Time-of-Flight Ranging Sensor With Multitarget Detection: VL53L3CX
Time-of-Flight Ranging Sensor With Multitarget Detection: VL53L3CX
Time-of-Flight Ranging Sensor With Multitarget Detection: VL53L3CX
Datasheet
Features
• Fully integrated miniature module
– Emitter: 940 nm invisible laser (VCSEL) and its analog driver
– Low-power microcontroller running advanced digital firmware
– Size: 4.4 x 2.4 x 1 mm
• Fast, accurate distance ranging
– Histogram based technology
– Up to 300 cm+ detection with full field of view (FoV)
– Immune to cover glass cross-talk and fingerprint smudge at long distance
with patented algorithms (direct ToF)
– Dynamic fingerprint smudge compensation
– Short distance, high accuracy linearity
– Multitarget detection and distance measurement
• Typical full FoV: 25°
• Easy integration
– Reflowable component
– Part-to-part or generic shape crosstalk calibration available
– Single power supply
– Works with many types of cover glass materials
– I²C interface (up to 1 MHz)
– Xshutdown (reset) and interrupt GPIO to optimize ranging operation
– C and Linux® full set of software drivers for turnkey ranging
Application
• Service robots and vacuum cleaners (wall following and fast obstacle detection)
• Sanitary (robust user detection whatever the target reflectance)
• Smart buildings and smart lighting (user detection to wake up devices)
• IoT (user and object detection)
• Laser assisted autofocus (AF): enhances the camera AF system speed and
robustness, especially in difficult scenes (low light and low contrast); ideal
companion for phase-detection autofocus (PDAF) sensors.
• Video focus tracking assistance
Description
The VL53L3CX is the latest Time-of-Flight (ToF) product from STMicroelectronics and embeds ST’s third
generation FlightSense patented technology. It combines a high performance proximity and ranging sensor,
with multitarget distance measurements and automatic smudge correction. The miniature reflowable package
integrates a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array and physical infrared filters to achieve the best ranging
performance in various ambient lighting conditions, with a wide range of cover glass windows.
The VL53L3CX combines the benefits of a high-performance proximity sensor, with excellent short distance
linearity, together with ranging capability up to 3 m.
With patented algorithms and ingenious module construction, the VL53L3CX is also able to detect different
objects within the FoV with depth understanding. The ST histogram algorithms allow cover glass crosstalk
immunity beyond 80 cm, and dynamic smudge compensation.
1 Product overview
Feature Detail
VL53L3CX module
VL53L3CX silicon
Single Photon
Avalanche Diode (SPAD)
GND Detection array AVDD
Advanced
Ranging Core
VCSEL Driver
940nm
GND3
GPIO1 7 6 5 XSHUT
DNC 8 4 GND2
SDA 9 3 GND
SCL 10 2 AVSSVCSEL
AVDD 11 12 1 AVDDVCSEL
GND4
Note: AVSSVCSEL and GND are ground pins and can be connected together in the application schematics.
Note: GND2, GND3, and GND4 are standard pins that are forced to the ground domain in the application schematics
to avoid possible instabilities if set to other states.
AVDD
5 1
XSHUT AVDDVCSEL
7 11
GPIO1 AVDD
Caps as close as possible
HOST 9 2
SDA AVSSVCSEL to VL53L3CX
Rserial 100nF 4.7µF
10 3
SCL GND
Rserial
8 4
DNC GND2
6
Recommended for GND3
hardware interrupt 12
VL53L3CX GND4
Note: Capacitors on the external supply AVDD should be placed as close as possible to the AVDDVCSEL and
AVSSVCSEL module pins.
Note: External pull-up resistor values can be found in I2C-bus specification. Pull-ups are typically fitted only once per
bus, near the host. For suggested values see tables below.
Note: XSHUT pin must always be driven to avoid leakage current. A pull-up is needed if the host state is not known.
XSHUT is needed to use hardware standby mode (no I²C communication).
Note: XSHUT and GPIO1 pull-up recommended values are 10 kOhms. GPIO1 should be left unconnected if not used.
The tables below show recommended values for pull-up and series resistors for an AVDD of 1.8 V to 2.8 V in I²C
fast mode (up to 400 kHz) and fast mode plus (up to 1 MHz).
Table 3. Suggested pull-up and series resistors for I²C fast mode
I²C load capacitance (CL) Pull-up resistor (Ohms) Series resistor (Ohms)
CL ≤ 90 pF 3.6 k 0
Table 4. Suggested pull-up and series resistors for I²C fast mode plus
I²C load capacitance (CL) Pull up resistor (Ohms) Series resistor (Ohms)
CL ≤ 90 pF 1.5 k 100
90 pF < CL ≤ 140 pF 1k 50
Note: For each bus line, CL is measured in the application PCB by the customer.
2 Functional description
HOST VL53L3CX
Customer VL53L3CX
Firmware Hardware
Application API/Driver
I2C
Power Off
Host applies AVDD
Host removes AVDD
HW Standby
Host raises XSHUT
Host lowers XSHUT
Initial Boot
Automatic move
SW Standby
Host initiates START
Self-Calibration
Automatic move
Option 2: The XSHUT pin is not controlled by the host, it is tied to AVDD through the pull-up resistor.
When the XSHUT pin is not controlled, the power-up sequence is presented in the figure below. In this case, the
device goes automatically to SW STANDBY after FW BOOT, without entering HW STANDBY.
3 Control interface
This section describes the control interface. The I²C interface uses two signals: serial data line (SDA) and serial
clock line (SCL). Each device connected to the bus uses a unique address and a simple master/slave relationship
exists.
Both SDA and SCL lines are connected to a positive supply voltage using pull-up resistors located on the host.
Lines are only actively driven low. A high condition occurs when lines are floating and the pull-up resistors pull
lines up. When no data is transmitted, both lines are high.
Clock signal (SCL) generation is performed by the master device. The master device initiates data transfer. The
I²C bus on the product device has a maximum speed of 1 Mbits/s and uses a default device address of 0x52.
Acknowledge
Start condition
SDA
MSB LSB
SCL
S 7 8 P
1 2 3 4 5 6 Ac/Am
Address or data byte
Stop condition
Information is packed in 8-bit packets (bytes) always followed by an acknowledge bit, Ac for VL53L3CX
acknowledge and Am for master acknowledge (host bus master). The internal data is produced by sampling
SDA at a rising edge of SCL. The external data must be stable during the high period of SCL. The exceptions to
this are start (S) or stop (P) conditions when SDA falls or rises respectively, while SCL is high.
A message contains a series of bytes preceded by a start condition and followed by either a stop or repeated
start (another start condition but without a preceding stop condition) followed by another message. The first byte
contains the device address (0x52) and also specifies the data direction. If the least significant bit is low (that
is, 0x52) the message is a master-write-to-the-slave. If the LSB is set (that is, 0x53) then the message is a
master-read-from-the-slave.
MSBit LSBit
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 R/W
All serial interface communications with the Time-of-Flight sensor must begin with a start condition. The
VL53L3CX module acknowledges the receipt of a valid address by driving the SDA wire low. The state of
the read/write bit (LSB of the address byte) is stored and the next byte of data, sampled from SDA, can be
interpreted. During a write sequence, the second byte received provides a 16-bit index, which points to one of the
internal 8-bit registers.
As data are received by the slave, they are written bit by bit to a serial/parallel register. After each data byte is
received by the slave, an acknowledge is generated. The data are then stored in the internal register addressed
by the current index.
During a read message, the contents of the register addressed by the current index is read out in the byte
following the device address byte. The contents of this register are parallel loaded into the serial/parallel register,
and clocked out of the device by the falling edge of SCL.
0x52 (write)
S ADDRESS[7:0] As INDEX[15:8] As INDEX[7:0] As P
0x53 (read)
S ADDRESS[7:0] As DATA[7:0] Am P
At the end of each byte, in both read and write message sequences, an acknowledge is issued by the receiving
device (that is, the VL53L3CX device for a write and the host for a read).
A message can only be terminated by the bus master, either by issuing a stop condition or by a negative
acknowledge (that is, not pulling the SDA line low) after reading a complete byte during a read operation.
The interface also supports auto-increment indexing. After the first data byte is transferred, the index is
automatically incremented by 1. The master can therefore send data bytes continuously to the slave until the
slave fails to provide an acknowledge, or the master terminates the write communication with a stop condition.
If the auto-increment feature is used the master does not have to send address indexes to accompany the data
bytes.
0x52 (write)
S ADDRESS[7:0] As INDEX[15:8] As INDEX[7:0] As P
0x53 (read)
S ADDRESS[7:0] As DATA[7:0] Am DATA[7:0] Am
Table 5. I²C interface - timing characteristics for fast mode plus (1 MHz)
tSP Pulse width of spikes that are suppressed by the input filter — 50 ns
Table 6. I²C interface - timing characteristics for fast mode (400 kHz)
tSP Pulse width of spikes that are suppressed by the input filter — 50 ns
VIH
SDA ... VIL
VIH
SCL
VIL
...
IL or VIH.
Note: The I²C read/writes can be 8, 16 or 32-bit. Multi-byte reads/writes are always addressed in ascending order with
MSB first as shown in the table below. The customer must use the device software driver for easy and efficient
ranging operations to match performance and accuracy criteria. Hence full register details are not exposed. The
customer should refer to the device user manual.
Address MSB
Address + 1 ..
Address + 2 ..
Address + 3 LSB
4 Electrical characteristics
Caution: Stresses above those listed as "Absolute maximum ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. This
is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those
indicated in the operational sections of the specification is not implied. Exposure to maximum rating conditions
for extended periods may effect device reliability.
HW STANDBY 3 5 7
µA
SW STANDBY (2V8 mode) (1) 4 6 9
1. In standard mode (1v8), pullups have to be modified, then SW STANDBY consumption is increased by 0.6 µA.
2. Active ranging is an average value, measured using default driver settings. Ranging mode is with default settings.
3. Peak current (including VCSEL) can reach 40 mA.
1. AVDD = 0 V
2. AVDD = 2.85 V; I/O voltage = 1.8 V
5 Ranging performances
Target reflectance level, full FoV Distance (mm) Indoor (no infrared) Outdoor overcast
Measurement conditions:
• Offset correction made at 10 cm from sensor
• Indoor: no infrared
• Outdoor: eq. 5 kLux equivalent sunlight (10 kcps/SPAD)
• Nominal voltage (2v8) and temperature (23°C)
• All distances are for a complete FoV covered
• Measurement is made on typical device bare modules
page 20/35
versions are transparent for the customer, since the pad and substrate design are identical for both versions and
have no impact on customer PCB design. Ranging performances, reflow, and technical parameters are identical
ST delivers any of the two alternative dual source cap assemblies as detailed in the drawings below. Both
0.31 ±0.04
NOTED ON PAGE 2.
4.40 ±0.05 5.00 DRAFT OMITTED ON PAGE 1. LINER THICKNESS UPDATED. 29 SEPT 2017
0.50
0
0.665 3 IN 12 POS.
Z
B B
11 10 7 8 9
Figure 16. Outline drawing 1/4
1.60
2.40 ±0.05
VL53L3CX A
12 6
0.80 PLLL YMM
C C
1.20
for both module designs presented in the second figure below.
1 2 3 4 5
0
0.15 ±0.10
PIN 1
0
0.08
0.80
1.60
2.40
3.20
0.35 ±0.10
3.70
D D
CONNECTION TABLE
PAD No. FUNCTION
Notes: 1 AVDDVCSEL
PWB SOLDER PATTERN 1. DIMENSIONS MARKED ARE INSPECTION DIMENSIONS CHECKED AT OQC. 2 AVSSVCSEL
2. UNSPECIFIED RADII 0.05.
3. DIMENSIONS TO EDGE OF MOUDLE ARE CORRECT AT DATUM "Z". 3 GND
0.25
2.10
4. SHEET 3 SHOWS EXCLUSION CONES TO BE KEPT FREE OF MECHANICAL ITEMS WHICH 4 GND2
WILL INTERFERE WITH MODULE OPERATION; THEY ARE NOT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 5 XSHUT
0.80
E CONES.
0.50
6 GND3 E
5. METAL CONNECTION PADS 1-12 ARE ELECTROLYTIC PLATED 0.0003 THK GOLD OVER
0.005 THK NICKEL. 7 GPIO1
0.50 0.08 6. EITHER 8575850 OR DM00418317 CAN BE USED FOR EWOK EVO MODULE ASSEMBLY. 8 DNC
DRAWINGS ARE SHOWN WITH DM00418317 BUT THE SAME DIMENSIONS ARE 9 SDA
0.80 1.85 APPLICABLE TO 8575850, UNLESS SPECIFIED. 10 SCL
11 AVDD
Tolerances, unless otherwise stated 12 GND4
Outline drawings
DS13204 - Rev 6
6
Outline drawings
VL53L3CX
page 21/35
CONTROLLED DOCUMENT PAGE 2/4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
REV 5.00
FEATURE IN 2 POS. FEATURE IN 2 POS.
A A
1.28
3.12
0.33
0.63
1.29
1.90
2.20
2.50
3.11
3.78
4.08
0
0
0
0.33
0.63
B B
Figure 17. Outline drawing 2/4
1.78
2.08
C C
0.035 DEEP
0.20 ±0.02 0.40 ±0.02 0.201 ±0.015 0.40 ±0.02 IN 6 POS
0.38 ±0.10 0.58 ±0.10
0.01 0.01 DEEP 0.01 0.01 DEEP
D D
E E
8575850 CAP ASSEMBLY DM00418317 CAP ASSEMBLY
SCALE 15:1 SCALE 15:1
Tolerances, unless otherwise stated Interpret drawing per BS8888, Material
3RD Angle Projection Drawn Scale
Linear
ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm Do Not Scale
F 0 Place Decimals 0 ±0.05 SEE INDIVIDUAL PARTS MR LOPEZ BORBONES 25:1 F
1 Place Decimals 0.0 ±0.05 Date
2 Place Decimals 0.00 ±0.05
Finish 31 JUL 2017 STMicroelectronics - Imaging Division
Angular ±2 degrees
Diameter +0.05 Part No. Title Sheet
Position 0.10 DM00392521 VL53L3CX MODULE OUTLINE DRAWING 2 OF 4
1 2 3 6 7 8
Copyright STMicroelectronics Unauthorized reproduction and communication strictly prohibited
NOTICE: This document may havebeenrevised since it was printed. Check Document Management System for latest version before using or copying.
{pN_1}
17-Oct-2017
5.0
ACTIVE
DM00392521 ST Restricted
DS13204 - Rev 6
Outline drawings
VL53L3CX
page 22/35
CONTROLLED DOCUMENT PAGE 3/4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
REV 5.00
3
A A
1.20
B B
Figure 18. Outline drawing 3/4
0.665
25° 35°
C C
SCALE 20:1
D COLLECTOR EMITTER
EXCLUSION CONE EXCLUSION CONE D
0.22 OF CONE 0.43 OF CONE
AT DATUM 'A' AT DATUM 'A'
E E
A
SCALE 20:1
Tolerances, unless otherwise stated Interpret drawing per BS8888, Material
3RD Angle Projection Drawn Scale
Linear ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm Do Not Scale
F 0 Place Decimals 0 ±0.05 SEE INDIVIDUAL PARTS MR LOPEZ BORBONES 25:1 F
1 Place Decimals 0.0 ±0.05 Date
2 Place Decimals 0.00 ±0.05 Finish 31 JULY 2017 STMicroelectronics - Imaging Division
Angular ±2 degrees
Diameter +0.05 Part No. Title Sheet
Position 0.10 DM00392521 VL53L3CX MODULE OUTLINE DRAWING 3 OF 4
1 2 3 6 7 8
Copyright STMicroelectronics Unauthorized reproduction and communication strictly prohibited
NOTICE: This document may havebeenrevised since it was printed. Check Document Management System for latest version before using or copying.
{pN_1}
17-Oct-2017
5.0
ACTIVE
DM00392521 ST Restricted
DS13204 - Rev 6
Outline drawings
VL53L3CX
page 23/35
CONTROLLED DOCUMENT PAGE 4/4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
REV 5.00
DELIVERED CONFIGURATION
A A
0.15 ±0.15
B 0.20 ±0.20 4 B
Figure 19. Outline drawing 4/4
C C
SCALE 20:1
2.92
D D
0.05
R0.20
IN 4 POS PROTECTIVE LINER 1.05
E E
SCALE 20:1
Tolerances, unless otherwise stated Interpret drawing per BS8888, Material
3RD Angle Projection Drawn Scale
Linear ALL DIMENSIONS IN mm Do Not Scale
F 0 Place Decimals 0 ±0.05 SEE INDIVIDUAL PARTS MR LOPEZ BORBONES 30:1 F
1 Place Decimals 0.0 ±0.05 Date
2 Place Decimals 0.00 ±0.05 Finish 31 JUL 2017 STMicroelectronics - Imaging Division
Angular ±2 degrees
Diameter +0.05 Part No. Title Sheet
Position 0.10 DM00392521 VL53L3CX MODULE OUTLINE DRAWING 4 OF 4
1 2 3 6 7 8
Copyright STMicroelectronics Unauthorized reproduction and communication strictly prohibited
NOTICE: This document may havebeenrevised since it was printed. Check Document Management System for latest version before using or copying.
{pN_1}
17-Oct-2017
5.0
ACTIVE
DM00392521 ST Restricted
DS13204 - Rev 6
VL53L3CX
Laser safety considerations
The device contains a laser emitter and corresponding drive circuitry. The laser output is designed to remain
within Class 1 laser safety limits under all reasonably foreseeable conditions including single faults in compliance
with IEC 60825-1:2014 (third edition).
The laser output remains within Class 1 limits as long as STMicroelectronic’s recommended device settings are
used and the operating conditions specified are respected (particularly the maximum timing budget, as described
in the product user manual).
The laser output power must not be increased by any means and no optics should be used with the intention of
focusing the laser beam.
Caution: Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other than those specified herein may result in
hazardous radiation exposure.
8.3 Packing
At customer/subcontractor level, it is recommended to mount the device in a clean environment to avoid foreign
material deposition.
To help avoid any foreign material contamination at phone assembly level, the modules ar shipped in a tape and
reel format, starting from production version (cut1.1). The tape is described in the Figure 22. Tape outline drawing.
The packaging is vacuum-sealed and includes a desiccant.
Note: The temperature mentioned in the above table is measured at the top of the device package.
Note: The component is limited to a maximum of three passes through this solder profile.
Note: As the device package is not sealed, only a dry re-flow process should be used (such as convection re-flow).
Vapor phase re-flow is not suitable for this type of optical component.
Note: The device is an optical component and as such, it should be treated carefully. This would typically include using
a ‘no-wash’ assembly process.
9 Package information
In order to meet environmental requirements, ST offers these devices in different grades of ECOPACK packages,
depending on their level of environmental compliance. ECOPACK specifications, grade definitions and product
status are available at: www.st.com. ECOPACK is an ST trademark.
10 Ordering information
VL53L3CXV0DH/1 Optical LGA12 with liner Tape and reel 4500 pcs
Acronym/abbreviation Definition
AF autofocus
API application programming interface
ESD electrostatic discharge
FoV field of view
FW firmware
I2C inter-integrated circuit (serial bus)
MSB most significant bit
NVM non volatile memory
PDAF phase-detection autofocus
SCL serial clock line
SDA serial data line
SPAD single photon avalanche diode
ToF Time-of-Flight
VCSEL vertical cavity surface emitting laser
Revision history
Table 18. Document revision history
Contents
1 Product overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.1 Technical specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 System block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Device pinout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Application schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 System functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 State machine description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Customer manufacturing calibration flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Device programming and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 Ranging mode description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6 Digital processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7 Reading the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.8 Power sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8.1 Power up and boot sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.9 Ranging sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.10 Handshake management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Control interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.1 I²C interface - timing characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 I²C interface - reference registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Electrical characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.1 Absolute maximum ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Recommended operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 Electrostatic discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 Current consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5 Digital input and output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 Ranging performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
5.1 Measurement conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2 Minimum ranging distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.3 Maximum ranging distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.4 Ranging accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5 Ranging drift with temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 Outline drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
7 Laser safety considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24