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    Marjan Kiprijanovski, Slavko Georgievski, Nikola Saraginovski, Tosho Arsov

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    Mirko Petrić
    This study evaluated the effects of growth regulators and biostimulants on pear trees after a late spring frost damaged flowers. Several treatments were applied including prohexadione calcium, gibberellic acid, amino acids, and seaweed extract. The treatments improved fruit set, yield, and fruit quality compared to the untreated control. Prohexadione calcium treatment resulted in the highest yield per tree and largest fruit size. While gibberellic acid increased shoot growth and trunk cross-sectional area more than other treatments. The study demonstrates that growth regulators and biostimulants can help pear trees recover from frost damage and improve productivity.

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    Marjan Kiprijanovski, Slavko Georgievski, Nikola Saraginovski, Tosho Arsov

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    Mirko Petrić
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    This study evaluated the effects of growth regulators and biostimulants on pear trees after a late spring frost damaged flowers. Several treatments were applied including prohexadione calcium, gibberellic acid, amino acids, and seaweed extract. The treatments improved fruit set, yield, and fruit quality compared to the untreated control. Prohexadione calcium treatment resulted in the highest yield per tree and largest fruit size. While gibberellic acid increased shoot growth and trunk cross-sectional area more than other treatments. The study demonstrates that growth regulators and biostimulants can help pear trees recover from frost damage and improve productivity.

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    This study evaluated the effects of growth regulators and biostimulants on pear trees after a late spring frost damaged flowers. Several treatments were applied including prohexadione calcium, gibberellic acid, amino acids, and seaweed extract. The treatments improved fruit set, yield, and fruit quality compared to the untreated control. Prohexadione calcium treatment resulted in the highest yield per tree and largest fruit size. While gibberellic acid increased shoot growth and trunk cross-sectional area more than other treatments. The study demonstrates that growth regulators and biostimulants can help pear trees recover from frost damage and improve productivity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    35 views1 page

    Marjan Kiprijanovski, Slavko Georgievski, Nikola Saraginovski, Tosho Arsov

    Uploaded by

    Mirko Petrić
    This study evaluated the effects of growth regulators and biostimulants on pear trees after a late spring frost damaged flowers. Several treatments were applied including prohexadione calcium, gibberellic acid, amino acids, and seaweed extract. The treatments improved fruit set, yield, and fruit quality compared to the untreated control. Prohexadione calcium treatment resulted in the highest yield per tree and largest fruit size. While gibberellic acid increased shoot growth and trunk cross-sectional area more than other treatments. The study demonstrates that growth regulators and biostimulants can help pear trees recover from frost damage and improve productivity.

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    IMPROVING OF THE FRUIT SET AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE PEAR TREES

    AFTER SPRING FROST


    MARJAN KIPRIJANOVSKI1, SLAVKO GEORGIEVSKI, NIKOLA SARAGINOVSKI, TOSHO ARSOV
    Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, Skopje, University of Ss. “Cyril and Methodius”, North Macedonia, 1E-mail: [email protected]

    1. INTRODUCTION
    The yield of the pear is dependent on the successful achievement of a series of processes such as floral induction and development, pollination, fruit set, fruitlet
    retention and growth (Webster 2002). Temperatures below freezing during bloom and later phenophasеs, in orchards occasionally results in reductions in fruit set and
    cropping. During the first day after the frost occurs, the damaged pear trees can be sprayed with some plant growth regulators and/or other biostimulans to obtain
    parthenocarpic fruits or reduce June drop of the fruitlets. The application of the combined GA3 and GA4+7, improved fruit set and yield after a spring frost event
    (Yarushnykov and Blanke, 2005). Applying plant growth regulators in intensive pear orchards is an important cultural practice to induce regularity of yield and to obtain
    good fruit quality (Lafer, 2008, Vanthournout et.al, 2008). The gibberellins application aimed at enhancing the pear yield by stimulating parthenocarpic fruit set, but the
    success is related to the tree physiology and climatic conditions during the time of application and up to 5 days later (Chitu et al., 2008). Fruit setting and fruit
    performance can be directly affected by using anti-gibberellin formulates, that regulate shoot growth (Costa, 2017). Prohexadion- Ca (Regalis) is primarily used to inhibit
    excessive growth in trees and reduces abortion of fruitlets, thereby increasing fruit set (Rademacher et al., 2006, Deckers, 2005). Application of seaweed Ascophyllum
    nodosum extract on pear trees induced a tendency to enhance growth in the vegetative parameters and more size and seed number in the fruits (Colavita, 2011). The
    aim of this study was, to evaluate the effect of growth regulators, and biostimulans on growth, fruit set, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Williams’ and ‘Abate Fetel’ pear trees
    after damage on the flowers caused by late spring frost.
    2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
    The research was conducted in eight-year-old commercial pear orchard. Several varieties were planted in the orchard including ‘Williams’ and ‘Abate Fetel’,
    grafted on seedlings of wild pear (Pyrus communis L.). The trees were planted in single row system at a spacing of 4x2.5 m (1000 trees/ha). In the night of April
    12 and 13, 2022, when the pears were in full bloom, late spring frosts occurred when the minimal temperature dropped to -3.5 0C. The frost caused severe
    damage, 39.6% of the flowers in the ‘Williams’ and 60.6% in the ‘Abate Fetel’ were damaged. To improve fruit setting and ensure yield after frost damages
    occurred, we sprayed the trees with different chemicals in schedule and concentration reported in Table 1. The first treatment was done two days after frost
    occurring (April 14, 2022), and the other planned treatments are performed at a ten-day interval (April 24 and May 4). Growth of the trees was determined
    through measurement of shoot extension of ten shoots per tree on the end of growing season and the trunk diameter before treatments and at end of
    growing season, on which the trunk cross section area (TCSA) was calculated. The number of flowers on each experimental tree was determined by counting
    the number of flower clusters and the average number of flowers per cluster. After June dropping (June 25th) counting of the fruitlets was done.
    Determination of fruit set was done based on number of flowers per tree and counted number of fruitlets per tree. Yield by tree was calculated by the number
    of fruits per tree (excluded malformed fruits) counted at harvest time and weight of the fruits. The yield efficiency was calculated as kg/cm2 of TCSA.
    After the harvest, thirty fruits of each variety were used for laboratory test. Weight was measured using a digital balance. Length and fruit diameter were
    determined using a Vernier caliper. Flesh firmness was measured by digital fruit hardiness tester equipped with an 8-mm plunger tip at two points of the
    equatorial fruit zone on both sides of twenty fruits. The data is given as kg/cm2. Soluble solid content was determined in the juice pressed from the
    fragmented fruits using a refractometer. Titratable acidity was determined on three juice samples diluted in distilled water and microtitrated with 0.1 M
    NaOH, and data is given as a % of malic acid.
    Control Regalis
    Table 1. Тreatments with growth regulators and biostimulans of the pear trees
    Treatment Concentration Number of treatments
    1. Control 0 Untreated
    2. Prohexadione calcium (Regalis) 0.8 L/ha 3x
    3. Gibberellic acid GA3 (ProGibb 40 % SG) 50 g/ha 1x
    4. Gibberellic acid GA3 (ProGibb 40 % SG) 25 g/ha 2x
    5. ProGibb plus 10 % tablets 100 g/ha 3x
    6. Biostimulant based on the extract of the seaweed Ecklonia maxima (Basfoliar Kelp SL) 2.5 L/ha 1x
    7. Amino acids (Aminosol) 3 L/ha 3x

    Figure 1. Partenocarpic Figure 2. Yield per tree in ‘Williams’ variety


    3. RESULTS fruit
    12 70 Table 2. Fruit set Table 3. Yield per tree and fruit characteristics
    Treatment Flowers Fruitlets per tree Fruit set, Number of Treatment Yield, Fruit
    Ratio, Fruit firmness, Soluble solid
    10 60
    per tree after June drop % fruits/100 clusters kg/ tree weight, g
    L/W kg/cm2 content, 0Brix
    Williams Williams
    Shoots extention, cm

    50
    TCSA growth, cm2

    8 1 2000.70 137.40b 6.87d 46.70c 1 20.49b 157.65de 1.54b 6.97a 14.83b


    40 2 1880.58 164.11a 8.73a 59.33a 2 28.21a 184.78ab 1.64a 6.69a 15.50a
    6 3 1966.71 158.11ab 8.03b 54.66ab 3 22.38b 149.55e 1.50b 6.00ab 14.50b
    30 4 1855.64 144.78ab 7.80bc 53.05b 4 21.98b 159.56cde 1.50b 6.42ab 14.67b
    4 5 1722.67 126.11b 7.32cd 49.78bc 5 20.81b 177.33abc 1.64a 5.68b 15.17ab
    20 6 1999.96 150.67ab 7.53c 51.22b 6 24.37ab 169.09bcd 1.49b 5.77ab 15.87a
    7 1922.89 135.33ab 7.03d 46.22c 7 24.78ab 191.91a 1.63a 5.74ab 15.83a
    2 10 Abate Fetel Abate Fetel
    1 1243.61 40.33b 3.24b 17.83c 1 9.75a 229.10b 2.08a 6.69a 15.53a
    0 0 2 1177.60 43.00a 3.65a 20.08a 2 10.44a 260.22a 2.01ab 5.91ab 15.50a
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 1206.64 45.94a 3.81a 20.93a 3 10.07a 227.40b 2.00ab 5.75b 15.33a
    Williams Shoots Abate Fetel Shoots 4 1234.44 48.89a 3.96a 21.78a 4 10.76a 223.09b 1.84bc 5.99ab 16.13a
    Williams TCSA Abate Fetel TCSA Control 5 1191.82 47.25a 3.96a 21.80a 5 10.09a 215.51b 1.92abc 5.46b 15.33a
    6 1255.22 44.89a 3.58a 19.67b 6 10.62a 236.49ab 1.82c 5.45b 16.17a
    Figure 3. Shoots extension and TCSA growth 7 1183.11 42.22b 3.57ab 19.62b 7 10.62a 238.76ab 1.89bc 6.66a 15.35a

    Table 4. Number of seeds in fruits and share of the fruits per number of seeds
    Share of the fruits per number of whole seeds, % Share of the fruits per number of whole seeds, %
    Number of seeds Number of seeds
    Treatment
    0 1 2 3 4 ≥5 0 1 2 3 4 ≥5
    Williams Abate Fetel
    1 2.05a 25 20 15 15 15 10 3.55a 25 5 10 5 15 40
    2 1.25b 45 25 15 0 5 10 2.50b 25 15 5 20 15 20
    3 1.10b 45 30 10 5 5 5 1.00c 50 20 10 20 0 0
    4 1.15b 50 20 10 10 5 5 1.65b 45 10 10 15 15 5
    5 1.40b 40 20 20 10 5 5 2.65ab 35 10 15 0 10 30
    6 0.95b 45 30 15 5 5 0 1.50b 45 15 15 5 10 10
    7 1.35b 40 20 15 15 10 0 1.35b 50 15 5 15 10 5

    4. CONCLUSION
    The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the growth of trees treated with Regalis, without negatively affecting the yield and differentiation
    of flower buds for the following season. Тhe treatments intended for parthenocarpic fruit set gave different results in the two varieties, which
    depends on varietal characteristics but also on the degree of damage to the flowers after the frosts. All treatments give positive results in terms of
    the fruit set after the June drop and the final fruit yield, but the differences between the treatments are significantly higher in the ‘Williams’ variety.
    For a wide practice, the use of Regalis can be recommended as an agent that reduces vegetative growth, encourages parthenocarpic fruit set and
    improves the yield in pear orchards after a late spring frost occurrence.

    V Balkan Symposium on Fruit Growing, Zagreb, Croatia, June 18-21, 2023

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