaMeKI
OLEO-GUM-RESIN Valser’s rgt Mercuric Iodide VaMI
Dragendorff’s rgt K Bi Iodide DraBiKI
BOTANICAL USES
Bouchard rgt Iodine in KI BIKI
ORIGIN
Marme’s rgt K Cadmium Iodide MarCaKI
Myrrh Commipholra molmol astringent (Astring-o-
Sonnencheim’s rgt Phosphomolybdic Syllables
sol®)
Scheibler’s rgt Phosphotungstic Syllables
Asafetida Ferula asafetida *info: aka Devil’s
Hager’s rgt Picric acid
dung
 PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE ISOQUINOLINE
BOTANICAL ACTIVE
ORIGIN CONSTITUENT BOTANICAL ACTIVE
Nicotiana Nicotiana tabaccum Nicotine ORIGIN CONSTITUENT
Areca Areca catechu Arecoline Ipecac Cephalis Emetine
Lobelia Lobelia inflata Lobeline ipecacuanha
Paregoric
- Camphorated opium
TROPANE/SOLANACEOUS tincture
Laudanum
BOTANICAL ORIGIN ACTIVE - Deodorized opium
CONSTITUENT tincture
Belladonna Atropa belladonna Atropine Sanguinaria Sanguinaria Sanguinarine
“Deadly nightshade” canadensis
Hyoscyamus Hyoscyamus niger Hyoscyamine Opium Papaver somniferum
“Henbane” Tubocurarine Strychnus toxifera Tubocurarine
Stramonium Datura metel Scopolamine
“Jamestown Weed” (Talumpunay/Thorn
apple) Alkaloids of Opium
Mandragora Mandragora officinarum Mandragorin
“European Heroin- Diacetylmorphine
mandrake” Hydromorphone- more potent analgesic
Cocaine “coca” Erythroxylum coca Apomorphine - condensation of morphine + HCl ; emetic
Withania Withania somnifera Commercial source of Hydrocodone - antitussive
atropine

Principal Solanaceous Alkaloids: OPIATES: natural source

1. Atropine
Morphine (Serturner)
• Antispasmodic
- most importan narcotic analgesic
• Antisialogogue – decrease production of secretion Codeine ( P. Robiquet)
• Antidote for cholinesterase inhibitors - most widely used opium alkaloid
Noscapine
2. Scopolamine or Hyoscine - non-narcotic opium alkaloid
• Hyoscyamus niger Papaverine
•Treatment of motion sickness (Trans-scoop or transderm -mooth muscle relaxant, antitussive
Scop – 4 hours before anti-emetic effect) • Thebaine
 IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDAL AMINE
BOTANICAL ACTIVE BOTANICAL USES
ORIGIN CONSTITUENT ORIGIN
Pilocarpine Pilocarpus jaborandi Cholinergic drug used Peyote Lophophora williamsii Mescaline
in the Tx of glaucoma “Mescal button's”
Ephedrine Ephedra sinica Ephedrine
INDOLE “Mahuang”
Colchicine Colchicum autumnale
BOTANICAL ACTIVE Khat “Abyssinian Catha edulsis Cathenone
ORIGIN CONSTITUENT tea”
Vinca alkaloids Catharantus roseous Vinblastine,
“periwinkle”
Ergonovine Claviceps purpurea
Vincristine
Ergot
QUINOLINE
Physostigmine Physostigma Calabar, Ordeal BOTANICAL ACTIVE
venenosum ORIGIN CONSTITUENT
Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentina Rauwolfia Cinchona Cinchona succirubra Cinchonine/Peruvian
“Snakeroot” bark
Nux Vomica Strychnus ignatii Strychnine Cuprea Remijia purdiena Cuprea bark

STEROIDAL
BOTANICAL USES
ORIGIN
Green Hellebore/ Veratrum viride cardiac depressant
Veratrum viride
Black Hellebore cardiac stimulant
White Hellebore/ Veratrum album insecticides
European Hellebore

PURINE/ METHYLXANTHINES
Caffeine Coffe aarabica, 1,3,7 trimethylxanthine
C.robusta, C.liberica

Theophylline Camellia sinensis 1,3 dimethylxanthine

Theobromine Theobroma cacao 3,7 dimethyl xanthine
Additional notes: Other important scientific names:
SAMPUNG HALAMANG GAMOT Mais - Zea mays
Macabuhay - Tinospora crispa
Makahiya - Mimosa pudica
HALAMAN SCIENTIFIC USE Mansanilla - Chrysanthemum indicum
NAME
Moras - Vetiveria zizanoides
Bayabas Psidium guajava Antibacterial,
Pandan mabango - Pandanus odoratissimus
Astringent
Papaya - Carica papaya
Alkapulko Cassia alata Antifungal Pinya - Ananas comosus
Takip-tuhol - Centella asiatica
Bawang Allium sativum Lowers cholesterol, ↓ Talumpunay - Datura metel
Risk of HTN Tanglad - Cymbopogon citratus
Yerba Buena Mentha cordifolia Analgesic, Tawa-tawa - Euphorbia hirta; Grammatophyllum scriptum
Carminative Kamyas - Averrhoa bilimbi
Pansit -pansitan Peperomia pellucida ↓ Uric acid in gouty Mangosteen - Garcinia mangostana
arthritis Avocado - Persea americana
Banaba- Lagerstroemia speciosa
Lagundi Vitex negundo For cough and
Basil- Ocimum basilicum
asthma
Damong maria- Artemisia vulgaris
Ampalaya Momordica charantia Hypoglycemic for DM Dita- Alstonia scholaris
Ipil-ipil- Leucaena leucocephala
Niyug -niyugan Quisqualis indica Anthelminthic for Kamoteng kahoy-Manihot esculenta; Jatropha manihot
ringworms Kinchay- Apium graveolens
Tsaang Gubat Carmona retusa Antidiarrheal
Kinds of Adulteration
Sambong Blumea balsamifera Diuretic Sophistication- Intentional adulteration
Admixture- unintetnional, careless addition of adulterants
PLANT HORMONES Substitution-total replacement
Deterioration-due to aging
Auxin Plant hormone that promotes cell elongation.
Spoilage-due to microbial growth
Gibberellins Responsible for the cell growth in the stem, seed Inferiority-active constituent is below minimum standard
germination, and flowering.
Ethylene Stimulates ripening of the fruit or opening of flowers
Abscisic This hormone inhibits the growth of the plant. And
Acid therefore, it promotes dormancy in seeds and buds.
Cytokinin Have inhibitory effect on senescense and promote
cell division.