MATHEMATICS (860)

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks
PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks
The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 MARKS

1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B: 15 MARKS
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C: 15 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

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 SECTION A
1. Relations and Functions
sin-1 x ± = ( x 1− y ± y 1− x )
sin-1 y sin -1 2 2

(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, -1

cos y cos ( xy  1 − y 1 − x )
cos x ± = -1 -1 2 2
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, composite functions, x+ y
inverse of a function. Binary operations. similarly tan-1 x +=
tan-1 y tan-1 , xy < 1
1 − xy
• Relations as: x− y
-1
tan
= x − tan-1 y tan-1 , xy > −1
- Relation on a set A 1 + xy
- Identity relation, empty relation, - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
universal relation. 3tan-1x etc. and application of these
formulae.
- Types of Relations: reflexive,
symmetric, transitive and 2. Algebra
equivalence relation. Matrices and Determinants
• Binary Operation: all axioms and (i) Matrices
properties
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
• Functions: matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
- As special relations, concept of of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
writing “y is a function of x” as y = matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
f(x). and multiplication and multiplication with a
scalar. Simple properties of addition,
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
onto. commutativity of multiplication of matrices
- Real Valued function. and existence of non-zero matrices whose
product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
- Domain and range of a function. matrices of order upto 3). Concept of
- Conditions of invertibility. elementary row and column operations.
Invertible matrices and proof of the
- Composite functions and invertible uniqueness of inverse, if it exists (here all
functions (algebraic functions only). matrices will have real entries).
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions (ii) Determinants
Definition, domain, range, principal value Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric matrices), properties of determinants,
functions. Elementary properties of inverse minors, co-factors and applications of
trigonometric functions. determinants in finding the area of a
- Principal values. triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc. and their graphs. number of solutions of system of linear
x equations by examples, solving system of
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 =
tan −1 . linear equations in two or three variables
1 − x2 (having unique solution) using inverse of a
1 π matrix.
- sin-1x= cosec −1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x= and
x 2 - Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3),
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc. order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix.
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric.

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 - Operation – addition, subtraction, 3. Calculus
multiplication of a matrix with scalar,
(i) Continuity, Differentiability and
multiplication of two matrices
Differentiation. Continuity and
(the compatibility).
differentiability, derivative of composite
1 1  functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
1 2  trigonometric functions, derivative of
E.g. 0 2  = AB( say ) but BA is
 2 2 implicit functions. Concept of exponential
1 1  and logarithmic functions.
not possible. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
- Singular and non-singular matrices. functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
derivative of functions expressed in
- Existence of two non-zero matrices
parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
whose product is a zero matrix.
Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value
AdjA Theorems (without proof) and their
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A −1 = geometric interpretation.
A
• Continuity
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) - Continuity of a function at a point
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 x = a.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 - Continuity of a function in an
interval.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
- Algebra of continues function.
 a 1 b 1 c1   d1   x - Removable discontinuity.
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
   
• Differentiation
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  - Concept of continuity and
differentiability of x , [x], etc.
AX = B ⇒ X = A −1 B
- Derivatives of trigonometric
Problems based on above. functions.
NOTE 1: The conditions for consistency of - Derivatives of exponential functions.
equations in two and three variables, using - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
matrices, are to be covered.
- Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
NOTE 2: Inverse of a matrix by elementary functions - differentiation by means
operations to be covered. of substitution.
• Determinants - Derivatives of implicit functions and
chain rule.
- Order.
- e for composite functions.
- Minors.
- Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Cofactors.
- Differentiation of a function with
- Expansion. respect to another function e.g.
- Applications of determinants in finding differentiation of sinx3 with respect
the area of triangle and collinearity. to x3.
- Logarithmic Differentiation -
- Properties of determinants. Problems x
based on properties of determinants. Finding dy/dx when y = x x .
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd
order.

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 NOTE 1: Derivatives of composite functions Definite integrals as a limit of a
using chain rule. sum, Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus (without proof). Basic
NOTE 2: Derivatives of determinants to be
properties of definite integrals and
covered.
evaluation of definite integrals.
• L' Hospital's theorem.
• Indefinite integral
0 ∞
- form, form, 0 0 form, ∞ ∞ form - Integration as the inverse of
0 ∞ differentiation.
etc.
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and
• Rolle's Mean Value Theorem - its functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x,
geometrical interpretation. cosec2x etc .
• Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem - its - Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,
geometrical interpretation sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x.
(ii) Applications of Derivatives - Integration of 1/x, ex.
Applications of derivatives: rate of change - Integration by substitution.
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, - Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
tangents and normals, use of derivatives in f ′( x)
approximation, maxima and minima (first .
f ( x)
derivative test motivated geometrically and
second derivative test given as a provable - Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,
tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic cosecx.
principles and understanding of the subject as - Integration by parts.
well as real-life situations).
- Integration using partial fractions.
• Equation of Tangent and Normal f ( x)
Expressions of the form when
• Approximation. g ( x)
• Rate measure. degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)
• Increasing and decreasing functions. x+2 A B
E.g. = +
• Maxima and minima. ( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
x+2 A B C
- Stationary/turning points. = + +
( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x−2
- Absolute maxima/minima
- local maxima/minima
x +1 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1
2
- First derivatives test and second
derivatives test When degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x),
- Point of inflexion. x2 +1  3x + 1 
e.g. 2
= 1−  2 
- Application problems based on x + 3x + 2  x + 3x + 2 
maxima and minima.
• Integrals of the type:
(iii) Integrals
dx dx px + q px + q
Integration as inverse process of ∫ 2 2
,∫ ,∫ 2
dx, ∫ dx
differentiation. Integration of a variety x ±a x 2 ± a 2 ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
of functions by substitution, by partial
fractions and by parts, Evaluation of
and ∫ a 2 ± x 2 dx, ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx,
simple integrals of the following types
and problems based on them.

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  a
∫ ∫
ax 2 + bx + c dx, ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx, 2a 2 ∫ f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) =
∫ f ( x)dx =  0
f ( x)
integrations reducible to the above 0  0,
forms.  f (2a − x) =− f ( x)

dx  a
∫ a cos x + b sin x , a
∫
2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function
dx dx dx ∫ f ( x)dx =  0

∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c , −a
 0,if f is an odd function
(a cos x + b sin x)dx , (iv) Differential Equations
∫ c cos x + d sin x
Definition, order and degree, general and
dx particular solutions of a differential
∫ a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c equation. Formation of differential equation
whose general solution is given. Solution
1 ± x2
∫ 1 + x 4 dx , of differential equations by method of
separation of variables solutions of
dx homogeneous differential equations of first
∫ 1 + x 4 , ∫ tan xdx, ∫ cot xdx etc. order and first degree. Solutions of linear
dy
• Definite Integral differential equation of the type: +py= q,
dx
- Definite integral as a limit of the where p and q are functions of x or
sum. dx
constants. + px = q, where p and q are
- Fundamental theorem of calculus dy
(without proof) functions of y or constants.
- Properties of definite integrals. - Differential equations, order and degree.
- Formation of differential equation by
- Problems based on the following
eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
properties of definite integrals are to
be covered. - Solution of differential equations.
b b
- Variable separable.
- Homogeneous equations.
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt
a a dy
- Linear form + Py = Q where P and Q
b a dx
∫
a
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
b
are functions of x only. Similarly, for
dx/dy.
b c b - Solve problems of application on growth
and decay.
∫
a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a c - Solve problems on velocity, acceleration,
where a < c < b distance and time.
b b - Solve population-based problems on
application of differential equations.
∫
a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a - Solve problems of application on
a a
coordinate geometry.
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable
∫
0
f (=
x)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 separable type are included.
NOTE 2: The second order differential
equations are excluded.

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 4. Probability - iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and the
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the
on probability, independent events, total unit vectors.
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable - Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
and its probability distribution, mean and scalar multiplication of a vector.
variance of r a n d o m variable. Repeated
independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial - Section formula.
distribution. - Triangle inequalities.
- Independent and dependent events - Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
conditional events. geometrical significance.
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem, - Cross product - its properties - area of a
multiplication theorem, conditional triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear
probability. vectors.
- Theorem of Total Probability. - Scalar triple product - volume of a
parallelepiped, co-planarity.
- Baye’s theorem.
NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by
- Theoretical probability distribution, using Vector algebra are excluded.
probability distribution function; mean and
variance of random variable, Repeated 6. Three - dimensional Geometry
independent (Bernoulli trials), binomial
distribution – its mean and variance. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line
joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
SECTION B equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines,
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian
5. Vectors and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a
of a vector. Direction cosines and direction plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, - Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines
zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position parallel to them.
vector of a point, negative of a vector,
- Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
components of a vector, addition of vectors,
zx – plane.
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
vector of a point dividing a line segment in a - Direction cosines, direction ratios.
given ratio. Definition, Geometrical - Angle between two lines in terms of direction
Interpretation, properties and application of cosines /direction ratios.
scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross)
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
product of vectors, scalar triple product of
parallel.
vectors.
• Lines
- As directed line segments.
- Cartesian and vector equations of a line
- Magnitude and direction of a vector. through one and two points.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero - Coplanar and skew lines.
vector. - Conditions for intersection of two lines.
- Position vector. - Distance of a point from a line.
- Components of a vector. - Shortest distance between two lines.
- Vectors in two and three dimensions. NOTE: Symmetric and non-symmetric forms of
lines are required to be covered.

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 • Planes mathematical interpretation using the
- Cartesian and vector equation of a concept of maxima & minima and
plane. increasing- decreasing functions.
- Direction ratios of the normal to the Self-explanatory
plane. NOTE: Application involving differentiation,
integration, increasing and decreasing
- One point form. function and maxima and minima to be
- Normal form. covered.
- Intercept form. 9. Linear Regression
- Distance of a point from a plane. - Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.
- Intersection of the line and plane. - Scatter diagrams
- Angle between two planes, a line and a - The method of least squares.
plane. - Lines of best fit.
- Equation of a plane through the - Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x.
intersection of two planes i.e.
P1 + kP2 = 0. - b xy × b yx = r 2 , 0 ≤ b xy × b yx ≤ 1
- Identification of regression equations
7. Application of Integrals
- Angle between regression line and properties
Application in finding the area bounded b y of regression lines.
simple curves and coordinate axes. Area
enclosed between two curves. - Estimation of the value of one variable using
the value of other variable from appropriate
- Application of definite integrals - area line of regression.
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes
is required to be covered. Self-explanatory

- Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/ 10. Linear Programming

ellipses, polynomial functions, modulus
function, trigonometric function, exponential Introduction, related terminology such as
functions, logarithmic functions constraints, objective function, optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.)
SECTION C problems, mathematical formulation of L.P.
problems, graphical method of solution for
8. Application of Calculus problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible
Application of Calculus in Commerce and regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and
Economics in the following: infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions
(up to three non-trivial constraints).
- Cost function,
- average cost, Introduction, definition of related terminology
such as constraints, objective function,
- marginal cost and its interpretation optimization, advantages of linear programming;
- demand function, limitations of linear programming; application
- revenue function, areas of linear programming; different types of
linear programming (L.P.) problems,
- marginal revenue function and its mathematical formulation of L.P problems,
interpretation, graphical method of solution for problems in two
- Profit function and breakeven point. variables, feasible and infeasible regions,
- Rough sketching of the following curves: feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum
feasible solution.
AR, MR, R, C, AC, MC and their

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 PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks 9. For a given function, give the geometrical
interpretation of Mean Value theorems. Explain
Candidates will be expected to have completed the significance of closed and open intervals for
two projects, one from Section A and one from continuity and differentiability properties of the
either Section B or Section C. theorems.
The project work will be assessed by the 10. Explain the concepts of increasing and
subject teacher and a Visiting Examiner decreasing functions, using geometrical
appointed locally and approved by CISCE. significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper
examples.
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
11. Explain the geometrical significance of point of
Overall format 1 mark inflexion with examples and illustrate it using
Content 4 marks graphs.
Findings 2 marks 12. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
the concept of local maxima and local minima
Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks using graph.
Total 10 marks 13. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
the concept of absolute maxima and absolute
List of suggested assignments for Project minima using graph.
Work: 14. Illustrate the concept of definite integral
Section A , expressing as the limit of a sum and
1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is verify it by actual integration.
one-one but not onto. 15. Demonstrate application of differential equations
2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is to solve a given problem (example, population
invertible. increase or decrease, bacteria count in a culture,
etc.).
3. Construct a composition table using a binary
function addition/multiplication modulo upto 5 16. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem
and verify the existence of the properties of of total probability and the concept of Bayes’
binary operation. theorem with suitable examples.
4. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse 17. Explain the types of probability distributions and
trigonometric function), using the graph of derive mean and variance of binomial probability
y = sin x (or any other relevant trigonometric distribution for a given function.
function). Demonstrate the concept of mirror line Section B
(about y = x) and find its domain and range.
18. Using vector algebra, find the area of a
5. Explore the principal value of the function parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area
sin-1 x (or any other inverse trigonometric analytically and verify the same.
function) using a unit circle.
19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
6. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.)
of 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods.
20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
7. Verify the consistency of the system of three compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B
linear equations of two variables and verify the + Sin B Cos A, etc.
same graphically. Give its geometrical
interpretation. 21. Describe the geometrical interpretation of scalar
triple product and for a given data, find the scalar
8. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of triple product.
three linear equations of three variables, identify
infinite number of solutions.

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22. Find the image of a line with respect to a given Section C
plane.
31. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost
23. Find the distance of a point from a given plane (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC)
measured parallel to a given line.
Or
24. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and
parallel to a given plane.
Marginal Revenue (MR).
25. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
Give their mathematical interpretation using the
oblique line.
concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
26. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique maxima-minima.
line.
32. For a given data, find regression equations by the
27. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an method of least squares. Also find angles
oblique line. between regression lines.
28. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle. 33. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it
to draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value
29. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a
of Y when X is given and vice-versa.
parabola.
34. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
30. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
by applying the concept of Transportation
(Any other pair of curves which are specified in problem.
the syllabus may also be taken.)
35. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
and maximum nutritional value by applying the
concept of Diet problem.
36. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
the manufacturing problem by formulating a
linear programming problem (LPP).

NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be

set by CISCE.

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 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only

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