Guía 1

1. Dams

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs
created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with
dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly
distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other
structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow
into specific land regions.

2. Transmission line

In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct
electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough
that the wave nature of the transmission must be taken into account.

3. Power plant
A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant,
is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an
electrical grid.

4. Wire

A wire is a flexible strand of metal.

Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come
in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number or cross-sectional area.

5. Wind turbine

A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. As of 2020,
hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, were generating over 650
gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year.[1] Wind turbines are an increasingly important source
of intermittent renewable energy, and are used in many countries to lower energy costs and reduce
reliance on fossil fuels.

6. Ground

In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be a reference point in an electrical circuit from which
voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the
Earth.

Electrical circuits may be connected to ground for several reasons. Exposed conductive parts of electrical
equipment are connected to ground, to protect users from electrical shock hazard. If internal insulation
fails, dangerous voltages may appear on the exposed conductive parts. Connecting exposed parts to
ground will allow circuit breakers (or RCDs) to interrupt power supply in the event of a fault. In electric
power distribution systems, a protective earth (PE) conductor is an essential part of the safety provided
by the earthing system.

7. Electrical energy

electrical energy is energy related to forces on electrically-charged particles and the movement of those
particles (often electrons in wires, but not always). This energy is supplied by the combination of current
and electric potential (often referred to as voltage because electric potential is measured in volts) that is
delivered by a circuit (e.g., provided by an electric power utility). Motion (current) is not required; for
example, if there is a voltage difference in combination with charged particles, such as static electricity or
a charged capacitor, the moving electrical energy is typically converted to another form of energy (e.g.,
thermal, motion, sound, light, radio waves, etc.).

8. electron

The electron (e− or β−) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons
belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary
particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron's mass is approximately
1/1836 that of the proton.

9. Proton

A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e
(elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an
electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately
one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei).

10. Atom
An atom is a particle that consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of
electrons. The atom is the basic particle of the chemical elements, and the chemical elements are
distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms.

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11. Electrical current

An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical
conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface.  The moving
particles are called charge carriers, which may be one of several types of particles, depending on the
conductor.

12. Electric battery

A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is
the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is
connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy
products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy.
Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the
usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.
 13. Electric outlet

AC power plugs and sockets connect electric equipment to the alternating current (AC) mains electricity
power supply in buildings and at other sites. Electrical plugs and sockets differ from one another in
voltage and current rating, shape, size, and connector type. Different standard systems of plugs and
sockets are used around the world.

14. Electrical conductor

In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of
charge (electric current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical
conductors. Electric current is generated by the flow of negatively charged electrons, positively charged
holes, and positive or negative ions in some cases.

15. Insulator (electricity)

An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely. The atoms of the
insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move. Other materials—semiconductors and
conductors—conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its
resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors. The most common
examples are non-metals.
 16. Power supply

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The main purpose
of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current, and
frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built
into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.

17. Brass

Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different
colours and mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger
proportion. In use since prehistoric times, it is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may
replace each other within the same crystal structure.

18. Cathode
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device. This
definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs. A conventional
current describes the direction in which positive charges move.

19. Anode

An anode is an electrode of a polarized electrical device through which conventional current enters the
device. This contrasts with a cathode, an electrode of the device through which conventional current
leaves the device. A common mnemonic is ACID, for "anode current into device".The direction of
conventional current (the flow of positive charges) in a circuit is opposite to the direction of electron
flow, so (negatively charged) electrons flow out the anode of a galvanic cell, into an outside or external
circuit connected to the cell. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a "-" (minus) is
the anode.

20. Electronics

Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to
design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other charged particles. Electronics is
a subfield of electrical engineering, but it differs from it in that it focuses on using active devices such as
transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to
convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from
analog to digital. Electronics also encompasses the fields of microelectronics, nanoelectronics,
optoelectronics, and quantum electronics, which deal with the fabrication and application of electronic
devices at microscopic, nanoscopic, optical, and quantum scales.