Pak Saudia Relations
Pak Saudia Relations
Pak Saudia Relations
ON
2005}
By
Nryef Alrasheed
IJNMRI ry OFKARAICEI
CERTEFICATE
Ctrtitr d lhar Nayef AlEshccd S/o Da*od Altarh..d hrs !iait!6 this th.si! cntftr.d 'A Cc Sordy of R.hriorslip Bctwc.n Ssudi Anbia ard pbtist ! { 1985 - 20051" uode( ny sradvisioD. Thc vicr/s oenssd in ir arc rhos. ofth. althor.
Hc has @nplel.d this 6catu ss
I .rurioDl Relation!.
,k
i!
wr.uy"''
Bx Cbair pe6on Dp,tttlnl of Iu&madonal Rolations Unive6it of K4.hi
Thb
i!.iir
b lubmin d h
rt
lt. DqrMr
of
llElaior R&io
D!r.. Copptt@
Dr!! of^pomY.l
Contents
DiploDrcy
.!d MrD.g.n.rt
of
l!t.m.rlo..l Rd.dou
hrciPolfuldirai"acdfu'''''''''.''
tltt.dM
aqabwAb._...._....,,,,............._._..............._.........................._...,.,.,...,rr'
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&dd!b. k rhdt r@
D.e4'rd............,.........,.-.......,,,,,.,.,.,ty
,./rh,_..-..._.................,......._._.......,.,.,.,..,,r33
sdil,,uaMtbht@tu
teir
P.bd6
{DtW....-..--......,.,.,.
k@t
C.d...,......,, _.......
/lttuII
hriuttli''!''6hr.fit.,.-.,-.,.,.,,,,,.,.,,,,,,--.-,,-.,.-,,.,.,.,,,,.,.-..._..__............rt
rd
6t
A. i,llt
3!ta1
tnhio
aonat Cdd.......-....-........,.,,...-.............-....,....,.,.,.,.,3d2
a55
PAKITIAII
AFGHANISIAN PE'
* i'\.ifiler"
) Snans *? ",nl^'
INDIA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
And I
joined
at mid of 2004,
n Kafubi City-
Anbil I ked to rqqrch ad @Uet dlta on l|!. rcbtioN Uw@ S.!di Ambia ed
Blt I iotrlly dieppoidr.d rhrr
no
Patistan.
r.e.aEh wo* so h. ha
bd
dorc otr
ln doing ny
qeNh
.l rh. @d of 2004 as ! scond head of the diplomalic mission in K@chi dd ny desi@ wd to do res@h work rcsnlted in the sarch for coUction of data md infomation ud enlme. I felr tht the rwo main isu$ should b. dalt imediately withont wbich it wil be difliculi 10 luaue rh. rndc bBincs Blatiom bctwd i! two Mutim
which as a @trsqudc. .ould cosr oe my cdeer. I joind
outri6.
wolld
be
I iholght bei4
devcloping
6bvy dd on iG My
ro
modmiation ir
wfth rbc
bBin* sior
cptts&d
Chdbd
of
ComcEc dd Indury.
[bnty of KaEchi Chanblr of Comerce 6nd IndBty for my Eg..eh wo.k on ihe $bjat of InterDdodl
l!.
The olhd inporlanl poinr pas io hainlain honesty in rhe coll4tion of dab helptul
in By
r*tuch
work, as I
m a followo
of Ishmic Prilciples
ed
cotuider
lhd
ro
rcgr4 th@ de a lot of$prcci.tioB, thadtrll wdds dd D@ thrr I ned to ofld to all lhos who hclpcd mc by dcvoli.g th.n dtu aid eForts rowardr my
In tbis
B.sh
for
of
id6 dd vies,
thse
have
qp.ricnc. ud Sivirg nc uild when I B dom. Att playd a lery f@tivc &d inporlall tule in ny rcrmh work.
Univdity of Kfiachi, md rhc othe. is ptofBsr Dr. Mun@d Shamslddin to whom I .n aho graEful md muld lite to sy ttql ro
RelarioB Deplrlmlq
have noble,
leded prsomlilies
lik
ihcn
as
E!.@hc6 lik me. Th Vic. Chmcellor, Utriv6ity of (echi, Dr. ruada Qasih, p.opl. fFm Islmic Cbmb.' of Com*e rd tldusfy, D. syed Azhd Dnc Hsan, EhadiS Gadnlta, Rshid Ann, and fron ou
connd@cc to
CoDsulate om@, Mojeb-Alrsbmo, (Dputy Cosul
cdml) e .@lld
fion Qatd Cosutde, Mob@d Alj'bbd moE lik brcrhcB rhan ftdds.
pbud to b.
Mobad4 Suliora AbduUa!, YoMf, Salih dd ny wifc Fathd in Le, Unct. Ilntim dd ny @rh6 in law 6d all rhcn faDili6 ebon witt th.m I eould ncw FDvid. dough rire for my wort, and also to my borh4 aDd sisc6 dd in low, vhoo almys supponing nc in cvery florts $anirg Aom tlcn wtuhes ed DoM ud
Unclc
woDld alm)6
suggetioB
10
wdh
work I will
n vd foryct tnm
my wife whon no ddcnpdor is
sd
pE*nt
my silccrc rsp.ct and lov. for whar $ey bav. don and wished
.!d
th.y h.lped De
. . . . . . ' . . . .
Has
lnd$ry
Shmu.ldin
I5luic chMld
Prof. Dr.
of Coo@Ec &
Mul@d
Dq
Haithd Klsr tusistart sretary c@@t for Pubt'c Relarios, M&kedDg, Fouow_lp & SupnisioL M,tla! Chdba of Col)ll]@e & hdury
\4r. Mohamed Mr.
YMAbduUaIAw
Gdrat , Ma*rd Char$d Ofcolm@ & Indury.
D.panmcnr
Sfterary
M!.MohrnnadIlydIbhhim
Retadons
&
Mallh
Hdd
Al-Sh@ef
Deputy
of
colm@
& Induny
Vice S4Eury CeneEl. KrnS FaHl tnttfuriomt pfl?( Mr. Yousef Ar-Ohali
Senio. Induhial Spei.list, Tl S.udi
lud
. . .
KId
of ttrtcmtional
Afi.iB
. . . . .
lldutry
Gncal, Tlc
ftalid Al-Sulaitu
Abdulaziz City for
. .
corcmdt
of Pakista.
S.udi
Aabia
cd.nl
. . . . . . .
Mr.
Kirlid Al-Otaibi
ALl{@!di
fq F@ig! T6dc. Minisfy
of
D.puty Ministcr
Cmlme&
hdurtry,
Mr T. K Mirhra
All4he, E oromic& Colr]j)mi.l, EDlassy of Ldi., Piyad!-Saudi ADbi.
Ibnlin Altcdrs DiMror c@eial, R.eeh& E onomic ChambeB oI ComcG & hdlsrry
Mr.
Dr.
Rcseaich
Ba*
Iftibr
Mr.
Dem
ChlilrM Rie
Vicc
ErDorL6
Asei.tion
of
Patistr!-Kecbi
.lvt.MuhamdtuwMidoor
Chai@ Rl"\P- K@hi
Mr. Frnd
D.puly
or Saudi
Chrrlb4
of
ComcM
Chli!ru
M@bd of Ch.mb.r
Eduqtion
ed
Kuchi
. .
Dr.
Cb.im
Vicc Chail|M,
Slddils CominF
on
B.*in&
Crcdit& Findcc,
Exdtiv., Spei.lists
GreuF
rd@
. .
Mr.
K@bi
Exccutive
CoB.l,
Cbicf
S.dic, Krehi
(!mhi
. .
MrZ&I4t l
Prrirt d, D.&nc.
M!
RiiLd
Sodry,
Xn
li
. MrlrrhodNrrr&L
frhAtddhnl
Plo.nl!',
Lr
rln ld
M! Irna. Srllr
rhd
of &. I&A
LlrlildltrllEl ILSr
INTRODUCTION
ii! oM co!6!aLd purpoe lnd diDolioo, Thb 3rdy it lbcucd on rdr io6 b.hva t*! MlsliE couri6, ir. Kilgdon ofs.ldi Ar$i. .!d blrEic R9ublic of P.tiiD. Tbc r..!oo of s.lccdng i!i! loic s! nidy rhrr wbcd l e.s in 3dEb of !ur6id. I Flizd rhrr $ 6r !o rlsarct sndy it rvdLbl. @ ihi! subjcct whicb codd @lyz. t .xi.li!g dltr od .outd .lctcmi@ thc i&s! pcsibilitica h.twcco tlc two @uri6. It! oba oiior
Evcry 3tudy brr
objetiE of
.!d rhdlbrc utubtty coeatrod r!o!t pdp6t3 of cocpardo witbi! th. Ub n- | .!r oDriEilric br . b.!a r.ldio$Lip b.lwd ny hom. c@ny, Strdi Anbi.' ud l[. coulrr wI@ I s
rhie
c|!!h
ho*t .nd E-bFm hurdL. wbich lic bct*6 t!. tm @uEi. I firely bcli* tbd rL. cc@ooic @opoht of Sudi-Prl alrdon|lip c.! grow sr@ga s t r6ulr of
&rougl tbi| rlsc.rct *orL Ttca ar! ccdriniy ncd !o ov.no@ thc
pu6uing cooducrivc policics.
'Mta
of i.srcs to b. !d&Br.d
'It.
pnDty
sMy will
de d.d ri6
poliricd
burdlB whic! nc.d !o Dc .cklNldS.d ad llolouCy Mlyad by nuih.r rls.arct. I 9old [t! io rtcod!@d .rclving . lo6g-r..m m!.Din iD o(tkr 0o dllt i! | 3yd@riic
.on
'|E!M 6. vduc
th. eommic
!o pcoplc
cort
.r
Bul6, which *ill b. F!!qr.d i! thc bt ch.prd. The fDdils! e .xp.cr.d to povirt kcy fo. uddt stiog rr. cmoi sio.edorEi. li6 bctwd S.udi AEbi. .nd P.tilna A! t dla of
Tbc
'tsceh
facl,
I .xp.ct to find
ot
In ord.r lo $g96l few id.s &d n.1hod. which could help h pomtion of
.conomic coopention btwen Saudi Arabia
pdiod of 1985-2005
havc
slEtd
lhe
l) It is corvdg@t ova
TM
Hoty
M6qc
King
Flkl Bio
nomhi t tilg
daid in 1982.
ch.rgc
of Studi
Bitr
Awuleiz Alsiud
ed i.f()@iion
colt*ldd
morc derailed
ud berld coveing
coi6 e imldlart clddts of its @if, chaptcr No.4, wlicb wa fic for fiv. t@ pltu pcdod dd .ach onc @v6 thc @rjonal fivc tr
3) This
p{iod als
Th6. pl@ ale @vcrcd t@y cspocrs of e@nomy, rade, developmoi &d, inv.rtndt of ibe fio couri6, Ti6. two deadcs w@ impondt iI the SaudiPak rclatiochip N fte world 6oomy expcrcnced monmlou cbdrgs which wE boud to lve d uderiablc @k
ro 2005.
T\xoty
trs
aDd hclp
I baE
tid
. . . . . . .
.nsE rhc folowilt qurioB tbrcugh ny srdy: whlt .t! &e @ir hrdt.3 iD srdi-htc@icretrdmlhid How @ rhe.ludl6 bc r.novcd? ltAtl ir lhc ia6.r ofSioblizli@ d S.i{i-rbtdrtioosLip?
io
r{t !!
.!FtCi!S poliiicrl chll.dgcs otra@tld by thc MudiE wodd al!ctiDg Sddi Anbir's Gco-Eononical rclati@ with ?ati3rm?
ute
of othd
dorn sric
cco|my.
s'odirPrt
rtrhnt R.hd@
iis Odgitr'
tcm Iibmational Relarios eneScd in the lSri ccnhry, the fNt p6on who &d tbe rm "lnr.rotio@|" B th English Phit@phs &d L{*a* J.remy B@lta[ eho thougbt of taalatirg the pt@ lu g@1im , which mens to the Rott@ the law rhar regularcs thon Fbdo$ with thc diflcicnt
.cighbousof liienEftpiF,byfiepbEse d.oithremolional",
T!.Irt nrtiotr
a
Ph.mmdon
Q!m. ...et
ed incide*
Guch
wm, qodtB, trcrti.s, diplo@ric conracrs), ir *hich rlE cods. ?rcphcls, Ha@s dd Kings play the mjor ddisivc rels rhat der.mincd rhe diErior of cv..ts. TlEir main objeclive w3 to drive les$B md give neeins to th qistcnce of lhe hunan beirys and to the hlllm bhlviors and 10 dirct theF bch.viou ro$id! c.rtain prilcipl* th.r [email protected] b.twc@ aood .!d cvil ed b.twd rh. p@isibl dd thc fodfttdetrj.
Thft ft tuy r.$arch6 on the subject of intemtional rl4dod. thc @in purpor. wft io advi* rhe Enpqo6, Kings md RulcE in tLen |gdcBhip &d I@agmenl of lncir .ncmal elarions. A e@d mple for ihis wre rhe
Chinac lhiloeph.r Mircnones, in rhe 4s ccntury BC, ed lh Indid Polilicie Kotelia at the we period dd Ni@la Machi.veui, the Lalie thinld
rbe
16.cntury,
dd Al-Hstu
hup@t
a
"lrhatud
ktustu tua.
t.. a, r t3.te,|u,1.9.t5at/.adt1r
ktudbr b ttuNttud@;.
bi' Abddlah Al-Abba3i or rL. l3s cdtury, ed lbrc Kb.ldou. tn .ll tbe Mititrgs re 6nd studi.s dd Sd.|?lt3tion3 on diplonacy - in rh. Mulis-
ThreaIter mrged witings dire.dy rclatd to intehsli@l rcl*i6 dlmal poli.ics of the st 16 in s fom of diploutic m.mmdls
ed ed
joumlGtic malysir wilh th@reiical dcpih (M!fl ed Anglca Anicld @ Int haiional Politics in Emp. and ih. Buop.m Impdial'5tic qpacionl sludis in mnirary affliE nd strateSic thoughi (fron Mrchisvelli to Clauwiiz
irrdplct liou ofthc Inrmlioel Law (filn CrcdN ro laril md lhe lbut<s of l[. rb.oFtiql $hool of rhc 196 erN.y ad r[e
additiotr to the legal
cfiry), s
well
s |!s.eh6
whicb
ndislcd with thc stan Aon lh. w@d hrlf of lbc l9p 6tu y duc io thc .vrillbility i! abud.G of diplo@tic reord. ud &clents (sincc govdndts snd lhe Ft@b @olutio! N no lo.ger imposiDg {try |lsEidioE o! s[ mlqials). Modvd, the bisbncd B.eh ntiods hrv..lralic.Uy deloFd wilh rhe ilo.Mmtation tccbniqEs (in CctlMy aad tlFefr.. in fm@}
El.tios).
By rne @d ofrbc l9d c.nnry lh.
i.m
politica'
had widely
!pr.ad,
ed
a
ton nulliple
bgles, thk Ms
the
irc@ing awmn* of
its inlodance (for the wid.ning of its $op. and ircrea* of ils
dolsl
md
ilane@u thrak (in view ofit! contradictioB sd th Do$ibiliti6 of@sive w6I lt q6 dso aidcncc of intcet in conbolling it by tougt action (udd
the
innutre ol
Lhc
sculsis
ssb
benelit fiom it or !o
Eowver, rhe
had
mia ib ddgcts, dd 10 t y to chuBe n (Mmis), $imc of iorcMtoml ELtiou did not rplE Etil th wdld
thc FiBt Worl.l W&
ni
wib6sd
TlE.mdgene orintemational rlalions $ scientific ficld ofknowledge as per the cocqsB of aU the souces bok plec betsrd 1919-193 in Britah ud
the Uniid Stats of
AlMica,
as
fotlows:
IElrt:
Atablisbtunt
of sidrifc
&@rdtr
6.a.ier, the Bndsh Royal ldstin& for l ematiml Af{aiB ed ih. American Cobcil for htdationat
lrmcdiatly
RelatioDs werc 4lablished
in
a4
estabushed in Gcncva
in
1927).
Ihidu!: 7lt 16r Utriv.sity C6t . sp@ialiad iu Int mri@.| Relatios (udd rhc tillc of l.lcmdoMl Polili) @ etablisbcd in rhc
Brid6h Unive6ity of WalB, which
brd on
folowd by orha
stowly soEc
uiveEitiq
in the USA
dd
rh
&edinavid coutriB ad
towr& intmrioml relarior! took nd!r'atreltion in the finies of the 2Od cdtuy, wh6 ftai decade winc$ed whrt wd callcd Urc ''old m betw@ 1b Sovi.l block ud the Amqi6 block, this wd (which included politiel, idcologic{1, inlcllaruat dd @nonic contlicts), had
The considntion
borh
sid6.
In
mgdinc slocialzd in sllrdie of int@lional Elalios, vhich wd ritl.d "int tutio.al life". Ir @ lawh.d
Sovict Union mcrged a famoB
l[.
int.utiodl em deated n.w kird ol prcbles, Th. difr.cnca betwd thc Nori[ od tlc Sdlh, issE of
Thild world. their emergence in the
denoeBphy, b&kwddncs
io the
dd rcgioMl dis!!t6,
eech
in inremiioMlElarions.
TLe
fi$ advdment
in t4hrology md
omiorior
am$
thc wo.ld
dd
the ircrqsiog rcle playcd by the russ rudia in cicatiq closoes of tis
d@s lh.
ditrqent mlioc
10
ed civitiatio4, hr
thm &d
@nbibute
b lh.t
solution.
CONCEPT OT T'IERNATIONAL
NLATIONS' Inldational relatiors e th. Flitical, Fo@oiq social, c' @1, id@logical ed milirtry Dladod .l the lev.ls of @urri.q gtuuls of 6ulli.$
lotcMliodl orgdiatiG. inld-govclrrlMill dernizatiG, nongovelm al orgdizatioN (NCOo as well as tt! p.oples who N stuggling
lM
of intenational
rclanM
is the
relatioa
MdE stat8. since stat* @ @lonono6 political uits , Accqditreto hin political unil netu any political group that ir o.gdikd .t regi@l lcvel'.
ThqefoF, rh. stare b llc innsrrucn[! for interoliodl rclatiotu. Th. star.
its
lh. Polilical Scistisl G@rgc ?urde believ* td, the 3r e is nor a rcgio.. population or a set of agulations..- b nl}d u
tuvid xdt.t,
H@
Ritht
MhLl' 4htMdiq,
K6e
'd
cattid
otsoai
ellctual
st$cfie thll
rccogtrircs loyllty.
srrt k
lhc
Mir
For
ile
slate to cxist,
ir n.cds
10
spherc wheEiD ir cm
irlly ptacric.
datimal bord6
dlmine
The pople
thc
tuin
basis for
ce
oeve' enviege
irs
6 mdgde
Adrding to uoi[a defritiotr, polirical powcr is sr esgtial dd vital pitlrr fd rh. qblencc of rhc sr.G, sinc. ir is rhc uiquc factor tlDr distineuishe thc
$arc
frd
@r
.I
individuats
Politi@l power is rh
tlc sbr. cm wddrake its inr@at dd xt @l ftelioB wirhout dy conpftion fron oth6. Tbis tre*sitaLs its po$ssiod ofpowd dd milirary @nmed s as io pbtccr rh. inicrsrs of
rhrouSh which
n.s
its individuals
dd
'MwB4attatwnq.rtusdi4
The Sovrelgnty
At the inreMtional level, @h stitc hs its svEignty dd p.rfom! ils authority ord its Egio! ad popnlatior wilhoul oy comFtirion Aon oih6_ Th. star. hr! .b$lutc $vwigltyi !c@ it i. bourd to mirtrir irs powd sir[
all po$iblc
m.4. ft pNs6
td
fie
ngh of enst ncc, so statB tu lor bo dcaicd ihcir dght ro conkibltc in inlturtioirl lif., th@forc, n is Dot pmissibL for d larg couFt ro o@upy othc. mlt coury, This p nciple gives the srrlc fie rigtrt to pos4s w.apons ro defend iiself as wcU a the n8h to ue spcial rcms !o etuu ir3 .xis!@c. ud
rhc
sh d:
by
*vml
ol
ed
turcrion of coop.ndon'.
Th*
tucros
f.ctm.
(t
w4. vi.wcd
{orld w.! divi&d ino teo cmps, onc sialsr dd lh. othd is epitslilr BlrwD rh* two syst ds ile Ihird wo.ld @utri6 wft divided rmna rh6c t*!
as
7h. Roat
E^ba,!
attu
etud
h tfdhtry@-
u.s
Id6lo$,
be d.tned a! "@U.ction of
idc$" or "syst m of
stage of
id6'
tbul
tift,
it
nrgyi
lor isldce, l[c inv. ion ofthc v.hicl6 influm.ed the way ofwort ed thc placc of rBidcnce s wcll s the my p.ople sp.nt rh.ir lcis@ tioe. Tlc ilvmtio! of lhc 6dio !trd tclevision ba cbdged lLe c@ti@al traditiors of rhc p@!lc. As the Mltind @ now diGtly wih6 l[. evaB tal cat pbe in wiols p.rts of rle wdld at ln. tift of then occec!@, Thc @muietion rcrclution I!fuvd rlE bdics and now peopl. c.D @muicsrc illradly wirt @c edh6 far frendist n* of lhoMds of ribmlcB.
Al thc lov.l otthe ir|.mtional rlations th.
vilal md
Fanslon
(iii)
N.tio.dhn: Nadonalism is wually defind ss: . s.oup of po!,lc liv. in a Dificd pi.ce ol lad, who shrcs one leguge,
Frccor of
traditios dd custofis
distinguished
and
enables
rhm
is
Thc
dynmis of Dtioulbm b
d.dvd from
diff.ut
f&toB thli
or rLdine
@ exped
dd rhe linitariois of llc and $cial comuity. Th. boud{i of th. nationat
sratus
of $e goup
elmhity d
thc @tion
(iv)
Prtrio! frcor: Mostly iIft is nix up b.tw..n Oc conc.ptr of mtlo@lbn and pabioiistu, d$pile the large dif.rnc.
Ntdootl
rld
and
atlachmcnt
to you oM
@unt
y, vhil
b
a
mil.
tbe hoDcled
pice
of brd ilat the irdividul gct lnacbcd by lis o. hd fdlirgs sd stitunts, rn ..tion is a group of hufu b.ilgs l} r sb!i. Bd@l
ddd|'
iB broadrGs in sope, hdcc it includ$ rnor. rhd the coutry, and for
imlanc the Amb Dtiolalism sp..6d ovd
lmy
coutries.
Economlc Factor: The Manbts considr the e@nonic facior .s O. major re4on for the dlerycnc. of th.
disput ,
dd llar
all
lle
qu
odEia @ unititrS theNlvs in e@nonic bt@Le thbuSh initialinS inl.gntion pMcs $ch s @tion ol Egiorl or
Pcdtly,
the
intemational orgmiatiom, lik: EutoO.m
Esl
Orcup
of CEt
IndBt
ial
EiSht Slar6
6d E4odng Coutrid-
is
oelity of
iis
rclations. geDce, no
coutry
in tutfilliry
spi6.
is
(vi)
Dcmognphic
F.ctor
ft.
ercmh8
rhc
pd
rcldioft arM8
dy notion ws @as!.d by thc nnmb.r of people, crpabl. of carryinA a@ ed going to banle fields. Eowva, tbe popul.tion pokr only h not 6ough to b. an
influddal faid in iltenarioDal politica, ifnot oDbiDed with Ditirsry,
cblical,
tutuic
ud fuhcbl capabilirid.
(vii)
G.ogrrynic Frcto.: Thc i.i6c. of G@polirie gave rh. s@gEphy of thc stale pohical dinuioB. This $iene studid rhc inpacr of rb. natMl geognphic @ndiiioc on rh. polilicsl life ofthe staE s wctt s
on its exrernal rlatioN,
rLe snrdy
Led &d politi6, ud n is a dury boud to show how politiq it dctcmjncd by gcog6pliol fac.ou- Th@foie n ddyzs thc impa.t of
cli@te, topogbphy
ed fom ofdN.rd iln lirrlB dd impd of l@tior @ rbc life of hlltM @muiti6_
!E
trsdy llE
'im
s.a front
miu.riily
flei ed obai! llsislllB fron itr ![i. Aho tom a@nic eper, ourrie wittr s
uFcl n cd
bavc widd build mvy
co@@i.l rlatioN with th. exttuI world, while the l&dlocked outds @ depcndcnt on the
neighboB wno havc
fFlts
sa
frents. AmbitioG
of ledlat
coufrd
(b)
tu
ir
the past.
N.rllnl R6ourcqr Natur.l @m6 ilcluiL oil, ed, minc6ts, walcr, ad fd.sls ctc. Thc$ cldcnB e oaidd.d as ole of l!. asdtial elennt in melsirg th. pow. of staic or its tulc
in inteMiional relatons. Coutrie3 that poses emugh natual rcsowa m build shonS .@nony ed previlc wclfaft b its p@ple. If th6e @ I)]Mgcd by s expdidccd ed eficient
Sovdll|@t 116 rbey M rle onhol rbe ilrc!trNd@al Mrds 4d bare efrdi on thc policie oflhe oild @bEi.s, cv@ if
thcy
i.!t
nc. Uc AEb
c@ti6
b.v
used lhe
oil
6 wdlon h
alli*
FiMcul po*s
.xcbegc go@t
Saudi Arabia,
d froh
fMcial
cxporls
srahs
of mlud
by
!wl:!c dd
smd
Ktruit ud th. Unilld Arab and fDacial weighl. Th. ole of thse countiB o the intcMrioBl Elati@s ha8 improv.d .nomowly wiUr rh. bc@o
$at lhlr opts ro build milir.ry powd ud Eli6 mirty on it ir potecting irs sf.ty i! in a diE ned to blild . $lid
The
Ch@terisrics of lDliti@l dispure bie cbmgd a tot Aor d. poel, rbis chmse is manifesred in a nMber of tundanlr.l aspecrs tuh re:
i)
gaiod
grcat
u ddr is fq
s@nds or
mNuy nm!r.s.
2)
Th
IBi
strikes rhat
olhr
th.
iL.
mssiv.
atlack
3)
4) 5) 5)
whd
sians
ar
dlorishing switoiss.
The pa@ for dwclolmcnt
dd hdae
fst dd
sDbatartid.
It
is no
sd.
o{
eti6,l suily.
Thc
Fitity of
rhis sinution
.r
pllst
pdr
7)
nilinry pow
has dlways
b@ dd will rcmd.
ro b6
or. of rb.
(ir)
R.ligioue
rxbr:
Tbe Glision is a
pIlF* ofsubDisio
ard soughr
aftd $ppon Aon pown $lEriof to hlllM b.ine, md bdi.v.d ir coftols the naturc d wll s ih huhd lif,
II|fACT OF RELIGION ON INTERNATIONAL REI'\TIONS Itr lh. world of tod.y t!.a.E nny politic.l puti6 &d mvfuts with
politicrr pri&ipl6
Islamic md Anb
.!d
bcliefs thit
u.
Empe theE
m D@o@tic Clvisrid
as the
.d Stltes of
the
&ndi
R.lDblico
Prty N wll
Religion
De6@nlic Party.
Nd
factos that infludce 6c b.havior of thc individuds, orydiz3doB md courries .1 th int@tional lcvcl. Th. Anb of Hiju in ihc mdieval .8s yirh
ba [email protected] th. Ron@ &d P@im .Dpi6, whicn 9w lbo t!. two mjo. supd pow.R thlt rul.d the ddb, tben @in mtiE w4 to sp@d tLcn rcUgio!'lslm . Thdan r, th. Wcsi.d E@pan Calhotc couEie Luchcd rhen crudc wa agliBt Isln .rd McliG will Eligiou motivatiol TIE Christio SFin lawhcd E agai.st Isbmic star6 i! Aldaluia od Cbristid Cburch a! wcll joired Spain in iB wd agai.$ MEli6 ud Jm with lbc notiE of sptradilg C.tholic Christieity ddgsr
reUgiou notivltior
lhm Mo6ver,
d EIisiN
hGi!
sowa of lllanic
mtio8,
t[!t
is
ofM8hm
!(
as
follo*:
Prcpht
. .
PichteoB
"PBUH).
sur.n
(sayings,
(has
i$ scvc'al ncrhod!).
Md xde. th"6 utta' ." co4nd &!tul vM o'11 r'Lnt prytia d kq@. PdM Pa,r..Mdrt. hthtro,tl, ret.- A/,,nM ht t .tiltctfittx
Th. lslamic doctinc dirirlcs Fl.tios amorg .atioG, ilto rhre sctiG acb [email protected]
Hous. of Islrm: ls thc aratc rhr h gomcd by . Muslim
oL., wi@ir
althority and suFMcy e for Muslim. Slcb stare should be potrcred by MElim add Jihad for ils s*e i. cde of no M is ucondilioml obligllion (noi evefybody should do i1), btrr ir d omy
inEdcd then
hd
bdom6
an obligation on alt
of
2)
@hics
thc 8retr9 of i.!al ar not tuUy domi$tcd by thc rulc of MusliN, blt barc a
and
6!.ctc<l agncnol
66
lnm Mohmd
Abr
A[m et3:
Tn
!s.nt
chdtcr
lll
dd ordd, tbu rll rh. Mlslih couFis thar e mcdh6 ofthis olgdiation iLcy dc bud by thc ruLs of hlm ro abidc dd adh@ lo
tben oblisarioa
towd.
n. T!Eaort, ir
nor
b. @Bidered
s EoE
of
adeMi6
bur a
houc of [email protected].
3)
Eome of
def@ition
wrr:
ofde
Hovder,
rh
fd
tbe
haiy btwm it ed
Itun
Abu
rcholars!
'lf
of Wd
rulcr
bd !o poed or autiority
to
Isldic
bs.
rhe rcgion that is nighbor'ng the
SecoMl Condirior:
lt
Mulim boM
houe.
Mulin
or the
Zidi (Non-Mustin
who is by ihe
virru. ofagrcdtrt should bc Fated .s cilizer otlh. Mutim [oe) is living in the olh.. nouc und.r th. .dlilr Isldic *tuity dsl|mcc i!.t
embl.d rhc Mulim
ciri@
to tivc in ir.
on
counFi* rhir
t!.y Mchcd to o aglltfu ofef.ry to i[Gi. ciritu wilh iB origiml p@ple od rbdatc. thcy wcc coblEllcd to pull our, cilbd rhrough tt faclor of wtr o ay f&tor olt r tlo w. If rhe .ouri6 p@chd rhen a[6 agrddt of gtu1ing sfcty .3s@cc io ihc Muslin cirizc.s, r[.! it b@bs
of diplona.y is the extdal relltioG of the stats, snc outhos are of rhc opinion thot it to@ ihe $ide of inldational rlatio.s. We iind this vid ar Ue dfinirions of Cah, who
rhar rhe scoF delDed diplo@cy
Ir
cosidmtion of the
vid
vriou @tios
tbat
dd
ofagremdh - Wlile HaFld Nichobon dcfirB n s: ..Direction of iDtmatioal rclatioB tluough rcgotidiou ud rhc n1hod by which rhe dclegat6 naag. th6e rchrion!, d eclt s r!. work of th. diplo@rs"_
DilloMy
lolicy in
is a !'olitical
pMes
tlr,Dg@lt of is oficial rcl.tio6 piih thc othd $rca withia i[c intcmaaioDl ord.i l! is also tL. an of |lpwtrli4 rhc govmr dd
mintainilg rb. coutry's illesr wih $. foEig! govmndr' Mofurd, ir it abolt @a8ing intcurioml d@lings $rclgh .liEiting lolitical n gotiatic,
ed
dd to wo* for idplcmcnting tbe law in iniefurion l rclttioa, in such . t:md r[!t bgar pridcipl.s b.com. thc bais of &slingB amolg @ti6 a.d p@pt6.
condedng follow
the denred instruciiotu,
!p in emrdec. !o
@Bi&r diplomacy a rhc @in r@l fo. fmign polici* of rh. stde, which dqk wirh thcn rcbtioB ud int 6ts, &d rte etrcrive diploma.y is tbe
We
one dEI is lupponed by all lhe prcp.ganda e@nonic
ed bilitary tools. Many datysls coGidd rhar the prin. obj@1irc or diplolMy is to s.ttlc diegI!.lMts bdwcetr @urri.s ed op.n avducs fd @ lcrs u@grt tb.f, in ordd to &hidc this objeti, diploD&y pl.y viial
relc in t[c frcld of
itrt.mliobd Ebrions.
rhar the
II is through diplomlcy
stngtheoed and all
vaiou courris lrE sond our, dd connictcd intcBls and divdrcd vi.w! @ @trciled. It is .le thrcug[ dipl@cy ihrt ecb @mEy @ sragbd its position &d Fh.n.6 tu illlutuc i! thc facc of othq @uhi6. I}@foE. E c$ sMc rhat diplodcy k a &ivbg fo@ fd iltcmatioMl lifc &d the fotu of its etiviti6, diplo'acy like an administratio. ifwcll mdaged it csn create nuncrcus gais md achieve nost of the objelive that aE pmued od most impod.nrly ir ce oable tbc !Lt to 6sme the llatu5 it rspiB ro, amng thc inremati@l
relarcd to
tuti6
Diplomcy md strat gy
rwo compLm.niary
n ih
.n, which
!d ofpolitic".
'?he !a oI politica is U. an of @mgcmoi of dealirS wilh olhr coutri6 in puBumce of notioBl intcrcsls. It is frcn the uc miry of lhc a|t of poliriB
con
that
s thc
id*
of intgntiod of si.arcgy
rh
dd diplolruy,
cach of rh.D is
e !a
dr{,lemenb
o{Er m
6.
ofo.
,oliti6.,.
Bilar@l Diplomcy
is tne
b.rw.d teo clMEies, of th. eai! pitl6 of rh. [email protected] datil$; its
diplonacy Oat is carrblishd
thc fouowing:
signifidcc
is based on
r)
ll libBr.s
rhc
and
Gnictions
tbNr
is oncn norc cfcctivc rhd rh lulribt 6l diplolrcy or Oe parhm@tary diplo@y, since n (i... bihr.at diplo@c, b lihircd ody ro tqo p6ni.s, ud ofuo rlF di$ssion dd d.b6t mong mutipl pani6 od c.iain subje.r, may c.e loas of t[ inportalce of thrt
subjeci
a Ell d
it3
cultlnt
Golurioos
to
4on-comftmmt
on
il|
prlis, it
is 8.n.hlly beneficiat ro the rwo is obvioE thdt the mre h numb.r of parri.s
ul diplomcy
i!
6e'\
md hdco
Ift
is
@E evid.nl
at
ro two partics.
Bilat
ol
dipl()lMy is smetimd
ed
5)
The npidnss
a.l @inN of
iD
dong
*u
nuftmq
rh @16 [email protected] o tn. EquillIMts situatid or the is. lhat is $bjat of rhc dision'D.
AEicrios
Theorl$of
of rbe poliliol
lbled
On. of ihc
@t
rms
of tine,
tht
ftrged 4 influenlill powq in ite srructu& of Ihe DLMlioDI colmiry d well a in diccring the inrmrio@l politiB ar thc cdly yca of the nincL@th cd$ry, which B rTom rlcEnd ..g .dtiodlis c6"- Howa.r, @riondtm hs d*lopd d a cLa. id@ 6ly duing th. twdlieth qtuy, wh.n morc eldcltric (mid@tid wa! giwn to rht conc.pt, so s to dcrmin its mding, in et.o@ts dd cffis. h l.m
phcnommon
tulmMirie, dd spnld,
di{fffit fotu
Dr
O.orgc
comn
@ftacr of!@pte havjrg lalguge, g@gdpbt bi.1ory, ddtiny &d joilr mrcrirl @nomic
si.l
,nreq Fychological cdturc. Ttb @ntt&t shrll oE rh6c .t.nc.rs dloac|nca. While tLe Italid Mdcini, d.fr* ir 4 9{airal o'muiry of hMe b.ings, that m linLcd bgcln.r pith the uiry of r.dlory, origin.
@dilions tud
ldeugc,
caqtu
ed
ndM
cqt4
o/11L
hsh4
N.td.|h".
definido by Mscini, is considd.d one of rh. Fosr inDodsr snd knoM dclinitions of tratimlism. Th. fusr rhing wc notc in M|lcini's dcliniiion is his st rcd6t i,cr .tEtunl col)llMity of hl:lM bcin8r". It i! kloM rhat som. Sroups or aUia&d My
bc
fom.d
accqding
lt
Bur nadolalissr
ircdtive of thc
Tbe
I'f., lot Aon &. will of p.oplc dd .ld.o$ of natiotrdim @.e follNs:
@ture of social
thi.
lrlllg.tMrs.
Unity of Orlgh: Son. $hdd of Dlion lim i@ludi!8 Mreini !@civ. rbAr uity of 6ci.l oligiB fo@ . kcy pill& &on crisr@ of GtioMlisEr ed it i3 eiriour hmooy in t[.3rnEiE of . Drio!, t[c orhd.lddis l@ in ligrifi.ec rld cf6dv6* a e .ssi.ri@
otUG singL
drio!.
LlIl46: Thc s@gF?hiol cdrElio.s of gDy @ri@ apr.3.nr iB cnstcmc h ! joint rcgid pir! clcrr llEiiori6, Tb. clletivdcs of UG g@gnlhicd coEeri@ ilctEs if lhc Egi@ i!
@muicrriotr .!d ralFiltion. Tbc .vdlrbility of r etion ir @c Egion wodd srEgthd r[. inr.tr.rio! 0!d fo.tify ttc 0$ociatio! uong ll! iadividuL of thc lin8lc irtion $ ! |stj rlrc intctution ard .ssiation would corEibut ro ihc blitd uD of tt! @tion\ p.M@lity ed srEgrhcn iis chdctcr
having ec.ssibL
Unltt of L.Dgurge Laguge h Oe n$t signifi@t dd important ddltrt of @tio6li!h. In vicw of thc fei th!t, t&glrgc is th. rEdih
@nhuiqrbn Mort rhc mmbd of l[. sinctc ddon, n ir Ocir iBiruhcnt ofrhilking ud rhcir ncbs for rlsoining tloo8hb ed h*itrge Aom thc foFf.thd ed fa(h.r! lo rb.ir etu dd 8tu.,roos, g.ncFtion to g4@tion. Th.eforc, ve fbd tbat uity of
of udcdr.bditrg md
ldgulge produs tind of unity in the feelings, Fnrin nB, thinking and cultur; n com4ts rhc irdividuls of the mdor with a chain of i .lLct
dd
with
notiml bor&,
Ei|tory: Flistory is co$idald s rh. $rt of*Ge b rle mrio.nd its |llmry. Ai evdy Btion is @@ioa abour irself dd buikls irs p.BoFlity lb@gh its bisrory. W!@ we ralt ahonr history s d
lim, e. dotr't n .! thc hjstq tblt @ Mrcn m bets &d d@uft, but wc m.e rhc history lbar is living h the h.urr and sliriis of lnc p@i'lc, sticking to then mind. dd doniEring their
elen@l of mtiotr
Wtd@, the uiiy of hisiory in ey drior gtrmts clos.nes ir dorioG ud t ndocis hong rh. ildividu.ls oflb mtiol! it.lso
lads ro tind of simjl&iry in rh. m.mrics of their aloioB p4r wirh ib pnd. and nobility, whicb ka B@Uy reAl.d to Eolilia 6umgc rd
ddgi6, R.ligio(
with
enoti@s ihal iofluoc then behaviq. Fbn this prcspctive, Eligion is one of ih. most social bondi that
senlinents 'mporlanl
dd
FORETGN
POrlCY
iorprtanr relc
dd
dcfin
objcctiv6 of the
dd
rbe
esw
thd
ro
b,line
baaue it di{LE
ndb* of
eov.mdal ed n@-sowdnslat bodi6 iE ilvolvd itr th. .lcchion mlking pc*, which my blre difrefur posirioB towards uy mtioDl
ba thc ability to inlludcc rhc govcm decisiol This @ t dilfctuii.t d b.rw@ covcm.nlal bodi6 &d N@-cove|lmotal bodi6.
policy &d
Elated oryeietional orga.s 8trch s insiitulions 6 weu d the leSislature and its vdious rlwet cominds,
Non-Gov@ental Bodids mosrly conpnsiq on the dmdts of politicar par6e, intcet goups, pB, Dcdra ed public oprion.
FACTORS OF FOREIGN POUCY
Thc.c arE
l)
tbc typcs offacbrs which itrnud* th. tureig! Flicy in gdc6l, M.l.ild pemutrr frcror! wlrn rddlv perm.nercy: By rhis, wc
ne
a)
such as gcc/national
courl r,ks high6t position amng de pman nt factoB. A ldd l@ked outry, fir.
G@gtrpbicrl Lcrtion of any
Afghardan, iis l@ati@ ihpo$ Brnc!@ on its f@ign policy,
&!t
Likc
ad P*isnn, sinillrly n
Stda swound.
{k
of Stria ed
Lcbmoa
si$.
Lcb@
all
lo.
b)
Nrtuhr Reourcd @ lbc e@!d pe|fue fEcror of &c mt rial. Anong r[. drural rlsol|lG we ce fels or rtc prodclion ofmtional r.sourc.st i! rem as strarcgic goodt rucl
as
oil
od
food poduct'-
2)
M.terirl &.roB
dd peMncy
in complrisn to
dE prdvious facto6.
IldBtrirr Crprbiuu.r e e .sodal clddr in lbc FwG of rhc sbre- Fd i6r8@, rbe indusrrid 6pabi[ti4 h.d @blcd Britlir lo c@itol l!. b.ldc. of p.wq in the wdld for quitc a pcnod of time, &d eavc Jape a spccial slatus in $e wdrd comuity. Morcovr, il mrdc USA dd Rusia thc sFongst powe* in l[c comunity of @troc in tod.y's world. The
.xist nc. and avail.biliry of indBidal iff:ral|3rioB
st lc .106 trot
h qr.in
olly coet thc sllldard of tcobnologiol knowhow ndiols of advdelMt ir ba achieved bur. als n@ifdrs
iis @ononic abililiB, thhugh which it Industrial .levelopmcnt has b.com a
mti@lprimc
well
Yalbu' Irduirial @@lexes $ cmiddble sride rowrde acht vils this impo.tad mtioel objetivc. Patistan on is p.n .!o Md. @rkablc indlsLial achi.vcDed! itr rhe sroB of i.xrilc, pb@ceuticals, *nor &d dre ste.l lil ln ?akbh St4l at Pon Qasin. Thes ac@nplishntrts md. Plkistan noE
Kiosdom ofsaudi Anbia has .slablished Ar-Jub.il and powertul @rcmically and politically c@fident in dealinS wilh
tnc iniemtional
comuity,
Mlir.ry
spablc
Comp.t
rhc
ial
epabiliti6, md
El. of military epabilitie,s a factor, in the forcign policy plays e iqDrtanl mte mq. rho th.l of ihc gd@l indlstrial capabiliti.s, fo. a mjd Edm in rod.y's
of their
The
hnlwdc.
ofpow*.
(t\
rep@Gd hy rhc population, Th populatiod plrys & iopondi ml. in rhc f@ien policy of day strt,lb@gb their.Iter in its @ti@l force. In thc ti@ of p@ce, l[. big siz! of populstion ha di@i inpact on tbe esntial clm.nr of pbducti@, which is UE labor. Wilhour rhe availabiliry of
Qnrtuanve Asp..t of
faclor is
this factor, the socio-cconomic
hilM
ileveloprhl of
rhe
country
will
depnd on rhe
idpon
of
ed
roy
b.
wil
tats
lhc initi6tiv
of
Flicy, Wh.n
ralk .boul rhc l.addbip, we necd to tlow $. checter of 6c lad.6, and to ob*e lhd ptuti..lly ro
betsl@4 clN, tben ligioB ct]mitndr &d thcir pGonal ed om.ial b.h.v'or. Th6e f.croB hrv. rhcn impact oD the l@dcBbip dd
knop tLcir s@ial
(iii)
i. the fornation of th forcign lolicy. /l/eol,&/ is .ldnd of fi.anewo.t gdehlly usd 'n fomtion of a forcign policy of a siate to dcfnd
@sequendy
thc thc
tghts of rh populatior
Mulid
in Afgntuison
uE
lBdt d d.f@tion of lh. Eligi@ of tbc sraL e rL. t@l qrspL *hd. joirr deisio! s otd by the Kirydon of Ssudi AEbi! .nd
Palistar by withdnwing th.n
de to (tal
Me.ht
$ale.
publicaiion
plays
of
Mobmed (P.&.
Be Upon
de
tb
iDport
!t
rcle wbich
no
ra
iDpdranr rhe
$. idolory h
a
A!
mcdi! plays
dual
by providing thc rcBsry infornation withh their tlmcwork of ll adtuceret of th. m.dia, whicb has abniry in Ssthails dd ddFins ibc !am. (ii) O! tlE othd, tbe dle<li. pt r! a vital rclc in inflwing lLe lublic opilion dd mobilizitrs thc t|a< ft @ als play si8nificalr EL i! sulponing or opposus l[c tueien policy of rE
8ovffir.
Thc suppon ot |bc bdi! to rh. foigD policy of rlc govctrllmr will help ir io obbinirS popule
slpport for ib DDlicica trd its decisiG. Th. opposition of the nedir will Btict thc govelmdt\ .bili9 k' tlk
sleps
implmr.do of iB .L.isi@ and my cdu th. rEqui'ld sppo ed ruL. dlc gotlmt wat @rgb
i! &bi*iDg deiFbL objativG.
as
m Agent of Chrnge
Alnost every coulry in rhe wodd possesse! a buauotic inn!$.ucturc which enabl6 rh. frDctio$ of thc govcmd to b excurcd. In sm. munrriB, it is moc $pnistiot.d $,' h olh4. In E!rcp@ @uri6 by th. .nd of
linctdd
@nuy n bd d.rycd
o6in8 Mrx Webq ro obs.de l! s coo!!.tcd qith lis typolo$/ of Faditioml dd chlisMtic leddhip. In faci. ..cording to Webr, 'the tunlq back wc tracc ou sreps, rh. norc g?ical
onlld
strere
ofdomitulion.
orguiati@. Blt civil dmjnismrion des nor opmre ir I v&uM. Il is .loely rclated ro tLe lblirical sFr.m sd politic.l dcvelopmmr ofrhe @wr.y. T.sion bdwm poliricll l.!ds dd bldrcnrs is prni@ldly @ttmn wh.n thc bttd's rele is mt d.fued. Fou dimdioG to rhe Elrtion bctqen buqucFtic rolcs dd the lDliliql slstcn may bc obsftd FlBt, therc is the dcgrce of strucfi!.I diffMdlrio4 in which, thc norc
complicated lh lElitical stsren bccoms, rbe grenrer thc tred for the crcatio.
ofa
!rfom thc polirical finctio.s, &is6. Most non-W.st m colnbi.s, after gairing [email protected]., mbskd otr th. road 10 modmiation,
siructurc to
nd
difffirjilion dd
dmads of
thc
rhe @e.gM
of ibcriolul
politiet systd
is r.l.ted lo diffdatiation
rutc.
Thlrd dinemion of politic.l chsgc f@ulcs on lh. deg@ of &biwemdt oBltllion rclativ to polirical Mruitln nt dd rh rcle dirffiri.rio! of
candidatcs. tn political systcst witb a low dc8r.e of
stucnlnl difiq.ltiati@,
&t ody
@ditu
is
goillmot
tte,
in &tdirio
ro tbe bl|!!.|l.@y tu Ntstty it@ud .giptio 6lhd lt.n achiev@t qimlarid Tte Bdc is Ele of gyst d witt a liah iLgE of srructuril difftutiarioo. for .s tulctioarl sp@ializlrior irlru&n NiI8 io
lbc
!t
mifold @nplqitics
of
for achicvdenr
datati@.
anat]tsd the dcgre of sculsiation id the
Fourth politicd
dintuior
perf@nce of
tu&ti6- Tt bak of alt such actiors k det mincd by the prircipt. of ratioBlity utilird by th. govm.nt ro e[ieve its @ds thrcugh r".iou!
l98s: visiis wahingbn ro p6ue Middl. 8dl !@e prms . Laucb lhe prcjd of *ponding lh. Poph.t's Mo,qw iD MrdiDln
King F.nd 6ndm lsmcl's atuck on PLO ba.dquirtqs in Tuk ro world p.e. md cilb or thc inimariond comuity io cond.m Is@I. kinsdom'5 folnh Fivc-Ye& Pld lNnoh.d
6.lhur
1986: King Flhll adopb rh. tirl. c6rodiM oflb. Trc Holy Moqu6.
King Fahd Casewly to BrtraiD St.e in lhc Anbign CulR opd.d by King
OCC
sumit h Riyldh.
hF l[. foud.tie slorc for rtc dnd S.udi qpssion oflh. Holy Mrtl,!. in And with lhe rdvice of r Comulktiv Coun il (Mrjltu Al-Shh) of roydl M6qe
appoini.4 Kitrg
lru-liq w i!
ldd
wB
193E.
MlMt
setrlins
@rd
l/Lr$
Qlm
dry
invBion ofKuwrir.
nd
'' io$or
coh
d$!g th. cdf crili! wit! PGntat Bqh in Riyidn ud hil w @id b rh. dcployrMl of l!. USA-lcd wirb Srdi An!i. &d mlCDrio$l l@ njr.d .s.iEt lrq foltowins its inEid ol Kluit
KinA
FlM
3L!d
l99li
Kint F
hd
mow.s
$100
nillion in
aid fot
victitu
of
Beshd.ln
cycloDc.
a@ll@ nd ErulatiN fq thc Baic Syll.b of cd.nnal R.3ioid Cov.mrHt .!d l[. CoEu|hnv. C.@n. ln 6pd* ro e opF l by UNES@, Ki!8 Fabd ofid 170 6iuid !o n io!. tn! Mulin Holy SiB i! taurLn King Fabd @d.lm Sanid l8gBid in BNi*nragoviu dd iritilts Dolitidl !.d lid .ffdl' 10 rlldilt sindi@ Ki.g Frhd orde6 rt $m of cncrgocy oid pmstu for MuliN in
'*iv!
qihqukd
B6ir !t *nicn rhc unir.d NrlioD3 ir lt. Sdh !o p6tet Bo$id Mulid, KinS Frtrd .g@ ro md Sddj t@F io 6irr wih tA Eli.f op.ntid i.
Kjnl Frhd hGb rh. olc ru.tins on
ug.d
to
fo@ rc.jolr
193: Kng lrld b6ts nrrin3 of Afsho l.id6 in Holy Cig of M|lllh fo. 3igning of nrtiond l@cilhlion @d,
King Fchd cdls lof lh. Iifrin8 of th.
lm
cnbdgo
d Bosim MNlim,
Bosi6
Kinr Fand
MuliN
od.s
who trc
KinS F.hd
..lls fd r tllt
In.li 4gF$ior
in
eulld L.bm,
Gs
Srip
KinA Fand
.ddra6
pl.d36
th. fi6t
sid
Ki.s
Fahd
llm nili6
i.tqlE .a Eruldi@ for dE Cown ofMinnic!. $!di toE6 st io wc in t N [email protected]! dlingd in S@Iii
King F.hd
inn diit.
dbp6ich of rid 10
EIid. vi.rim of
lhc
o$a Meau6
io
Jdlald.
nldi
for
.bird lloly
3Mft ad two
Plan launched.
US
cmot
u.
.xp66
s
nultr
pbgm.
2(FO: Kingdom
D.Elopmt Pl& lauch.d. Abo Kins Fahd ha mdc bis mtrihrrid ro b.did. @liatioD of r.lrtioa b.t*6 Arh8 Couhi6. Kiog &M dso exFecd his cohlry @ncd d a L.y ls@ oIvo d oergr, th.t .4uilib.iun slDuld b. rcrli2.d in in(.mtio.rl oil rulca md
@mmdcd .he or8oiation oi P.folcum axpding couriB io
prcdDctim
10 27.5
sdt[
sie
oil
S o*. e :
M.
on of
rc
ngioff
dEr tdsrdi@
lo@
tiftlo abolt,
@ting the history of &c bgiming of civiliatior The ft$ studies of .xkd@ itr lbe Fgion sbn d only d the sixti6- Ahhougl thcrc e smc didclB, tbat rle Kingdoo of Saudi Anbir w polulated for iitdnitldt pdiods since @li6t huru
tlow.ver, ir is rich in old historiql nooueoas
hisio.y.
Pelrmdl setucmot
darc8
brck !o 4000
10
B.C.
O! thc contary, lh of rlc Aebid Pninsula rtbudonr 'isnificncc Islamic en is well rrDM. As ii was ihc ccni6 of the Eligiod of Islm,
Ahbi.n PedNlla h!5
t!.
ihe
extendine
byo
rhe
i!lbc
l8d cohny
pld
r[. prce.nr
loG
td
66c mrr in
by thc
1932. Saudi
lccbologi.ally advdccd
Aribi, hls low bom. a pcsp@s 6d couEy- It tu foudd on rh. old n iitagc sppDnd
In prehistonc tim$,
diffql fton wbnt w. hFw loday. T!e!e wft lal6 md inlald st!!{m, wherc now, thrc is desen Ntrd slire .ocky plain. SIoft agc iDpl.he.t! bavc be! touded on lbe edg of th. 8F r dcseG rhe Rub Al,Kbili, indiqtirg tblt hur6 ed 6shd4 o!@
Peninsula was very
Anbid
sinil4
&tivig hav. be! dievlcd along rhe vdtm shoa of rhc Aralim Cult As thjs acliviry ws b.foE 'ln dveloped hisbncal r.cor&, it is ele to sy that blM F.sdk s in thc AEbie rhinsola
of
t!6
tl@
Ir
1745, a rcligious
Musli@
6ist
Efomcr, [email protected] Bir Abdulwahab foud tnrr sonc his m6sagq He was a vcry rcligioN IIn aid he foud th.t
trot
p..fom Gligioa rna pmpdlt s ne p@Led rhcm ro rc$m ro the balic ulu6 of Ist.h. Hc foud pretcction in ihe rom ofDiritt,
mey pcoplc did
ru1cd by
Mobmd
stone
Bin
rog.lbd
ed
foudation
Itr 18' cetuy, the pow* of the AI-Saud fhily errelded to nosr of &e AEbian Potuula ircludine nuch of Odd, prts of Y@m ed the aM of
Hijaz. The Asb.ise to powq aroused th sngq md oplosition oftne Ottomn
ed
Madinah in th
w$l.n
rcsion,
conquered th
Anbid ?@iNla 6d
In 1824, the Alsaud family Ld by Tuti Bh ,{bdulhl ESain d po@ Md captcd Rjtrdh la&tu8 tne pii.l- Hc ed his $n Fdsal qtended Studi pow.r
that
ed
Madin h,
util
1865 wh.n
divtioN @1,td
Klwait in
Imily
to dep.n to
1891.
dymism and rh.y sulodimt d th. whol. sthcm Anbia Egior and brcleht it Ndq lhcn coftol. By l??3 O.y hld taL@ RiFdh, thc whole ofNajd od He by ihc l?90s, ud by l8l2 th.y had t kd ovd Hcj&, which wu held by ihc Hashmite clan - the anc6to6 of th Jordtuian monN[y. Ihe lask of dstroyins the Saldi,Wahhabi powd wa3 givcn ro MunMd Ali &d bir son lb.ahin rahr of ESDI, who had by l8l8 detold Saldi-Wabhabi poed and .x@ted the Sludi Adn in Codt ntinopl. The Saudi faeily hld to flc ed Abd d-Rahm d-S.ud, thc old ofRiyadb, wdt i oqileinKueairinl89l.
Islan gave &c
its
$!dis
pLdcd
Ld,
c1ltMtly
kmm a Saudi Anbia - All rhis w6 duc 10 hi5 stil a r weior dd d a v.lcm poliricid. Hc applied rcligious Efom, a.hield loliricll sarbility ir rh rgion lnd tuintairql lhe rcligiou dd n@l valEs of th. Al-S.rd Royd
Abdul.ziz Al-Sau4
that qualificd
tloM
by the AEbs
hin b
b a grat lead.r,
H.
was only
Kueair
rcclaim his
frmilyt ldds.
He
obslrd
bis Eligion,
Mohmd Bin Abdulqal'ab ad wo*cd dil'Botly to adiur bn b.liefs wrrh rhc dMds of lhe 2Od cdtury. He nastercd in politics at e @ly age thlt gav. hi6 th s6se how to udcr!Lnd
sprcld
pE6.hed by
peopl. md molivaie
Efom
thd.
dd
hin, wea surpri$d at bis howl.ds. of world afi3iB. B.sid*, b.ing rh. f.!ha of th. Kingdom of Saudi AEbia, Abdul&iz
schola.s, who visited
w4 boi!
g6t
Eibal
ladd ed
a srat
@ury
inlo a ncw
Arbia taks irs |m. 'Saudi' tom th. ntine dymsty, which hs govm.d lh Egio since $. .idr4nth @nury. Thc Srudi dynasty,
Saudi
dcae(Ld from tbe Aua Eib. ofNajd, who elrbli$ed thcmclv6 s tu16 of Dirila. Mutatr@d ibr Saud ble thc Amn of Najd ed rbc dliee tukd th. foudilg of ihe S{udi politic.l sys&G. Tle alliec of th. nt.r
wiil
thc
W6l[.bts
Lgirimcy
rhc
g@did
A3
Mulmd
blmic legitil@y,
Abd
.l
Aziz laid the foudatiG of t,tr dod.n Saudi shre. ue @rcr.d into rgrc.hhls wirh Asdi@ oil compsia in 1933, .nd ihe kingdod's oil w@lth, rcw edDg in rlougds of millioB of Ft o{oUas a yd, h3 mdc its polirical ud 6o.mic posd fclr rhrouShour tbe Mslin workl
Onc of thc
llens
wa
for thc smooth Fesfer of power ftoo one king to anolhr. dicd in 1953, poper pNed irto th hands ofhb
be incomp.tcot
WI6
Abd al,Aziz
ar
dd
mov.d
Friel Ms
ruld ud hade his kingdont pows f.h both in rbc Muslin wo d (lbDDgh Islad) ed int tutionally (lbmgh oil). Foritrg lh. impaqt of Na6's Pd-Anbiso, Fabal rcbuncd it with P6-Isldjsn. In t962
a comp.r@t
hc rporsord
''. Mtd,rt oll4omtbn, tugtu aJsd '' r1t Rord Ehb&! attu ),ot'. rrlamtb, ofie. an ardbvq^46-us^. ' D.id x*q, EM tj3tu o,n cn4tkt c.rM, il.4h d'd Htu tudets d
fomtion
MBlir Las!. (wML). undd F!tuat's lad4hip rhe wML bede. powtul orgrizario wirb baeh6 att oq 6e wodd. I did
of tbe world
is!6
bleic
bbing of rhe Al-Aqsa Mqqu i! Jtuld in t969, h. @llcd fd 6 Ishmic sl|mit con&lm. !t R.baq wtich re *En&d by oosl MBlim 6udEi6. Th. R.b.t tuir grvc Flisl bb lGr .hane ro dped bir ,ph4 of i!flme, &d i! Meh 1970 hc spoMed lhc n6t IsLnic cn .renc. of For.ign Minis&B in t dda!, a a sult of ebir,I . p.l]@c!t ssEtariat w4 siablish.d thr. Itee have bM rceular cotrfMcca sin*, h6tcd by differcnt Mulin couri*.
In
1973,
ir r6poBc
to
Am.riq
Egyp add
Srir
duing lbe
E,
s a lolilic.l
wapon.gaisr
Orgsiatior ofAra! P.Eolcun Exportirg Courd6 d{idcd to cui b&k oil suppliG by 5 pd @nt util ![ lsn.li fo6 had wilhdliM from Anb ldG. Althousl th! obje.l w6 not &hi.vcd, rhe Wst bccame wdy ad caulious of dcaliog wifi Saldi Ambia, owing to rhe suppon djoyd in lhe M6lin wodd and irs Mdirds to u. it oil fof politic.l putpq6. Oil wEalth b3, d th. odu hu4 also bd u$d for rlE hod.mir.oo! oflbe @utry. Anlr Kjng Faislt deth itr 1975, hk nisio!
thc
inlb@6,
@ntilucd by his
Kins Abduuah.
srcasq
sd
now
Tte inpoct of Irlrm on thc subcontinclr {.e d*p ed &t @bin& Istao inEodued not only 6 a n w Eligion bul Al$ s ! rw cMliatid, a Ilry My
ot life
and
dd
tr* *t
of valu.!.
rc6!n nt, social ard w.lfar institutiotu wrc .stablished by Mulin nleB thrcughout rh. sub{oniincnl, A new taoguage, Uldq ddived minly
frcn Anbic, Tukish ed PeBid vocabulr.y ed ats $erhd words md idiom, EDkn dd wrin4 in othr lagu!9.s. Now, Urdu is the Natiml lsguge of Patistan. Apan tm rcligioq Qlm dd Anlic, Urdu al$ odld the Mulim .otmuiry of thc au!.ontinnt duiDS rhe pdiod of its eddarcy to p@m itl 3cpaBr. id.nriry in thc aub-@ntiMr
Wilh iB
Srat o!
@iat @rdcd
14
mill@iM
BC
6ltempom6u *ith
Augwt
1947.
Add lubcootinor *@ tad.s fiom & coNtlad of AnbiN and lllc Arabia! Gu.lf.ffer the ns of Ihe I@ faith b the cdly pvnth @ntury ADi and thc fst pdb,ml Mulim foothold in the subcontindl w6 a.hi.v.d vith MuhaanEd Bin Qasim\
The 6ist to
Malim
st
f@t o!
l!.
conquest
of sind in
7ll
UmtXa4 ed
wa
Blablished with.iuisdicrion
extding ov4 southn ed c.nr.lpatu ofprcadt Pakisbn, Quitc ! Gw nev citis were establisted ,!d Anbic Ms inhodeed as rh. ofrcial luguge.
At the time of Mabmud of Ghr@'s inv6ion,
Mulin tu|. sril di5ted rhough in a w@lsd forD, in Mdtd ed som oiLr GgiN, Th. Ch@ts (97G ll48) dd rh.n sre.$s, thc cbut (ll,A-t206), wa cdr?l Asie bt
oriSin
dd
msdy rh.
rcgios of pr6mt Patisra4 Aom c.pirats outsi& th. sub-conrindr It w i! the 6ly tbirtedlh eltury th.1 0E fourdatioB ofMslin ote h 1206 ro 1525
AD, fiv. ditremt dyDstid bcld swcy.
Tt
aMdacy
(152G1707),
dd
nooinajl, tirl
185?.
Fom thc tin. of ihc Ch4avb, PcBie cpL@d Am6ic s tbe ofrci.l languge. The a@ooi., poliric.l aod rctigios ilnitui@ devetolEd by lh. Muslins borc fiir uique ihprc$ion. Th. lse of rhe stare }E b.*d on Srana, ud in pnnc'ple Lhe rulcs *crcbound loenfoe. ir
Mulin idenlity, howcvd asiuncd &rbu prcponios duing llc deliD. of Mulin powd in Slb,C'ontitrdr ahc fisr p6on ro Eliz. its acuro* wd th. $hold-tbtulogie, Shah watilrkh (1703{2)_ H laid rbc foudaliG of Gl,mic t@isscc i! $c subconrimr sd b@nc a slre of iGpiBti@ fo alnosr all ov6 th. sub.qu.nr sial dd rcligiG Gfom Dov.mdti ltis imcdiatc sw@sou, ispircd by his t@chiogs, trid ro eslablish a nodel Islsic strte i! thc nonh-wst of snt>@db@r dd rh.y, und{ l! leaddship of Sat?id A}Dad (1786,1831), p.$.veFd in llis
Thc qustio. of
M.ewhile, sbrling with thc E.sr India Compmy, the Bnrisb @trgcd a itE donitrbl force in sutlotrti!.nt. Then powr ws gEdutty dnrdd ovd a
p.nod of
lmsl
hbdFd y6. Th.y dpbced rh. Sidid by whrt th.y G lhe ArgleMu!.nradan hv, Engltuh b@me rLc olficial lrngugc.
raly
one
had
gdt
si.l, dotmj.
dd
politi@l ibpact
*pqially
on
fie MuliB of sub{onrir6r, Thc strugglc of tEdon, t857, Indid Murily by tb Brilish. Tne Wtr of Ind.p.ndac. hy $.
a
rh
adv4e cobe o{
lailw of the lEs? Wr of lrdepadlnce has distrcu cotuequncq *pecially for th MusliB, es fie British covmmenr placd alt th
The
on
thch.
in
dlib.r.iely a r@ressive policy lgainsi rh Muslins, ?topqli6 dd slat s of lhoe eH rmotely as@iatcd wilh tnc fr..dom fightcs wer coDf$ated hd
lhd. The Mulim rcspotue to rhb situation Eho .ggEqiod 1b.i. plight. Iteir reliaious lod6, who ha.l ben quir. &riv., wirhdrew fom rhe @isru of
coEciou ellorts w.& md. io clo&
aU
tbe
colmmiry lif. md d.vor.d rhtudvd .xclsivcly to iEpdling rctigioDs ichuctiotr. Although rhc Mtdris, aFcially rh6. of Dcobdd, Famgi Malil
dd Rai aaifly, arablbh.d by thc /.r4 did hclp tbc Mulibs ro prw $en id.dtity, how.v.., rhc rtinina Fovidld i! rhs iBlitltio6 h(Iy
quipp.d
tbm fo.
the
n*
chAll6g6,
Tle Mulios k pl thcNlvd d@f ftoD w6r@ crt@riotr s w.ll d eovcfucnt rcNice, But tbcir complirioq lbc Hinda, did tut do so od
acepied the new ru16 wirhour
Bdarion. Thcy a.Aired wsrm cdu@1ior! imbibd th nw cult@ ed captuEd p6itioB hi$eno 6lld in by rbe Mulim. The ro who ralizes rh. ihpdding p.ril M Sir Syd Ahmd
(hu
cvdll of l8l?. Ec
ererted his
rhar
tte
Mulim'
importance
wd
tbe
AnglGMdlrlr@dan edlcationrl Conf@nce. which he sponsEd in 1886, ro previd m int llecnal forun lo rhe Muslins for rh. dksnirrion ofvis in
support
ofw6ied
fod. Sidile
of
Mulattmdd Lit Ery Socicty. foud.d by Navab Abdut ratif O82E-93), bDl thcir &tivitics wd. confin d to Bcng.l Sn Sy.d Ahmad Kitut efrorts
lhe
hdfolmd
into a
novd.!t, knom d
ad it
left irs
imp.int on the
Mulim
inp.nirg rcligio$
as wcll
wstem
Sir Syed
by rh.
Mslins
ir
&y o.gdird political activity which. he feadd, midr rcvive BritisL hostility towdds thn. He abo dislilcd Hindu-Muslim colt.bmrion in dy ioinr vdtuE.ltis rcsdrtios in rbi. Eglrd sr.mcd b6sic. y Aon 0!e Udu-gitrdi conhovEy of tllc laa 1860s wh.n rh. qindu .nrhuisrs vehen ly
clurpiodcd th. @w of Eildi ro Eplacc Udu, Hc. tbftfon, opposrt the Indim Nltional ColgB. wh6 il ws foud.d in 1885, ed rdvied bis
@msiiy ro ab$ain fiom it5 &tivirics. His co dpozry ed a gMt shot r of bla4 Sld Amq Ali ( 184!1928), shd.d htu vi.ws abolt th. CorgB,
blt
he
not opposed ro
he orgmizd
thNtv$ potiri@lty. Itr 6cl, thc fml siglilica political body of l[. Mutim, tLe C@tnl
MBliru orgdizing
Natioml [email protected] tus@iarion. Allhoud its ndbdhip ws timiled, n bds abovc fifty b@ch6 in dir.@r p s of $. 3ub.onrin nt od it
accomplished
rhe
src
politiol advanendt of
MNliG.
However,
iti
od
of the nincIeorh
At in daM of tho tweotieU @ntury, ! nr6b.r of facto.s @din@d lI M6iim about thc ned of e efcctivc politiol org&iation. Thdforc, in Octobd 1906, a dcp .tion @mprising thi.ty-fivc Mustin lades ner in vicdoy ai Si6la md d.@ded s.p@i. .letonts. Tn@ months lat r, ibe AI-Indja M6lim Lguc wq foEdcd !t D[.r! minly wirh t[. obj*tirc of
safcguarding
concedcd ro
erBis of th. MuetiG, Thc B.iri$ s.pmt lecroates io rh. Gov.ilrlMi of t dia Act of 1909 yhich
and
4 d All-Indi.
Parry.
tMd of tbc two @jor [email protected] pogessilg in opp$iie .ri@ eu.d dcp @n@m ro lad4 of All-lndit sratr. tt y strussLd
ColgBs dd
the
l[. Mohmd
to bring
MBlin L@g! on on platfom, Quid+Azm Ali Jiual 08?G1948) ws th. lading iig@ uons theo AIia llc dulnht of rhc padidotr of 868.1@d rhe Empce powa' 4gBivc d6ig6 ag.in$ th. Ono'@ Empir. ud Nonl AAic4 the Mtl3ti@ w.E @cptive io thc i.lea ofcoll.boFtior with 0r Hindus.
wlr &hided at rhc Lekmw s.ssions of ih. two partica dd a joint sh@ of rcforu w6 adopGd, In th. Luchw Pac! e rh. $h.@ w6 @monly rcfdld l[c CdgB acclt d tbc principlc of spdtc eldlontes, ud th. Mul'ms ir Etu for 'wcightag.' to th. MuliB of th Muslin ninority provi@s .gftd 1o s@n Lr then sfin @jorilis in lhc Pujab ed Bngal. Thc Post-Lstmw P&t pdiod wit!6scd Hindu'Mslin miry ed dc two pani.s me to bold then mud $$ios in
Thc Congrcss-Mulin liaguc npproch.mdt ilE sme ciry
and passed rcsolurions
ofsinile onlc.i.
Txe r'ind-Muslih
uity
i! Khilrfat
and
ile
Non-
MNlid
of slbcdrircd
u&r
0r. lcaddslip of
Borh.6, Mad6a
Mubmd
the hisloric K.hilafal Mov.nenl aft.r the FiBt Wo.ld wdr lo pmbcr fie
ds@bqnmt Mohaldat Krlifuh.nd Cddti (18591948) ltukcd thc is@ of Mroj (d slf-govclmdl) with rh. Khilaat is. to
asociat lhe Hindls wiih the Movemcrr. The eNing Movnnt wa tLe tud cout y'pidc popula movmat. Although th. movtMt fail.d in its
obj4rives, it had
MBlirE
of subcodinelt.
Afld
lotrg
tinc ihy
forged
kl&ic
issuc which
nomdtadly forg.d solideiry mong rhm. Ir abo ptlduccd s ct.$ of Mulim l@d6 aplicMd in orsoizing ard @bitizins rh. p.opte. 'nis .xpqiG v6! of imcnsc v.le to the Mulic dui.g the Parisa! Mdcmot of the (nilafat MoveDcrr wrs followed by . priod of bitter tlindu-MNlih dtagoriM. The Hindus orgdizd rwo hiShly ori-Mslim
ft
ollapsc
tb. Sdg.lbo The fomr mrcMr s d6i8n d ro @DE.t MNlims to Hindutun &d the h!6 ws t|r@1 ro @re elid{ity dong the EildB in rie cvcnr of c@al cd{ticr. I! Etaliado4 the Mulios spoM'td the Tabligh dd T@in oryeizlios to couter lhe inpact of thc Shudl dd tbe Su$thu. I! the 1920s the frcqlcnci6 of combll riot! weE up@edented. &venl Hildu-Mulin uity.onf@6 w* hld to rcDovc lle 6Ug of co.rtlic! but it s.md mding ould mitigat tbc irtc.sily of comddisn
novemcnts, thc Shudhi and
lidl
Tley noe Mntcd pewation of thcir nuBic.l tujoriri.s in rh. Pujab &d
Bengal, scpaEtion of Sindh fiDo Bombay, costitution for Baluchisran
sqantc previrc.
and
FMtid rovince. It % Frtly (o pEss 66c .lctud! O4t onc s4tion of the Al-lndi. MBlim Lague coopmr.d yilh thc Statulory Comhsion s@r by
the Britkh
gov.m
othd section oi dre L@gu., which boy.otrcd the Sinon Comissid. for irs
ch&clcr, @p@led sith thc Ncbd ComitGc .ppoint d by the AI-Panje conf@ to dnn a @Gdtutio! fd lldia TXc N.hd RcDort hrd e qtm.ly eli"Mulim bia ard thc CongB leaddslipt nfiNd !o mod
a,ll-whit
noddt
Muslim!,
Mslim. How.ve., the Nl l!6id expGition of rhe iue! f@lings of l[e Muslin comuiry ws sivc! by Allrtr$ Mu!@d
Iqbd (187?- 1938) in his pr6id6iial addss to lhe AU-l'dia Muslin lecr]e Alltbabod in 1930, he sueScsted
d
in
$d
Idm
subcdtiftnr, ir
@ N@tirl to b|c .
Egions of the Indi..
sep@tc
Mulio
statc
.r
l*r
in rn
Mulin bajorjty
klr 04 in his conBpondene wilh Quaid-i-Azam Mohmd Ali Jimah, hc included thc Mulin m.j6ity aj4 i! tb. NonI'Edt also in his prepd.d Mulim st i.. Ttre jts aftd his
Aualabad addre$, a group of Mu8lid studedts at Cmbridgc, hclded by
Ch.udhry Rahml Ari issu.d a
pmphlel, Noe
Ltle6 from th
0Ey gt e th.
dccrde for thc
Muslia, wclcon d uris id.a ar that tim.. It w6 to tlke a Muln6 to .obEe thc d.hlrd fd a s.pmte Malim st te.
Qlrld+Aam Mohrnnrd AI Jinn.h Manwhilc, d@ Roud Trbl. CitrfcErce w@ conv@d in tnndon dui!8 193G32, 10 Fslve the hdie cctitulioral preblem. T[e ltindu dd Malin
lcadcs who w.rc invild 10 th*e confrcnces could not draw up m agrced
Covtur
h.d to
mol!@
a 'Conmual
Awrd'
itr@Doqted io tn.
mir.d
.lolimt for $me 1inc, wf 6r$niad by QlAjd+Azd Moh@d Ali Jir!,\ wto 6ad reth.d 10 India in l93s lnd a slf-itipo*d cxil. or@ly
Iive
yed
mjority ofMrslin
thc
s.!ts,
sid
s.tisfaction (har
domi!.ri!s. Thc clrssic cxaDDle govmert wilh th. Muslih Lasue in the Unitd Prcvift.s. Itutrad it ast.d thc Leae! lc.dd to dtuolve then parliuot ry paity in thc Prcvinci.t
Asbly
ud join th. Conge Anorhd inFrt !r CotrsN @ve afrd thc 193? el.clions w$ irs Mslim @!s to DeEnadc the Mulim to join rhe conSrs ed no1 tnc Mulim Logue. On. of i1s la&E, Jawahdal N.htq ever d.cled lEt thd w.E only two force in bdia, rh.
Bdtbh
ed
Mohmgd
lhird
ilis did not go schlllncEd. Qlaid'eAEm coul.rcd that prop.gEtrda ed sid rlrr thm b rls a
mu$tuting the Mmlitu. The All-lidia Muslin
toE in subotrtircnr
Learle unde. his giiied ladsship godullly sd sldlltully started io cotr$lidatc rh. Muli@ on oD. platfom. It did mr nis to dploit d6 mll
Congre$ mjstakcs in ils Avou-
Towrd! r SeF.tte Mu rEon.l.nd Th. 1930s saw rcalianotr anong the Mu6liG of
th.ir
dd
thc
eiety
A, inponanl
simding M6lim
narion
lbB in
thc opcn
Tle Congr6s polici$ in thse previMs hun M6lin sBcptibiliti.s. Tt6c w@ elculatd .im to obln.dL the MGli6 a a $prnt @ligiN dd oliunl onit. The Muslim .ov stopped to thi* in Iefts of se.king efcguar& dd bcgd to coBidd *do$ly the d.tud for r sp@te Malim sr ..Driry l9l7-19,svdlMElimlcaddddthi!t@, itrs?irEdbyAlladr
19,
sh.rcs i!1o @Bd.r.lim ad finalty, oD March 23, 1940, in a rcslutiod.l its Ld@ ssioA dmdcd
liagu.
t@k
sr
th*
sPmt honcland for lle Muli6 in ih. Mlslin @jqity rcgiN of rh. subconlinent. The rcslution m comonly efded to N! 1! .?atjslan
Reslution". Thc Pakistan del@d h.d
pds6ior. Il
rcvivd
nmori6
erelt appal for lhc Mustims of wery of den past gHtrrs 6d prenised tut@
a
c?o
led to rLis
defud iDDdjat.ty.
Tle Brilish Govemmenl rcco8ri4d th. gNincness of ib Paldsbn delMd indi@fy in the pbposab for rbe lr.nsfr of powd ana tbc Sdond World
Wr vhich Sir Staford Cripps broudt to Ldia in 1942. Borh rh. CoDSB ed tbc AI India M[slin L@gE Ej4tcd rh@ !rcpcals fo. ditrdr lM_ Tb. principle of $c.ssion of Mslim Indir ,s a scpmt dominion wd, howevs, concedd in thcsc preposals. Afti this fbilw, a pronircf,t Congrcs ladr, C. Rrj Cop.l Achaia, suggestd a fomula fo. a s.pasie MBlin stat in ln. working ominc. ofth6Indid Nariorul Congresq vhich ws Fj@lcd at rh
time but
rbc
@ populdized duing Oe Second World War. Ev6ry s4tiotr of thc Mslid olmuity wo6o, studcntr, lLda and buinesnen
The
laiisn
demand
wa ory&t.d u.Lr the benq of tt. Au-hdia Mulim laguc. Btuche of the prty wcE opdcd in tLe It@le com6 of dE sub.onunen! UtcotrE in the fom of pahphlels, bokr, tug&incs od news?ap.6 ws pod@d to explain lhe t.kist n de@d and disribllcd *idely. Tbe srpport gaind by rhe All-ldia Muslim Lcaee dd its dcrud for ?akistu wes &s1cd ana ihe
fiilw
Cdf.mcq conv.rd by rhe Vi@y, Lrrd Wavell, io 1945. ElctioG wft callcd ro dhinc lhc r.+6tirc $.6gth of l!. polilical
of th. Shna
Mulin LeaSue electio! cmpaign e6 baed d the P.rbbn dc@{t lte Mulin comudity qpod.d to this call io m upe.d.dt d w.y. Nm.os
The
Mulin prnis
Iegislaturc
whjch
Congress to opposc
fmd a uir.d pdlialmrary boad at ihe b.h.st of i!. ihc Mlslin klgDc swepl aI rhc ilhirty sars in ihe.cnrnl
dd ir
.le
its victory
ws
ourstzrding. Aner
the clcclioc,
Mstin Iag@ c.llcd a cmvobon ofthe nw! cletd Laguc ncnb@ in thc @ntral sd prcvincial leSblatues at Delhi. This convcriion, which colsritured vi,tullly a .eprcscnbtiv dsembly of thc Mulim of subconrirdr, on a no!@ by rbe Chicf Minisler of Bmgrl, H|ein Sha!..d SDldwardy, riiaarcd thc patistrn drudi! clturrhs.
1945,
or April &9,
r[.
AI-IDdia
In
dly
19.16,
l[.
British
Covem.lr
sr
a Cabilct Mision
rhc
subcontin Dt 10 ncgoiiations
r*olvc th. costindonat dadlock. The Mi$ion onducrcd vith vsnou lFlitical p.nics bur friled ro evolve & agEd
fomuh, Fi@Un thc Cabinel Mision mouced its oM Plan whicn, morg otlEr provnionr gviegd rhe fed.ral gmulings, two of thd ompdring
linkcd
ri
?ld, s a srntegic move, erpeting b acbieve its objetive in-r-nor-too-distant funr. The All,lndi. Con86 lbo aA@d ro rlE Ple b!t, sn dlizing its inllidon$ $c
lbice subjch. The Muslim L@sxe aEcptcd the
Congrcs ladeu bcgan
1o
ilteQEi ir
in
! My
of
the PIan. This provided the All-lndia Muslin kagne an excuse ro wi$draw i1s
Pla dd the psrty obed.d Augut 16 N a Dirct Aciiotr MNlin sotidrrity supporr ofrbe ?akisrb d.m{L
In Octob* 1946,
was
ic Eprcsliti6 udd
Cddl
And
the
isid. od
outside the
lDrdio
cov.mflt
of
comunal problen. The British Covem.n! aftd ! Lst att npt to ev lhc C.bi!.i Mision Pld in Dgmbd 1946, .lso @v.d rowds a pld aor tt loditionoflndi!. Tb.Id Bnrish Viccoy, t rd l^is Mourbdn |! cdc wirh a cl@ Imdltc ro d6ft. pld fo. thc i..sfd of !ow.L An r holding talks Mth politiql lod6 dd panies, h pr.p&d ! ?arrition Plan for ihc iraffId of
powr which, and appmval by thc British
Covelm.n! wN mouced on
Boi! thc congr$ dd tte Mulin t aglc &cpted tne pb!. Two largdt MNlin mjority prcvincd, Bos.l .nd ?ujab, wde .le.larcd as Fpqnre Staie. Th ascnblid ol WBt Punjab, Eat Bengal, dd Sid ed in
Bahchi$an. thc Quctia Mmicipality, and nE Shahi Jirga vorcd
fd
Pskbtar
Ref.mdm wa
l.ontid Prcvire 6d thc Dstdcr of Sylhet in Asm cancd d ovwhdming voto for Pakistan. Otr Augur 14, 1947, nd Mustin Statc of Pakistrn nergcd on ihe world mprt.
hcld in the Nonl-Wst Pakislan cohlrising Bal@bistar,
Wst
of
Punjab, Sbdt,
,rd
thc
NorilBt Froirid
]atista!
wilh drc provin@ of B6Aa1, bedc & irdclodcnt Mclin Sralc. E st Paki$rn latcr, in Drcmbq 1971, bdm ile indepcndent @tiotr of
P.lbbE . S.p.r.te
State
d !r!h civilizrim dlrin8 bek 4,500 y6- Al.r.ndd rh. G@r included lhc Indus V.lley in his .opn in 326 B.C,, ed hi. s@essoB
remis
of
folnded the Indo-Gr.k king.lon of Bacri. based in what is ro&y AfShaisran
'
^M6e.t..cowtuql^etu
.nd qi.ndinS to PdlEwd. Folloeine thc ris of rhc Catrtl A$id (utd EmpiE i! lNtcr cdtuies, thc Buddhjsr cuhe of Afghdisnn aid pakhr.n,
centeEd on th.
citr of Taxila
jul
rcuisscc bom a
Tle Mahmja of (ahmir was reluctani ro nak a .lccisror ciu6 Pahstan or hdia, Hoe.va, mcd ircmios inlo the si.r. by tribenM fton the NWFP lcd hin to scek nilituy dsislanc. fron India. Thc Mah&ijs signd acc*sion p5p6 in October 1947 md auowcd ldim t oops to nrr thc stalc. Thc Cov.mmt of Pati$an, howwd, Ffad to @gnize dr
K4brir hd
fier
ro soven
thc
S.nie
adhinistative
poss*sed coNid@ble
infdtn rr bctwed ruld and the ruld but also policynDkins powr llis wst bw.umdc m.hinc.y
wd bqiled by a hddftl of British civil sl@ts, wbo gowh.d thc @lonial mpiE with an ion grip. Anr independenc raldstsn and India inldited tbat blreaucFtic stt@, In India it wa! ldoM as th. Indifl Adminisr6tiv. S.Nice 0AS), and in lakbLn the civil Sdie of Prtista! (CSP).
Admlnlstrdlve Slructurc of Prlilstrn
Friod 195158, lhe inh.rited @lonid .dninistEdve shetr s such thal {hocvd hed.d lhc buaucFcy @dd m.lc the position of th. political ldder m@ly litular atrd inpotent. The nost imporldt pan of th.
Duiry
the
bursucnric ruchindy
cdtral
&n co4td
the
s*retari6 tu @h ninist y dd
*c
level, conttol
re
officd
who
w.r. dir.cr
8ovmeni ed boud by the dnectivs of fte Cabinet SaEtariai. Th.y xnisd noE powtr in thc p@vires thd the
appoinlc* of the cent
elecred
!l
cptlsaatiEs
l6d.Bbip
and politi.al
p{tis
I.d
th. polilicgl
Duina nilitary ru|. of Aldb KIm (1958't968I lLc powd of thc buou@cy
ws
cunailcd
ad IMy
s@n
scdio.
bwaucots
wft
couty, dd
the
bearcacy
niliury. All admiDisrrative Efom w@ thcEfoF shelved. Und.r Zulfiqr Ali Bhutio, rceimc, howevr, thft ws ndical change of rfom: th adninhmfvc
of the hdd-@id@ of
adjct
dl.
rt
qdre we intcgnted i o onc uificd scryic., wilt blEucdts clasfi.d @rding lo thc gatle syst n. Thc CSPS w.n lcry di$ltisfi.d viih fall in thcir status, and lhcy dlib.ntcly sabotaged Bhlttot $cialist progrlmes, The taull, how.v.r, wd
nonopoly of tbe CS? w6 brokd dd, all s@ica md
Bhutto's
b.oe
he
ha a fcud.l bactglosd
*6
pP.oind@ il posc$cd duilg milit ry ole dead., it slill djoys policy-nating pow6. The milit ry cgim lb,n sahl to legiiimlir ils tak ovd urdd the guhd of Islmhltion. thc bl@uc6t! have conc.ntrded rhn policy-nBkine in rhie .H- But lhiny-iive y.a dr indcpcndd.e, the bdic .lid$ snutu'. of odt y\ political systd h4 not altcnd fbn the610 al D.tt n
djoy
the
CIHPTER-2
Saudi Arabia-lndian EconomicRelationsre: Implications for Saudi Arabia-Pakistan Relationship Itrdlrtr lovglmnt Policy
Pct
of hosl Iieuina pFccdl$. T!. Oovc@rs tibmtiatio! ed ao@mic rfom progimc aiE ai q,id ed substalti.l economic grod, ed integntion widr th. global a@ony in a ldoni4d mmd, Th. ind$Fial
policy
refom
on
Btrictic
invdtndr dd expmion dd h.ilirared 6y a..8 ro forcigt i.chnologJ, ed rDL wbich nd. rhc bui!6s avibmcnl ilvcstor fteddly, and is d imlErunt ati.lction fq fresh invcariMr
The
lldstrial ?olicy Rcsolurion of 1955 xd rh. SLlmcnt of l99l prcvidcs ilE bsi firme*o* for thc Covmnt
on
Induhirl policy
bs
b.n pogEsiv.ty
libcBlial ord
comdcing nDm rh. w.tcBh.d chrgB in ttdutrial lolicy .Nun ed on 246.tuly l99l which slbrbnrially abotished indNEial licnsing, adouced nasNs facilitltig foEign inv.stadt ud tcchnolos/ lrasfcs dd opmed most d.as edlier Geded for public s4toi
1990s
fi.
Thc
is
Iidusti.s resrycd
4drw
tuhd@P,ffi6 M.
^446lidta
Lbl ol hd!.trta r6e.ved for tt. p[blic sctor Arb! .nd rMuition dd allicd illm of def6c. cquipMi defde
ancan aid tra$hips (!roc6s ha becn initi.ted
2
10
3.
sial d
@viremdtal @MmNoFsutsll
C
.
56l. sFto.
SSI')
uils
or
uts
in
pEe
AU
ro
cqtai! localrioMl
trot
arricti@ in m.iropolird .@. ln th. .vat, learioral ctrictic @ dneEd ro rbc sit u rcquud ro obrlin & irdrFirl Ucoc..
Forigtr ltryestmeit Pollcy
Indb\ donooic policis @ deigncd io att&t signjfi@t c.pital intlos inro Iadia d a suslaincd b6is dd to mouagc rccbnology collrborad@ bctw@ Indie dd foEign fim. Policy idliarivcs t*d oEr rhc l$r f.w yors! have
rcsuled in significant
i.ilos
of foFigtr
such
irvsh.nt
in
div.e @s
of the
diMi
d dcloce (opncd up r.mily to . limited xtcnr) Eilway tran&ort &d nonic .&rF/ and whd l!. diniry ed notined sdoal policy d6 not p.mir loEign Di@t Iw6h@t (FDD
ereF tos. of statcgic @ncm
beyond a c.rtain c.iling,
Li*
2.
Indultlrl
Ltc.trsltrg is comptlsory
Distilhriotr
dd bwing
of alcoholi.
drink.
a.ll
l.
.quip@!
tFs.
safcty
tu$,
fts6, gu
6.
Dnrss and
(accordins
isucd in
1994
dd $bsqumdy [email protected] ir
rd
incentlv8
lor
forclgE
. . . . . . . . . . .
No
nvBhdt
in
cx@p!
. @ll nc9tivc
li5t notifed by
Govment
is
notifid Sector Spailic Cnidelinq for For.ig Dircct lwslncnf' (tablcA) eheein inv6!rcn1up to sp6ili.d scctonl ap!
has
@vdd undd
rhe
fd
e&.ptioB.
Tte Forcign Invdlmmt Prcmotion Bodd (!IPB) coffidcB Foposds for forcign panicipatio! that do rcl qulity fo. aliomtic appmval.
D.cisions o! all lorciejl invcstncnt propos.ls
30 dars
of.pplicalid.
Fre Epariation of pital inclt!..r ed preft rhc@n is F@ittc4 povitlcd thc origin l iN.srrnbr M nade in convcnible fNig!
Usc of forcign
bred
imc
r.dc
mk
to
Fmitled
India
over 88
inv6flar
Speial
inveftn
such as
sdo6
ud
f@d prc@$ine.
'SinSle whdow'
clM.e
ldou
facililica
dd
'invesroB @on
swi6'
tur
hrvc
ben previdcd in
ptlE*
es
InpNMeof th.Govcl1@'[email protected] lh sond phe of eoronic Efolm &d witb ! vi.w ro tu {q ulshmtdina
Indi6 ildutry from
.llow.d FDI or
an
the rigoB of
appb*ls ad controls, O.
covtudr
hN
l[.
Lieru.,
which inctuds:
&
.ctvity rcquiring
Indurrial
Lic.e
195
undd rhe
hdBtti6
l;
fopi$
@pit
rle
l of compdi6
by
covtue
ud.r
rhc Slateme on
All prop$ab i.volving a forcign @tbboaror who bas m cxistinS or ba had a prcvioN vstur/ dc-up i! lndia in th. eh. or ied fi.ld
(crcept in th.
Gc
dd itrGebd&
fMcial istitutions such !s Asi& Dcwlopm.nr BdJ., IntcMiioml li@ce Coryontiotr, Comonwealth Dqetopn it
nnde by Int @lio.al
To atFacl
ilvstnd!
sdaal
sratcs offcr
in4driv6 ietudirg:
. . . . . .
ebsidia whicb involve rhe shre finecing E cdtdr p.rcdtlge ofthe lixd spiill c6t for r poj@t
Investrn@l
lod gnnled by Sr&te Fi@ciat CorDontioro. Pricc prI@ce or goo& hadc by Snall Scala Indusbi.s
Int
slbsidy on
ei
in
gov.mcnt&dsmi-govlm.nlorgeizarioG'purcbbcs. Er.hpti@ &on &e rrFdr of@noi (nEy rd fo. a @dain p.riod). All propoeb Elating ro acqubirion of cxistitrS sb,B in d Indi& conpey by f@ign
in which FDI is nor
ilvetol
caps
undd secroF
pmitrd. AII propdalr whw rhe invstor chooss 10 Mle an lpplicatim io thc FIPB and nol to avail of thc automric
S.ctor
S. No.
b Fmittd
ro
RBI
Aontin
to timc,
FDTNRVOCB
inv6ld6rs allowd
follovins
19
iii. iv. v.
vii.
Ponfolio MdmSncnt
Swic.g
Invlsln@r Advisory
Sdic6
Fiiecial Cdsdtancy
A$ct
MaraSmt
ix. ri.
CBrodial
Sdiccs
R.fe@ Agdci6 ni. Cr.dir ding fudcia nii. tasiry & Fins4
Crcdit
b-
i) ii)
US$ 0.
millio!
Fm FDI abov.
5l pcMr dd
upto 75
pdcdl
c.
us$ 5 million ro
be brcudtt
for mn-6rd
Midnm
copit
liatio. nom of
US$ 0.5
FoFign invsroB
to disinvcst a
set upto
100%
mininu
of 25% of i6 cquity
10
bringilg h us$
dy
GEicrion
d nMb.r of
opcraring
additiord
V6tlE ol'@ting NB!C\ lbat hlve 75% or l*s tha 75% foEign invsrmnt
Joinr
wiU ako be Elowed to
et
up subsididid fo.
ottd NBFC .crivitis $bjar to th. subsidieie ale @6plying wirh thc
unddtaling
applidblc
nilinu
i!$c appbpdare suidetinca in this rsard. Pemiti.g IDI ulto 26% n ilc Inswc! Sctor undd autotutic rout sbjct to
obLidng li@@
Ad r.s@c.
Rgd.to.y
&
h lublic
secio.
uits,
/ Expo.t Fte*ins zonc (EPZ) / Elelronic Ori.nr.d Hardwe T@hlolo$' Plrt (EETP) / Soft*@ T?cbtulosy Pa* (STP) uits qualry fq
Units (EoU)
ptu 16
lorigr
approld rcure, @ @BidrEd for apprevd. on m6its, by $. fPB. CoDlosit pmposals i.c- propos.ls cking od6 in.bsEial [email protected] litc indsri.l
liccnce, techDi@l collaboEnd etc. atong with approval fo. focign
are givcn
in@[n@!
FM,
P.oDosls involving
si3ti.g or h^
jurify
had a
to
pdioa fi|uciautahrical
i!
lndia. @ EquiEd ro
1!.
GoverMqr that thc new vmte would not in rny ay jopardi* inreqis of the cxistine joint vntuslchnolo$/hidendl plrtnd or otbd
st&kholdas, in th. Thc Govelmot
ddt
thc
nd
rcdntrc i. in thc
m.r' ali.d
ficld.
hd
*l
up a FoEign
sinel wiodow
to forcign
invcstors
io fa.ilitate
quick
l,
(SEZ)
the
couitT
with
miioDaly codpctitivc 6d hale f!6 envioment aor e4o.rs. Unirs dy be et !p in SEZ for tuufacneq
to pmvi.lc an
tading, rc{onditioning,
r vi*
sdice aclivrty. The ui$ in Zonc h.ve to be . nct forcign dcbdgc cm.r b fi.y sbdl tul bc subjdlcd to any p6deicmired valu. additio! d ninim@ export prfmnce rcqlireddis Sal6 in th. Dondric Teiff Arca for SBZ uutr sh.ll b. s$bj@t lo positive forcig! qctdgc tujn8s dd m pdym@r of tull
and rcpan or for
roc.nll6
. . . . . . .
D y Ae
Duty fre.
pllreDc
lioh
ol @pibl
8oods,
sF6
crc
rhc donesric
trElcr
duty
sdj.t
to ioport policy in
fm..
wdt
nom.
cxuimti@
by
l&ility
to
eliE
drd
rcpilliat
withi!
12 montDr.
R-qpon inpond sood! {oud det6tiv., goods inpo.ted liom foBig! supplieB on lM bais etc. without C-t *ivq ud.r inrituiior ro rhe
Derclopmenl
Comi$iond,
100% of forcign
Facility to
tlin
.xcba!g.
luipls
itr Expon
Em6
Dury
up of
fd ening
pemittcd.
d to
pmitt
ell
goods
i!
thc DTA
i! @ord&@ wilh
The
datioB
b.t*d
inpded tldctrilouly
confd@
Joid
and
v6nc
!o Saudr
inv6h.nt
ia
Indi!
Anbia
lndis
BNrs
delc$lioN
lrdia
l.troducdoE: India
ed
Saudi Aebia
lt
old buinGs
r.biioN go back tcB of 4ntui4. The bilatrd bulincss ties are be'ng stcadily qpanded ad nrthd stdglhclcd by contiluorE interedd and
@op.ntion, tuludirgrceular.xchmg. of buincss delegations. Besidcsbeitg
se
thc Kingdon
au
ihportarr 4otuDic
pojcts
io third
couti6.
paind for
Saudi ADbi!: The
Tr.d.: Indi!
For SlDdi
is 4$ la4est mding
Elrc
of the
ir
2002-2003
wa
Ahliq
India n
d.
@ulirg fd
lori dd k souce of
mud
lat
2.?3 % of Saudr
Aqbirk
iolal inpons.
Tnd.
fivc
yc6 @ as follows:
Tod. fi! dillion
Us $)
S.udl - Indo
t998.99
1999-2000 200G.2001 2001-.2002
183t.47
714.29
742.54 822.94 8.?920
t2_23
24t9,24
ll6l.74
tru4.06
1294.80
1,148.90
6_rl.l2
465_60
2002-2003
505_90
943.00
Not
of P.ttolm
cm@e, aot)
e bas@l'/tr@-bMati ricq E " n'l@d. ym, f.bdcs, mad..up, cotion )d, pnMty dd s.d-finilhed im
M.lo lldi.o e4o.ts to S{udi ABbia
nd st cl
cn@icals, plGtic & Iinoleun prcdlcls,
mchi!.ry
and
iBlrMmls.
Indi!'s naior import! tom S&di Anbia d. petroldn ed pehoch@ical prcducts. Saudi AEbia is thc l.tgst supplid of cdde oil to India It ptovidcs
a.ound
qnarter
iDpons of Crude
18.816
o{ Indirrs .tude eiporrs. Duing 2002-2003, rhe India's Oil ud lcnoleu pmducrr fron S.udi Anbia mourcd to
rone
nillion mt ic
tmpowa
Saudi corony
ir m
ilrpori.lt dimion of the ln lGs.udi r.latioBbip: 1.3 to 1.4 nillid Indi@ ec at pc*nt workile in Saudi Amhir, ovd 90% of whom & in lhc bl@coUd caicgory. Th6e leoplc [!ve made im@se contributior lo Saudi
cconomt
dd
thcy play
iDportant
ole in
st
bdirn tnvestme
fl@
yes
it
has
joi
@tuts
or 100% omd
S.!di llvgtnelt
bub.ss oppo.nfitia in In lia, rhe scudi invBtrnent in India is erowiry, saudi Asbia is lhe 22d biggsr invesror in Indir wirh inv6hBrs duirg l99l- 2002 .muting lo uS S 170 njllion. Thcrc @ morc lhan 55 lndGsaodi joint v@lt@s or Sadi
AtF.ctcd by
l. hdir:
ffigiry
oMed conpdiA in lrdia, i. divee ields such N lapd Imuf.ctw, chcdisls, @bpur.r sftstle, g6it pGing, indNttirl prcducls ed
Mchinery, cem@1, detallugical
nstics, etc.
A..bh:
During
lsl
couple of
yed,
.Mbd of
Indirtr t{.le
rhc
dd
Aftbia to eiploc
&d dilr!3iatic apoBe from lhe Saudi bsin* oMuity- Indie ed $udi @npcnis egularly take pan in d!d. fG in each oihcls cowly.
!!m
B$h6s d.l.g.tioD to ldt.: In t@nt tines, th. nuribr of Saudi buin*n.n dd d.lcgatios visiiilg lndi! ba gom substantill, indieting
Srudt
gmwing int
Gr
in .me.ging
bsin*
oppornDirics in hdia.
CCC
ba* dguized
a teo
nmbd of Ministc6, snid omciab, iadBtrirlisls dd bEin* 1..d6 fton Irdia dd the OCC lllt s lttmd.d thir 6dr cv.r GCC-India Confcm@. Th. Conf.rclcc has prcvidcd a !w nonltu ro fie strong elatioff bctwd thc CCC Shtes and Idis, panicul.rly in thc ficlds of @nohic ud
Ovente{: Saudi dd lldia busine$ rclations ar. Srowhg sEongd rfldting the inh.nlt shdSo dd compld .ry n lw of the wo .comni6. Tb3 veioB oedios for ligh-lcvcl dialogue d buinas rotteE ed r.8dar
dchangp of
delegtio
ed buitB ti6 is
REL{TIONS
TRADE
Saudi A!.bia
od
ov{
sevcml
druia!.
Thc
mrlct
for
s3 us$ s.lo billior saldi Anbia is Indi.n dports dd is dcstina!@ of nore tlh 1.9
of 5.5
bud, Sddi Anbia is iI. solE p.Gnt oflndir's total inporrl. For Saudi AJabra, Indi. is th.4tr INAsl
Mk
t for its cxports aeomting for 4.84 p.r@r of irs toral .xpons,
h r.rb5
2.73
lor ud
is
elG
of no|!
rte
Dddr
of Saudi
as
folows:
(Apnlt991-9E
t720.t7
1831.4? 2419.24
689_89 774_29
t99&99
r999-2000
2000-2001
142,50
822.94
829_20
3t6t.74
t444.06 t294.8
l44E.9n
4.\t %
0.76%
621.12
465.60 505.90
10.E3 %
2001-2002 2002-2003
943.00
t3.72y\
'
ed
apFo\. US
Major iicm a\poftd by hdir ifttudc b$@d/en-ba!futi ric., t + !lt.l@de ,m, flbri*, nlde ups, cotlon yNm, primary & smi,fhishcd i.on dad srel,
icc
ilporld by India
pap.r,
aparr
nm ddc
plasric
c[.biqb,
Pyrir..,
iroo 0!d
Bir,
wdt
06
Saudi AEbia is the largBt supplier ofcrud oil ro India. The pubtic
fim
in Indi.
ofcrud6
of Dcir totll
n
mdc
imports.
I!
D.P.a6d
olcMre,.ntu
al
ttdb
im
!o 9 MMT pr
mm.
CNde Oil
MMT won! apptuxiMrely US$ 3.6 bitlion. TLu, Saudi Anbia meis aroud 23 p.Ecnt of India's .rude rquiremcnk mually.
India
Saudi
sio.
also
thc Kilgdom d m inpo alt MNmi. pdrld itr Bpt of iovBtldls, joini v.ntfts, ftnsfd of i4hrologj, projdrs and joint prcjer! in
rbild
dd s6
coDiris.
Saudi
dd
is intested in
bie
My.
nillion Ildies re
&e in tbc
arolnd 85
pmar ofwhon
blw{olld
6ade,
$i@tfic, t!.hnic.l od @ltuEl coopclcrion berwecn saudi Arabia aod India w6 establishcd in 1981. so fe, fivc session! ofthe Joilt Comision Mfrting (JCM) havc b.e. hld. fte ldt n .lin8 of lhe JCM @ held in N.w Delbi in Jue 1997. Tbe oqt Gixth) s*ion of the JCM is *hcdul.d to b. b.ld in tuF& sM.
The Saudi
'
vs
th. mctins of JCM b.ld rt Nca Dclhi. ThG fiFt sesion ofIBC ir schedulcd to
b held in Riyadh
r@i .t
the time
A Bilal@l Invstrnent Pmi&tion ,.d ?roootion Agrccmcnl (BPPA) hLe bce. fluliad betwd rhe two coutrid ud isqleIed !o hc forDBlly sigrcd
soon- This
will slr.ngth@ the institutional ajmg.m@t rlquied 0o premtc add n[rhr etrhec eonomic int@ciion b.rwen rhe rwo mmaies Th. trc
sid6
(DTAA).
$id@ ad tccbnolo5/. Coucil of Scicdtific &d lndusr.ial Rcs.eh (CSIR) ad thc S.udi AFlie Srrn.l2r.ls O*mi?rtion (SASO) sisDcd a poslllm of [email protected] c@pdhoD in Jue 193. CSIR 6d thc King Abdulziz City lor Sciace md T*hnology GACST) siened ! MoU for bilalcEl coopcatior in 1997,
acrively
rhe field of
@p.aring i!
fild of traitring of agricultuBl exp.ft! cidr Indid expdls in the field ofFd parm li)Mgel@t wd .lepurd io thc Kilgdon duing rhe pqiod 1993-98i
agaiD six
$uc ficld
visitcd India
i! duart
twc*.k di@ratiotr-cM-study iou. TLcn prog@. included visits to agricultuhl res.@h feiliri6 in Ncw D.lbi, Begdorc, K@god
200r
ftr
Sine
i!
did-2000,
ed
eiablisbment
of
cont lDvshmt
lakh ad@lase of
rlm
hav
!p of
Till
ben aw.r.led io
Indie conpDi* by
mn4anics in
hdie oMed
Asbia in difercnl scrors such .s @grcnt dd coaulrmcy *M@s, co4t$ctior prej.cG, releomuic.tions, infmtio. r.brolog,
ph.rcutieli
etpecd
Thce
ro bring
erc.
compdiG
wft
d inv6trndt ofdoud
nillio! i,
in Saldi
Asbia
V6rus
in hdia
thc
al6
ofdeigniry,
consuh{cy,
devetopn nr.
l AtraiB lo Saudi AEbia in Jdu.y, 2001 brekc.a grcud in Saldi - Indo bilairal rclaliou. paniculdly ia ihe @nonic tild. Tlris wa rhe fst ae. visir y & lndie lorcig! Midst{ wbo calLd on |he King dd Crcq Pdoc. Abdulla!
ed
hld wide-anging talks wiih his Saudi host, ForigD MDister Saud
Al
Faisal on issus
o{bildenl
@ffimd
iLs
dsiG
lo stregrhd
bilahl
econonic
Minister
Ms. vasudh@
Raje
ofs4relary GSI), Dircctor NSIC md bBtudsmen .eprcsnting smU sc.le irdBlries f.om Ctr visitd
acconponied by a compositc rlclgnion coNistins Saudi Ambia in Ociob.r, 2002, Duing
Inds$y ud Eleriiciry Milisrer, Dr. H$him bin Abduua! bir rlashin AL YMi; colr@rce Minisrd, Dr, Os.m bin Jafd bin IbEIin Faqih dd Coimor, Saudi Asbia co@l Invcst !.nr Aurhdity, HH ftince Abdullr!
bin Faiel bin
ha r..mmed sFoog bilarahl Elatiort paniohly in .@nonic .nd @mceid ficld. d.l is .xp@rcd ro lad to g@ld rcb,lge and joilt votuEs in diffccnl ficld of do@by' r@licularly
MOS'S visn
Trki.
Klth4
!o Jedda! in seplmbd 2003, During th. viei! thc J.ddah chambd of Comerce md Indsay (,CCI) and thc National Stull IrdusEies Corpdatiotr
Linited (NsIc) sised ajoint Aclion tddah.
PIan (JAP) for
Developodl of slvs in
Tle JAP
cnvhag.d coopmlion
in
ud
D.vclolin8
dcputing
poliy md
Indid expqts fton vuioN small indsty ddelopn.nt ag.ncia bd fllfuci.l ilsritutioB lo lh. Kirgdon Ior iddiii/ing sn.ll cnt rprisd, udcn ling f*ibility studie,
orgoizing exhibitios of Indid SME prodwrs &d prejcrs in rbe Kingdoiq
Bll.te.d Yllits
Tt6 hisioric v;n of H@'blc SIri
rclations, panicularly in th.
ja$sr
Sin8h, Minisr.r of
El&nal AIlaiB
dsit y m
to Saudi Anbir in ,uuary, 2001 bokc n.w gmud tu SaMi - Indo bilatedl
eo@ni. fi.ld-
India FoEign Ministcr who .allcd on the King lnd Crcq Prh@ Abdulah .nd held wide-mgilg lall6 with his Saudi hdg loreig! Mini3t r Saud A1
Ftisd
d ise
dlfmcd
its
d6iE
Ministr
of
Raje
co6i$i!t ofsoct.ry (SSI), DiEto. NSIC dd buin*sm.n reprcsnting smll slc indulrica ftom Cll visited Saudi Arabia b Octobd, 2002. Duing thc visii, the Minbter n t th. Saudi Ildstry ard El@ricity Miniscr, Dr. Hasbin bin Abdullal bh Earhim AlYmdit Comercc Ministe., DL Oema bin Jaf& bin lb4nq Fiqih &d Govtuor, Saudi Arabid c.nct'l Investnol Autho.ity, Htl P.in@ Abdullah
ac@npmicd by . compGite d.lcBation
bin Faisrl bin Turki. MOS S visrt har reaffmcd st$ng biltteBl clatroG,
panicuhly
il
e@noDic
and
dd comerci.l
'r
filds
ed is dp@lcd lo lcad 10
of @onony, panicuiady
gEiter exchrnges
joint vennls
diffddl f.ld
vkil !o tddd in seprdbq 2003. Duing rhc visi! thc J.ddah chmbd of Comrc &d Ind4hy {Jccl) &d lhc Narional Smatl Ind$Eres Corpomtior Linjled (NSIC) siscd a joid Aclion Pl6 (JAI) for DeveloprPrt of SMES io J.dd,h, The JAP dvGag.d c@!.hrid in Dcvelopirg a Flicy md
Aifa4,
Sbri Vinod
Kh@a, paid
oflicial
l[c
sd prcj..6
and exchange
part in
th.n prcducb.
S.piemb.r 2000,
Indid compoie
sd leat
Duing
agctrts of
@mp6nies
Frticiptt
ld rhe y.s, Indis onpdie haE Egulrrly panicipatcd in lh. following Mul Saudi exhibitioN, i.c. saudi Intmlion l Oil, G6,
[email protected]
dd
Powd Erlibinon
(t&u{y.),
(EbEi@l
Engin aingxFebM.y)
D!.!tu !
ElcM (M.rch), Exhibilion on Printiry, P.cring 3d Ptochdidh (M.rcb), Gird (April- May), Saudi Food (SAt nb.r), S.udi Fahlon/Ialhd Fan (Sptenb{), saldi Acdculturc (Ocbber), AgticultN, watr sd Agri_
octobd), saodi Build,sloac Fait (Oclobd'Nov@bd) Saudi Autoshop (Novcn$t, Sardi Building md IDI@oB Exlibition (J.ddal, IndBt y Sbow
Eiyld\
F.on the Saudi sid., a d.lgtlion of Saudi nblpMds non thc Cbmhd of comc@ ed InduEy (JCCI) visiLd lndia in
Duing $en vcn, Saudi dlegales &d
The
Jeddah
Dmbd,
2002
bsi'.3$M
in Delbi, Hyd.6bod
"d
Mmboi.
Smtaty Gaclal of Riyadh Chrst r of Com@e and rndustry (RCCI). and four oth.r S.!di buin stncn *!cnd.d r! Mr Husdr A. ^l-Ai!el "PartlEship Snlmi1" orSuizcd by CII at Hydenbad dlring Jsu!ry, 2003
A delegltion fron lhe Roy.l Comision for Jubail F.bnDry, 2003. Th. visiting Scudi
dd
rdn [email protected] tui|6 @ hv6dt & Buir.$ Opportuniti6 at Yeb! in Mmbai ed Delhi sd parlicipat d in
CLLt Intmtio.d
February,2003.
2OO3
Mt
ud Eleiricity
visited Indi.
(AFil,
oficids of
tlc Mini{ry of ltrdu|ly dd Elerriciry, Mi stry of Ct)|rrjlmc. Ministy of Fi.ece, th. Saudi Anbian cenenl Invstndt Authority (SAGIA), Kng Abdulaiz City for Sci.nc. ed Tecbnology (KACST) dd saudi Coucil for IndBtial Citi6 and Te.blical AB, Coucil of Sadi ChMbq of ComeEe ..d Indurr (CSCcr), dd Saudi Asbid Bsic Idusr.i.!
Corponlion (SABIC). Thc deLgation visitd Ncw Delhi, Mutrrb.i
ed
snid r.dia O6cids. Ai Mmbd, tbc dclcgadon md with omdds oflading Irdid i6d$tioN &d .onpdies, nicbdhg Expon lmlod BanI of Indi& La$.n ud Toub.o liDired, Godrej A Boyce Mrot|cludng Compey .lc. Duilg th. visn to M@bai, th. confedemtion of hdim hdus/ (CIl) orguizd r .onfdencc on How ro
Bdgrr@.
In
Nq
buiness
was
andd.d by
Tle SNdi
Olohabon
in hding
b siel Saudi Ambia in d.wlopmat of blotmtiotr Tahnolo$,, in the fta of ERP solutions for SME .
&d Indie aulhditi* ud bBin6
ssftiatios oct
to hold a
Munb.i. The Conf.rcnce wolld fotu on fou pnority 3e.toB or th.B: (i) T6dc (ii) Inv.shent (iii) T@blolo6/ T|afd
Fcbruary, 2004 at
Icnist
dd ChaiM -
Ao$orcd by thc Council of Saudi Chmb.6 of Cbm.r ed Indutry included of 28 leadi4 Saudi buine$den rpre*nting v&iou Fcto6 of
rehnolo$f,
suppon scRices,
dd
food pc.sinS
& lmial sNica, d!ts, erc. Duirg their weeklong iour of India, lle delcgdiotr vhitcd New Dlhi dd Munbai, sd hld @etings eith inportant Indis buins oerniatio6, lmcly, Ctr, FICCI, FIEO, ASSOCHAM, Ido-Ahb Chaobd of Comfte and lndia Merchats Chamber, in .ddition to iddividul m4lings vith top hdio
lextilcs,
is.
letbd,
banhng
had lamchcd
a kb
site
htto://w.cqii.dda!.com ro prcvide upd.tcd infomtion on voiou E onomr. comerc,al. Consultu, lnlomdon ad Haj s.di*s.
It
ny @seeh work ihat Palistan and India expon sinihr itcms to Saudi AFbia. lor iNlarce, bolh th coutnes export ncq |exlil6 dd fod irem ctc Th. impact of grc{ing rrade Elrtions btwM Saudi Anbia dd
was noted in
dd
also indicaLs
irclte
betw.d
Saudi
tradcd in
fuhr.
olld
ilcd have alrqdy idtrtificd i. rhe Fpo.t I,alistan m impon p.ttuh.niElr dd thon prcducr& lt is r.comended rh3t 1he Saldi des with India should not
grcw at the
qpse
of
lakstin.
B{k
hdh'3 loport
I Irc
HS Cod. of thc C.mdodiry ir eirhd
io S.udI
Anblr
%Cb'tl
cd-'),
!rrcHs
10.5 20.6
Coorodrt
&,pdol
|om^'d|
0'000'04101,616'3'
EDIBG
UCET^ILFI ND CEiT^JN
c!m!
^ND
1!A MArr ND
SPlCFt.
OtrI
PREP^MTIoNSoFMEAT,oFFISHoRoF
nvFxrEBurrs
^QU^IC
PRgPAx^noNsoFvEcmAslEltRUIT|
smNq
MI}N
FIJETS'
^SH
MINEru OlrJ
^ND
R^DLEI-EM.oro!IsoIoPFl'
PICMENTS
MATIIq
PERF,.I,GR! cssMEnc oR
rorlsr
ACENTS, IXASHING
BNZWIS.
RUIB8R
ITERIOF.
^ND ^RNCCS
Or
fiAN
AND
FURSOS)
^ND
LETHER
^RTIC6 Gln(orin
LLI&JAIDITRY
THN srr-K-\rvRM)cur.
'T'OOD;
WOOD
ruLP
CEI"LUT,o6IC
PAPERAxDP^EraoARD:AR].rcLEsoF
PAPER
P[P.
OF PAPER OR OF
PRJNIADBOO(DS,NEWSPAPETS,
PICTUIIS AND oTHER TiODUCTS OF TIIE PAINM{C DIDUSTRY: M }IUSCP.IPTS,
TYPFSCRIPIS AND PIANS
O$
On?
\{ool'
FII\E oR co^xsE
HORIBH^R Y^NN
COTION
^N|M^lWOVEN
^ND
fiA& FS[C,
is
o?o
STECN VOV8N FSRJC5i TIJFTED TOiTIL8 FABRICS] hCE; TAPESTPJES! T'PREAN^T?q CO^T!D, CO\ERO
ANNCU,S
O'
xN
SUIT^BLE FOR
I(MTTD
^CCESSORILS,
OR CORCIIEIED.
ARTICLES OF APPAREL
ACCfssoRrFs, Nor
olr'rED oR ^N'D
CLOTIIIN
G^NE$
P^ITS OF SUCH 'OOT$EA&
ArrtclFl.
AND THE
re
^RTICLES
^SBESros
M|CA ORsrMI
MA
^P
ERi^rS.
Gl-{ss
rm cL sswARE
OR
N TUW
CULIUI{ED
THBRIOFiDdT J3$'I-RY|CoIN.
ART'CIIs
OF
OR S'TEEL
'TON
,II{EREoF.
^IUMINIUM ^ND
^IICUI MNXOF
Toors|MrLlMBfls'ctm.!RY.srooNs
/NDFolxs,oF9^SBMET^j-iP^'rTs
TI{EREOF OF EASE
MITAL,
enD
SHIPS, BOATS
ND FI,OATINC
cINEM^ToGr^lHIcMFrsUrlNc' Gcc(INcPiEcIs'oN,MED|CALoR
FURNMJRS BIDDINA,UTTN.ISSES,
rM
MISCELL{NIOUS MNUFACTURED
^CCFJSORIF5
tuxid|rt?6r r rcro..IEal! ao
2005-2005: lUSt
Ri| t42735
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Country - wisel
i!
US$
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@@@@M
94.'?4I,123]|',112,06
e.hug
o7,t40,0r3) dn7
tot.:
( ust - k.)
D.pr.h.!t
of Comoe.c.
vdu*
! ITC
HS Code of !h.
iq US$
2OO3
Milion
Col:Wdity
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dopFd
or
Gdl@id
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PRODUCN OF
NIMAL
ORTCIN.
Ngr
EDIgIE
}'EOET^IB
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CERI{N
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W0ETASLE PlArrINC MATTN^j-S|
PREP/MIONS Of ME{T,
OF PISH OR
Of
AQUANC |NVETTTBniTS
COCO^
ND
PRElAx,lTIoNs or cERl^j,s,
STARCH OR
PUP^i^IoNso!\Ecar^slEs'FRun,
MISCILLr1BoUS DIBT.E PR8PiMTONS.
MD$rd-
FUELS MtrrER^I-
olrl
WI ElB,
ON OF EOTOPES.
PIGMNTS AN'D OTSER COLOURINO M^MR: PAINIS }TD }E& PUTTY AND
EXn
MY
I,!AT1II& S,{DDLERY AND HARNESS;TTAVEL COODq HANDBAGS AND SIMN!{i CONT AR]'ICLES O'
ARTICLDS OF
rlw^L
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TELEVISION IMACE AM SO(JIID RE<ORDERS AND REPRODIJCIRs'ND
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FURNTURqBEDDDIC.MATTT!!'SES, I7A
MATTRFSS SUPPORIS. CUSflIONS AND
9! 95
MISCEjjj:NOUS WUIACTURE
0.r2
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tttrfi r,'r.n
200,12005: lUS$ =
Rr 44.93l5
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CHAPTER-3
COMPARISON OF DEWLOPMENT OT' POLITICAL AND ECONOtr{IC SYSTEMS
In this Chaptd a coopaison of S.udi AEbia dd rrr8raa is bing eiv@ which would .over Political sysim, of both th. coutjes that include:
Sovemcrt strucnrrc, legal sysrn, adDinisthtio4 locial ptuvinci.l sJdm 4c, Aed- t.
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARAEITf
The Kingdon of Saudi Aabia is
insritutions
dd
Isldic
Code
of
law
bNd
systcm
Ql@ dd th. Sumab is te fou.brion of ile legrl of rh. couiry. The qov Quru is @6idcrd thc @Bntuod ol lhe
on Oc Holy
coutry and providB erhicrr \abc.r aod guidace. ElcutiE dd kgislatile authontjcs arc acrcised by lhc KinS.nd rhe Coucil of MirisLrs, ,irhh the
aanework of Islanic Law. Bsi.le!, lhe Consult tive
coucit
(Shlra Coucil)
Coucit of Milisid or @na6 pnaining to tbe govemmar prcgE@ od poticie. Th. p.irsry tunctiotr of rh. @ucil is to &K od modifle ibc Kjradomt sysrd of l!s, bylaws,
been 4iablished to advbe lhc King and rhe
hs
conFacB
dd itrr.Mtion I aglldors!.
Abddfuuoh.fullsd\\ywdh''In'L@IMoldMdD'.bc'PIHEMu r.Dd Ktqa6 or sdi M4 Mhq oI Foriq .na\ tuhtu. w p4 kbrw. rq.dtq D,pta4q6Dtptufttu4 hpd 4k Dpttuft stu, tnbh bN4 Poh.6^.L4vl6bwfu6J Jqrd6d.UollMtP@r4'Raqh3&ft'rn'Kkld3'a'..d'a|k.dfai6.|N| H.ud.s.M.3!,t w6. / ptq srdd. rovd Evn. || H;qi wMrs. HctM uvt4Q zuL Eatd bt Lowi zn& Rat h httutu', ad n ENa y/n 4;. Moft
Govrnme Structu.e Tbe Cutodia of th. Two Holy M6qucs, Kiry Fald Bin Abdn Aziz AI-S!I4 isucd or Sud.y 2?d Shabd lal4H (1992) s Royal Dee cDlodying ..Ih.
Law of the Prcvi!c.J6'.
coNsTrTuIIo\
Th. following
the
Asbia: 30 Decnb.r
lh. govcment issu.d th. Deputie Coucil O.diMe (Nizh Mrjlis al,wurda); 9 O.bba 1953, wbd King Ab<tul_&iz th. e.hhlish@t of a Council of Miniscs; Meh 1958, wh.. rh. Coucil olMinhte6 wd deyloped inro a foml decisjotr- maki!8 body wit!
lcSisLdve dccutirc ud adnidstFtirc tunctiou.
moued
1960
rbc @Gtiturion
wbd
rhe
tsl
efort
ti
bin Abdulriz which rcsult<l i! King Faiad pusbcd foMdd Sodi Anbj.s @stiartiout
ed Frticipno.y
D.puds C.ucil Ordiu.ce On 23 Seltenba t932, Saudi Anbia M prelalmcrt, a.d ! nd Srac e@ into h.ing. Tbc Fopte @* tuicd one DrioElity, rb. ShD Coscil
reprc*nted
thd rll ud
rll.
On 30
D{nbs,
1932, the
sove'mmr i$ued thc Delutes council ordituc (Nizm Majtis a!wul6la). "Tl. Colrcil ws codrtosd of thc D.tuty of FoeigD Afai6, th. Dcputy of
of rh. Cosuttalivc
Coucl.
'"
^. ca@h6
Ra.at
aJ
Ftuutu a!.a& rt obp. kbt\dtd ottu. o..,.dhd b wd^bsb, _u s a tr. wadd o4d td.4 rAt tur tut
'h.ir
2l yd uril
tt
cBton of
rhe
Coucil of Minist B in
under
1953, which
it
oM juisdiction.
Betwd
efom
smc mjor cbdg6 rdk pt4c pbjch tr{sirai.d r rte di$o!.iy of oil in thc Estd Prcvince in rhc t930,s ed tnc
1932
dd
1953,
govdndt allaia, "A nMbcr of ulllized depdhhls wcre fouded which cvcntudly pavcd thc way fo. tho establisbnenl of t!. Coucil of Mirisr.E, Th. Midltd.s of Fo.ig ASaiE dd Finde bad alr@dy b in.xiscrcc sir@ l9l0 sd 1932 n6petivcly. Wdld We II n6*iard rhc lesfomtid of tte Ag.ncy of Defoe ilro
inc@silg compbnty of
rhe Ministry of
Dcfd.e in
1946.
1954 rhe md
Comwc
Indut
y,
ed Hslrh
wrc fouded".
'l[c
pubtic
intcr
of thc
6uEy',
lh rspo.sibilities,"
rcquircd the
ctucil
Minisi4.
of
The
Minisld wa hcld on March 7, t954 &d wa an.nd.d by lle King, th. Minist6, ed EligioN lcadqs, Itr his spech ilc Kjng dsened Oe Islrnic Finciple olconsult4ion inplet@led by the Kilgdon 6d oudhed thc fiDclios of the Coucil seording to ih
se$ion of this
Stasrtory Rcgul.ti@ of 1954.
f$t
f6i Cowil
ro
@@te uder
ile
dd . bary.N. But in 1958 tbe tuancial ed monelary cdsis cooplled thc tuler to thin! of ddeloping and reorgoizjng th. Coucil "The Coucil ofMinisirc .s qigiraly founded E dot a fo@l policy lEliry $ncnra, bur nrLd d adviery hody in wbi.h thc
Sbftrle of 1954 for about fou!
io dr. King their opinios @nsideriry rbe affan! of the cou.try. In 1958, the council of Minist s, followDg . mjor rcorgdiztioa w6 dcyeloped ilto a fotul dejli6!-Mtirg body, witb lcgisbtiE, dmrive dd 'rniniqrBrivc frrcrim. Mcr ot rhe
otrly to rccomend
cooslitutioMl basica in the Kingdon
appoi ed Mirisle6
wft
wft
B$tcLrv olcov.d.rcea
hillonc itr the cvolutio! of Co6titution of S.udi Anbie A conpr.hGive nodm coBtitliion in rhe fm of a Folosal for r Basic kw
1960
rhe
of Gorcmrce
ws tude
coBtitutioD,l docMcnis
istcd
wft
rhe
the
Bsic R.gulario4
Srlt!1c
of
ad
rhc
1954,
dd
Al6o!8h this prcposl did tur go bcyo.d rhe proposl sbge, il w thc fst .tldpt to witc .loq . br@dly bascd coEritulion fd rh. Kiigd.n ed n wG
Lav of covmtue d.atl with: &. Kingdom, the syscm of govmcn! tbe dpirat, rhc official lrngug.; so,@ic ud politicat m$eui quury of opFnmity, lb. inviohbitity of pdv.r. om$hpi ud itc
Bdsic
Tbc prolosal
ofOe
nphais oo rhe prhciple of thc dcfuiri@ of crim., ed rhe.igbr of def.@ atrd !@u$. to i[c law and ihe asuDptioD of [email protected] lnril Suilr is prcv.<r
fudon is gu6rr.ed dd
.sod'r'a'b'q.Ev||BqodhF4na4'-sfund]@fu4''suzt|coPPfu\ha.
tuadq kend E4i,Q
lRP4dt
)00t.
Frc.d6 of olinion &d fo@tiotr of 3eieri6 @ gMte.d yithi! tbc timiE of lh. law. It abo inhodded preD$als r ulatirS institurions alrcady itr
exisllnce, hboducd a p.opdal for crcatine orher iDritutions such as rhe
ofiic. ofile Attoocy GdeEl, sd thc Nltional coDcit (li,Majtis.l-Watani) which Elas@t a conplerely n w step towdde rle <tevetolhar dd witaliatio! ofthc old CoBdltiivc Coucil (Majlis al-Sh!E)".
At thc dd of thc 1980s, tbe Coucit of Mitrirr.B @Dtinud ro b. rhc o.ly doFimt polirical iBtituriotr i! thc Kingdon yilb powc6 ro Lgistac ed !o
is$. las Tt. Coucil wN rcspo iblc fo. fomulating slat policy, p.rtircnt to int mal dd foeign dfris, miion.l.conomy, educatior\ $ci.l wclfre ed .! public affails, ud il orlFr ilcir cxeuriol
li posssd rcgulalory, xmlivq ald dnidrrativc aqrhoriry. .Ihc
ald dcDede
l98os,. comincc was cltablished duing Kidg Kl.lidb Eien whos Hpotuibiuty w6 ro prparc a new basic law. Such a @Btitutior wd to conrai! egdrrios govfring the Consulrativ Coucit_ Bslc Coyernde: SiDil.r to Codr qriom of etne. Countris Th. 1990s wihBsd srady potiri@l rcfm. Thrcueh consultation md coBtdi awz@*s of rhe p69lc! oa.ts dd dliFtions, Kiry talEd puhed
SysteD of
l[.
Saudi
mtudD
I March 1992, King Falad of Saudi AEbia @ounced tb!@ Royal Dedes lhrl 6bbUshed th@ irpott !r cb&g6 in Sludi donGlic potiticat bw: a
"Bai.
Majlie
Sr!tu
for r
N4
Cov.@6t fo. th Kogdom's ftirteen Previncq." Ths laws iook pre*dncc ovd all othc, laws ad r.gulatioB. TbBc las repEcnicd positive pbSB torads rfo.D,
add "A Syslen of Region l
Ash-Slu",
docwl ddg
that ir is i!cludcc.
i6Frr,nr .osrinrrio,rl i!. thrce docMerc. It5 siglin@a chetg6 non rbc facl
Inc
Coill@e is
'Gr
sinilf
tms of whlt ir
Thb law ha b.m Suidcd by tstanic hw h d.6ni!g rb. mnr,tbc objetiG, dd thc r.spocibilitics of thc Sr!t., as wcll as d.tDing the @tatio.sbip
co8lratio4 ti.adsbip ald @p@tior In ddirio4 preyisiore for the diffdr lulhqitid of rb. srarc and thciri d-rclationships, rh6 eddd obtigatic &d duti6 ofrbc !rd., rb. politicd, social dd ecdonic tunddar.l principlcs, fte rndition and
and the tuld b6sd on brclhah@d,
b.tweetr
lle ruler
ammftc
are
Aniclc 6E of thc Balic System of covemme bandaLs the Btablisbnent of ihc Mdlis Ar-sbua. Au eubcs (s of Alril 2005 ! spar.r ed t50 mehbcB)
l[c Kirg. Tie shr? Coucil i! irs new fom bcarnc u iisrindon i oded o t ow ciria to panicipate diotly in rbe a&ninistrEtion dd platuing of country policis, dd in nonilo.ing the
arpoinred by
pcrfomdce of iE
agencies.
@!c*ios;
.d
rlE
tulal
Eports ebminld by
!.ire
Saud .l-FEieal
Novmbd
order Snntine wider powes b the Majlis Al-Shu!, @abting ir io Lgi.latiod without his p.mision.
Coucil ud rh Cabinet nust be in [email protected] td th. legillatio ro g.in ihe KiDs's lppbval. rf ttc vie$ of bolb v!ry, rh. isfu b ..iDncd to rlE Sb@ C,lmit to deirie [email protected]
Today, both the Shum
r&m
bcing oltrcialy
[email protected] itr lhe Kh8dotu or saudi Anbia, whict hls opded r[c
der for
rcF
ulEs in Saudi ADbia in de6 slch as shared deision-natin& od.n@kr dd babrce. The @dt lodship r"mition ()@n d s@othly follovilg the dar[ of King Fatad, *ae viocd as . sign of slability in rh.
wonelk Rol. i! P.ttdc.L Eobodtc rod Sodd Developn !a In 2005, the Kirydom hetd its fir3| Mujcipal Cowcih Eldrios Atrlough, Saudi womd did Nt pdticipate in Uis historic.l evmt, a graduat Iom is being offDially prcmoted to opc! rhc d6r for Saudi eoner io prnicipate in lh. politidl p|r)<B in Saudi Anbid In SAteDb.r 2005, rc|@.s d*rio I pmined fof Saudi Chmbs of Comme@ Boa.ds for rhe ttrlr time in rbe
$.
doo.
fd
womco s rcle
i!
the poliric.l,
Jdqry 2006, rwo won !.ats in th. elerion for the Jedd,h Chhbq of Com@ dd lrdBlry, ud wodd hav. bea.lckn ro rh. bo..d5 ofrh.
Engi@B Assciation hd thc Jo@lkts As$ciaiion,
ed
Rlls
of
Succsio!. Bry'rh
p6sd
ofKing Abdul-Aziz,
to s@iority.
ud
Bay'ah,
ftis
mcchdisn has atlowcd a snoolh l.a6fr of !owc. for ovcr six d@d4,
cov.ring
fN edsio
lb. Isldic tradilion of dBie'llting Mulim ladR. such s tbe fiut fou caliph! (Al.Kholda Al-Rabidon) selecbd tbrcueh the pM$ of ShM (CoNltatid), a'd B!y'aL bctwen Mulin subj@b ed a tuld.
proc.ss fouowd
Stltd of
rodu@d
Crcm Princ. Eom mong th. cbildra of tn. 3oa ollhc fouding KinC, Abdll-Azt ibo A&ul-Rahmd Al-Faysl Al Saud. o! i!. bdk of 'llitability" ed lhe nosr upngh mong ihc4 nther tbar l.nionry_ Ihc law allows thc Kine, for
elcc$otr of
a
King or
cx@plc, to ch@sc
bis
Cmm lrirc.
a son or a
aph*
breildl
who,
hditiolally,
dsrts
tt
Kjng, tne
a$nc ln.
@yd
por6 mtil
givd. Anicl
cirid
lo give th.
B3/al
to tbc Kitrg
Qule and rh. aadirion of ilc Prcphet in submi$ion md obcdisce io lin* of 6c &d difnculty. fortue dd ldvmity in cv.ryrhiry cx@pt thli wLich co ravd6 Isl@.
in accordnce with the
Tbe Aryilh Courcll2006
Cutodid ofrhc Two Holy Mcqus (i!g Abdutah ibn Abdll-Aziz i*u.d a RoFl dd *rablishjng. Coscil @lLd 'l[c Bayah
On 20 Octobr 2006, Thc
pd.!s
for
ddemililg
lmily.
tulcr
omib hi@lf
ro follow
ed Forr.r Illatl!
ro
OE
TL rulo4 in nr4 |l! bolDd io sive tdvicc ald !o be loyal to t! luli'r in wdyrhira d..ta dlr enicl csttadica Lbd Ir! tw Lldntt hw i! rtt rnoihd njd si.D do4 th. rud of @ddhniml rdo.u, atd tb. ld &v.h'Fcot in Sludi Anbi!! mnrbd nfi @hniod 4tiv.ly Db!!6 tt codimilg @diui@l ehnid &d o.dcrnitdio in th. Ki.gd.d, ehin gG tdd i! hed with lhE daelopm.nt of tb. Sbi. dd th. lociery in St'di Anlia $td d.rceto.d k tue'lrb of rb S.di ..qai.c., d win b.
folloerd by oih.. d.wlopoets wh6 lh. n .d disd.
d.Ffy
sffi,
ed I
Dr$vilB. E!.h Fovi@ h.r ! 8ov.ind, a FwiEhl dril. ft... c(rDih d.lifdd o lh.
13
th.l ptovtnc, *o* on lh. dcveLotm. &!Gb!o.d tlna d edE oeooS F!t!dn Gd! of
bodgeg
6cidd
frn@
cffi
Gow.u
of c.ch
ard
Golqa i! nsp6ibh
tuN
'@ublc
Fiod of fdt
ofd
th. coucil palticiPst in @Mitbc6 thal fo.us on rdiG isud of inteGt to the !nvi!e. T!. odcil isuc FFrts, which e $tdlnd to rba Minislry of thc lnldior dd th6 lacd on lo the
appropriaie 8ovmcnt ministriB
ed
dutry
into
13
previncd and
shultw,
&d tle
BpNibiliue of thc govdm sd othd ..gio.rl om6. In 193, Krtg F hd Mncd 210 l)mb6 for thc pbvircirl @ucils.
I!
2005,
muicipal
.latios
wte hcld io
mining lalf
of
llc @wil
appoinLd.
iopordr 10 Saudi AEbi& It b a modcm v.Nor of a Feditiotul Islrnic corc@ra @iblc leadd co.$ltitrg eit! Lded &d exp.ri.n cd citi@which ha alw's b.o!n liccd by Sodi ru16.
the King on
iss
that de
! fou y* r.nRabt tcd Basd d th.ir e,qdiec, ncnhas e 6sigr.d lo comitlc$. lide.re 12 omitte thal dal with hulm iiglts,
KinS for
dfra, swic.s
and public
wity,
ed
sadt Fadtu Mord's6,& E tcl h.?a" a!' otwtaucb n{aa uaaa rcc} o^d .darb,,'t t t"M. at b@laL@ortu w oesd
Ib
.1
tdab d
rut.
b.
d6ar kdcL a.
ud
in&6!
the
include poposirg
tudde of Majlis Al-sbw w3 [email protected] i! 2004 to nw lcgislatid ed atr ing.xisting laB wiltoul pnor
slboision to tbe Kin8. 11 bls llways bea abl to requ4t that Eovmnt officials pirticipaL in kcy |@t'Dgs ud alply for .c6s ro gdctMdl d@m@B. On Apnl 7, 2003 the Majlis Al-slu bcc@ a tull nenb.. of tne
lntlrPrlim.nt
ry Union,
Becutiv. bnicb: King &d ?rin. Mhister Abdultl bin Abd al-Aziz Al Siud Ginc. I Augut 2005); H.n Apparcnt CrcM Pdr@ Sult n bh Abd ,1Aziz Al saud (hrlf brcthd of the tuneh-rhc Mon th h toih the chief of
sialc tud he{d of
goffi.nt
Legbrrtiv. brorcl: codulrative Coucil or Majlis al-Shua (120 n mbqs ed r ct irh.r aploinr.d by tnc nmarcl fd fou-yd tcm!) Coucil of
Minisr* mounced in Octob.r 2003 10 irtudlc. cletioB fd hrlf of the mcnbd of l@al sd prcvincial s$mblis &d a tLnd of thc mdbB of the mrional Cotrsulr,tivc Coscil d Majlis al-Sblt. inc@ahlly ovd r pdod of fou 10 tw. y4; in Novnbd 2004. the Ministy of Municipal dd RMI
Aflais ilitiatcd voter Fgistration for padirl nuicipal oucil
dtionwid. &on
Fbruary thrclgh April 2005.
clctions hld
DeB.
of
120
m.mb6 dd
CuneltAdmldsndtof':
ln Decmber 2005 th Coucil of Ministei .otuprid
otrl
o o o
!i61 D.t'uty Prim. Miois&c CroM Pri@ Sulan Ibn Abdulaziz Al-Srud
Prin@ Mer'b
ftn
Abdrl@iz Al-
o rnbior Prince Nayef I}n Abdulaziz Al-Saud o Forig! AfIaiB: Prince Sald Al-Iais.l Ibtr Ab{hrlu iz Al-Srud o Civil Slnice Mubmd Ibn Ali Allata
o FiM.c Dr. DBlim I}n Abdul&iz Al-Asf o Hlrh: Dr. Han.d lbn Abdullah Al,Mdic
o
HiCa EdutioD: Dr. (bald lln Mohamd Al Alsaly
connerc. md lidut y: Dr. q.shin Ibn Abddbn Al-Yamani
o o o o
o o
lbn
lt!
Mu!@d
Al-Queibi
Trailpo
: Dr.
coury s Eore rbar 300 Stria 6rrs. T!. Miiisicr of JustiHploiltd by th Ki!& is ssi$ed by thc "S|prene Judicial Council", a body of eleven nenb.s ch6.n from thc mtion's @n se4olcd religiou jnds6 (!lam'Fs.fl* s chif jutic!. Nw comdial
The Ministry ofJNti@ adnbjsrels $e
coutr for Eslvilg trade dislutcs wcrc tr&sfeftd t! the Mini{ry of rusti@
fron
rbc "B@rd of
criev@"
in ,uly, 2005-
Dr.
kmnh /t-EoI*r, Xirzdon 4 srtdi /nbb, cone d dcc&tut stu. D9a,M' at potubat s.tu. ^rot$tuon
!tu|
ttutu eav 3c
Jutlc.:
is
Thc
is thc
od who k
Stria court!
arc concened
primsily with
fuily
scnlcne of comdcial Dspuics is th. comercial corn. ouo speialiEd aurts or comi. it6 include onc d@lins mlaively wiib labou 4d .oDtoyBcnt mttcB; rhe Negotiablc lDstrudt Comi1le, wLicb .lc.ls *ith c.g ELtirg to chqu.s, biI! of cxchdSe ed p@jsry notes; and lhc Bodd of G.i.vmG, p6.o6 dispul4 eitb the govelMdr or its .gdcia dd wbich also ha juisdrcrion in t deMk'intringcn@l car.s |'d b the
authonty for enforcirg forcig! court judgn@ts. The dalh
p@lty b in foEe
for nurdcr. Bpc, sdony, amed rcbb.ry, sdbotagB dog tnmcking, adnltery
od
aposlasy;
exeutio$ @y bc held
in
publicri.
Juric.
1992 dcla!d tnat Saudl Anbia is a monarchy rulcd by
i!
srodsoB oI King Abd Al Aziz Al Saud, od that the floly Qur'd i! thc constiitlion of ihc coury, which i! govemed d tle b4is of Islamjc law (Sh.nh), dd iIrc @ no polili@l padics. Tbe king\ powc6 e limitcd
@B6s
of tle Saudi
qd
family
inporunt
choos.
wicty. The l..dine nmb6 of lLc royrl fanily rtE ting 6on dong lhds.lv6 *ith ttD $l&qDdt approwl of th.
in Saudi
dmrs
kdin 4-Eotua, xh3tu at sdi /dbb, sctu, D@tuqt d P.rtut stu, ^luryd Min r.84tu. Knstor q w te, Dt. t M .,t4 4 tu|tu tuq. DqM' al PM scb4
Saudi Kitrgs
gFdu.lt
d.vclopd
ccnrzl Sov!|menr
s]sld. Sie.
1953, rhc
r6loBible
I[c fomulatioi of g6crd lolicy ed diEtlrd th. a.rivirie of th. Brlwinc bu.a!.fuy. this @ucil corsistr of a prin ninist r, thc fd ald F@rd
dputy
lriec hinisles,
20
lrin
minjsier),lwo
ninisld ofsrar., ud
a snEll
Nnb..
ad
heads oI
b by resludon of thc C@dl of Minist .s, Ftili.d by rcyat dece, ad mut b .ompdible wirh th Shari,a. Justi@ is adhinisreed
Legislation
a@rdirg ro Oc
appointed
stst.e of rctigioN @un wnos judg6 @ by llte kirg on ihe rcome.datio! of the suprem. Judicial coucil,
by a
Ski'.
rE
rh. hghdt conrt of .ppsl ud !6 lh. powtr lo pardon. Accas lo high ofiicials (NuUy at a mjli!, or public &diocc) ald th.
ro
S.phbe'
beDbcs of t[c @tioal CoButtativc Co@it aad s!.Uing our proccdus for A. new cowilk opFlions, Ile mouced rcfo|m Egading rh Coucil of Miri3l6 ircluding tcm limitatioB of 4 ycais md rcgdadG n pFhibil
Co titltio!
.n.1
cov.hmcne
Th. King, Frhd Ibtr Abdulrziz At-S.trd: $c@ctled h Msy 1982, after King Khald\ de{h. h 1995 King Fahd suff.Ed a srrol@ dd b@d det@ro,
Princc
sdlo,
consid@d to bc
ldt
in tinc and
' lk
Ror!
E,bq.tsdi1tui4r4otu.)fw.tun*a^i@_uM.
Aoo Sbsi. l.v. Tbrce byd d.qB for Bdic I-aw wE e$ablished on Mdch l, 1992 vhich dcfmes the sysleN of cmtrdt
Co
titutio@l ptutice
ddiB
dd Euicipel govmcnq dd
cmmitre of 60 ncobes. In Aucur 1993, CoBulradve coucil (Mzlir7t/-Sroz) by royal da@ wa nolnmled,
sct up a
cbai@ b D..
Abduttl bin Eenaid. rn July 1997, rbe Kirg d.cre.d e ilce of Consulrarivc Coudt 10 . chaimd plu 90 menbes; dd in May 2001 it ws inc!asd once .Cain to a cbai@ ptls 120 n nba.
Salih bio
saudi Aabia is a! ab$lur.
mofrchn cxdutive powd is dis.hdged tlough ! Cot"cil of Miniite^, .@sist]D' of the King, Dcplty princ Midlter, Scmd
Dcprty Prim. Minir..
dd
Cabint
Mi,irrar dd can
Minin6. Tne King hle the posl ofPrrD of UE Cowil of MinisrE wirtin 30 dals.
N.dotr.l Atrttrco Sei lit tujd wat.yE (.Onw.rd rowd.ls rhe glory ud th. hcjghLr'); words by nrEiim Klafaji, twe by Abdul Rahnll at Karib.
@urciis.
@hry,!
be
tud cih6, with hatfofthc oew nuicipal ald dE othd halfappoilcd. TIP
oucils b
.tcct
d by
th. lEopl
LN
Tbrl thb taw $pcF.ds Coucil ol Mirtulcs trw isud by Roral D&@ No. 38 dlied 22l10/t 37? H. ed it! hendmcnls.
2.
orda dd d@a in foM shllt GMitr %lid wh@ {,is Coucil of Minic6 Law cm6 inlo fo@, uril i!.y @ a4odd
Tnal all GgulatioN,
l,N@
ot
stu
vottd od
tu6 p br
2oa5,
wt@
ow
@4
l.
That rhis
dele
shatl be puUish.d
con ituo foice ninery (90) dars !fter rh. tomrion of Majljs
Shun, as stipulsted in O f$1 Rolrl Dere
cotretus &
@ulr$
hc is lhe primc
Minist r, Chicf
co@dr of all nilirry secroB ed eed forc6. Ec hd wide 6nge of !owd. Howeva, hjs pow6 m nor ab6otu&; hdc. rhe IstEmic taw "Shrdd'oh" dcrdi@ thc nanrc of timir.tiols rh.r 6triq suc! pow6,
t.gilbriw poscrs, wiihin rhe padnctds of Uc Islamic hw ..Sbdia'.I-, It fomut td thc ini.mal, qidd, n@dsl, defedc, cducarion.l mrioel polici6 .!d rll oth.r aflliE of tnc srsra TIE ddisiG of rhe @ucit re foal, qcelt for |h6c dtr6 tb.r req!'rc s$a&c ofroyat deqee, in rccoiddcc io the @ucil,s Egut.tios.
add
Th.
Cowil
of Ministcs
cdlin*
bolt
l[c.tutirc
rc*.s
well ar
i! provincs of tte Kingdon of Saudi AEbia, Each pmviee is comprii.d of ! rubd of disr.ict3 od a.a!, wlicb B@lly @
distdbut
d
ine d.velopmcdt of
ed
,ecudty coNi.lentions.
m{hdjs4
wbich is
Aens oth6 rojd.o@du th.l gdn th attcntion ofric Saudi Ladcship, is ixeir app@t .lsjrc, kJ k ep th. rcgion olt of the &Di@ce of forcip iltlEnc,10 r.irfoe @rc.prs of Istuic prcp.gadotr "d.'M", ro srugrha
of Asb md Islmic solidariry, so ar lo
Rindh
is
is tLe
1,800 equ@
tjloDeters in d@
a
aDd
loc.t
d in the
half
tm
ihe
Abdulnblm
Af
of
to
uiry
Kilgdon.
MrLlot l'Mrl(rrmrb is the nosr inlottalt city of tl!. Kingdon wh.c the Eoly Pl&6 of aU Muslim woddwide Ka'aba is tooled. I contdtu tie Holy Mdquc dd th Alcidr HoB. rhe K..r!& It is rhc bin[pl@ of th. Proph.r Mohmad (p.acc b. won hjm) wh.rc he @eivqd Gvetation at ihc HiE Care. From Malr.\ tlc ddtsting Irrhic CaI starn d lo hMity s ! wholc. Evcry yed, nillio$ of Mutim perfom pilgdMge lo ttc K.,$a,lh.
Holy M6que
dd $e
holy
plrc6
at Mina,
nub.r
Madlmh Al-Mumwrm i! one of th biggst cities in the Kingdom aDd tbe s4ond nst inpo.iel cily to alt MBlis sc.ord ro M.,klaL 11 cont ic .
of lslairic Hoty plNc6 of grr inpona!@
fd MuliDr
PrcphelMuhdmd (pesc. be upd Him) ws buied rhde Mosqu. i, Madinal is d. of the &!e ncqlcs ro which MusliDs ryortdMdc
Jdd.h b lled 1he tsndc of the R.d Ser", is rhe Kingdom,s tust sport, Ii s a eat My for pilgrid io tbe ttoly ptac6_ ft is eid Inat the Motb6 of hMity, Evc" is bui.d in a tomb beitrg b* tue in rhc cmtd of the otd
Drmm.m &abian culf i! locald in the E3r.m pbvinc., is o& of th Dosr mlort !1 ciri.s in the Kitrgdos. Il h m iDporr, oit pllJ@og l]@ &d
sev.nl indBtrie are local.d nr DaMsd. The 25_km lory King F,Id CaMMy @D.cting Saudi Anlia with Balrain is atso n@ Da|t)|):@ T!.
"
kluhdd ontu,...tu
fidhi@r _us/.
@st of
on
Ra!i'
A*d A,
dd
lry
H.
.!d
@lscay
in tbc Mi&Ic
&$
the third
ldgst
in the wodd.
citi6, th. two ildutrial citi.s Jdrtt aad Yubu phys !! idport nt rclc i! meting noi lN th6 5 p.|@1of th. wodd requircm@ts of petochdrical pod&ls i! plnicuLr .ad @ral Fodlcrs in ga.r.l, Jrtdil is
addition to lhcs. lo@led otr th
is
l.
Otbd @jor citi.3 in th. Kingdom e: Abs, Dbibm, Al-Khobe, Tail (nafi, Abb4 H!il, Aff, Tebulq Babb, J!v4 Najea Ji2ra Buid.!, Od!ir.,
Fd Fircipal Sludi
BuilB
C@tacE
c Allq-2.
Tt.
of funitrg a consrirurion of indpndcdr p*isr.r wa ntrusrd ir 1947 ro a Constinre Assmbly that als iucriored s the couhy\ i.i{ior LgislatN. UrfomDrely, wiu ttc pssilg av.y oftle Fouda ofllc Nltiotr,
task
Quaid-6Aan Mohmad Ali Jima\ dd rhc .ss4sinarion of rhe fd ftnne Minisrd, Mr LiaqlBt Ali K!.!, pretr&t d poutical irsiability cNu.d
Minilrri.s cdc dd w.qr in quick succBsid. Tn FiBt CoBtitudr A$.nbty w.s uable to give the coulry a Cotutitulior in sevcn y@, Thc rhd
Govcnor C.acFl, Mr. Chulan
had f.iled to
MohmB4 disstEd
Constitu A$cmbly tancd thc Constjtulio! in 1956, &d e Islmic Rcpublic wd ptulaimcd d 23d Ma4 1947, ehicb is obkry.d .rery yd s palisrar Day. Tlis Costiturioo B Iedchl and parlitunbty in chatrtcr. The qisting folr provincee in W6r
Palista! w@ uired inro one @ir, The
pdfom iis
uir
coury thu
@ruistcd
a
of rwo provires E
paltise!
d.l W6t
me3lE
PalistrFwhich wd givcn
of sclf-gov@cnt
lrd ruronony',. dd it
paveil rb.
Amy iak {vd. Maj. cr. Ista.Lr MiE, llc thd ?rsida! delar.d Martirl kw in the coutry tuly itr Oclober, 1958, dd appointd c6aal Mobmd Ayub K[na the d6 CodDarda-i!-Cbief, s the Chicf Marrit
!ow.6 ofth. pcidnt on 28 Octobd, 1958, Aftcr . linlc over rhree y.4, he pomulgated a rcw .onlrinrtid i! Mdh 1962 &d iDtodrccd r!. P6idcndal f@ of d.noctuy ,. oc @ut /. P.tistan codiNed lo bc a !dedion, Thc ncw Co6tituiion int oduced
Law AdninGr.tor, who asMed
e.y fd
.|oblq'|b.l'asu|4b'vh@ J4a4qo'|d41M{Pah!fulPh'llbdtt\kltdssa,d'afu|3rc4AM|
db. Ja4d 8\tu.
".
PGidat
ft. lyeteo did lor 6!d acepr.nc. mong the pcopl. Th.e @ a Ms nov@6t in 1969,
prcvilcill
legislatures lbDu8h
E!.crorat Cotlcge.
wheEupon he Esigned
10
tha Co!|)rmdd-b{bief,
1962
Ilw
Constitltion, ltr Mdch 190, hc issled rhe Legat ff"rework Oda udc, which thc fou ptlvine vhich had oDlris.d W6t Pakisbtr w@ div.d.
dd g.rcl el4tiom v@
ud povincial Ascmblies in the folloeitrg D{crnbr In rh6e el4ri@, Tbe Awdi taguc gair.d !
hcld for th. Nario!.t
mjority of sts in the NarioDat As.mbty whilc the pakisbr pcoplt tarty won a sikabi. lunbd o{ Nldonal Al$nbly sdrs 6on tlc fou ptuvir@s in
facroB
inl.do.4
and a
civil wd
led
in Est
Pakistd in Mdch l97l vhich Butled in lle Indie invsion of that prevince. On 16 Decmb4 1971, Dtrta fel ud Ear pakisran delricd jr.|' d &
cour.y, Bdglad.sL
'odependnt
on 20 Dcembo, l9?1 Cm.BI Moha@d yahya Khar rsiglcd dd \,tr. Zufika! Ali Bhutlo lade. of Oe ppp ssuhed thc ofrce of ?rsidcll ed Chi.f
Martial
kw
Mrtid Lav wrs liffed on 2l April, l9?2 dfter framing an inrerin Constilutio!, T!@icr, a pcfrDlor CoBrinlrior wd rdopr.d ed dfoE <t on 14 Augusl,
1973.
dd ribrtation,
Swic.
.dnjliscatior of Ihe coEky wd cei.d or\ db.ir otr the prc,ind.p.ndde plrt.ms ofric coloni.t nl. Sevenl ConrDiiteq and coduissioG had i! tle nc&rime beci rploEicd to @rSdize th. rdDirisFetiw srucrr ed $@ chsg6 w. intoduccd. wnh th. inboducrion of the rew CoBrituton in t973, howvcr,
the seoice
dd,
ds
..tut
s$tcm,,
Th. fist geocrsl latioB hder tle 1973 CoNtitltion wft hetd in March 1977, but th@ re allcgrtim of largesclc riggirg by ilc rulilg p@ple s Ptrty wbich res ted i! couby widc asi2rion ud cosidenble lcs of life. The agihtioD tmed i o a Ms novement with tle de.0.and for ,.Nizd-iMustah (lslamic Syst h) in rhe oury. I}. AmEd FoE3 int n6cd io sve rhe sirudon, dd took ovr rh sdminbtndotr d 5 Jqly, 197?, Maniat
kw ws
pmlrimed od Caeel
Mohmd
Amy
r:w
Ailtninistraror (CMI-A).
lEsid@l Mr- Fazal Elahi Cbau.lbry, agdd ro @ntn!. and ac1 on rh sdvie ol thc CMI-A, Tt Chief Jurica of th. High coun t@t ova s
The
Govmos of pbvisios
'is validity
olly mnc o{
td rhe
lut i, .beyee_ 'nE Snp@c Cout of patisarn ult ofihpositid ofMadial taw udd the dNtine ofncc.sit_
eft
O!
fivc-)d
elcd.d
Ld
approyed
in
1973;
Islm is
ba$d, pdliamoiary .nd dnocatic, Conpding pakisr.r wirh orhd nonhNlin courrics olthe world @ be d&nb.d tbD @ of&. gHt slachG
"W.
&d cI']rs in c@rd C@y, e a Narion wirh ou ou dkrinctivc cultu dd civilizio!, laguag. md lit 6tuE, an and no@l*urcs, sde or varu dd prolmtio!, la*s arld oont codB, clrt@s dd cdcndd,
gnler
aplinrdq
dd mbili6. Ir short, w. nav. ou (]m distildve o l@r on lif. dd of lifc. By all Ixmos of Inlemtional L3q we art !
i! .
(a) Provi@: Pujab, Sildl, Nonl-W61Fbrti.r ed B.lu.List r. (b) Fad.ral Capital Tditory oflsLhabld. (c) reddlly Admin'srercd Tnbal Area (FATA), divided inio tetr
rdrdnidrativc
divkim hoM a
Tnbal
Agdci6.
The Fcdcol
Govmeri b4
rhe aurhority ro
gmt ciheuhip of
Pakbtan to
oyorq Thc citihship rul6 arc govancd by tbc Patistrn Ciriz.dslip Act 1951. Bvcry peMn bom itr Pati$En aftd rbc [email protected] of th.
Citizolhip Act l95l is a citirn by birth md so is a p6or if his fathr b
a
citih
bidll
Prsidcnr
slate eirce
Jue 20.
2001.
allloud h. f$l iook pow6 in the Ocroba 199 @p ud r@k on lh. ridc of Chicf Eidtive. A prolonged coffiont lion ovd authonty bclw6 Pulieot ed thc ?resid@t end.d ir Dcenber 2002 with a comprcs$e which p.ditted !6es. of the lgal Fln]rwolk Ordd (LrO) of 20{2, udc. &. r.ms of which PBid@l Msharaf.gcd ilat hc sill step doM Aon hi! bilil,ry
a '
z r. NdNi, tuittua
m. sl',jj/lM\ re'naot
tutu ot^.
votu b, B@ ?v,a.
pos'tion
Khd
a CoMnd.rin-Chief in Lre 20Or. prine Minht JMli ws lh Primc Ministo in Novenber 23, 2002.
1973,
r ML Zatanllan
Tt
Palislu Co6ritution of
M$amd
njtil,ry CoveIM@t i! Octob.r 1999. It re Btorcd on Dqnbq lt, 2002, [email protected] prcvirions of lhc Cotutiturion p.iaining to chdgc! rhat Prsiddr MBhamf mdc whil the CoBtiturion wa rNpedd.d E@in contst d by politi*l opponds.
Th. Preside is elected by s.l@t
d by the Nrdonal
'lMd.d
subsaartially
i!
t985
udq
Pelimdt
for a 5-y.s
a
im.
biqnF.t petiaftnt - or Majlt-esh@n - corsistr of fi Sdatc (lOO sdB; mdDcB &. indir.cdy elect d by FoviDciar alsdbliB !o *re 4_y@ teru) sd thc N.tional A$mbly (342 sq 60 seG llsdd for ed.q I0 sls |tsw.d
Assmbly for 1Lj@ r.@ The
for ninorities; mnbeB cl@bd by popntd votc *rc 4-ye tmt. Each of tLc f@ tmvi!6 - Pujab, Sid\ Nodh-wsr Fotid, ed Bal@hisrd _ is hoded by a 8ovmor ed prcviei.l cabine! who @ civilim appoirt d by
Alfu &d lertedlly Admiaistcrcd Trib6l Alq (FATA) aE adniiistercd by rhe fcdea,l goEm@t bur mjoy
chief exeurive,
fie
ftc
Nonbm
consi.Lrbl autonony. The pEsidot, cabine! Ndioml S.cuiry Coucit, and govmoB stu at ile chi.fcx@urivc\ rtiection.
The Judicid systen compris6 a Supme Coun, previncial
s!ti'a)
julic.. ftc
pBidcnt, in .oosutbdon with rh chicf ex@tive, appoinb fi. ctief JBr,c. ed tley togethd dcle@ine oderjudicial aploinmc s. E!.! pbvi@ ha a ligh coun, the jBric6 of which @ .ppoini.d by the prBi.t nr aner coDfdidg with i[e chiefjustice of the Suprc@ Court ud ihe prcvincial chief
aurt.
The
judiciary is
d,
ordd
driry
lo rh.
Tle ?akistan Mslim League, (?ML Q). GML \) dd rhc pahslan pople\ Paity (PPP) e etioDal poliricjl pani4, wbil. rhe Muiahi.r. Mrjli*,Anar of six religiou parties, including rhe Jal@!! Islani - $ired signifimt innuen e duirg lhc tdr etectiotr. Orha panies with a strory @sooal, et ic or rcligioa ba* imlu.t tb. Mutrahida QaMi
group
(MMA) m Mbrcl|
Movemdt (MQM), (AN?), (BNr) .1c. And the elctios herd in tate 2002, the Plristari political sysr@ rtuirs higNy fi.gE@rcd wirh ,o gmup m'ry a $bst8ltial tujoriV oI s.ak in ihc tcSislare, dd rctiSious grcup, b,lding togethd in th. MMA
ro
ed . very sioifi@t
Foudq oftte N.rion, euaideA4m Motrmnad Ati .liDna\ had dElirtd mcquivaaUy rbst palilhn wolld ba ! ddochtic slatc b.ed on the Iltmic lrirciples ol social jutie, whicb is [email protected] in the ObjccnB R6oludd of 1949.
of
Pakjlhl
crated
il fi. n@
hld. rb.
In thc fonulation of
Govelmlt
is to nuinrain
Slate
The Sbtc of Pakistan was crated on t4 Algue t947 lo provide rndiar MuliN wit[ tb.it om staic_ lalistd's sratu ws rltsr ofa Dohinion withir 1ne [email protected] it baafu a rpubtic in 1956 md bn tne qoMonwc.tth in
Efrorr io rejoir w.E orpdcd by India mtil l9E9 whn p.tistd @@ agai! b@nc a tun ndb4 of rhc Cotl]mrrcdrL
1972.
IrE
or
lst
ofs.vcdl
paio{Ls of
mrrirt
law
bcge in
ruI.
(uft
t9?l).
bctwed
Patish! carc
ro a head,
our
ir Mdh
l97l
l9?l wir!
itrlo fo@ oa 14 pa meftsry govemnlt MllI a prcsiddt as head of st3te ed a prine Eini3td N hed of th. govem6t. Zul6qur Ali Bbutto bemc prime nidsre.. Hi! govmnr w6 douAhr by rdtirioDtins ro b. not $rlficiorly
consntution
lslamic.
cuc
IlElc w d my 6up lcd by ca Mohmd Zia !!Haq in Juty | 9??. ZUfiqw Ali Bhu!,o E hdg.d for @cpirilg ro nurdd, His daughrq, B.@i!, bcld powd twic. in the 1990s but w.vmtu.lly ovc.rhrcM in 1996, whcn tle Prcsiddq Famq Leebfi, dkmised th. sovcm. for onuption ed mi@ging the aaomy.
PML 00 clccbd by a hcra Dnrsin &d sov.@d twice rbc conrlry. Or rtc ss@d esion it ws roppled by GcMal tcdd Mustmf tuloving rle
sd a .prcvisiod Coturitutid OiLr No. I' s6 issucd. I! Aryur 2002, h. uilar.olly [email protected] rh. co.sl'tuton ro gtur hidslft. righr lo diselv pdlidetri
1999
onp. Coudnrdon
Gcna"t ?cocz Muhim4 Chi.f of lhc Amy SraS aslEcd rhc rcspdibilitiq of rhc cbjcf execui've oI the coury foltowing fie Enovat of
r Naw Shqif on I Octobd 1999, H fomed a Natio.al S.cuiry Coucil @Gisting ofsix n mb6 beto.ging io ln. .mrl forccs dd a nmbd df civiliu wiih expenis. in e.ious nekk. A le.LEl Cabinet of Ministes wa also iutall.d wo.tjng udd r!. guidlr@ of d. Nado.ar S6wity Coucil. Abo fod.d @ th. Natiotr l Ro41@rion Bwu, r think I!I.k previding instihltional sdvi@ dd ingut o .conosic, saiat hd
Minist
lrihe
fht r6orc eonomc ordd b.foF holdine g6@l .le.ri6 to iBiall a civilid govcme Tb SuDrcm
10
it inradd
itre_yd
Gi.MdM
y@, Tmdr ws
lormlly ext od
uoud
bis
50%. Hc
doded
i.\e co4rituiion in
Augsl
2002 to
nhdat !y
five
,4.
,vrrer lle Patistadi-admiaisr@d portiotr of rbe dispucd .tamu dd K,shmn Egion consists of two adrninGEadve mtitie Azad Kasl&ir ud Northh
on Etrglish
tus
provisions to
.Eo@odare PakisEDis st
a d bldic
bENh:
foltowing
nilirry
talcover
or l2
of
Aay
ed Ctrinnan of rhe Joinl Chicfs of Staff Comincc, Crlcral Peryez Mutami s!rded tEkisrar's constitutio. sd asNmed rhe
Siaff additioul title olchief ErMtivc; oo
12
'!@imouly
Mub.rr.f ndcd biGelf d pcidcor ard w soD ir, rcptacilg Mohdn ad Rafiq Taar h a rfeendum held on 30 April 2002. Muhamfs prsidncy wd
cxtctrdld by 6vc
mrc
y6
@ t. Jdurry
vol. of
N.rio..l A$cobly d lourprcvtmt.r A3*nbu.r Pr$iddt c@cal P.frcz Mcb@f (sine 20 J6e 2o0l )
Plimc Ministr Shartor Aziz Gincc 2E Angur 2004)
CabiM appointcd by
the
princ Minisrer
..
t/4rba:
El@non
Sture -
tasr hetd
ir Mdh
2006
(ftxr
ro bc
hcld
i! M4h
2009);
(rdt
ro be
hcld in 2004.
/.r,1$ S@tc rcsults . !rccnr of vote by pdty - NA s.ats by pety PML 47, PPP 9, MMA 20, MQM/A 5, pMrrN 4, ?MLf I, ptMAp 3, ANp 2, rP? 3, JWP 1, BN?-A*!r!i t, BNI-Mdgal l, BN?/H l, indcpddnts l: Natio@l Assmbly resllr! pftenr of vot6 by party - NAi s4b by p.rty _
PMUQ 126, ppp 81, MMA 63, pMt"/N t9, MQWA 17, NL 16 pMr"/F 5, PMI./J 3, ?PT/S 2, BNP I, JWP I, PAT I, ?MUZ 1, PTI I, MQM,II I.
PkMAP I, indepe(bnts 3.
!d
l..dc.e:
d@
J$ttc.:
ofde Suprche Coun of p*ist 4 wnich is a coun of rcmrd ed [4 rbre-fotd jujsdicriod; ongilrl, rppelar. &d ldvisry. Thft aE fou Hig! Couns in Lahorc, pBhaM, eEtri ed K!@hi.
Thc rederal Judiciay @Bisi
@t Is lowd
lo issE
dtotios
of Mib of
Ilareq
Co,pa, Ma"dana, Ce,riorud od odcF. Undd Ud e disrdd a&l sdsions coDns of fiBt iBrarce ir @h disbict they have also lome appellarc
juGdiction. Criniral *d not bcing sior'! cls mgislral*. Thft !E subordie0e civit cours abo,
hi..l by judicial
Tlc Consdtution prcvidc for d idcpoddtjudiciary, s thc Ircardt sdgurd of citi@' rig!$. ft@ is e Atloo.y-ctunl appoitrr.d by d. pr6id.nt, h* nght of audi6@ in att couns md rhc pdlimh! od a Fedcral
lw.l
to de.ide
law is wbolly or paniauy D-rsl@ic. In AtgBt l99q . pEsidatial ordi@ce d4leed tbir the rimiut code nusr conlom ro Istuic
law (Shariah),
ay
dd
G.veom.na
stru.t!..
Palisle's iodcpcnd@ce wd won ihbugh . dm@6tic ed consrituti@al struggl.. Ahough tt @urys @od with pntimiiry deMcy ha beo
mix.d, Paldsra., aftd laps.s, has @tumed to lhis fm of govctul. Tl| coctituti@ ofthc IsLftic Rapublic ofprt bra, adopred in 1985 pbvid6 for a
fcd.ral
ed AsDbtie
orh.r
rcl$
in the
fed.6l strnct!rc
Comissio4 th. Fctlehl pubuc Sdie Comilsioq cdral Et4rior Comjsion, ed th. Wa&qi Mohiasib (Ombu.rshs).
rhe Fcdcal
tad
P@virclrl cov.mDlts
Pakist!!'s
fou
sov.md, . govdor, dd a pmvi@ial .$.mbty. Memb.r ofrhe povircial assmbti* arc elsled by Eivdsll oddt suftlge. p.ovi&id llsmbtie ,lso t.w !!sd.d
seaG
provinces enjoy mBidmble autonomy, E.ch prcvince hls s Coucil of Miaistd ladcd by a chicf miahrd aplohr.<t by O.
wel-dcfined divisio! of
fndbd
dd
roAdr,
dd prcvircid soveiM@6, u.E e sbc boih ce onk l.s and aEbtist d.!d@cnt9 rir rh.i.
health. cducanon,
agdcdhr,
for.eple, @
govdedr
car
the fcdcrd
Tle judicidy ircludG thc Snp@. Cour! previncial high court! dd othr lser couts exrcising civil md $ininrljuisdicrion. Th. chicfjurice of rhe suprde Court js appoinred by Uc prcsiden! thc orld Suprcnc Counjudgs e rppointcd by rh. pr.sidor .ftd conluua[otr wirh the chiefjutice. ,I!e
tuy tmi! in offic utit age sixty-fiv.. Tle SuFlDe Coun I's origiMl, app.llat , dd advilory juisdiction. JndsB of the pmvirci.t bid cours .E aploiird by $e pBidnr
Sup&me Cowt
cLicrjusticc dd jndsB of
l!.
aftd coNultatioD witii the cbiefjusrice of rhc Suptu Courq 6 well s the covdor of 6. lrovin4 od rhe cbicfjNricc of tbe high court lo which rh. appointln nt is b.ing made. Hi8h conrB hlvc ongi!.t drt App.llate
'ft*
is abo a F.&61 shdar Court coEtuIDg of eiCt Muslin j!dg.e, including 6 chjf jutice appoi ed by the lrcsidcnt, Ttree of the judges e
Islmic Schobq &d @ w.U vasd ir Isldic law, TLe Fdml Sh&iat Clud ba3 origiel od appellaL juisdictid. Ilis 6ua d6id6 whethd ,ny law t Fpug@t to ite iljuciioru of Islan. wle , lav i! d.med rcpug@t ro Islaro, iL. pBidm! iD llc ce of . fcd.Bl t w, or rb. gdmor, in the s$ of . p@inciJ law, is cheSed sith bkirg sr@s lo bring the llw into codooity with the bjuctions of lslm Tte coun lbo hc$ aDpds ftoh d@isioit of diEiMl @urrs udd laws rctsrilA ro rbe @iorced.lt of hudood taws tbar is, las !.nainirg ro such otr@Fs {s intonedon, tbeft, ad unla*{ul sexusl brwoba
urem&
th.t
ii
ln addiiion, th@
sF.iat @ul3 ed trib@b to det with lFcific ki ts of cass, s4h as drug courts, comdcial coutu, labor couts, traffic courb, e in5lttmc appelab idb@t s income tax appe ar. rriblrat, dd speial
@urts
to
F, r.mrisb, ApF.ls
pog
b,
' tu &atut
pdnial,
c!!tu
o,n
z.own
oJ
^.
,q nw,
nom spdidl
dutu
bave
$cn oM
folls
sd lrafic codrs, wbict for aplEal. Appals fton thc tribu.ls eo to ihe
A tultlr fel'e of rh. judicial s'sb.n is the ofrc. ot Wafaqi Mohta.ib (Ombub@), whjcn is prcvided for in ih. con6iitutio._ The ot[@ of
Mohtrsib
dllblisbed in
stat6
ro
@e
thar
wngs
wde don. to
ciiiz
. Appoinrd by the
peid.nt,
y@;
thc tem
ctuot bc
extcnd.d or
r.!.*ed. Th.
Mohiadb,s
C to
by a fcdcnt sgocy or a
f.d@t
goymt
quh of ml.ddilisFarior
Exctud.d Aolr
gddmcs or senicc mtte$ of a publi. sflet a wll d tui&E Elaring o forcign !fraiB, Mrion l dcf.Nq ed rhc med sNies. TLis ilstirution is d6ig!.d ro bridg rle gap betwcen adDinistntor ed citizo, to iqbve adnhjleative !.ocss dd Deedua .od 10 bclp cub nkse ofdisderioaary po*c.s.
personal
l)
T[eF is a Provilcial Ashbly fo. e.jh Povince @tuisring of the numbr of menbel3 hrnuiicr spdified to be el4ted by diMt bd ftee vot in @od@@ virh bw.
240
(2)
(a) (b)
ii y6
orasc;
s.r'She is
citikn ofpakisrani
(c) (d)
otr
dy aq b
rh.
ueDd
in
daw
sLll b.
in tho&
5 2
No indepnd61 sat b allo@led to a ninority in a povince for b.ing vdy sE ll i! nubd, &. sr [email protected] joindy ro .I otfi noFMBtitrls in rhal
Prcvirce slEll bc
den
rofici.s of cthi@t pdrrics aE abo ar@tb fic coutry's poliridl situarion rolti@l isrability h lal.isbn 6pcialty i! BalEbisk! is wid.ly lffctirg the
poliricd siurion h latisciA wtitc in Indh
od
Ssudi
Anbi! r[@ i!
tro
suct
CHAPTER-4
FII'E YEAR PLANS OF KINCDOM OF
In this paft ofsrudy,
SATJDI ARABIA5O
Iw
d&t situtiotr of bolh fle coutries, th.ir pl4, btal ouday, their budgets, Ilairjrg ilvcstmcnt, pupolirio., cDP, p@jdts, lul d.v.lopodt trade lg@nmrs rnd joint vdrus etc.
which wodd @blc us to comtec
! stlble econohy ,nd pe@t sow of incoDe (as oit ri.h couty) vnich @bl6 t[ pla@6 of fire ]q prd b id.nri8 6hltioro of Mjor figUB of cxpon ud imlDn, r stabt. @&Ey, @tionil slllitiry ed
Saudi Aiabia has
mile
in ?akiste, th.
fiv. yd platu
do @r
naBsily giv.
rhe
et rcsult! of
plmc6- Thb
bc Etar.d
the
6d
Frcqudi cheses in the coveimenr chsscs its budScl. Whil. iNtaibitty of tr)c rcgion, Pakjsr4 thrc.1cn its mtiooal !t biliry .nd
eud
lae
dcvlonpdot dc od afr4ts ilt m@t budgds dd fiv. ,@ ptq!, wbicb ir nm rBulrs in lailur. of forcdled vision td thtu co@Ey, of34j days. Tle fnr y.r of rhjs @l@dd n 0t yd in wbich Popher Muh2dEd, pq@ be upo! hin, .mignrd fto@ Malkah to Madinr! 6d coRspond, ro 622 A.D_
SNdi Carcnda Srarts lion
llijh, th.
lle yd
y6 dd
mGFdil8
" /.h44t
Crc8ode caLndd:
oI D4topnn
1406
t407
1408 1409
Aut$i25,
Augusr
t98?
1988
l4l8 l4t9
1424
ll,
l4l0
Aug!$
2, 1988
t42l
t422 t423 t424 t425
1426
l4It
14t2
AFil06,2000
July
Jw2l, l9l
J@
194 May 30, 195
10,
I,199
FourlhPh. 010sr.09)
1405 1406 1401 1rO8 1409 1410
t405/05 t406t07
1407t08
1985/86
1986 1987
l,lo8/09 1409/!0
I9EE
t989
1990
r4tc/ll
l41l
l99l
t992
t4t2
14t4
t4lvt2 Mtatt
14t3/t4
t99l
1992
1993 1994 1995
193
1994 1995
l4t5
1416
t4t4
l4l8
t419 t420
1996
197
1998
199
2000
2001
t999
2000
2001
t42l
t422 t421 t424 t425
t42Utl t42v\2
t42Ut3
1423/L4
2002
_2003
2002
2003
2004
1424^5
2@4
l.
Srldi Anbl.'s Fout0 Da.lopn.nt Plrb (1409)5, r49,r4l0) i.e 0985 - 1989) witd*cd a $bsr6ri.l decline in oil Fmu6 otr of
lowd oil priccs in thc globdl
@k
t.
tL sar
budg.t
shft
rotal
spodidg stood ar sR 779.3 billi@ isr.ad of thc oladed Momt of sR l0o0 6illim. 'lXe inp.cr oftht dcclin ws &llccr.d in CDp grcr'th nr.s who the
rcal avedge
0.7
gro*t 6ic
lsiod @c!ed
leMnt ody. Nonctheless, dcvclopnnt fforts w.rc capable ot@ntinning to qtedd $plort to lbe di{fcEni cmnomic secro$, fomst ofr[ich B the
agric'tnEl s41o. which lealized high grof,th d6 nlat rcachd 13.4 p@mr 4 dul avmgc. Lil.wGc, lh. Pls indicatG thlt D.Eochmical in&sEi6 s@tor nade a sub$altial ldp .t a av@g. dul grc*rh ato of47.3 prcdr
Public utilitics @liz.d
avcdgc
Mual
an
!@!t
wbile
ttc
oil
4.4
peM!1
duing rlc Folrth plan p.riod 'nre Foutb Dflclopnnr PLn focurcd on a new sFaicgic diredotr .iDed at
incrashg th.
rlso
rzlu
Eddd
by rh.
oillnd natud gs
std.
b{om evid rtlt it w.3 ncccssary ro @cotrare otr p.tehdiol irduitia which .ajoy coEpaFtivc advdtag. @d high Elue rddd. Acmrdingly, priority wB giv.n to pctroch.niql indusr.is ad rhe
inv*hmls
also
tb.s indurtics wc Md. available. Th lourth pl6n witiesed pGitive indicaros $ epr$ent d in in e.sjrg rhe Eal av@ge
10
develop
muar grosth rale of non{il .xpodr, which m!. fro6 I8.0 pdcdt duing rhe Thild Developlml ?le to 29.3 p@cni duinS rh. Fourh Developmnr ?la,
aAainsr a dedaF in
inporl!
rha
6t
of ?,8 pcr.nl
s o mul
avdge
ovd ile louth Ddclopmclt Ple. Duirg tbt pdiod donesric lroduction im'ad 6pai.]ly a Eg.rds col)smptioi !!d lericuhnl co@odiris sd the drc of replacddl of ie?dl of thdc @moditid .le incMe<L On inc otha hod, thc priEL serq's sbrrc of roLt irvGt&dts ir@sed io co4tilure abdr 54.9 p.. anl duing rhc Folnh Dcvtopndt platr,nl
MoMl.d
2.
r994J
(199G
c5t
.vd8. mual
8rewlh ot4,4
p.e@!
sdbr ralized d avenge mual gw,tn of 2.1 p@D! the growtn 6tc th. govemdl secto. incrcsed by 2.9 pdcoi whilc th. oil sector inoasd by 9,7 pI@r T bc increase in grcs1h is arhibund lo rhc lotiMble inc!!& in oil pdu6 duing rh6c ycs.
od trc
private
pries @out.d io SR 283 biUion i.e, at a rcal avnge mut growrh Bte of 5.9 pdcdr *hilc Sovmme invsirnent! lmouled ro SR 178.8 billion. A! fft ih. valu of rotal govmr
invcsErqrr
spoding, aoourcd to SR 1020.5
priEt
ccr.rt
bi ion due 10 in!rcvencnt in oil rveN*. Duing thc ple priod th batse of radc Eliat a su.ptu of eoDd 15.6
In g6eral, acoal speding on d.v.lopment agdcis GecbB) duing ite fi$t five d.vcloprnc plans rflcts rhe shre's k@mss to contimc prcviding O
qp@ditw
i.
I!
thir respar,
rhe
govemcrr spddrg
cllMt
I biUion in
FiBl
D.vclopment Pl& ro SR 34?.2 billion in rhe S@nd D.v.lopmdr plar a4l wa .bout doubled ro SR 625.2 bitlion in rhc Third Daeloph.nl pld to mer
llc
eo]/fut
spendirs relatively
deEard
ro SR 348.9 billion
ll
is noticed rbat a
h4s strdcd
yfth ihe
fomost of
$idce dd tahnolosy, inprcvine lle qrdity of prcdnctioA nisiig ihc cfficidcy perf@ of istitulid,
bolstding competitivnes cotrc@tEtirg on ch.ng,ng ihc
e6djc
sEucnue!
dit@iryilt G@odic adivirie! ahbltutirA [email protected] dclctop|mq Minrlililg tbc edLrc and quality of lif. ofd. wi.ry, plying inrcnsir @ lo dvire@ntal standards ed to tlc rcSuirendb of &qing r safe
mvnom.nt,
Dvelopn nt
&d Ealizilg
!16
tte
Fifth
dw.lollMt of prcductile
scctG,
baic indutrics, patr6teniols irdBFy,.gri@lbrar dd agcindnry figured prcDinddy. Mo@vo, g@tcr atr.nriotr wd giM ro thc rolc of rte p.ivare
sbr
in incr@ing tlc
rclm.
of
prcductiE
3. S.dl Ambtt's
The str.Egic
dnedG of rlc Plu focu.d d dcvelopnelt of ll|lfu com4 &d iD!rcvddr of rh. livbg st nd.rd of ciriztr. Aciat epeDdituE on d*lopn@r sbrs mourcd to SR 4203 bitlion of which SR
216.6 billion wcte spmt m
51.5
lercent oftotal cxpnditue. Thc Pln also mintained the sr.bilily of coruUmr pricd ed iI value ofthe national curcncy whicu ha bdn a uniqu! fdnft of
d{ad6. lnflatio! nre avcngd t.2 prcdt per y@, {bich is a low Et rhnr Eflccrs rhc g6eEl st@i. 3tlbitiry of rn. Kingdon, Th. Pla! also .olcdrracd on rlc srraregic dir..tioo dn d al
thc Kinedom ovcr the pasl teo
incEaing ile contibution of nor{il seto6 d a she of CD?. This sbft rce tom 5l.l pftmr of cDP i. !969, at coNlalr prics of 141920 0999) to
doud
69,7
p.rcol
70.6
il
Ph4 it @h.d
ldl y.3r of the Svdth Developmnt !l& witn6$d ibgorlalr d@eloprcats Elrbd ro globol oil nark t rld pdc6. oD ln. othd b64 pdv{. seto. iov6tlEna 9!w dui!8
p.l@t
" k ttuht
Dc@ry 6d Pbne.
at
D.ydbp\at pto
.d ftPru e/'
lercut wbil. rhis Bte @ch.d 3.5 p@trt duing rhe poiod of rtc Sd6ln Developn@t Pld. covcmmt crpcnditurc dvdged about 2_3 p.enr pd yd duitrg th. Siirh DcvclopMr Pte ald @hcd 9.2 pelwr ovq r[.
9_3
Ud
al
ul
avesg.
mul
ntc of abolt
pld. It's
oil Gv6Es in t424D5 Qtnq hehed io inft!& govc@t spcndi4 ro eud SR 285.2 biuiotr i.e. rh. cquiwlc of 72.7
the imprcvenrcrt
i!
toral rdmues.
a E$11 of
inc@
tdS.rcd
gov.mot
mowrd
276.9 billion
coes
ddelopmedt i..,
ar rhc
6i.
of 56.?
p.Iuq
p@6!, for
ar tbe
iDfashuctu.,
SR
Bou@ devclolDdq
dc
of 8.5 ttqt. Ac@rditrgly, ihc lotal r.rg.rcd e4eqditurc on ddllopncnl s4roB rose ar ihe late of about 16.l pdcdt of lle actuat qpe&lirt @ .lcvelopmd s@!o6 duilg tnc Sirrh Dwelopnd ptd_
FII'E YEAR PI- NS OF ISINMIC REPTJBIIC OF PAKISTAN
Prllrt
y.rr ptu
1983-88
P6!1. of lElisr.d bavc b<a stoIely sctfeiric.l &d quicl io $gg6t core.t'm in polici6. ?ossibly rhc resdls would have beco muh b.t!e., if rh. @l@ of dw.lopndr *Ei tuoE sm@dr .rd batdclil Nw.ritcle! rt.
nat'on cm find
rmc
eo.d of !rcgr.$
for th.
[email protected] wiih .nphasis on agriuthe and s @Btrlctiv. parrr.rsbip bctwen rh. publi. dd lhc priv*c sloF_ Soud
dc
sl4dy
qlesim
.6ci.nt odagmcnt oflew* e l[. key ilput3 for in tne e@ony, together wirh e@onic @d polilic.l
Mljor faile of thc d.v.lopne pro..ss, in Frrospe! hr! ben in rhc cbitiry and detadi@rion to psue m .fl6dve popllation policy
Dn.lopmot Str.t.g/
b6.fit3 of s.osr!
Thc Pkr i5
of rbe
Sitrt Ptrr
rd
bad
on
(a) (b)
h is
rccessary to
u .qraly
grofil
@ ody Edisiiibur.
pov.rry. Brt
@n.nic govt
is a
nc.6s&y, ro
s6ciat
{c)
@nditid for cbagbg rbc .bily liv.s of lh. !@ple. Il'c Pld, provida not only for a [email protected] asricultual adtuce but for
smll hm productiouj noi o.ly for a general agriculrnl adv0nc. but for sbrll &m producrioq noi onty for ovdl indBtiial grcwrh but f6 small ad mcdiM i&luni.s $ well; tror only for pregr63 in g@@l
b
Thc
@t
Ple is eprcss.d lot so nrch i! absraci aggrcgaca s iD logtitl||c of d.v.lopn@r for v&iou s6tos, rcgioN ad acli@ of sictr .or s nMt ir t ms of GNI grenth nte dd saving md invcsimcnr targ.ts s in iem of
b.n.fits
10
The basic
freNo*
of the
us 6
bc
sumized
fairly simply:
Itr bdic
ton
thm to
ed
or obtain the
r@$iri.s of MF
halth ed lhB to ilcrcasc lhen prcdnctivity md to establish equdity of opportmity, lts rel inpet wiu b relleGd in rhe happines ofa @l ftuily whoF hme is suddenry bncbd.d by elerriciiy- Ii will b.
minoied in thc fac.s oflhosc childro who for o&e get
to lcad
a
oppo.nniy
ed dusred lif.. lt wiu b. exprcsed in tho relief oI a dbpl. fa@ who !o lonSq bs ro bdd dom ro drid. pollubd w.rcr fion a diny pond. lt wi! b. mal@d by th. n Eva.d ofd td6t
h.althy
mjd reliaa is or libeBtion ofde c@nve sdgics old. !oplc. T!. Plan is coneiv.d eirhin rhe fiinewo* ot s sigDitrel
Its
d@8llatiotr of
qbtilg {onomic colFob ed Eaulatio!6 so 6 ro ficc thc 4dgi6 of privlte individral5 ud orgmizcd s61o.s !o patticip.i!
tully in @@omic drElopn nt
Tlte chief
bc lrF majdiry
eNrd
rhrcugh a nationd
ircme tu.t
public
str.ss
wo@t
g.rcsl principl
into concEle
plurrm6.
6,5
pd col
y6.
of
)ar
is
ptmed for
th
' l.q.dwfl
tle7L2^atr
M,r,,
of
fmily imomes in rcal t@ ovd thc Plo Friod. Sirc. rh. CrcEl! stratcp of rhe plu is b!.d on r @jd bohhrcugh tu asriculnnl pro<ludio., p6rti@ldly on snar fam, and si@ a v!ry sdioB aneopls b b.ing @d to @mbin. rtis gorlh st at&, with atr .ctiv ircone md erploldcnl polic, it ce bc conndndy exp.crcd thar lhis grewih will b. aenly disiribut.4 wiih & visible impmvdot h rhe
es wU as
allow for
Pld Eli6 o!
a combiMtion of polici.s,
a najor
iftme
fqtiliz.r, wlrcr ad
&n tehtulo$';
d e4.!dhg
wcl
a3
dd
mear;
Epid dcvclopmar of si.et-bar.d mginding goodt moddiz.tio! of t.xnb indlsrty ud 4tabtilhm6t of agGildu!tris fd pro.*i!g
agricuhEl lurpludt md
a bdeed dcvelolnat of se.vi@ bdutrics, Fdc dly prDlic sme b ef6& basic htlm Dc.rild mtio,rl ir6nc
a@uts
and physical largrs
Howad,
rhe
Snlh
Ph dB lot dcp6d o!
rh
8m
h al@e-
It trckl6
mio iDjrudt ir
tbc Bpid
3prcad of public
sdica
sd
hmb
cqul
in 4ononic lifc. Tabl slllr]rMis the inprovn nr cxpeted h thc qulity of lifc ildiq ovd tbe SixrL pte paiod. Ar o bc s*n &om this labl., ihc Sixth Ptd ritu al a d,r@tic ch6gc in lirrey l.v.ls,
panicipatioD
accqs !o potable wster
ed
inprcvcn nt in h..lth i!dicc!. A[ lhcs ibDrowrcnE e ba!.d m oncrde pmgtllffi for whicb ndBsary .ll@tioB r6vc b.n Dadc. Tte
ed
b.d in@!d fmE 9.9 pd ce in rhe lifth Ple to about l4-3 p.r car in thc Sixth Pld; in atfolute id$. thft is . qudnn jM! of.tout thr! ril6 i! tb6.
has
pmgllm*
l96Ml
4.8
ua2{!
13,9
l98r-83
32.7
t5.0
2. -
23.5 6.8
48.0
t2,t
7,7
30
II
Thc principal instrm.nt for
63
90
32
d{.lopmdr in rhc Sinh pte sil !6 lhc cMriv .!.rgi6 of lb. prirdc a6rol Ths. dcrgi.$ wil b. libcnr.d lbro!8! a
@nbiEli@ of prcglrltll:B,
sucb
4:
Iaw wil
hlll@ ..som4 potatial tlmugh. fivefold im:t4 in tbc oq@dinle on cdu@tion &d h..tiL Snfici.nt mpiric.l *idtrce b now aqitablc ro sggcst ilrr.du6tid
be a@clerated d.vclo!tued of
on
ed
ML
blou
producliyity
rt
a d,o mosl
!tt6!.rivc invesda
Th. Sixth
lla! aim
at a
qebm tap
las
.ea*ed
abour
fou
ric s
n@h cxFldiftE
fq si6.c dd
bdigdoN
as in the
ir eor@ic lifc
.lldis.
rhc b6is of
Tt E will
frdework
be a
mslik
disFM
a
wirb
ed
ro rcplacc
thm wirh
policy
dd sial inEr$B.
Th. Sixth ?lr! fmework wd bs.d on a new conpacl betwen public dd pnvltc s@tor. Policie of c@isrclcc od @p@tid wiu b. @ged in aI &ctds of th. .co@ny - whln.r in indury or in agiculrN, @Dstruction, eduotio4 h.alth, snices, Flde or ey oth{ tEld - ed r rdiou elIort @dc
to
rwo
scr6.
Thc pnblic
eclor will qs.ntialy play ihe Dle ofa @talysr, It wil crcate ib pbytsial od hll|@ biarrucftft tblr is nceded for p.iBtc initiltiE ro @ldiilizc. Ir eiu also rcsere rh. righr to .ntd s & invdtor of lasr rc@n whftv4 private
sia of m jnvairh.nt, o. n.w tebloloAJ,, or mcrtain n rt B. Thc diEctly pbdErirc erivirid anrt senic.s rill be resned alncr qcluively for Oe lrivar. ector, boih in
s.ctor lo @mc iD
tu hesii!
b@uc of
th ls.Ce
irid.tjE ws at$ @@gd i! prcvidile physical i.ianuciuc in Nsciation wil! pubtic s@ror - sucb as, iD tb. costncton of highways, airIEn tcmiuls, dd$, dcvetopDo! aql &lcphon sedic.sa wcll s in .durion. batlb &il orhcr sid s.ryi6.
ag.icultDE and in indusrry. kivare ThE Mu be
a
!igDi[6t
lord-sledding of govemenfs
fihcial
lo
buden!
so
to mobitizc
priwe
@@rraG o!
sle
ofpublic
sror indatri.s w
pmg@c
conpard
!!d priwt s@roB wilt h.ve ro Lm ro liv togel[a i! . spint of cmpchtiotr wiilin rhe ft&twort of brcadcr Mtio.al iniftsrs. Ihe pnblic sror will bc .eougcd ro led fon th. dyEDis of l[. Fivar. wroi
Borh public
And ihe
public
priv.t sclor will be uscd lo eDbFc lle social conscicn e the sror nul havc, h m6t seioc ofrbe eonony, ir js pltu.d tbar borh
public
ud
pd
wetl
establish
joilt
10
in@c
al
oE
twic rh
nle of
public
Ev*toent b indshi4, 85 per.cnl of the ncw inveshcnt is eipected &om lriv.tc seto. by r[..!d ofrh. Sixth pte pdiod 6 agajmr 24 pd @r ai tbe
begimjng of lh. Filth
rcsol|le dd domeric crnit to @jof sbili ir th. invesh.nt rcLs ofprblic dd p.ivate sdroB.
Whilc
a
r.lia
rhis
mjo. Uh.Etio!
of
is @trr.bptarcd
rhc Sixrh
pte,
loliciq de .lso bcing fomulated to osft ih!l: - S.cid intrb do @r b.oh. a @lty in dy seh lib.EliatioD thiv.. For iBrec, sleial crc<tir pro8r"M for sal Amd md
srEll ild$irialisr!
bsve been dsiened to
@sw
that tbe
stult investor
wip.d
of
by tlE
rltorlN
lriElc
nthd than coqtinuc lwiving wilhin a higbly prorcted ald shetMEd mttet, The ptufit3 of pdvilcgcd accass ro s@c Bomes q xceD6 orFmi|s mul b. Gpln@d by prcfii5 of .ffici@y dd ow t cbnology.
The
lory to
s Mt r &d 06 not m
tukr
ge1s inro
pnuG enkQrise
will ircrNingly play a prooori@I, urher tne rcL. Ir ril 6co@ge uc inroduction of n* &.b&togy
rhc prie
ed fsal
signab given
Tle Sixth
on the role of rlblic corpohtios in capilal fom$ol Public orloFtoB de beirg s@Msed b cxpdd rh.ir ilvdrrnml our of thck om pretirs dd efficicncy. Thc roral
@Donrim w.E prcjcctld at Rs 65 billion in the Sixtb Pld which will coGrirur. & iIIIesc of I t 7 !.Bnr ovd the Finh ?lan. TtrN coryoratos de also beinS @odged to att act norc privale iNsttnor b worl sid. by sidc with public ibds h vdiou ddelopmm! ti.tds. Duing rhe
for th$e Sixth
progm.s
lla
priod,
of
or of tlre stf-gddrcd lellc. Cociddalion rs ats be given to conven norc pblic s&tor adrud$ j o a co4ont for4 for itu|rre, i. RlnmF, Oit 6d c'r DcEloman
Coryoqtio4 Telephone ed Telegaph Dla mor,
add
D*ctrr.lllhrion
of Der.topmentActivities
Th. Si\di Ptd ws basd on rbe onc@r ofd.cntratiz.d dcvetopmcnr. The dcvelopmenr !.ogrames exctuled by the Fedenl CaveMelt have increaFd ftoh alour 20 pd cdt ofiohi public serd &Elopm@r sF(,rturc i! l9?G
cat by 19E2,83. Considerable devetopnent rinciroc we@ trasfftd in 1973 Aom prcvi&s io rh.Icddt covchmerr Tt6e inctudd fcftilize! $bsidy, flood conrrot posr?mq cut Ehabiharion, ulbd r.spon, uivdrity educatio4 prevodve hdlth pmgtu &d ml halth, beid6 othc. prcgtilm, U6e Fanspon ws @ddy trasraq.d bact< to rhe ?roviEial goymelis Ir would be iI poticy of rh. covm.trt to Ev,ew
10 about 80 per
7l
corlinuously wh.rh.r,
should bc
ed in wh.r Dmtr,
the
ed@atio!, he.lth ud .gricultuc whih e ldgdly ude. &ovincid jqisdicdon. Iac povinci.l stft in thc dird ex@trotr or d.v.loDDat
pbvisccs duing ilE Sixih plan ldiod. Evh on l! b*is of tlc exisiing disrriburid of nrdioN, ric atio! of prcvincial d.velopncnt plogdDnes is likely to inc@sc tom abolt 2t per c@t in 1982, 83 to ovd 26 Fr ccnr in 1987-88, sirc. I @jor @clmdon r cor@Lrcd in
tujor @nctu of$e Sixth lld m to brils dweloprne clcd to &c peopl. T!@ msr b. largd.otmuiiy pa.ticipatior itr rh. ex@rion of developaol proglms. Th.E mut atso be r largc. ble for elet d tool bodi6 in lhe plming ed [email protected] of developh@t !rogra|r]@, Ir i,
one orlhc
$ei6.
aho
TIE District Councils baw rt@dy PEplr.d then Fivc-ya pt4 whic! will be discusd with then md n@e$ary fiMcigl hd lechnical supFn orgmi4<l ftr rhc impld !ri@ ofl!6e prcgtllMs. Tlc Snth pt& contcmplatca
n4c$ary to tuurc $at ecomnic dcvelopncnt ni@s the spiFtions of the l@al Foplc ed is l.elr .x@ulrd rhrcugh thcir oM .dive paniciFtio!. Th. local bodies will bc o@wgcd ptay a la4er rct in rhc lrovisior o{ bsic
Non_Oovemdllt
Orgtutltiom
ceed
plm.l6ty wa rh.l developu sholld be thm.lvcs, wiih neBery Asisrance 6om ihe
ln ordd to
few
Plan
6u!
but
ibr
hu&
l@s
spread equirably
fl!
rhc Sixth
on the following
op@rionatpolicie:
mrior-wid ircone
ud dploymat
slpply
dd
of robt .alioDl scdic6 of cdutioq, lealtb, waid sewmgc, elstricity, and rc.ds ba .amd.eit for ?O
sbft
bd
in th ruBl
a]4.
have
ConcEte
progn@s loi a
aud inlcgmred
mor
bd
d6ircd
i,
6h
Spairl progmca
tbe
b.i!g lauch.d
sucb G lbc
ildiear poputarid,
Thc&
prcgrtua @
givd b.low:
'5
sunntury
Iocone
ud EDplorre
Poticy
Th. Sixdr Pl6r will !.ovide new cmplotodt olportulitid for ndly fod nillon addirio l labou foes rtrough rhe fottowing steps: - Cdter sFcs oD smll Sm prcductio Obwh ouch ldg.r prevision
of aed.ultural crcdit mbing n to 50 pcr c@t of lhe rorat ihbtrgb rhc inhodetion of sNtl FacroB sd @tt fam &chrotogy, od tbrcugh
dpid sped of .@donic iltbiocrure in rbe M, al4. Incdlivs fd 6pid expasion ofsMll sdle uir!, particulrrly in agrc
the
|tbcatiatio! of ddonic co rols lrer lvailability of steel at rasBbl pric.e, spread of Ml el@Eifi@tio!, ed ! fwoulblc 6eal sysrea Prclcals for mderlating @l {o*s progt?lm.s b6cd on patisian,s om ebqgine agrjcultunl suQluss,
tbrough
ed.qtn@dry indllrri6,
[email protected] i@riomt r.aining for pakistan's tabou foe, lo domdric needs dd for Der nigFli@ abroad.
DeveJopmdr
borL
b @lcr
of appre!.iatc tccbnolosf, uing p.lisbn's oM dw roteriah and labow, rbroud . four-fotd inftase in expcixliturc otr
dd rhFugh thc d@ltralizd .stablhbnent of tdhnologicat iaritut6 trd indusrrial sir6. An incone Dolicy aimed ar ilceased wages i! line wilh increass in rcal Fodutivity and pdij,l ind.sdon of rte el,ri6 of llc 6x.d i@D.
rechnology
scrdcc
d.l
Runl ftrnsform ion Ilre S h Plar also aiB al a nlid rusf()mrion of tle rurs! snc in lmy wars. Rutal al4 brve sl@r rbtuugh rb@ d!ud6 of devetoptmt Only recsrly, d &@lentcd inctw in agricuhdl prcduction h.s br@ght a
renercd attention of what b lackjlg in the .urd ee$ by way of social sNi@s
dtl
op.n thm up to @mmic developnhr od to .arry the ..nl.E of 4oromic gre*{h brck inro rbe henlald of the muilyside.
rcmis ro bc done to
pbsiel sd s@irt ioflasrru.nue .& hopclsly dctlciot in th. Iul aeas. About 65 p.r cdt of th 45,000 vilag6 in ilte couotry, dd nu@rcu snall scnlc4enb, go wirhout clehiciry. The rural mad networt
At
the
pBdt,
l* lhd on -finn of thc t Gcribed miniDuo of 0.64 titonet r of read, pd lqle kiloncr.r ofua. Only 22 p.r cer ofrbe tul popularjd is swed wii! srlc drinking watd. t s thatr oFh.lf of rbe @lpriD!ry shoot_
contai4
agc cLildFtr acnDlly go to sh@ts
dd
@l fcfut.
lircBcy
hovq mud
tbc
ablsDal 6ic of 5 p.r c.Er. The our.crch of ihc uosr [email protected] forn of holl! ndwo.k nisss oul I pe. cm! of fte poputarion, Only 1,000 our of 7,000
Ml
d@io6 in
al%_
llar period, boelils of et4tricity werc ro b xrended ro 8l pd c.nt of$e rod villac6, conraininS ldly 90 pft6r of rle roral runt lolulation. The addirio@t tr twdl of hm-r6Mt.r rcarts aDd cdd @ds
DuinS fie Sixth
wbicb will b opd.d ro pubtic Bc will
hclle
conlarcd to tle Finh ph period. Ir dm tha! lh prccnlagc of Ml poprlation sded with clean drintilg waid will h. sised Aon the ptlgt Plm
22
pd ccnt to .bout 45 pd cdq ed scwcFge faciliria &om 4 F 6r b l0 pd cor Thc prcporrion of rh! roal priMry shoot ag. childm n rural schools
win bc irc@ed fion bclo* 50 !8. c.nt b sdicc wiu be iattuduc.d (!ef@bly on a
?O
mlulrry bsis,
oEpulsily if
leatlh
nec*sary) tud
uits md @l
ce
ers
citiE oral
rual t a$fomrion vill b. ttuly dnnatic in it' impac!, It will b. [email protected] in th .laily liv6 of miuioB of ropte. Ir wifl a]so $rppdr ,!d
Snch a
.gricuh@l br.akrhrold dd hlp c@vcn 1h cou!.y inro borh a pmpmls cDnary .rd m orcblr4 saing its oM ncc& of setf_sufici@cy s
&cel@tc
k[
as
in rhc Middt.
Edt
opp.rtunlris fo. won.n'! D.v.topdcrr A not bl. &ane ofrhc Sixth ptd is r! sp@ial cnpl!3is pl&.d
otr
woncn,s
tLyelotmdt- Tb. Plrtr @didly Eognia rt r no si.ty @ cvd ddGlop balftibcnr.d od half-shactd.d, lt provid.s ii dch Fctor of Maomic adivity d4clopr!6i pbg|fu4 ro inregnG hm6 @d lhcn @cfr! i{ rbc
@ilstcd
of social
stio
of
si.ry
od ccorcnic life. Oveh dewlopmnt should bmetit all ed n is mr Fsiblc to segrcg e all r[. pregrlmA w[ich
U. Sixth plaa.
vill bcrcfit
prcgllms aho exlcnd a helpirg bdd to @ p@B groups D seiety ro mbl. thd to srand on th.ir oM fcd d p.I $ to pm{dc mds of sustdE@e for those who my havc no orld alteative of ,.mBrive coployn The!@gm*inctude: . Bcnefit of zakar ud Ushr sylrs! to 1.5_2 millior mllrahikcd (d*ruiry indisans) duids rh. plo p.riod - Nutition prcg@cs fd t.2j dilion s.v@ty ,[email protected] childrcn
TlE Sixth Pld
md one Eilliotr prcg@t mothcE.
Prcvision of
stEcial
Fogram.
to
ed
cwtlve
nceds of o@
Cnous
ftucial
lle
doMge l[.n i!
hardicaps of
volutlry agencid tc! thcir etrolrs ro a@liohre ft. loci.l &o .olnc
suplon to non
govmtal
poor people.
D*lopbdt o{ 100,000 smll plob ev.ry yd &d povki@ of i!t6!t!e lod b belp low,incore groups blitd their oM houa d
The Sixth
ad in its policy pEqipdo6. Ite baic objadw is rlE sic@tronic @cipation of rh. @$. Ii G bd.d d a e.lbdc appFkal of rlc tune ec& md capaciies of the utioa. Iis policy pbpoals e conmr, opdti@l ud tu tlblc. Bur in tL lat anatysis, their implddralion wiu dc!6d d rh. cmbiftd sil of rh. Btio! md its willingness to &ftpt liBh id$ ard nw oppulutrs
in ils preCraJM*
Plh
Prld3l.r's Sev.bth Dev.lopmentpl.o (198&1993) ln dccmiDing @noDic dd ddetopocnial objccuvB rbc ss@rb DcvGloph@t Pllr had reli.d otr ihc .tevelopdord achievelMts of rb. plqou pru so al to b. in lire wiu the rcquir.tnors of 0r tesitioDt stag., pdninmt of rhN obj@rivq w tuc@rlrior on.nco@gjng trd{il tnvat sector to Ealizc d avmSe @ul gtu*rh ,arc of 4,2E pftor, @lizatio! ofa r.al avengc dnul gbwrh mre i! irvcstlDc ar tne sc of2.l2 pac.nl, of lii. status of rhe ctrcnt @cout in rhc balMc of 'mpDvehmt laym.nts ro a poinl wLer it would Mliz a $rptB eriMted .1 i!. Bt of 2l-79 p@dt of cDt by rhc d of the Dla.
Mosr
prorn@
r98S-01
2
1_128
t52%
,81
7218
5232 t9224
34.100 31tr74
I96l
t9224 t.331 2t623 \,754 I820
2.750
l21l
0
87.361
L0t%
8_t2% 9.14%
24.7n
,0451
1157t
I.754
1320
,.150
0
3401
307.1
M0l
tqq!!!r., spod. & Touim
1.515
\&!!evd
3073
atyo
1.535
Rd4I,
NGO
s
423
SErlllrc* PtddrS
423
535
021%
Proatu.
t5,]00
t86.102 163198
350.000
0,t3%
!!q@!nn.
&qLcdd$ Pls)
iiit.ii't
S.v.!th Plu I
Allqtio!
6.321 12.504
4@!!b{.
6.133
@'ry
3J2a
t)18
5.232
0
538
3324 3302
5,770
t9.D4 49l41
34.1m
8,351
2.640 t_154
17.616
villlc
t.820 2350
8,401
1.894
0 t2.232
10.092 247
5,114 2.150
20.635
t.071
1.755
ll.l65
2JX2 I,176
467
309
Rc@ch
srieic, plmE
423
242
t35
2.@0
t0l
0
7,8t4
21,788
633 2.000
512
5t2
0
?,814
2t,i83
15q000
211
Progmn
of
Mie[lar
mDc
r ordll
?.6?9.
...L4
2,!1.1
_.._.q
Fd4 acy@
P!fudoi
ytEh.4^,d!fudR!6Ih
|l2'
!!4!! P'rr@.
0,0o
Phhu)
Dd.{.rn
tu.d6(sc^$s)
2 2.
3 5.
DGNRER
310.0
508.4
6. 8, 9.
10,
ocDc
t5.161_8
3J65.5
323.0
l0?.3 t4.100.0
TrrntDort.!dComDunlcdoN (SuBbr.y)
poil
{r*x
plorrN
qrlwuJo
r)'q mqtd
tuqalo
r(lsnr FotrN
(ft.uun$ xtopu{$J
16n$u9a rdesd ro$!I!
r6t
Put
.t!.tts
lI
3!
^ll)
rd5ttrc8[R eI.tE
@|J@cl!@a!rtgrJ
0z0l
pr utyloJ
,,uods
nrnC
PoDurrtbn
W.ll.r. Pro$.Ene
o,i6!dd|@o{.oatuidr
lsriM or
r.dtfty
c4b xrehi
.dtudm P'oje' lwq \rch.q!, R1r3 rnd Fiv. R4jwl T'irie toriNt
sedn t.ttuorets{
Pqn'mltqhP|.vin.I.iB
D:bvincid
tudqudm ftd
dndior
wdlc
M.di.rl
FuiryIL!.i{.|q!frhdPblm
Sehl w.ll.r.(SuDD.ry)
x.ddrr
cd&
ofser.t tvdnE
P.b.t
!"
is
Patiltr!
of
15
ste.irg
(5
irs
eotmic
n?ffirt
ofnediu ldD
jts
y{)
st
in
6d.d @ 3d J@ 1993. ttc BSbtL Plr! ( 1993-98) cmddccd wirt rh. ADu.l Pbr t99!94 ad bre be! &turlly Luchcd !n r ll. .lpllvi of tbc clei.d goY.@t or 3lr Mly 1994.
Thc
otr
co!fu.d
lr
'@dd
Tb.
pFF.ld i! @Bdr.d@ {itb lh. &d.trl .t6ci.3 .nd lbc proviDcid govcrlscols. Tb. 6nai.gr .nll
of lh. Eidth Pivc Plrtr
6.ew!
Y5
of 28 Tehrical Cominls coopiiring ovcr 2500 ..qda 'EomddriioEl toE public add Fivir. c1or3 !.t up i! co!tid wirl rtlc ptlDcrrid of rlc EiShlb llu hwG tic.! rU.o bto cooridc.lrioo i! fo(@htilt t[. Ptn. It tenecB lbc initrrivB rld iMr?or ca rh. poticica ofr!. govdDlnr gcrtld ro a dya.nic Nd .quibblc .odortric alstcm. Tbc Pbn b ildiatiE oflb. priority .tt!4hed b e.cirl sccto(!, .ncr5/, .taiD8! ild pbylicrl inArlEucruE I! r.rbs of gn gdcll !yst@{ n uld@oa prbUelrinr. p..b.Btip, ed
poticy
initiltivc!, o! th. !)@gcm. !y!id4 rh nc.d for sct.clivity in sc.loEl prcgtfu$ ud a *pr! @ognilion of rh. f.cr tb.t @MlidldoE ed nh.bilitltion ofthc ph$ical and wial irta'tu.tur! i! $ inporrst .! nc1{
ilv.stdcll.
I!.
pb<ndivity of |wl@
0993-98)
Irrdbnrk!
of ElShr
IL!
Pris)
tt3
Aelddo
(%) (Ral
Tmr
752 36
l?01
59
,a
457 481
553
752
ODP
M.c|!.@lonjc M.dgoelt
l. 2. 3. 4,
to
hdf-
R.d@.
cmr
Gomt &6cn n@
billid - fron
Et
36% ofGDP-
Molctary
cxptuid
5. Rctime of hiSh @st debl by ltilianon of privat@tion !rc@.&, 6, Intloduc. Lgislative @nhol on budgct d.fici1. 7. R.duce inf ion Bre liom 9,3% to 5%. 8. NatioMl svings!o cDP nrio io fte nom 13.6%io 16%. 9. Cffitc 6.2 nilion lew job. agairst 3.2% EiUi@ itr S.vatb Ple
l. 2.
ad
clNK
3. E6E 4. 5.
ldg t d
shon t
Pog!?l]@ ed.oployD.lt
Maal
m-
thrcugh sp6i6c
dd
ac@s to
cducatio!, rcces
(panicularly s.Il
olludd
md dcfarlt,
cdspioou @o!rpti@
dd dtug addictior
6.
[email protected] of rte @Dnic sysED, tb@gh d@grtlltior, a@uarbility ed dpow@mr of rh. Nrl coftnldti6, NGo8 ald lowo ot lN of
ro rh
dbrrict lwcl,
Iofl rds Conpetitive M.rk.b 1 r-Ner tax B16 ald bro.dd t x b6se, arM
@ony' inpov. id cohplis4.
docmatari@ of
l!.
2, Crrbilnot of speid coltcdioB lad Mt{eting a.livili6. 3. Le6 tatitr$lcnue ed ilcgntios wil| tbc Wodd @!my.
l.
2. 3. 4.
iDtrurEi!!
SlpDonirc polici
i! l[.
59'6
SECNORAL TARGETS
l. 2. 3. 4
BFhh.ougb i! FiDrty Fnicilotio! Boys Aom 85 b 95% Gitk filo 54 l,o 82%
trl.r
bcralc lilc rcy nr. tod 35 to 4E%. OuFur of t chici@ io iD.tt& by 5096 - ioo 85,m0 b
Qurlitrtilc iDpoEm.ot i! rlc cdudtid stst E
12?,000 pcr
fl.dth l. hg.sc 33,000 vilbgc bc.lrh wdtlre - pirr @jo. ctrdr qt otio! tt i[c vitbs! tcacl.
for
balrl
2. 3. 4, 5,
F'Jl
ill'tMi2.rid
of dolhq
.d
cbit4
to D.
6!.d filB
!o 63,5
80 to 90./6.
.xFray
ro go up
tDm 61.5
yen
yan.
!o
dclinc too
E.6 io 5.5%.
6, 7. 8. l. 2. 3. L 2,
Conb.ol of
miceNlrient dencialcics,
pdnction Univetsal
ofincid
z@s
i!ci*.
tom
20 to 80y,_
14 ro 28%.
- iom
ro 2.7yo.
Covedg
of
ml
frtu
r;7
Ttyr of
io go up fiom 14 to 32%.
INTRASTRUCflJAD
L 2. 3. 4, 5.
Complctc Cl''ehmr
Cul.
B.rl
Outfall Dhin_
tii
Viible PrceBs
1,r'ater loggine
i!
the diastcr
Ns
10 be etini@ted (1.40
millior
L coEhetid ofcb,zi Brerhr Hyd.l Pdd pb.iet O45o (M\lr). 2. ftdnil s@cEtion id p.ihr. scror (An nd prcj6tt p&ity 25m
MW).
3. 4, 5,
Cooplti@ ofongoila Hub Powd Projecl in prilde sctor (1290 Mlr). Privatiation of tb.mEl plaors of WAPDA_
up by 68%
(&on 9?86 MW to
16422
MW
6_ ?. 6.
Oil prcdndi@
w by 106% (&om 60000 to 123,300 @Jor nv6tnclt cxp@t d too priwc scctor.
Ga lroductior up by
pek}
9. Siifdr
10,
utiliztio!
of
L 2. 3. 4. J. 6. ?E9.
10. 11.
Doubl.
nil
Km).
MdufachN of
Conplet
lDdus
(N,25 &dN-{O).
Cltu rtl
pndhg
d.dad
for r.l.ph@c
cod6tiod
(2.5 nini@ np
lin6
depicring l25olo
N@br
ofpd
D ro I E513.
d.
Wolk on Low&i
TMl will
bc
initiat
PRODUCTTON SECTORS
1 2. 3. a.
@gcm6t of agricuttlrc, iEigsliotr rd .trajlage. Shift of mpbais to Eelo u!. .fEcicncy - podicdarly ioplr
htcgnted
trr@8enot dd G@h lhkagci. Ent lciDg @p !.odlction by iDpreving e6ci@y of inpuls .nd ..8h. Bcncrsil m'nigm6r, ibFov.d 6po@ to f.rtitia E.
hmdnction of sprirltd .!d tricH. irig$iotr.
5. 6, 7. 8.
lntcgnr.d P.sr
Mor.
Bsrablisbsnt
ofKiu
Ba*s.
15
to 18.25 tuillion
km).
nilior bals).
Ri* p.odetiotr u! by 3l% (A06 3.25 to 425 bilid toB). Su8&tu prcducti@ up by 26 (ton 35 ro 46 nilli@ toff).
Non
'4
2.5
by
108%
(Aon
120 0o 250
nillionio$).
3070
(&om l7 io 22 Drlion
to!t,
Irdutdc
Mh.nll
sDatl $alc
l 2.
BMklbugh in
stor &d
qulity
and
to
1.97
oillion
toB).
up by 54%
(fon
2.4 to 3.7
niuioD totu).
lirco.
ihou&d toG).
Bic}!l6 prcdEtion rp
'+
by l3?%
(n6
7D ro
1686
rboMd to6).
TMkr dd bues
up
by
l00e/o
of
blisl*
P.rform.lc
ofsde
n Phn
Pl& ws prp6Fd wir[in a bmd ba$d sic {ooomic I'ddork of a find ye$s p6sa6tivc 0988-2003), .npbsizi4
ourput @ onc
Ya
offf.
on ihc
othd. Of the PdEEctiv Plan lotal incrcnElal largeb, abour 23.6 pcMnt of GDP, 22 pqcdl of invsrmdt, 23.8 pcrcdl of expo.ts, 26.2 percdi of
nd 21 p*nt of cvouq werc dvisaged to be anained duing th. Scv@lh Pld. It alt@ptd ro add&ss O. deffci.ncis in social s.ctc'6, cducation, halth, womn dvelopme.t elc. as weu a @nomic probleos likc fiscal ed c@t ac@mr deffcits, inflatio. ed ucoployne . Mmy polict Efo@ w@ buchd duing tt! Pla pdiod dd . rw e@omic cdifi@ bdcd otr CE 6terpri, open Mkcq p.iEtiatio4 dcEgrrdio. ud
imporls
dd th fomer Soviei Unio4 Ession in Pakistan's cxpon mlcts,lhe cuulvd, rh d.lay in the setdn n1 of th Afghe issue, rlc polirical llM ailti6 on th. don*iic fio, AEqumtchdg.sof gov.@nt, civil disrubdG iD 1989-90 dd odds of 1988-89 dd 1992-93. How.v.r, &e ovEll lerfolrM@ ha
Aonb including conomic contractio! of Edtem Ercpe
Mdoel
ltc
grcfih prfo@@ rbm!8h b.low rh. pla! irge! wd itr line wirh tbc histori.al trads, ed saijsf.crory in thc @ntext of inhat &d *r.hal con*rainB. cDP grw by 5.0 pcrcc.r (&get 6.5%), 4ericullllE 3.8 p@nt
(rargct or 4.7olo),
@uf&rurins
dd ollEr scior
5.3
.ggEgat
tem
over ?4 percol
of
the
incllMlli ouhut
ratgcrs wc.c
dd capiLl
goodr did @t
si6i6cet i@r'rcvc@i.
M.ccF^oooolc FnD.mrk Tb. Iisal tuio meivcd i! rh. pte did lor tut rializ. Tgrg.ts Dtating to Edditio@l BoK6 dd corFol of cuia! .spodiru* w@ nor achi4crl Tte hod offieat .teficir hd bcen d tollom:
8_7
199t-92 t992-93
1.5
7.9
&.
the mual grc*lh i! nonsla.y ss.rs ar 15.2 pcrcmr wd hield rhd rhc n n tfgt of 12.5 !ftent bu close to the nonind growlh of cN? ar 14.9 lmnt
Donestic credit ircresed ro Rl. 326,7 billion Rs, l?9.9
pld slinarc of
lh.
billid. cov.mcnl
mirly
to
in@se
in budgetary suppott,
wbich
Ech.d
llc ?Lr
billid.
FortMtely, tbe "@wdira our" cF.ct id @dir alte.tim w6 Biriilcd rcfl.diry ihe dlhasis o! priv.t invedrcor Crrtir utiliariotr rc Rs. 1j5.5
biuion agaiBr lhe Platr alo..rion
oftu.
I 15.2 biltion.
&coul
Ttis
deficir
rcs fion
S 1.68 bilion in
minty s Esulr of d.r.rioErion in O invisibls i.e. f.ll in remirbnes sd incE se in scryie ptynots. As a coftciive mam rup.c crchaee Bc wd brcughi cl4 b th rutct v.l!e.
1992-91.
billioi
i!
ir
iuly
Th. pcrfoMce @
grN dooe$iic 6xd inrcstdor rarget of Rs. 660.2 billion, rhc adul ircro@t (1987-88 pn6) moutcd to Ri. 6E2 billid; with priste invdrbat exceediog lle target by about 19,6 perc@i whil. th. public inv.strnrr
invatndt
has
no
bm
@ugilg
AeaiBt
rh6
4didcqd
sborthllof
9.6
pl@i
lor
proglllmc. the Scv.nth lltu had prcvidd outlay of Rs. 350 biUiotr at 1987-8E pdcs. Th. lctual rpdditue is
ro om@r
Btimrd
b I|l.
r! &hiwc|mr
of
91.8
The PlaD
ir &e ccMic stucture. Spttrld by a stady grcwrn id linc aitl thE dli.. PLE, rn ildcEid #ror [email protected] its
a dhtjnct cbange
M*s
she
of loial ouFut Bre.dily, su46sing lgricuttuc for thc 6rst tiroc. Sinc. the
the shaE ofindustrirl setor in
cDt bd gon upfrom 15pftdtio 26.1 9<rcar ar6 sdic stor froD 38 pd6t !o 49.5 pftdt whle agricIlt@ hs gone doM no4 46.6 p.rcdt ro 24.5 pcr@r i! Patisnrl
Iirst Pla!,
PIOPULT{IION INDICAI\OMI
Kl4d6
(l D[)
1980
ol S.u.f
Ar.U.
(rr bro
l9Et
r982 t983
9.t
9.8t
0! oll)
5.6{t
5.73
.JE
,|.00 1.36 1.62 5.0
to25
t0.69
t,89
6,07 6.
8.30
l9a4 l9a5
ll.13
l9o
l99t
ta.o
r6.51 1696
17.15
lll
aE1
5.t6
6,51
tl5 5'
8,4 8.6 8.8
194
195
1996
l9l
9,0 9.,O
9,9
7.51 7.56
7.51
tlJr
t925
r9.8a l9,aa
20.18
lo,2 l0.4
10.7
,'0
9.E
8.E:l
t14
8.58
l0.l
t02
10,8
198
1999
2t.tt
22.69
||l7
I I
!0.9
zx,o
l,,rl
7Ml
M2 M3
zD5
t,66 I t,98
t9 tolt
lo?l
u.28
I1.59 t2.2 9.7t
901
ut
l2.E I t.8a
2t.52
25.10
23.21
u2
l2,t
t2,61
ll,5
t2.l
12,9
Ll.nl. R.putft
of
P.Llrt0
(000
1980
l93l
1932 1933
85.3 85.1
41.1 93.2
1984
1985
ll23
llJ,8
l19.2 r22.4
126,5
96.1
l99l
1992
1993 1995
t997
t30.3 r38,2
130.6
198
20oo
t39.8
1,199
2!o2
?4o4
t592
D.olV M.h F.b.L G.r (li ill) (b nt) 106,1 42.8 42,4 105,8 ,r4 40.8 f09,1 44.7 ar.1 ll2,5 41.6 a2,a 116 49.t 44.1 119,6 50J a5,5 139,8 51 55.4 t44 5E.8 56,9 148,3 @,7 58.5 152,1 62.5 @2 157,t 64.2 63.2 162 A 03 l7l_8 6.1 92.2 t6L4 68.' 64.1 173.8 nn 6&5 186.4 75:t 769 l9&2 79n 70.8
6325 3886 ?039 ,(l07 1521 3946 8351 4381 Ct84 4t2 9037 13s2 15229 *26 {119 16l,18 9014 4789 !5545 9ll)8 ,1681 t6134 9235 5056 t6711 | 1587 a563
t7997 t@r
3m
5J85 3904
CEAPfiR-5
Efiectiveree ofD@ronic Pollcld h KhgdoD
ofslrdi Anbir
Duilg rhe p6st thrce d.c6d.s, developn nr ctrorts rdulled in 6e acc plkbmst of *vral sigrifiMt aomnic snd dev.loFnotd &nia.tuft in Kilgdom of
Ssudi Anbia. TlEac .chivnnts
rcflected iD the
dd c@iion of t ngibl ed
positive 3hifts
ir
in@ded mle of th. p.ivatc s.clor inpowd buin*3 cordnims in m.kct 6o@my ed 6. .mpetirid .nvircmert. Duilg th. m. pcdod, rhc .tr crivdds sd sigfic@c of @nomic, fs.il, moodrty, invBbndt dd tn.L policie vri.d ir lire wirh
rbc @t@
ofrh. A@edl
@nditions
pEeilirg
al rn r
pdiod Duing
rhe
Fiisr
ad
S@nd Pla 1390/91-139/1400 (19?G1979), Lrge sol!'menr e4adiluE brcught !bo!l llc phcnoMon ofpde innadd which !ted to Hch 312 pftelt in 1396/9? (1975) B w.U d in.l4cd Nnb6 of f@ign labor tuE in rhe @ut y- In Ih. c@tcxr of .ddtsine thb phd(l|rrfu4 fts@t policy rc adjNt ! wbd ir w daid.d to 6top i!t.!t4 i, public ereadir@
in 1399/00
sd
dionsl mpover
o. apptication of Saudizati@ policy Mlh thc colmac.n@t of l! Founh Plln's inpldcnt lion pbcas- Ir should he noted rhal attcnlion givcn ro .@nomic policics dd rhcn inigBlio btue nde eviddt duing lhe Fourth to lhe Scvcnrb D.v.lopmar Plm- I! gq@I, .@onic dd dw.lopmor policis gailcd ffi!r .trcidcy not ody in
ad
.@mic $abiliry irrenrlly and cxt@tty, whicn @red developn pqs over t!. Fst rwcnry y.c, tD1al$ in rh. .xsutiotr of .@mniq s@ial md ovironincnral iD.ti$renle prej61s, as s.U d in rhe
achiwing genehl
!rcvision of bett r e(tucarion, hcltrh ud cnvirofiroht sdic6 to ciri4 'IAi, b3 helped i! dpd3ioD of c.oionic activiry aDd ecl@li@ of si.l
developmot itr
gsml.
@ker
In the context of the Kingdon\ cxperince ovd the p.sr ibre d@adcs, ibpleMtation of ilvqtuidt policy took plac. ir two fietds, The tEt otre ir cdfined lo 6ndiq iwcarrn nt ud dev.lopmdi prcj4rs by the govelmdr s of nllfu l@m4, s@ial dd h4l!h d.vclopm.nr, &v.lopmt of eotunic r@llm, tolsport &d [email protected], neicipal sd houing sdie. Filfuial !!.ollft sFnt h th6c i.ctos ilc6cd Aom SR 34. r bilid in rh. Fi6t Pbn r390r'91-1394/95 (1970_194) ro SR 485.3 bilion in I[. svarh Pld (2000-2004).
It is noted d thc paneh of rltoorion of lh.sc dp.ndilB dong rn eit ecro6, thnt dcvelopnor ofbM rqsorccs, wbic! ruk d ilird h tems of
its
De6sy rroles
ft
atl@rtcd in thc
pl&!
tuted fsr Fgudilg lhe she of its dleauons A06 n\c bral public exFadihle or deElo[mmt agnci4 in th. Fourlh rtuough thc Seve h pls. h the Svad !td, allocatiou of bMe r.soe* dcv.lopm.nr [email protected] fo. atort 5?. I prcat
dl@ti6
ud Tlitd
ptan!-
of rotal xpcndirw on aU ddetopmor agencic!. Th sitution hs chmged regdding qoN* allocaied {or tundiD8 jnftastiuctunl pmjects which mtred
8at mmming totd alloc.tions o{ rhc four d.vclopndt lgacis in rhc 6s! sedd and lbird dm ilcn E ed second in rhc fourth sd tifth plu, tho mtd lhid j! the lixth dd !.vcnth pb$. .nts cntuge in the pattem of allo@ting fi@cial Gowd mory &v.lopndl !g6ci*, refl61 rhe @tw
of
pmg4
in rhc
@ury\
!@iGe@omic dcv.loptMt
oB
the
pst Friod_
TLe
phylid i.na-
od lrainirs ndtional lfupowd to make llse of.vailablejob opponuitis ud k*p db&a8t of the npid e@nonic .nd r@hlological devclopd.nt witn*cd
by rh. KirgdoF
si@ the
1980s up
10
.ow,
to
.Dcougng mti@l
hd fodgn
pnvab invdhrdt throu8! completio4 by the Sovemat, of inndlrlctlral prcj.cts panicllarly potabl. Mlq, Mtr for civil pur!os6,
d wel 4 adottion of FeulaliG ad t|l..sl6 tblt lNvidc ad.qultc dvitu nr for etddior of cqit l to bc ulilizd in
blc@mui@tions invBtddr prcjets in au *omnic 16!06- The Kingdom ba E& eLstaitial pregBs in @Ntiei!@ of intat$.tuE, conpl.tim of oeiati@l
sEucnG ud
ddclopMt
of adcquare
'nvcsmd
rcguhtiotr3.
Priv.t Sdtor .!d Ncr D.r.lopml(.l R..po.dblud6 Tlc Sixth D.vclopmdt PIe stB$d 6 a key sFmgc dn@d@ fq devel@mcor shriag that th govcMot rhrll not urdcnlk ey eononic
activity th.t could b. perfomed by thc priEle ector, .long with poviding rh.
opration,
lriliriB M by thc govlmot Tbc uting pbcri@l ndu6 !o ctls@ opporhuilie fo this s@tor Feardilg iDv6hdr dd ganiciparid ir rhe D@gcdbl of b6ic bdutiB Glablishd dd oMed by the govdtrr@I. It abo alled for stndying somc &1iviti6 of ecomnic naturc to be sl*ted in uh mmetion s! s tcldon)ruicaiioN
dd milw.,s in ord.r to der.min. th.ir priv.tiztion in . ble tin , '!en previ.lcd tbl such ! stcp should b. of rel boefit lo thc Mliolal cdony. Mo6rd, th. Pl& s!fied a $t of nrjd objetive br.d witt lhe privlt s41or ad it3 relc in 6c @tioml .@no6y' tey rlmg whicb ba bm lo nvision a ?7,9 pqc@r conrribuiion by l! s@ior in tool itrvestnntsr ud firdiry of 45 pftdl of its toral inv$tn@rs thrcugh oM{caol@s s w.U a
r.di?:iio! ofral
l!l.
of3.5
thc
sctor's shiE i! ial rctr{il cDP tiom 71.2 per.or ar ftc begidins of r[c plm to 72.3 pacmt by rhe end of tbc pld Thc Sixth pto atso srr.lsed lhc k y
rospoNibility &d capabilry of Oe pdvde scror rcearding the prcvilion ofjob opPortudUcs to the @tiord lmpower and Sludization policid h rh. tabor
Pl& expdt.d . Foviri@ ofjob oppodruitie for.bour .166 thou.and Saudb by r[. piiv.tc sdr]or, lhrcleh epllc@ar of 264 Oousd nonsaudis by Saudb alonS wirl cFrid of 182 rboletrd Dd job
the
mrk l. Ar $c\
opponuitid Futh@rc, lh. PIN bighlighred llc priqte seror's Dlc cconohic &dvity tbrcugh ttue kcy rhdcs:
i!
of
0)
ro suppon
finding
(2)
Priktiz.iid of prcducrion acrivirie thsugh expecid in eigrbs @agtu! op@tion {d tuintc@. mntncas of pubtic poj6E b
(3)
Di-vqtne of Uc gFdul
sh@s
ed cmnonic
@ b.
D*lolm6t
h.t cxpud.d a a t4lt of ln. ptu! sr-.Lgic diieli@, imhrding d@ an nrion to iEpldotation of rclcmt policie! ald DasNj, ,rd dplah or .tl6ctid of foEign inerents inio the Kilgdo4 [email protected] Fgubtory
m.ndD@t3
haee bm int oduccd
for.ltt&ri@ dd
mg.m.nt
of foEi8r
i8.stlcnts alory wirh cstablisbmmt ofthc Suprehe E@nonic coEcil, Saudi Asbia cenenl hvestnxnr Aui,horiry (SAcrA)5., ed i$udcc of th.
D.e,kd
'@
ottt. F@@
htu
ld d seu $ t
Dvcslncd b\{ a well a the Egublion pctuilitrg !o forcigleN, o\lncdhjp of qr $trc. Actud narucs havc also be.n idriared to boosr privdiariotr policie and pep@ @rcmic .nvircdrn@t nddery for dra.rior ofprivac mtiolal dd forig iny6hols i! tinc wilh cltu_cut developadhl piioriti.s, Thse rcasurcs ained at cntarcing ih IEcidDy of vadous activitid,
rasfer of nodeo technology dd advh@d knowlcdgc, in6*irg export opaciti* ead nbing the @tro@t
supponmS
tcchnolosical
productid to
@nsumprion rcqui,rnents.
Sev6t!
D*lol'dor pbr
adopt.d scv@l
ncalrc dd injriadve.iDed
al supporting
sh
nr.rpri!.3
cdsritut
key bae for rhe priwre selor, Th. pld also npbazd on sremrrDrg prccedus Etaled b the gbbtishme of SMES wilh a viev io .lininat
rcutin coNrlints
Funhmorc, the ple fo.sed on studyilg rhc Fssibility ofesrablishilg a s!.ciat nud eith both th.8ov.mdr ed priEtc s.cros p.nicipltion b fi.itiraE dcs to loG by SME5, alotrg Mln develAirg !d Ishmic nuling D,t utMl $ct s
"MuhaEla!
financ. opportuiiis availabh ro ihcs. institutio4, Tte ptan abo strcsscd on expoding l.nding &tiviti.s undd&kcn by the Saudi C.dit Bank in order to providc soft-ted lod ro such oierDrjs.s dd activitie&
In bdcf .ll@tio4 of rhc privat slcror invehol i, abov. m6ri@cd prodeing ald seFic6 3ecro6 during rhe Sdert[ Develolmdt ptd w@ ,s foUows: Thc bral invstrne ofrb. pdv.re ecror duilg rb. pdiod 1420/2t, 1424/25 (2000-2004, Movted b SR 254.2 billion. Whil. r!. pdmr.ge shares ofihese s*tos ae 4 followi agriculnr 7.3 perco! t ade l0 perc6!
lnancial sdviccs 8.2
rcal
FEcn! oihd n&ufaciuiry 13 pdcdr Ttc sblre of d3tc dd s@ial dd p.Bon.t sctuic4 setoE @hcd 57.5 Dc|Et md 4
ngllr.
s[rrf rt
-2
ll r!ilr\!!qut
PRIVATIZATION PriElizrtion
subnotial shin in
tt
Coucil of Minist r' R6otudon No. 60 of v4,t4t8 (rggt) wbich dcfin.d eieht obj*tivcs for rrieriztion &d etruilhld bss ho b. t lc! irto .@ut in rcdtjlg th@ objariac.. Frdb.trtm, rhc Co@cil of
isuocc of
the
th.t llc sup@c Bo@Eic Coucit stnll ud.!l.ke epo$ibility ftr lupdfting rhc pnwtir.rioo Fogne ud follw-up ib iqleodrtiod Focer .todg will coddilrtid bct96 gwdn|@l .g@ie s rcfl s i<t ltifotior of
(2001) sr.pdaLd
acrivitics to be priErizcd,
Coeil of Mili3iors' R6otutio! [.d for @tinued and inde*d dtribrtid by priwi! !.ctor io $. mtiomt .onomy by .doptilg m b6t
The
mibbl. drs. Thc r.lohdd abo 3rn d 6rr qp.!di,g tt. pdricipati@ of the ldErc aector in thc scio-colobic d.!do!!m1 procca! $ w.[ s
dablilg it to dsle
its role in
ilvcsrndr dd fhance
should
in line with
pl4
st
l.
2,
Enlar@ effici@cy
dd
compcdriv@* of thc
@lio.j Edory
ro
latonal econmy
3.
d5
w.ll
as
B@dd
the
mridal o@hip
!rcductiv
in
s.$.
I[.
Saudi .o!Dmy. Saudi
irvstmot
I!.Be
Eliools
6.
Previd. affor&ble
ed lin lyse c6
to
cirt4
md inv$oF.
s1!ic budget
sd
minl.@ce
8.
of sone
swic.s,
av.nua tnDugh evenl iljtru6t3 $ch s rbc proceds of panicipation ia &riviis ro be pnutiz.d, rh. fnucial retu6s eming Eom g.eting coocBsid nghh ald ihc rcvmud
gcncEtcd
I!ca. govtuar
ton
p.ivatizinS parl
som.
EcoMic Coucilt d..r No. 123 of 4Blt423 (2002) 6labtishcd r!. teehrk oflb. potici.s rkousl whicb O. afo@mtioned objctivB wiu b6 resliz.d talbg into &@ur inicgrity and non-duplication of th*e polici*. Ir is nolwonty 1h!t th*e policis ai6 ai privatiarion of prejccb sd prblic *siB, which e adcqur
by rhc Sup@c
iscd
for pdvlr
scctor ?anicipation
md opd
[email protected], Funld&m,
priwtialior should ld b dp.lding l[. rclu. of s!$raiMbl. dirEr ov6[Mts a wel 6 @gdan of dl padlly d ror.lly privarizcd
.d.tprise
on
o@ftial
basis_
Tn
privatiation sFareg)/ dbs at hcitiraring padicipalid of foeign invBtnctrr in oMcship of prcjftrs ed typ.s of prcductive acrivitiB lo b
pdvatized in line wnh
nesres
lral.gy al$
to altow
thc 6@cial
MIcl
opponuitid for doF .imesrjc aDd forcign inv.stt!6r atorg *irh prcviding hor. ch@els for atlra.tiotr of saving3, lurrhmoE, the priEtizatior sratcs, stE3s6 on e$uing suppon for ncw inv.stm.nb ir ordc. to prcvide dpblmot opportulitiq to @tid6t @rpowd, nbc Saudizarion ar.s ald Pav. l[. way for national |@powq rlining.
|Mlowc. in a fan nfud wh6 thc {ctull rquicrcna of !.ivatizcd etiviti6 fd cxc.ld the cMdt lwcls. lt abo calld for rh. dl.blishl@l of d Nlolomu cgulatory aulhdity ro d*l vith s@ial, rguldrory and $pwisory iss@s wilb r dw ro oDs.ry. @smq rDtc6ls! slch a prcvisio! of qultity afiord.bt. s@ices. Thc !tr.t s/ also calls for cEturion of inn$tucrunt prcj*rs aad pbric faci|iti.s i! ordd b d.lcnhe rh. f.sdbiliry of rhcn Fivrtizario! along wirl
naintaidng tbe role of the government in lhe provision of sonc cssolial
Th. primtiation sr.icS, drablishcd a ldies of jnplmnt rior polici6 s well as ncheisos lecBs!ry for rcalizins conomic efficiency. Forcnosr
ll6e $slEndinS er lddirioMtgo'm6i ftucing of ptuj@rs. rhat havc bcd apprcvcd ao. p.ivarizari@ Excpiio! to rhis wi[ bc timir.d 10
ahong inv4trnmrs tbat de absolutly nec*lary d well s ro tuldig of n.int tree rcquilencnrl. Anoth.i componcnr ot rh.F Fticic! ie io ihc fifficial. .cgulnory dd olEEtiotr l sa.n$ lo prepde lhese prejers fq pdvniation
diw
whil. ofrsilg for comp.drion othd govetmdlon d pbjats slard for privatiatior On the othd bDd. thae lolici6 !lr6s on ddcloping m.ch&is that ed@ on-goirg incone ro rhc govelmdt aob privatiz<t
Foj..t, ia addilion !o cshbli$i!8 nc.lws rlc6slary !o .D!ur. addluE Etu!, to dc gortt@t fm Fivlti'rdm of Fblic .cFi...
1!!rd
fl,r
Plr
Thc S&di
orkcl pFsrs
busin$ss. It lies
ch.ll6gc dd opFnuity for foEign at the head of a tatgd CCC ruket, wirh meis having a
trortt
higl dilposable ilconc. The larg p.rc6t4se of youg Saudj lopulatio! will litcly substdtially inc@ ln. dcl@d fd a wi& tugc of 6ffua gdds
sd
pmdr oflhe
Sludi populatim
Tlc .rcb{ge ate of lhc dotbr ha b..n fxcd at 3.?5 riFls to rbc dolh si@ 1986 qd prcdu.b e. Buslly inportcd on a CIF bsG ed @ sraldlrt foduta exist! for deledi ng on @k up ftls or preducrs. Itre Saudi prc&F
ba$aining
ad fi@drg
brs b.@bc
loding @Bi.tc6tid
i!
p@bai!C,
cspenuy tur
@turc
nr goods
ed EFst ordd.
@nFritiv.
comp.tc
{h*
US. Euopea4 md
ns Edr !rcduds
aga'$t the olhr, above av.g !al.s, swicc dd cBrotuer support imponlnt faclob i! wiming ud minrainirg nry clic e.
Thc Ki.gdomt
comcEial @giorj aie divided inlo thrc. prindy mlers of W.stcm Rgio!, wirh Jed.tzh 4 thc min ottmrci.l @re., th. Ccncal RcSion witb t[e epir.l criy ofRiy.d\ sd the E4rfi trovitre wh@ ! Lieh concdtat'on oioil aad g6 irdustry busiB @cuB. Moy conpaDid inFrt
g@ds for thei. owd use, or for diEcr
rsLing the location md lh. nMba ihpoiant fEcror, Although th@ is Do rc4uircd6r for
the Saudi midsiry of
et*
mng.mdts bc .xclusiv. with Gp6i to either A.ognphic @gion d prcdet line a lMy Saudi compoies @ &tive in nmreus ptudtrct tinB.
Adv.nising is
Bpidly .xpndinS businss in rh. Kingdon\ which sp.nt $380 niUion in 2000. Most compeies now ch@s b advcni* in a widc tuge of
a
lradc
dd
Pri
idvcnisilg is .leo iryortali. In I!@t y.d, tuy ma8aan s navc appeftd on the Saudi na*et, th populal anotrg then &e At Majanab, Al
Newspaper advenisilg
h cdied our in local English ud Arabic pap4. The l6al dailiA lublth.d io Ergrsh havc ciEutatio$ of betw@n 20,000 dd
50,000
@d<
Arab
N.*
(Jcdd.b); S{!di
c@rlc
(Jed<r.!).
Ttc ladile
o.t
circdaaion of btwed
Al Shlrq Al Awsr! Ok4, Al haFt, At JsiF md Al tiya.h. Uo Al Qu is ri. otrcial sovclmdr @*sfsF. O{!d trAEFFs have lowd ciEdation erd ar tio6 onty rcgi@l disr.ibution: Al Bjtd4 Al Madie. Al Nadwa, ud Al yo!n. Amibd publi.atioq thc At larba.tisi somnic &il, &cu.s on hsins is!a.
100,000:
6d
Anbit
Saudi Arabia"
bs
bBi!63, including
labou lav, lax law, ald intue.tual propeny law. Thse laws ae !U cutM{y n the pners ofbing rcvise4 s pan ofrhe goverm@1,s efo.G to ,tEact
Anbit
Erioc, tL. nwblMi.l soM. of bw in Sludi Arsbi. is rhe Isrrmic L{w (tbc shdia). Th. sh&ja cosisrs of lt. Holy KoEA alE teehiDgs of the tropb.t Mulmn.d (the Sma!), ed the MitirSs of legal
Islaoic
ir oi[cr
Sevenl other
sows of
rclatioB. Royal De.rc.s &e rdopred by the Saudi prelid brcad n s for . pa.ricuL! a6 Mn s trre
tabou rclaiios.
ag@cics, claboote on
l[.&
ruls
ed
!.ompdy nay hiE ed th rlm of thc dployD.nl. A codpdy should p@ed @utioBlt beforc t mieting or reiicring the ngLts ofd dployd, cvcn ifprcvidcd ir t@ of rh. individu.t conFact agemdls. an mploy* ce sue th. .nployd bcfor. thc pEtimiBry
Comince for tbe Set menr of Lrbou Disput s. In 2001, rhc Milisterial Coucil apprcv.d a Egdali@ allowine &rt6 b fom t bou co@in6 itr compu* tbat @ploy 100 or noE work6.
cirim
arc $bj@t ro a
zrkar, 2.5 percent on rh .er worrh of lh.ir wo*iry Nets (nor ir@De). Non-Saldi .Dptoys d wel s oDlmid e Gquircd ro
pay in.one rax b.s.d on
hoM d
of rtEir
bune3s.
CHAPTER-6
TRADE AND COMMERCf,
Saudi Arabir is the l9d largest
hrter
in
world Exlons nov EpB6i all .@!onic s4ros. Toppine fte lbt of cxpdrs to sone 90 couEie e per.ochdi.al$ ptsti6, n hl goods, coBr.uclion @te.ials, dd .lectical appliucd,
the
tui,ly duc b gendoB govMent ir@ntivs such s rhe prcvision of lorS.rdn iniB! fre loas dd $ppon !flice! &d facilitia. rD addilion, chmb6 of omcrcc tud ind$t y in ihe @jor ciri6 &d Esi6 proEotc @Im@ial
is grewirg apidty.
di Anbia's
@mftid sro.
ftis
is
Th*
Kingdon, Tbcn
6m
Tle
s@tor is
ov6en
6AGIA), which
Fmces
SAGIA
ad publishs lilrs
tuoucd pla$
Ii
Novcnber 2005,
ab@4 including in CLilr, tI3 Ulitcd Shies, Britah ed Cdnany b atFacl invdhar i! infi"5lruclE prej6ls
io op! omc.s
piiv.L sctd in co@eEe is subsraatiar l,lvlrc conptu@ a@oul for soG 48 p.t6t of th. Ddotr,s CDp of $2,A_82 biliotr Th.y
Th rele of rle
m@facture, dishibub
od sel
doncsdc products.
rriwL
@r
idporG of
@tuud dd
20 export.nd impon
some 90 count
n.rlts in th. world, md.xpons of non-oil is av@se doud six billion dollds pei yar.
products to
@ia fd forcign inv60o6 itr rlc Kingdom by inEbd&i.g a nw law giving foreig ilvsro6 tbc dgit ro rhe me b@tiG. inentivs dd gulmtcs ofrrEd ro Saudi individuats ild comp&i6, lt also dlos foEi8r inv$ro6 ro om prcp..ty d G{ 6iate.
2000 Saldi AEbia rudc it The tutuc of ih
ll,
comftid
s*tor
is prcmising. Saudi
Asbia's mDbmhip
comftial
activiry
Fovides Saudi poducts with mrc A,otnd posirirc dev.lophdt is rle formrior
sd
ud.fi.ro
Natio@l
ed r.giotul
mrld
egad wirh qh othe. rbEugh lade itr g@dr ed sdi. rrefer of r@bnolo$f,ddFoductioDcbails,Thci .rcomrc<b6of f@ciat@r*cts
bftoding ilc@jngly
is ale .xpeding Bpidly. Such intcgnrio! offds grc.r.r opponuity for pople 10 t p noE and leSq mrkets mud tbe world, md so irc@s 'rto borh thet incoms and then ability to cnjoy all rhar tle world .conohy b4 to
ss
OpportutridB
OiI @
disaovdd in Saldi tuabia by U.S. gotogisrs n l9jos5 rtrhough ldsescale producton did noi beein ufl afrd world Wd rr. Oil wearr! bs
made Dossible
i! tue$ i!
rhc
Saudi
oil
in
exponr. Oil
75%
uout!
couhy\
sd@r.<l
Mor
dd ncdly
b. 260 billion
95
ofgovdnlr Fvous. prov@ restucs ae trel4 .bour o@{u.nd of rcrld oil ltserc.
produced on bchalf
ller
of the
Saudi
girt
Saudi ARAMCO.
In
Je
1993, Sdrdi
dd Fnnins
coopany (SAMAREC),
l.lg6r tully integFted Oil Comldy. Mqt Saudi oil dloris movc by rdk r ft@ Oltf i.minrb ar R ! Tdu dd Ju'ayDaL Th r@ining oil *ports @ tralspon.d via rb. .ssl_w6r piplinc acNs i[c
world,s
kingdon !o
1he
b.i!g significur irv6Et@i by U,S, srt Ewpean oil conlsis to ddetop non-Nociatcd g6 fields in rbrft sepaatc partr of Sludi Anbia. FoltwiDg fi@l idhnical lgtu@rs w|l! @rccssio!
ro
mjor
n*
gd iniriativc ptunis6
shlp risc in pcrrcltu rcvmuB il t9?4 followi.g rh. 1973 AnE Isrel wd, Saudi Anbi! bed one of rhe fda(-grewiry 6@odes s rh.
Due
1o
vorld. lt njoyed
oports incMed hpidly &d dplc govelmelr lt!m6 wc rqilabL tor ddeloph.n! defer$, 6d .id to orhd An! dd Isldic @brri6.
But higha oil
atrd
priB
rcded
woddwi.le
oElmprio. Th. cdi, b.giming tu rnc mid_ l98os, B . oil gut, which inroduc.d o elemo ofplmilg uccrtainty fof rhc
global
a
i611inc i!
milliotr baftls
1985.
(t/d) duing l98O-81, drcppd to rbolr 2 nillim i. Budg.tary deficits dveloped, ud thc govtmdr dr.w doM its forcign
day
thc
a
twing prcduccl'wi6ir
OPEC
prcdlcrior quota- Shce then, Saudi oil poticy has b@n guided by mintain @ta ed q@1A s!,c. Howevr, bgiding
dsire to
fe.d the ch.[6g of low oilpnccs. D@ to. combi!.rion of faci66.1lc Est Alie e@mic nisd, a wm mn|er in tlr Wst @usd by El Nino, and e incr.a* in non-OpEC oil prcdlctioFnctund for oit slowcd rnd pdtcd oit Fic dom by tre lba
199?, Saldi AEbia again
i! lat
S{udi AEbi.
OPEC
ws
kcy
phy6
in [email protected] l[e
$..efin
1999
MFig! of
ud o1h{ oit-pmdsing counides lo nisc r[e pric. ofoil to i|s hjghcsl level sine rbc culf We by @ging p.odEtior od supply of Frolelb. Ttat sde y@, Saudi Arabia 6r.blished thc Sqprcft Ecmonic Co6.il to
formulate and btrer mordiEre e.omnic dcvclopncnr potcies in order acccr@re ioslnuri@t dd bdNrial Efm.
Covmt
i,
ha
soughl lo al@ne
itj
lctol.u
incotu to ratlsturn is Ftatively uddelopcd oit_bs$d er@ony Dto that of . moden indtshial srrte phite minrAidng tb. kiDgdon,s
Fadido&l
rutons. AlthouSb @ononic plmc hrve nor &|.!.vcd all thcir Adls, the @nony b6 prcgcs.d npi. y. Oit wdlrL hr3 incGad |!c lrandrd of living oI not Sau<!is. Hokvq, $gniticd!
valucs tud
hlmic
of living. Heavy dcpodence on petrotM rcvdue conrilus, but itrdutry dd .8ricutturc nov r.cout for a ldgd sllE of@olonic activity. Thc Diturcl b.l'ee rhe job s*itk of Saudi gndud.s and tbe nsdr of the piivat job Mk.t at all lwek nroiG 1[c lrilcipal obsiacle to eoenic div.Bifi.ari@ dd develo!,ndt; abour 4,6 nilio! ron-Sandis e coployed in rhc aorom,
mpmvemenls sondard
in the coutryt
@donic r.sts primily or oil Fvm!6. ls cru.te oil rew6, mouting 1o 259.40 bilion bmls, d csrioalld io be 25 Dccat of the erld's hoM Bcn6. Irs @tu6t gs qdB at 2OO rriuiotr dbic fat @ 4 peedl ofworld Esfles. ft. av@ge daity ourput ofojl during th yd
Economyr Th Saudi
@ud 7.09 nillion bd.l p.. .tuy. The lEr.olcm secror !@outs &, 78 pct6t of tord rcvctrB, 3?,5 ledl of dc cGs DoD.slic producr ed 88 peFcnt of dpon frtugs abotr 4l p@6t of rhc cDp is gc!@Ld by th
2002 wa!
polic/, bte u.tcrtaken !o rcdrce its depcndence o! foEign lrbou in kcy edoA by presesivcty rept&iog qpaeiatc wo*6 (.rcud 3.6 Diltion) by Saudis. Duilc l[e l.!r few rts,
bcd inroducitrg cheg6 in is !?dc, iNBEat .nd sxard regulations lo make iccll & arFaclive inv.srncnt dcstinarid !s atso to lerc the wry fo. its &@ssion to the WTO. The Saudi A?bie cor.l hvesh@t Autbdity (SAGIA) $t up in May 2OOt previd.s ..fast tracl' .pprcEts fo. invesbn nt il ditrcmt !ecto6, including sftilg up of too p.rc.nt foreigD
Ue Khgd@ ba
its -Saudizdon
Majo. agricutual,
Ag.iculture D?tr6, g6iG, whar, b*te, nile! sorgtun, po6b.sr pujle, s.fuc !44 to@tc! puDlkid, onio4 c.mts, mtcr rcloE. nelon..
gnpd, citnD Auils, lish.ries, livcsto.tq v.g.tdlca.
Itrd$lda:
Main inibihi.s
Mio.nb: Oil,8s dd
EXTERNAL TRTDE
gold
M.ln lte63
of
M.ln P!rt!.n: USA, Japa4 Singrpor. Ftue, Soull Kds, N.llqtddq uK ltaly, Bleil, spain, Tailu
Mtlo ltem of Imporbr Livc arinats, vegcrabld, foodshrif, b.vcng6, lob.cco, woo4 p.!er, rc{i16, hachiDery, ttulon cquip@nts, tubbd, anificial Bin, chmica.ls, p@ious s!on, cffi! el4rj@l appli&c.q gt4$
M n P.rtreir:
USA, hpa4
cmey,
Singaporc,
Fnnc,
Sourh Korea.
Bahmin,
Eg?t,
Indoncsia,
lrd,
kbdo4
MataFia, Motueo,
INVFSII|'ENT CODE
gove@6r g.n@lly encomgca foEigr di@t bvsrn@! partic arly in the 6e of forcign inveser@t in joinr vcnre wlh Sa!.li !alfr6. To srimdar. Arercr foEigl inv6rndr dd io sEagtba {E notr{it
Saudi
privale saror. Saudi Atabia recenUy revisd irs 3o_yea._otd inystrnent @de .!d is h rhe pro6s ofrcvisinA it' f@ign corpotu lax co<t..
Tlc
Invcstmdl Aurhority {sAGIA) sFca rs rhe pnEary Saldi govl@6t body for rh. iddrili@rio dd dcoongetMt of
foEiga direct i!v.stm.nt. SAGIA i3 !p@1ed ro swe as
nl
@.{1op-enop for
bBilB
wcll, Eplacilg rhe mulriple F@its t@ a Eiety of Saudi govl@ot bodi$ e c]mnrly rEquiEd for nw vtrtuH.
li@nsin8
Thc
ud laid uda th. Peac. Sbicld .lefse prccun nt pbglm, th Saudi gortrlm @h.d e a8'!d@r wirh Andic.r @lrictoB 6r .blBee joint
1985,
dne
progm's
v2tue. British
dd Fmcn dcfci!. t@
Equim6r!. Ofllct rcqui|tl@ts @ likcly ro rctuin conponmb of Ejor dcftcc pehlseq ad h.re b.r
ofst
incorponted inro olber larSe Saldi [email protected] cdtncrs.
[.v.
citias, or ttosc f@n olhd Cdf Coop@tion coucil (ccc) @hhiclt My ciJlmtly om lud or dgttc in in @t Ea<tiig
Sinilrrly, onty joinr vofin6 wilh al l131 5 I percert CCC oMeBhip inr@1 aE pmin d 10 cxpon duty_t to oth.. CCC
Saudi
Anbi! .b
nor hav.
or
At
pons.
l ts
hcgu ro
p@n tlashiprnst of goods thrcugh its pons itr Jeddal ud Dalnt]:@ Th gEatat aorcign invBrnhr in rb. kirgdon k fobd in a rclat d sror p.lrocbdicali. ScvEl Djor
Saudig to build world-scalc
@tiotr
pet@hcnical plalts.
Mrjo. Forelgn Conpmta rnvBtlng In the Kirgdom Nmdou iotcmtio.,lly movned compsib bave inv.st d in the Kilgdom. Such tuv.sbrcnts trv. csolrd i! tbe @lion of th. opobiliry of @nufactiing hiel-qulity prcdrcrs. ft. tist of such compmi.s inclDds:
Shcll
issucs intemarional
io
dd
sraldd.ls. The
co,tlisi@ ha corrribltcd
ti.
im.cssed
qualty oaqriotrsl produck $&ugn Inc addng oflic@ pno. to lhe of inlemational tade ndb, As a E$li! nosr Sandi prcducis clehlty v.ry conpetitive &om a qu,rity p.Epetive wirh E!ep6 ed Amdi6 ptudets,
hdslrial pLnr! l@atcrt in tre K.gdom e mory rn n4t bodd i$t llatio4 in th. Egio4 ln rt y* 2OOl, th@ wd 3J66 3uc! irsralhrions,
rcprcsenrng i01al iryesrne.b of following
are
h ite
induri.l selo6:
lql!!tq|r| sdor
0d Son Dnnts Tdtil., Radv-dde Ctorh6 .nd l,arh; rimbq rnoutrie ma rmiorEffie
Food ShnT
514
puii;ri;
221
125
EqdDtmts
t5
89
Tr|l@n ud srodce
fol.l
24 1566
1991
25.tX
r98
2000
2t,11
24.30
32_44
zml
2002
ron)
l.hochmicah
Orditurv Mchts ald Rldcd prc<hcrs Devic*, apomruscs ald Ere.rical Chcaicli lldBrnes ed Rd,kr prn/m
200r
l3_45 6.18 2.04 1,04 t2_20
zvn
1J.68
Bq;;;i
5.72 2.54
r.l4
13.@ 9.36
7.98 30.69
t2a4
. . . . . . .
Pldr
hdrsdd
Prod@B Coapattutc
wii!
rhe Ewircnlmt l
dd
port
Sdic.
Chlrgs.
hqk
bavc
Vorldwd. CornFrjriv.
pric.
Det"p .d
_ z.,5.
Petmcnedc.lP: SaudiAobia's p.h@hmidls dd b.sic mctah ptuduction is @scd by the'Sludi Anbi& Bdic Indusaid CoDoEtid,, GArIq. Its
opennos
arc orgmizcd nno six
l.
B6ic Chmicob: olenB, orygcei.s (alcohols ed cth@) . ard @ntic, p.ilrry blilding blelc fd dorvut@ D.t@hdiet! dd plastics prcduc.d 6om ntunt BsF3 .$@iatcd virl cmd oil pro.tuct'on, Pnncipal dowr!tr.m predlcts inctu& ethyt6.r n rh{ol, hcrbyl tcdary b!ryl eihcl (MrBq, p@!yt.n , sry@., benq p&uyl6e, pyolysis sarolitrc, indlljrial cthmol.
buc.di.rc,
and
burcE
2,
Intenediat chenicats: .h.mical inrer'ncdiats, fibB, od linclr .lpta olefB u.d G ingEdidts fdr luuf&brilg oomdqm
Fr.ochcDi6ls, Itincipal prcducrs &e @nc ed rri-.thyl@ eb@t, purilied tqephthalic &id, etbylere di-chloridc, c0rylene hcmot, di_ @tyl phtb.latc, @ustic soda, &d vinyl cltdidc no&ncr
3.
Polrolefw: SAB\C is rhe world\ fourrh tds.lt prcducef of polyolclic rolycthyltu and polypmpylac borh u.d b rpc u pheris pftductr n lufetuE. ftoduction includa borh high ard
i! t xtil*);
polyst,@
(u.o
dd Fct sing): ud mdmi@ (used in adhsiv6, laninar.s, sufae coamg!, m noldilg onlouds d vcll as b thc mdutactun of carp.q texlil.st boulcs aDd ortd p&iogitrg, ad houchotd ur!rib.)
i!
" yd!
/,.bb @
s. b t.
uddt! Fatsrotd.
t jt,2ut tcd
chsrxd E
Pdncipal prodlct ouFuts inchdc polystrme, polrryilyl cbbnde, polyerbyloc terghlhrtan dh, poly6ld fibds, .rd mtdjna
5.
F"/lt
wdldt larggt produls ofllE s wcl d a b@d tug. of ritroe6. phosphlr., d.t conpoud fenitizffi. PrinciFl Droducts ec dMoni4 w, phosphale dd sulturic acid.
rrr otre of thc
6.
Merabi thc lalgest hdlfactuM of sr.cl producls as we as fN alloys i! the GCC aid is .,le dgagd in olfshoe arlshm
prodnction holdiigs in Bahrin. principal prcduc$
@ noq
hor
dd
lluminu. SABIC t
br,
lwmq
in 1976 ro devetop Saudi AFbia,s vat hy@ceDon SAIIC is orc of the world's tdScsr pneh.nil
a 7 pcrccnr
st r+_r5 wcu a5 one of the l&gest iDduFiat coopeiq i! tbe Midde Esr It i, a 70 pftdl-3o pdc@lpublic,pnv.rcmpary,
compmlcs-holdilg
global Ddket
boEIry
Jubayl,
FDduction acrivities
two
@ ooy @icd
on ll)c R.d
tLotd
ba3d in
a
y6bu
parrnd ia
tbc
With total spital irveshnents in iB bsic ildurris @w app@ching $30 billioo, it is tL. follldr Mider Compdy in roral @pildiatjoF atr{t rod.y
ra*r B ln r l! n *r
50/50 joint
verrw wirh
Shell;
rcMYn,
Eud
Mobili SHARe,
irv6rrn6b ovd rh. dt half dsd. G shcdulc<t to biniotr o.ric r@ of p.r@hdical prDd&tioa @pa.ity, Bising rbc
Iw
Dlion s
@ul
ioial Aom
iLe
p6dr
45
hiltio!
nillion by 2010. In Juq 2005, n am@ccd thal ir eill fl@r $6 bjllion shes to udMit capacity exlusio[ and in rul, 2005, Saudi Amco aod Sumitono mounced plms for . mjor p.rrocbmical f.cility ai Rrbigh.
Mi
Rsowes (DMMR) has identificd 1,273 sits of p@ioB mllls, pritwily gotd ed sitvo, d{t t,l?t site of nonpFciou neta\ $ch 6! @ppe!, zinc, nickel, im4 lq4 bauiD., ctrmc,
llmun!
md
mgGitq
sigDifdr com@id pomi$.
Of
llos
in op.ari@
in 2003, Saudi Aabia ptlduc.d 228,194 tucB ofgol4I0O,OO0 0@6 of slver, 900 t@ of mppd, bd 3,000 bN of zinc. In aI. it is .stih.tcd ro
po3sess 20
hrd nirnl
delosits, iD
f.ld!pd,
gh.i.
!I!g@
ar
of pbcphac
ndl
,!6
uL
of the @ntw6r
'@
wirb
mu.l
Fa-9
s.'.d
1^h4M.
En;RlB
*eot
Strdi6 aie b!v. @qt.d o!.r 2rt0 miuio. ros of bauirc oc betw6 alQain ed Ea'[ Side April 2003, f6jbitiry dd D.*erin8 stultiG bave ]m o4oing ai al-z3binh baun posp.ct. Irv.stttr s r,\E @ *pele4 to
$3.2 bilioFincludjng
1.4
nilior
ron
620,000
targeled
tos alutuilM rn.ltd.eb h.ving a tifc cyctc ot25 ye4. Alorbd dcvelopmdl rite i! ZaBhsl's vsi 2.7 niltjon ror oagn4ite depGits
2O,O0O tons
tbat
of high-8Edc elecEo-tused
@gl6n,
1hn
InvesloB
ir ile
mining sctor
qpblalo los6. The exptomtim l@e is valid for tiv. yas, rcn wabtc for d a.tditi@l fu ya6;
onc$ios md ctu
obrain cxcluivc nining and whilc nining
t66
lsr
ye4.
To date,
l,lo0
R@s.
Pore. G.D.r.tton: Tbc MinisEy of Eldnicity &d Wara,s 25 ,r.r el@riiferi@ plar calb tur US $ l? biltion j! capt l inv6tDdt ro inc@ total antu l pacity Aom abour l0,O0O MW l(, noc lhd ZO,0o0 MW by y@ 2020, Equiring nininlll| adoal invBlnnrs i! qcse of$2 billol Fur@ p4p@hw aEkcl detud is cqully m!M6t l_ Io 1999, sm 80% of r[.
Saudi pop ace bad
|ccs
"Saudi
!ow.r
.[
of Saudi A$bia.
m&,
Coucil
c@ied
pan
of! cdtiNjng
ubm{ling
nove
1he
b comercialie
Wrter
surcs *p.cr d.eu.ation to rcmin ! tujo. indusry in saudi Anbia for smdri@s to com+enh &. gov@nt ptading io buitd 16 ddrriDtior f&iliris worrh Sl4 bi ion ov6 U. rcxl t7 ya Fsssing r
Industry
conbilcd olacity of 2.1 nillion clbic merers of *dcr per day. Thesi inilBtivq brd of n@cssity, d indusny soulle Oedicr tbar u new Mra
dsalilation
pmj.ct
fn
With
l!.
Btjmring that
the @tio! will ne.d to spod $53 billion on warer prcjers tbsugh 2020, a new
d.imd, tbe ..Mitristry of El*rricity dd Waid" holds rcsponsibiliry for d.v.lopirg thc @uFy's turN waler res]llc. Aeodi.gly! il ir row dcrclopirg r..Dlional wat r plan,10 afl.act
ln ordd to meci bugeoniDg consuher
turcign investoB into rhe !.ctor. Th Minisry cxpccrs
tt
plu
ro be
i! fiDl
fom by
2006. Thc
ctrlldSc
is ibposins
grcet for MGr, thc Saudi govcmar witl harc to invet me rbm $60 bilio or $3 billion pd @ur4 ia syslcdic inA!.st uctud d*lopDdt ovd
water CoDv.Mtion CotPontid (SWCCF*hch 0v66 rhe lation s princilsl hma!.on$mpfivc watcr sodce, ..desdimrioq _foEsts
118
that d.@d fo. dsali@red watd witl ise by 60 pd
silin
cdr ro
lO.7 tunlior
obic
average
tu*i
pd
kilorct
rs ar
14.4
million
oa tnv6Ilmr.
spacity is 2? ddalimtion ptants-23 on tbe Red Sa md 4 or the Abid Culi-wifi a btal d.ily d6igr cap.ciry of two milion cubic Gr6. SWCC projdts the cosr ofnew ilvsln.nt Equircd to m.er desdimr.d water
Prcsent
rtemd by 2020 sl 953 billion-wn.ur Oc Supme E@mmic Coulcil 6ti@t6 tbe invcst-ncnt rcquirmor wi6in rhar priod to b. g80 biUioF
ir ongoils
Sflie
Pmvid.r* Intetuet sdicc 4 rcll 3 Ligh A.d digilal lubsibd liB @SLs) @ nadily aEilable lo previdc *pi@ ro e *tiDahd moe tbd t*o
million uelB. Mobile phorc
M ly .srimted ar abour 32% ald Inimet ar 15% of ihe p$pccdve ffitet allowing mpk mn fd
@kd
p.ncbatioD is tunrrc erowth.
Colcwedy, th. erion's p.6dal coEpurc! lDttct is grcwing at a nrc of orcr l5yo pq y@ dd ils nobil. pboft pocriiion b pojebd to
ilclac
ro 60% by 2014,
slh..ibd
tele.omnicEtiotu
Il
Slpmc
policy cffcctiv.ly d@glrating sr.tc mnopoly of rhis !.ctor, seturd @jo. tcleom or@ior, Elihad Ettitalat,
PMMI
to il. a
w4 gtu\A t25
y@tiffie
to
6mcrc.
Mbz
oFlrilg @ th. 900 M[z dd 180{ baDds, Irs IE &E spddilg for i!trstDcnr alde b .xpeled io
GSM oldadoB in 2005
llo
A thi.d GSM tendcr is als in lle [email protected] ofbeins otrered beforc the clos. of
Adul
GSM Mrket
Eveles
prcjected to lpprorch 58
birio! by
patatal d$tid
@tworks
snch
Armco
rhar
dd
n&agda!
dlta
vehoBir& ed
rcb
hostinS
withh thc
sdic6 @ likcwi$ in d.Md{d orhd Oppomuiti6 dirt nor! Faditid.t @muiqrioB malysis, daig4 co.tol, &d
b.ining sbs.ctoc- Wirh rhe ns. in popularity of tufo@tio! rccbnologi.s! Sandi Anbi. has also b6ome onc of rbc rgion,s @t lucarivc mdkets for
norbcill
oft of &e strongcsr ed mo$ pFfitable rlbin tbe Mid.sr, ojoying cmbiled thar a$cis .xcaded $170 bilion in 2004, 20 pei&nt hieho rbd i! 2003 whera! bek prcfits grew by $3.92 billio a 59.7 p.t@t itrc|te ovr 2003. Wirh
Srvt@s: The Saudi banling srsttn remaiB
@Dbincd caliral
.x.ccdiry $12.5 biltio!. iogethcr hish liquidily dd arple !rciits, rh. b.nting *ror h,! rbrired yith rhc cr of 6c eomny i! l[e 2003-2004 pdiod.
Dow
dd t6@6
rc
tbe 1,200 btuch6, op@ring Saudi nljo.ity-oMcd bdk! ed onc is r cCC b6nl,
I
lat l9?Os. ihe t@imun equity in a Saudi bank has b@n 40 peE .
th
Iou oln.r GCC-bNd ba!&, EmiFid 86I lnt m.tiodl (IJAE), N.tiout Ber of BalEia Natio@t But ot Kuwd! .!d Musl Bdk Lotd Iic6G to
opd c i! {E
Kingdom ald
E! i!
rh. po.cas of
a6ing
Oc Saudi Anbiar Moncrary Agdcy (SAr"{A) atso grnred D.uischc Balk lhc
btubn8 lins. in 20
likcwis. Eaivcd
yd.
ttr 2004,
HSBC.
dd
JP Morgaq
bdriry [cNs
Slo.k Elcbange Tne Saudi stock mrkct, with bore rh@ l2O joilt slo.k compaid, is also the Mid4t regionb hr8$t in $solute (.m _ DoE illln
tEbl4 the sias of thGc oFEring in Klwair and Eg/pt. Ildccd ire capit lizario l$titure 52 p@!t of tbc lot l within .ll Grlf 6Dt y @rt B. Val@d al abolt S306,4 bi[io., it3 alitrlizga@-ro- cDp Etio sr.rds at l2l pct@t far gqrd $d rhoe ot mor n@ dcleloped .quity o..tcls.
D.d@tratidg
520
Im.it
ble r@t gtuwth, ir! vat@ ar th. ctos of 2004 ws thd n ws at rh. on*r of 1999. h 2004, ir Egirid.d a
?6.2
!@nt inclte i! 2003. Ar th. saoe lime. collelive profi1s of fims listcd grcw 45.4 pdcmt in 2004, h 2003,
standatd
ntings
& Poors RltiDg sdic* .trmed Sodi Anbi.k sov@ien cr.dir al 'A" for lotr8-te@ forcign culMcy risk drd "A/ for leal crllqcy
sysLn cNists of fou principsl @6poDats: rhc Saudi Adbie Morctuy Agdcy (SAMA), its dtral bolk s eI s ag@y
Saudi
Ai$i!\ f@ial
Eponsibl. ovcaiglt of aU irs ituoutry 6rdcial scryiccs<olm@ial barlc; gov.mmtally{Med s!.cializ.d @dil imtinrdons; md nm.y
16,2003, the Sadi Cabind fomally cndosed utiotr\ -Capilat Mdkels kq," phich previ.l* rb. .cquisit lcgal ed cgutdory t3t)wo* for
Otr
Jue
rt
invsdnent banking
ed
th.
Saudi sto.k
Mkt The hw cGates a fomt, indcpcndo! publicty hcld stock qchdge ar wll a d indcp@dcnt rcgulator, rttc .rc.pirat Marker Aurhdity"-whicn witl
deyelop tbe st@k oartet, pror@r invBiors, iorcBts, a|51|'c
dslilgi{d
aunort.
sharcs
f@ial
dd
listings,
lle Saudi @nony ilcllding llc @tior of panial svirgs &couts in rhc @ufiy s rwo pnsid systeN is cqEtd to both g@dy t@st sto.k cxchaqc @pialiatid bd rlafom into d .rc! mrc impo.ranr d8i!. for doromic grcs,lt d w.lt.
withjn
Forthcoming
recldted pnvatizrjon
ln nid-July,
ised by
rcw brokcngc nm vere thc C.pital Mdkets Althori9. pE@110 thdtr n e .ppli@ts for
2005, regdarios for sr.blishins
paid-i! @pilcl of tu
ls
rbd
AREAS TOR
Appret llc
i! th.
next fcs
Saldi apparcl
mkct
,!4, dd rbc Fdpets for tightweiSh! we[{odsrruckd app.El fibd sh d @ton, poly.srer bld&, ed cotion o. s k rbr
wonert lingdie
2.
Conput.r SoftFrre
!d
nat
t for coEputes
ed
F.'phdah l!@iB thc t&gsr ir thc Middle Elsl dridtcd .l $228 dillion h 2001. Thc apidy qpandilg Int n.r pdi6 wiU @!e
fd halw@; soft\@ drd n twod( inGgatioD d{t up8rads will dsure co irued gro*1t for scv.nt yds, Indim @npad4 dgaged in softwec *porB sd hddwa.. l@!l!ctw @ nakc u. of the o!4Drturiti6 in Oc Middlc E6r in goml ed Saudi
subeidiary @r*1
3.
Edu..(oo ,trd Ahjlltrg s.rr,tcB: Ar in@ing popul.ron e.t reed for skilled wo*e's denand 8rclvth in rhe miling rcqujreDmr.
Cooplter ad IT lraining
in grcat
such
NIIT and A?rECH & alrcdty oFEt'DC in rhis fi.Id. Thh i5 aotl roon for cp8ion of.ctivitiB of rbc qisli4 ptrtB .trd scoF fo.
n e .nt'arts
itr this
t@_
Medlc.l Eqllpnetrc Higher budgt ry allootio! for he3lth sctd md new hcdth p@j{ts, exptuion and ercwrh of existing hospii.ls u{t
clid6 will
and
provide
d@d-sugc
fq di.grctic
lhhpcutic appuri6!.
't GB y H..t
p"h
ffi"#r:i
rxH;.:'"y'#:y
Bar* tuvt
paat ah
Ere oa@
5.
Pb.rmic.utic.h: Ihc Saudiphmeutical @tct is thc targ6r in lhe Middle E6t With tbo grcwing Saudi popularion who dcmtrd inprovod
hcal[caE, delhd for phmiccuticat lroducts co[ti cs ro irdqse, fte S|udi gove@n@t hrs altocLd $294 Dillio! fo. medicire i!
2001. Thc
@rtd
@tly
is of rhc o.dq of
ovd
tl
billio4 of whic[
moE
sbMd Deepn lhc string.trr srudard! of .dty into fie phmacdricol secbr, porotial for groMt *ists for Indid compmiA in pFefiption tlruss, g@dics, OTC dDgs ed hdbat produc$, if pBu.d vigoreBly. tr my b. mr.d tbat bdd rh. cxi*ing
Egul.lioN mcdicitrB ud phmaccuri@l producrs .r. Eol admitr.d ro
ItE Kingdon
ih
Mirisry of Hc.lth. Tt. appli@tioB supportcd by rh. r.qui..d ccnifita ddy lcSalizcd by a Sa$i Anbian Conluble h the tpplici s asr, @ exmjied &d th. mpls malyzed bt the Minisrry of Halt[ ro .i:se thal tb. sahples eEspond !o tb. epeifi@tios. If rh. MinisEy ir
uds.
prio.
rt
*lbfi.d
6.
li..@
is
isucd
nEJk
erowing rapidly in both coop.ntiv halth ilrllmc progm l4id out by rhc H6lth rosllm@
isl@ce
Coucil EquiB conpania with lre 6d 500 qpati.tc work6 10 providc hcal6 ilrsll!!@ cov.r for rhcir dplorrx. Thc rcw Egulatic s.l aD mu.l itlsime prmjM of 966.67 ps pcen ro e tMil)M of $66,667 pd pdor mully, wil! a dedulibl of 20 pcrcdr Oncc
the plan is impl.@1ed, thc
mul
ris to ll,8 billiol Th. @ iDturlr@ m*et wil dso bc cbdgirg de to n4ly d,rin d tbid pdry molor v.liclc im!m@ rgutationr arding n*ly 6 dilion 6,
Alio Prt3 td S.ntce equtpm.trr Saudi Anbis bas the tatgsl @teq for bot! nry dd Md cd, in rhe Middt. E sr. Tbe sp&e Frt! @k t is .3timted ar US$655 millioD ir 2001, cxctudine tis ed
Ongilal Equipooi Msuf&tureB, larts. Bnt rprishg auto,pd$ I@ufacteE ed supplid in Indi! might fnd thb a promisile rurkct.
8.
brv. b.gu to iryon bult ricc borh tur do@dric nErt r ed Epon to Anicd &d o|[d AEb couhi6. India stil n cds ro cnldEc irrt
9.
lnlt dd vegchbld: Tn King.toh hs a siabt de@rd fo! Aui6 add v.getabl6. teal ptlducrioa has no! b@ able ro t ? p.@ with the dl@d, ard so impofis of tbe prcducts e qpe@ @
P.oe$.d
retuin strcn8. tacal produclion @cists tuilty ofdatca. Tb.
sizc of rbc
puc$cd
&uits
dd
a1 $345
nilliotr, wirh
10.
,!ug
rc
ags of
of
i!c6.d
ltill
pEfcftd S.nmlly dd eain mrk r a(rc nd 4ily in lhe Kilgdon. Thc Mka siz tur s@k foorb is $timrd ar S I 15 nillion in 2001.
ll.
Alr Condltlorhg ud R.f.ig.ntlob EqlipDe.t: Tlc bo! dry cli@tc i! rbc Kjnsdoo is ideally suir.d for grc*r! in AC dd rcftigdrio!
equipm.nt
6nd
nrlk
t,
estibatid
ro
is
losible
ro
oppori'sitis
Indiu oftpr.ncN.
t2.
Elecltlc.l Power syltedlr [email protected] of . apidy dpondtug population dd .r mbitiou irdshialiatior pla!, Saudi Asbia is one of thc
B for lpwd gdcatiotr erurnr eo sdic. Thc Saudi Miniltry of Indanry ald Bleticity's 25-ytu cldEicity de 6lls for ll t? bitlid in 6pir.l iNlstnetrt ro ilt.!!e rhe Kiqdom's rod powd gen mrion capacity ton 17000 MW pd yed by 2020, lndiu t@ufeteE il the clotical ed cLclronics
sator will fiDd C@d oppo.britiB
13.
ndt
bft.
Ml ng rtrd qlrrrrils polerN: Saudi Anbia is divGirybg it3 eonony and d*lopncnr of nin ..l rcsourcca is me of ile 0rrul
Tle Arabis Shi.l4 a Scological faturc rhri suet hca along rh.6riF Rcd Sla @a$ @nLirs subr.nriat depooirs of p@iou .!d no&pEi@ md,qts md olha minazls. M6t of tb. fodation hns bco nalpcd. Foreig ilv4toB @ offftd 6x erenplion, long r6 cxtracrion righrs ard otber in6riv6 io ilvdl o. Fr.blishjoi v@nu6 ir ihcs fickts. sone ofthc min Dioilg p'ojccF
tbis resard
ded
i!
. . . .
Al
Jlldid AbiEl
Pbosphal. Prcj.ct
Bdit
D.porit
. .
Magr6iM
Aluinh
SdAr.
Oll R6ens: I! 1424125 Q1Aq, SAUDI ARAMCO yas Fsp$ibtc for maraginc 90 oil liclds ttrughour thc Kingdoo ilcludin8 r[c Red S. aEa" Motwd, 6v. oil fil& md a g8 fi.ld b de [email protected] Ndral Z@. c udq tbc rcspo.sibility ofoihd oil @mpalia whiL ([.n poduclio is sbrrld betw@ tbe Kingdom od Kuwait. The prcv@ xtncilble crud oil rsNB in ile ndds @8ed by SAUDI ARAMCO dd tbe othd conle@ia mout d
Th* tqd6 cdsriue atout t qlet rofr[. world's torrl Bws narjng Saudi A?bi! th. ou ry wirb rh.
ro 264-3 billion
bels
I[8esi oil rsw.s in th wodd, Fufthemore, rceNe o{ es, includile .lsocialed (di$olved and cap g$) dd non-sdialed 8s tor.led 241.4 nillion standffd obic fer by thc dd of 142425 (2004), rhreby nltiry rhe KiDgdoE
b re@ ofg.s
r.3d6.
Explordon: Duing the pqiod 1409 0989) ed 142122 (2@D, SAUDI ARAMCO\ cxploFtion etrotu achidcd $E$ i! thc Ccmzl, Wetm bd
Nonld P@vi@, wh@ rbe fEl oit fietd w discov.Fd io I{ ut a@ in 1409, folow.d by . trubq of oil sd ss fiel& in lhc Cotral pmvi!.. in 1410, which conlain lery seel supcr lidr @de oil. Iurthd oil discov.ri. wee Dad. in 1416/l? (196) at Usllal4 with a op of sociated s$ at Sbibla!, Abu Shib.t 6d Mulryh. I! rhc Eai.d provirE, @tr-assiin d 3we1 g4 ed cond@t s weE discovded ir t4l4/ 5 ( 1994) in lh. DeKhuff
|
,ouf
s w.lt s 3wcd non-ss@lld 8as in th6 UibmaniFh am of the chavar field in Jouf rcsdoir sbadin nch
in Hawiya! a@ field
lwNon
olch.qd
i!
l4l9/20 (t999).
T!
ld-a.ss6iatcd s6 disvc.y wd @.tc h l4l3 0993) wh6 SAUDI ARAMco dii@v@d sd or rhc Rcd Sa c@lal ploin, b.twetr UDluj dd Al-Wajh, dd abo discovmd oil in MidFn a@ or O. ndth@ lan of th.
iat
cct. A r@ wlio, gls ald @ndeNis w@ dhcovqEd in l[. lam afu. In l4ll (1991), o qplodrory wll in Ar,J@f t6sin rcialc<t t!.
R.d Sa
cxi3rocc of @nnat 8.&
pid
slre
rgid
resdd ofpEniu oil
prcgm
dd tro!-Nociard ga
djsrbg oit ald gaj facititiB. As pan of its sF.t gy to achiwe hoE pofitable pedu.tio, SAUDr ARiMCO sig n.'nrry ieds.d I D si$ic auEyitrs in l4l2 (t992) to |!@
.r@tively d.liMrc
rhc
bouda.i6 of rnoM
cerciB.
Eipeline!: By thc .nd of 142425 (2004), SAUDr ARAMCO wd opeBiing odly 25,200 kilodetcs of crudc oil &d ss pipctincs. The Cory.ly conplerd a vcry D4ivc grid of piFlind b ralFd mdc oit, gas, drrrnl
cd liquids (NCL), cord.e&s ed cfincd prcdlcls. Thc nd oil piFlirc s)sld h.$ports fivc type ofcrudc oil toh the fitds tocared in the slheh,
trorlh.o and ccninl producilg arels io th pldts for !rcccsing aid thd for qDort E tbc sa Frts of Ju,ayMh Md R4 Tuu d thc 41eh codt ad Ydbu o rhc w.sr.m ccr Thc sFtln dso rras}orB dudc oit ro doo.sric
cd
ud
$liu
Enoved
ed gN is rhh deliv@d
whE
As pan of iIs stratc$/ to Edr@ dcpddd@ on rh. p.od&.d qu.nritie$ of asEld ga ad b IEr growinS domgtic dd.!d for gu, S.{.UDI ARAMCO is inplcmdfng ahbiiioll! pta$ ro bdst ir! norssoo.Ed g{s
prod@lion tbDuSh
. Fojer wLich involva .o$ttuctiotr of re g4 p@esing pldis a.d aboul 2000lil@elcn ofpip.line *nic[ e now h Oc dsig! d.t 6Nrn46d phrc, Ir is mricip.icd $!t tlie pmj&1 eiU i!c!!@ tb qislil8
@p&ity ot tbc
Maid Cs S]st n
dbic fdr
Itr t4l3l1414 (1993), SAUDT [email protected] !! iDporra!! prejer to ^RAMco inc6e ih. peity of rLc l:oolsn rons Ealtwet codc oil piFlire fioe
3.2 MBD to a
lwinw
of 5 MBD.
Tli!
pipeline s)*eD
c@t By Gs Plrlt w @iving ald !|r)e$i!g.lFoxiEt ly 100 MSqFD of 5u ga frotu fi.I& l6at d in the @rt, to inctle fu.| gs $DpliB to JubEil indulri.l city or thc Anbie CnE co!!r, ftjs Y3! F.c.dcd by th. @bplctid of . 137-b! long ald 400 MSCFD piD.line fd t !d ga cdin8 n@ Abqdq lo Btu gar pL!!, In 1418/1419 (198), rh. FEol.u podlci hMiEeion piFlilc Aon the Esrch Previ@ to Riyadh w iMugMre4 sith r li* to Al-ll.9.nd mthc. to Q.sid 6vdi!8 r tot l did.@ of 851
wiih Y.dbu @ rhc R.d S6
E srd!
lFvi@
l.
For
Adx-4.
2. For Bonomy
PIu,
Invdtmclrt, T6dc
R@w ed R.guLri@ s
CEAPTER-?
RESOURCE DEYEPOLMENTS IN PAKISTAN
P*kt!!'s
S.ctor.l Strtu3
on tbe achievemnt of self+rtEciercy in
bsic fod it B and iDprovetuar in prcdetivity rhmugh eficior @ of inpuis and d.dir TIF fm6 v@ ro be previded lltu@tirc slppon !d6. R6ceh ed cxtcrsior wE ro b sfiogttmd.
Policy
mslc
.!d
id.ome ofthc
6md!
e.E
inhodu.d.
(pEp)
w
sd
Ituched. A rcli.fpacloge or oubranding lo@ wa dou.cd. Libdl cr.dir facilitiB Fcrc .cduc.d, The fmds weE ale providcd sdequat rctum for
thcn pmduce itsugh support pnccs,
vcS.tabl*. r.bltc of
25
pd @r
vs
unouccd on Eligir
mti@al
6ic6,
plm.d
ruagde
Rs ?.552
billion.r
l9E?-S8
Fic6
agrirrlt
pd.cnr diliarion. Ttc sub,eidy d fenilizcr wa! Rs. 4.97 I bittion agd4t l[c pltu a[@ario ofRs, 3,3 billion. Bsi.les re public s@ror devel@Mt oulryr 1he pnvab se.ror
inveted Rs. 5l,6 billion ar 1987-88 pdces
9j
i! tte
agricultuE,
TL. 8rewth nL was 3.8 Fcni.SsiBt lhc ptan rarg.r of 4.7 pMni TtE
shordrll
1988'89
wa nainly
du ro the setbdck on
ecour of devrltatirg
floods in
odtable iocr.!s. in 6nor lro.tuction duirg lnc lld p.riotl. tts podetion incr@ r2.8 niltion bate in 1992-93, blt laler on rt i:B.d ro 9_l mittior b.les (tre lo floods ed lef curt vio!, tloweyr, on |! basb of btat five yd outplt targ.ts of 6fio4 slgarc&e,
1992-93. Thrc a
ed
potato
d.r
pft.nt,
90,5
ws [email protected] in lhc obut of noF 6diti@al oil sceds, g@ &d npBddr ed nBrard The overal grc*rb pdfoI]@ce of |ic livestock $b4ccror ws 5.8 lcMnt agaiEt rbe r..r of
On the orhd hald $bstddal shonfall
M.nuJ.durlng:
att{ibuted
lErcdr pwmt a ycat The mtir. shodtalt Aon ile raq.r is ofE.l to thc legdsalc nduleturirg sctor which could ody .nain !
Tn vlt'ond.d
in
tuufrctuing incMsed
by
5_9
pcj6l agaist rh. |.lg.r of 8.0 peEcnr Th sbon frl s bc .trribubd 10 law ad ontq situarion, infr"sEetural 6ne!"irts dehys iD rhc comissiding of nw pojars, non avait.bility of Rrp nalqiats ed a wtdgrwth 6te of 4,9
ttm cottd
clotb,
mio. tyB, $8e, soda dh, nric sod4 cdron ttuts ed bu$ wcrc &bieved dd in a fcw 6!ee cxcc.t q
wa expai@ed in the prcduclion of vcg.rable ghee, cdGnf .itogenou fe.tilizd, srel biuet, rol.d sheels, ciglrett s, tE!1or3, Dspcn, bic}lLs ed p.IrolM prcducts. Crewrb of Igi|Eidg ed @pital good! indutrie ws fd b.tow lne exF.lrtions,
while shortfall A
!M
ofRs.
10.0? billioD
tuDf.cruilg cto.,
itc
Fi@cial ulilization uder the PSDP in the trdlflcturitrg saror @hcd ro ps. 6.352 billion agaiEt rhe sr8ct of R3. 10.07 billio @fl@ting 6j p.Mnt
utilizatioq Out of rhc ltitianio! of Rs. 6.ii2 billion, R!. Ll86
bilio!
w4
Rs.
@iring
5.115
bilid ton
Public
CdpohriN
Pros@
indietinS t2.0
p66r dd
dd dpohre |!sow6. i!
thc mdufrctu ing s@to. (at
Agaimtilc invcatne
conslant
pnG oI 1987-88), the pri{r. irdutrial invstmcnt .fuut d ro R& 145-3 billion ar 1987-88 pn6. FoGign lrivatc invstuar in r[c tmufactlilg Fcror e6 Rs. 2? billion rgti6t the r&ger of Rs, 26 biltid at
1987-88prics,
Mietarr: IlE Sa@th Pltu placcd gmt mphai! or cnlargiry the prcituction ba. of min4l *[or thelgh Elid .xp.sio. of lool ed f@ign invdhar
DuiDg lnc ?d
started.
Pld pqiod dife..nt collabontire dev.lopmdt pbjdts wE TLe prcjcb bave helped in the rraining of CSp, PMDS ed RDC
shtb ?ld dl@rcd Rs. ?.0l2 bitlion (ps. 3.122 biltid A.n de budg.r 6d Rs, 3,89 biUion ton l[e Corlontioi! PreC@c) for rhc dcv.lopnd of mineral sabr. A, momr of Rs. 1.597 biUion (at coiriArr pric6 of 198?-88)
The
ba
utilizld againsl lhe budgllly pbvisid of Rr. 3.12 biltiol R& 0.625 biUi@ ba ban uriliat agni$t lhe rargd of Rs. 3_89 biuion b itc public corponhos prg'ime Beid6 l[. Pubtic sc.tor, priv.t s6ror invFtcd Rs
0.903 biUion in Oc oincral secior.
bd
E drgri
ExpcditioB developneDt of indjgtuB solltg, conpEh$ivc dcrgy pncilg policy od 6B.natid of o..gf wft lh. min idgrdi@c of
Oil dtraction in oe coutry bas inc@sd ftom 44,684 barcb pd day duing
1987-88 to 60,000
b@ts pa
day
iI
showitrg 79 p.rccnt
tbe
ple
98j
cm@tios
w*
isrrll.d qp&iry for pow.r [email protected] {ron 6?94 MW to 9?86 MW. Nuba of i!. addirio@l vilage cleEificd re 1?,447 aSai.st the pld roSd
Total of 10336 showitrg
159 p.rc@1
millid
n*
.lccric
ple pdiod.
a cmpEhdlirc biniotr *as ovisgd i! th. pt n.
Rt
.l
e!!,
presme
Ior tlis
c4trlctcd udd rhe @yfamto-tuket oadi pro8tue agaiGr th. pla4 targer of 8500 KM. Und.r the l@ple'! llogtunnq 1850? sbcncs rt rjlg ro diflalot s*rors w@ apprevd duilg $. Fio<t Aom Me[ 1989 Dpro 66 AugNr 190. Sinilfty,
hdd
rhe
Tmer-.-Watar
PreeM.,
iniriatcd in
Ocbbd
schemes conprbing
tual
Mrd $r'ply, villegc electrin@1ion, health facilitia, comuity @rt y..ds dd mutruction ofbridgd cic, wfr lppmvd upto Juc 1993.
Undq
gnv.
@l
dd
R!, t5.000 nosqu. dd 31152 pdrlrry sch@ls. Bdidcs, 3780 pin'ry dd l9j0 niddle rchools eE npshdcd !o niddle ud higb lcrcls Bp@livcly lg.iisr rhe &g.r of58j0 priDary and 27?5
Itr the
against
Ml
r[.
tslrh sub-sror,
1650 BHU3
6d
106 RHCS
re
e&Stisb.d
ard
t2t
nEt mte.
e*
snpptid
drirbng
wrc pmvided to I I
milior
10336
of
pld e
lhe a]s wbich ee ietudcd in the rcsional ad (absir, Northm Aft!5 ed tbe Fdequy
A|4 whi.h sh& certab @motr g@physi@l t@rion dd eommic c[letaiiti6. DuinS rhc pte psiod, .lfutl of n!. t3.2 billion al I9E7-EE p.ic6 l@ ltilzcd showing utilialion of 66.3 p.rcdr R!,
AdDinisLEd Tdb.l
bilio! wcE allo.ated for Azad Kdhnir again$ which mouts of Rs. 3.5 bilion w@ urilizcd, Northd A16 *ft prcvi&d Rj 2.? biltiotr our of
5-2
FATA
dd
FATA./DC
e uounr
ofRr.
3.2
bilid r@ uriliu d.
Ttuspon & Cohhunicatiod: Thc Scvnth pld orFd fof the rcbabilitation of Nets ed a moderr exlmiotr i! the ca!&iri6 of thc Roa4 Railmls &d
ro
ed
shon
lad in
1992-93 rhrcud
to RailMys
dd
shon
ed telecmui@tioB @ aho avisgcd. Rsurfa.ile ed @inrlMe of bighmts od d.v.lopndr oflon f.cilirie fo.onraiM r".trc w@ ro b. hdert kn. Bcaides noddizine K.fuhi shipyatd and @ginilg wort!, po$ibilitics of dcvloping existinS rivd dd ldd n rporks for inted @vigatior Aon Port Qain io Kalablgh lnd lllorc werc lo b exDldd.
Major nilwayt prcj@rs corlptetd duing th. ptd iDctudcd Le@otivc F&rory at Pjsalpu, Ifulfactldng of t58 pasdger c@he, rccomisionhg
of 3? DE leos, ptuull:t@r of 5 DE
298
KtN. md slc.pd rcncwal of357 Ksg Freight raffic, how.rcr, did lot itrclle FiDdily dlc ro op.dtiml jneffcidcy.
ftc
hi8!w.y eb{ator
B@d
(NHB) wa 6nv.nd inro a National HighMy Auronry NsA) @d givd reser poweE. Amory thc mjo. prcjets, wo* or ile upsFding .ad imprcvenent of rt rndu! Higtqy (Nario.at High*"y N-55) .s rh. atredic North-Solth link on the W.st Bank oftuvq Inds ed duli%tiotr of53? KM
rhe
ws
d.relopn nt budgct nan ly 'Mlintcnance Backlog Rcduction and .Resurf&in8 md Srbsitedns, preg.am*. Th6c pojelsi prepsr! to ove@De ll. tmbtm of slo.arg. of
undcr
minn!&@
of
oricDted
lbjccls
th.
miltc@ce tunds wde tintuced by rh. World BdI udd rhc Trampon Sectd L@. Eiforb to idusry pdvale sqto. i, [igbwy coGirucrion did rcr
@teriali4, Wo.t oa rbe noroMy brsE! tat(El5tafubad w.s initilcd, about ?329 Kru of new bads were coBhuctcd ad 823? Krbs of qisdng
lte
Fisb
oa-going
prcjer of tdt esiD (pber) *93 .ldo( @Dprct d. tldbou &d the Mhiport vse also codplct d.
cw.trf
Itr
Aft.a.tical comEuic.tioB ed conhol (AC&C) sysraa wcF @D!r.tcd dd old mway ar Linorc Airport up8nded for AirbB A joo 84 opeatiotrs. Tle PIA &qui.d fou AirblFs A3IO.3OO,4 Bed lotro ! 27 Airclanr duing r!. ple leiod. Doe$ric ttific @icd by pIA f.ll sho.r pt|r of
rhc
6i.d
hy it
de.ded rtc
plan
targ.t
kiEr.
Airlin bsin6s.
liqs wa
of
&hi.vmcnt of98.l pa@i privat &ctor which ind!.ted in r.leoll]lMi@io6 or Bnih tade ad Tlurq (BLT) bgris iEldlcd 500,000 r.l@hoDc lin6 duing rbe ptd Fio<L T&T D.pa.tocn! m
@!rcnd
into Pali$an
Tcl@muiqtio!
CoQoation (pIC)_
(.i
1987-88
dd 8l. 39.569 biuion for public Scror Corpor.rion wE mde agaiut rhe pld dlooiion of pr. 29.2 biltion dd Rs, 32.30 bilion Bpdiivcly. Duing lhe !,le p.riod Ri 27.368 biltim ed Rs. 2E,?86 billioi tr?s uliliEd for thr Fcrt ql ed Provincial publi. S.ctor dd public
Co.pontiotu progtllMa. Utilizrtion srood .r 93,? pe. cdt ard 89.12 pd @t iD tbc Fcdc6l Public S@td dd rtc Pubtic S6ror CaDonrion ilspccriv.ty.
Thc ov@ll uarlization
conrrol
gih
a hieh
priority.
F.cdd C$d
udc. ral6. Abolt 5,500 nrbewels w@ iDsirUd o! mtal bdis in the pnEa. 3eior B6ide, My snall irig{io! $h.c wm .x{utd. As a rsdr, 1.53 MnM lddirionat Mter, iFiganng addiri@il
cultiv.blc lrnd of l 012 nillion hecu&s
b.@e aqitable.
To conscre irieation Mre., Irigation Syst n Rebabititarion [email protected], Cobn rd Watr M.egeedt ad On-Fm Water Maag@cnt preglllrms
w.c inl9lcndre!.
The
Co@d
Wat r
M!$gh-r
erl
Ph6e-lII doveiail.d with !ba!c-ll. thysicll ac@mplishmqts included dovati@ of 10,000 w.td oN6 dd tdeting pEisly 128932 dB (521?8
About
ll
T'uirior pmjct
1987.88
dO
wa3 utilircd
duins
rhe
7'i pr&
a8.in$ rhc Pld allodrion of Rr 28.4 biUion rcfl@titrg ?j_7 perc@t utilizarion. Uriliatiotr of ADP alloorion hd, howev6, b.m estinar.d at loj pGGtrt (ar
Tte Min goals of the sc.ror weE io Fomolc Oo(hrctiviry lnd coflelirivens ir aSdculiure {nd indBtry, md io .nhdce rb. .fficiacy ofrespon, ddgy,
health
ed
othe. sato$ by
giing
boost to tcchnologi.al
&velopdar
etrods
Plu
ed
in inprcving the idEductue equiph@t dd other facilitiB in iBdturi@s tike rcSI& pc{T, PCRWR crc. so@ pot@tial rcvnue C@ed{ng pnj@r have b.n sLrd by MO, PCSIR, NCTT, CAMB, NIE, PARC, HDIP, NIH dd SUIARCO .rc which is a b.pMg &wds elr: f@cilg ofacrivitid of S.iae & Tdhmlog/ 3ftto. No anra.trE mcnrive
nDdc vcrc gryen lo
thc
ws
lriE|e
scclor 10 encoMg
invotnot
in R&D_
pregn'm 88? schols w.re *nt .broad fo. highcr studic! leadirg ro ph,D in hi_tech fi.16 lo ove@&e lle
devetopmcnt
dartt of thc rehni@l comp.ren c. DuinS Ple pdiod 262 lhcn snrdies whilc 252
shd4
coDpleted
r.tucd
io Palisran,
su
of
ud T*hnoloS/
agaiBt
l.6l billion
E.luc.rion
& TnininA: ln
4mditE ofduori@
bilio!. TIN in .sl i@ th. ov@ll nmcial .:p.trdituE hrs bed 82 p@4 or lhc Pkr dl@tio!, Cob!.qlddy th@ bAv. betr short-Als in the
&hiev@cnt of pbysical rargct. Somc of l[. inporrart policy initiativ6 preposd in lbe Swath PLr could nor b. illPltui.<L At pri|Mily ldI,
about 21,000
pri@i6 ed
I3,OOO
dd 20,000 dosqu. $h@ls. BDildings *de c@hrrcd for 16,500 sbdrdts scb@ls aSdEr r!. t rg.r of 20,075_ Abou 13,000 cla 1006 v@ addcd i! ric .xistinS priruty sh6ts agaid
rhe tatg1
of 8,750. Abour
ar rhc
3.
1.5
oilid
milid
gnb
l@ cm[.d
.d,Citio@l
pdh!.ily Lrcl
ple
raryct of 4.6
32
prel|
i!
ile
cdolm.lt
d b. anributcd
to soci@looi. fsctoN
rbar
inlabl
fMjlics Aom s6din8 Uir ctil&cn io rhe sch@I, bigh dopout rate &d non-cMctnenl of conpuhory p.imuy scbooling lcgislrtior
lroposed in the Sevnt!
Ple,
Duing the Ple pdiod, about 4,201 prin.fy md 2,600 middle sch@lj w@ npgndcd lo nid{Ic dd secorda.y lcvll agsinsr rh. rdget of 6,500 prjbiry ed 3,?00 niddle scb@b Ep.ctivcly. B.sidq ll0 nd high shools wm
clsss p. add.d in norc rhd 168 Fmndary sh@b rspectivcly. Two Diltio. addjlioMl stldoB wre mlled at
stahlish.d, inr@diat
of
l.E8 miltion.
ID
q@titrtiE te@
100
p.@t
ha
bd
&hiaed
bu1
ro t chrical od v@a0onal stsm. Twards rhb nd *ort' weE sr.rted on *trbtblrndr of 29 loly-tebdqn4 dd only 4 of then wft @nllcred. Wolk on th ltminile
studoas
iBtituijos
The
is
expat.d
10
S.vot!
Edu@od Foudanoo wm *Eblnbcd for ctromging lbe pdv.r. *ctor's palricipatio! in ln. .dablislnhr of lew .ducarion.l
institutiom
oD
non{()m@ill
basis,
lrniol&ty
in rhe
.ur.l @N.
2.
J-
lay scales of $hool tclcheB r@ upgndcd by orc srep, dd ihc upp.. a8e linir for appoinhor of pne.ry scLoots Ecn6 v4
The
5.
prcgm. (sAr) s
lau.le<t in
1992-93 to
tircracy
dd feiatc .duMrion,
prcgtlrma
fom
jt
arrri Acaist r! Pld larglof 1,882 Bsic H.ali.l unit 1,660 uirs w@ st blilhed rcfletin8 88.2 pdar rchi*ndrg t05 Rural lldlrb cdteB
E .cting87.5p.rcot&tiev.E6r,
onty
Caid
mit
17,528
doctos agaiGt the iarger of 17,535 wc@ added. Ag.inst th hr8.r of 800 dcnth4 and 10,240 NN*,7?5 D.nlisrs ed 8,?6E nMcs wer achyed.
SimiLrl,
27,150'4tr.in
d_
16.8 million
ano
43.3
Chil.t6 wd i@uikd agaiNt th target of 18.8 millioo, ud nilion Packcrs ofORS rgliln ibe ra8cr ofj0,4 oilion packeb
10.0
Woh." Dfulopn nt: fte Mirisr.y of Wotun Dcvlop@N sponsored a vdicty of Mall prejels fd vo@n dcv.loln@r in ellaboEtid wirh F.d.rar 6d Provincial Lb. D.partb@t5 &d NcOs, Tb6. !rcjels includd comnunity/whre centB, dispesari6, eye uils, Sjhc wms, oay w
ce.r4i
working womcn hosrcb, industrial homes, trsiritrg @rdB, w6ter $pply schm6, womo @!.stiv*i .tad farah/eME, tcgal dd cdras, cEdit schm6, Iitc6cy/.du@rion cdtd, tib@i6, srcagrhedrg of f.dale
du.atio.ayt@hnical institutioG, gont-in-aid for woma prucM3 md NCO!. Spcial ucdii flcitities for woma wcre arrllgd rbbugh rbc Fisl
Against the
?ld
uliliation
i3
$timarcd ro
be R!. 648.493
nillion (d
198?-88
p.ic*) indicatig
72 p@@r utiliation
Poputd.D
@.1
Pmg@e duing
Pld w.s fcnility Drlag.lmr by hlutary birt! inldals md birdr pd6ti@s tlrcugh Duti-sionl a.tivitia s w.ll s mldd & child halth sFt o. Public, priE., NGO and 6@ial s!o6
w@ irvolved in s@ice dclir.ry.
Bin! prcv.ltion largl for Scvcnth Pld ws 3.17 nillion. Tlc preerllrm acbieved 73 pelmt r..gets by prcvenring about 2.31 oillion binh_ Th.
forcgoirg birth p@vdtion Ms .chi.v.d by $rablishing 1,505
wic.
ourlcb,
iNolvilg
(f.dchl dd prcvilcid),
580 ourtct
of @o-Govelm6t l o4rniz.tjoE (Ncos) dd 5,mo Tndili@t Birll Anddaft (IBAS), 2,500 R.si3rd.d ftivlt M.dicd Pra.dtioD6, @d 4,000
H.t@s ard Iloacoparb9 Tb. prognefrc abo dtablishcd 6?,000 !.lc poilts i! ftc c@l]@id mcdi@ydng sro6 lbrlugh tte prej*i cntirt.d
"Sorid Mnrketilg ofco rac.ptiv. (SMC)".
The Scventh Plan povisiotr for ihc
progamc \rB R!. 3.535 billid dd i,otal PSDP allocati@ amuted 10 I{s. 3,040 biltion at 1987-E8 Fics. 'fte
ar carimr.d
86
eour
of R5. 3.047
billio
which i5
dl@tior
or rb. S.v6tb
Bdfloynat
i!
leios
uncnllolDnl pBsws. For tht purpos., ihc Sev@tb Plar postulared a l0point rtdeey expected to g@@te 6. I million job.
lbvirioB of ilc t0,Poirl Stare$/ c.nld et be @d. .tr ctirc duilg tIE fiBt tbG y6. Scrcal frcror! l@ cloBibL fd rhi!, !i6!
Mort of the
thft es sde
rtc pFp|Erlon of policie ed projds. S4@{ poliiiql ddelopnac illibilcd @lriruity of policy ard dv.lo![@i prcgtue; T!ii4 EdEri@ in rb. fcign stld prchteit udertiti.g of !d prcgtzm.s. Ehploynor sinsiid dct rionrcd duiIa tte nst l}ee ys,
delry
Accqiling lo ough esri@1cs, .boui
3, 122
i!
ftltcd
fd 6c d.rclopllnL pDg"]]rc D rnc lDtrpoE s6ror, !g.i!st which R3, 1.0?4 bi io! d 41.8 pcenr *!r! ..rudly slqt lrw nrilizarid i5 midy duc ro ret t&uces pcilio! and iEplddtatior opabiliiy of Uc scror.
Thc
d Rs. 2,56 billion
Saath Ptd ? @t
m.
Syenth
pL!
foUowed
iltcghtcd
likc
c nld d.vclopncnr
covding
!I inpondl dimcdsioN
cllrul
hcriiage, histodcal
ed
aeha@logical
B@ch, culuril
hilrory otbropolosf, ads &d cnto ed ar.hnecrrc. M.jor portion of pSDp dloclrion pmvided for MonMdrs. Th. mo!iiu of euid<-AzaE houlc
ftlivs blilding ph!$ I w@ @mpletcd The physicrt wo* on cGlructid of 2 s!6 uchcd rd@@ 3tagc sbiL gl@d Mt r @t ot *dt
strd
qla
leyel to
l0 fr Mstro
twn *
@BEu.Gd. Wort of
wlr rd ompletion. Thc coNructi@ of n w norels ar Ch@ Sai&, Sb!, Khlzdr ed AFbia w.r. .onpt.tcd by PTDC. Bcaids, xlosion wort at ihc
cxistirg notels at Skardu, Zianr, cilgii. BeslDD, Khuzde
dd
Texila wcr.
also conpleled. Morcove., road sid! facilitie! ar Brcn on I(XH wcrc colmss'oned. Atr uom! of Rs, 74.64 nillim w* spnt fof youth
.leyelopm@t ptuglrl@e. About 85 youlh the coutry
dd the youi! hostcls si Qrcnr, pshaw dd tshmbad *E @plcrd; a E6rt stadiM .t H6itpu B at o .6ifutcd. Sioilarly, n6cu g.ud6 ar Lok viEa, IslanEhd w@ cmpterd ltowvd, rbce wa no rorth-while pbgB b rb. @drlction of lDrematioMl Cod@@
g.ll, Clllnrel Hsirag.
dt
ed Natio.d An Galery, itlur! M.did: The Sevoi! Plan aincd al.{pmdbg lhe colmgc tbrough 6dio md tel*ision to the entiE population, The rnajor conpleted prej@1 duiry rh.
ple
Japese gmt of tk. 50? milioi alo govdlrl@t suppon of Rs. I 19 millioo. Bcrid6, tccbaical ed pbdlcrim f&iuri6 at K.funi, hhoE &it Islm.bad TV @te6 w@ also @DpLr!d. A
was tbe 2"d television
a
cbe)cl udc'
lor ahitablc fo. rhc ndio sub-stor. As r r6ulr shortmvc Fr6mitters @uld lot bc add.d. Onty ore 2OO KwlV{W trdslin r ar Kluda bmwht a siablG ar.a of Bahchisran Edd Edio @vBgG, Morcovq, rwo nev sall poycr rnnsminG ar citgit ud Failatabad and
adeq@tc nuds weE
wft
ed
sathailg sysien,
Phficsl Pl.bning & HoNirg The 7d Five Y@ Plar aim.d ar Fducing gap betw@ de@d ed snppty of hou6 EEllair wa given to rhe povbion of holg to rIE stclcrtess dd row a@m. cftlps and !@ri!g thc baic n cds of drinLing m&i dd
pbviding
wdg.
dd tuiarion facitirics,
lhoudd
plors
w*
dveloped. tn
@l @s
2,9
milior
rarget
r!.
achicvld ro thc
petqr As Egads rhe ptovisid of ster supply^lnirltid faciliti6 itr ubd al4, the larsets &h.v.d w@ 85 pddr (wt r) .d 60 pd.e Gcp.nse) 6!edvdy. In rut:I a!6, 50 p.|@t potDtsrid b4
dlcrr of
80
access lo
wat r sulply
ed
17
p@di
ro
seitad@ Acilities.
Pb! whilc enrh2qrirg cxpedilg etioul pbdEtio! tbmud devetop@r of physi.rl llsr)lft f6lici6, n6ls dd n{-"s.ry p.o8t!lu6 in ddd ro D.omor. Ed ab.m. Seill W.lf@ *dic6 for bctcllhr of rh. physidlly, sirtty ed a@onically hddiEpp.d poput.tion in the outry. Tt Seist W.lf.c prcgnmd hlve b@ desigD.d in c qy th.r they htp to hadoniz. th. forc.s of scial chege dd offsr rh.h sdvse rcprusioN caued by !o$l
dw.loFncnr
n fd h.tping l! irdigdt dd p@ t!m!n.d in opdti@ Tbe poticy !o folow a @ltrnontivc cffon of the Covctu.nr ald thc Nd-sovftlMr Orger.ri@ (NCos) i! imptcnc .lid
ad Ushr syst
pto6B.
Zrlat
in
womd
wcll.I!, @muity ddelop@Dl pnicnfs wel&ft, sLff wclf&., wclbr of th. .g.d Er.- lr abo incMcd t69 inni iG tu speirt Gducrtid ed
rcbrlilihtion 3dic6 fo. rhc dieu.d pcls@ (99 F.d.nl dd Z0 hovifti.l). Tt social wc|faF s@tor ws lrovi&d u dmr oflts. 0.?94 biltior arairst
which
&,
0,602
bil[@ w6 uriliz.d.
'wllilc the grcetl targeir w@ lot rchievd, tte oveEn p.donn ec wls htilfacrory, ODP Cre* !r 5 p@rt a trd. agricutE 3_E p@dr dd @u&cnrinS 5.9 pecnr llvcshtdr in fxcd N.ts doutilg ro Rs, 682 billi@ qcc.d.d the brg.t of Ps 660 bilioa dE ro a sugc r
FEc
invdtn@t, which .xca.lcd Urc ta4ct by 19.6 petlerr, $bsanrjd advd@s wrc mde in ph,sical intast$cturc. Cs lroductiotr ircr.ed 34 pdc@r dd
powr Senenti@ by 44 percdi.
Rul
ele.trificario.
h tle 6Dl
?rogMe
eas taucbed to
wlra snppty dd smitadon dd popularion plditr& Th. f@B of rb. pngl"lr@ is or mm6 ad @l d.vlopmcdt. Ir mphsies inpbved detivry slsttu md
e@ter p.nicipatiotr of 0&
MI
comuity.
In te@ of n&o.conomic 6:ahcs6*, p.do!fuc. ar th irr.rul dd qr.mal ftdt @ not upto tbc n..t. Th.ld.lof fMt &dcir tw &on 605 pdor of GDP ir 1989-90 ro 7.9 p.rc4t of GDp in 1992-93. Thft B a Epid buildup of do@slic dcbt which i@B!d ftom Rs. 290 biUi6 in 1987, 88 lo Rs. 605 biuion h 1992-93, a niffi imgc of rtE SrowiDs dcficib_
TIE ddelopndrs in thc Middl. Est .wt
Esior
in J4&, Eu!!
ud
A]die
wsl
h4d
e ad]*e cllel
in
32.2
on
b.te*
of
wa adjut d by
lcn
7,t p.@nt in 1992-93. RrEe valu. Dt (cMut.rivcly) .g.iBt thc dollar, bur rne psition
1987-88 ro
during th.
culf crisis.
Th. siructwe ofpublic cxpcnditurc dcpiclcd r sbin to &e @Doraie scro, Tte hvestrMr by prblic corpoFtions wcnr up fron Rs. 49.0 bilion to Rl. 69.8
'Ite
w.nr ilmugh a pMds of d.rcgllarion dd libenlizij@. F@ign dcbsge egulati@. sdctioning prcc.dws for indurial uils md
@onotuy
lolicy rc d.cgulaLd ud lit idircd. Pri@ .oltots wei! tlm\rd rnd rubdidic,s redEed Ttc prccss ofEtioldirirg rrrjtr $ntnrE w$ $.rcd.
t!&
Scc!fi x'ni.[
opa.d ro Finb ilvcrldell' Thd. ii.ludcd po*!! t@dtio, reLcoriDEioti@B, 3hippi!& .irlilca md e4ort of rice ed coron. pam[.t to lhis tvo ba*! ed 63
q.r!
bithdto rs..rcd
fd pruic !.cla
re
ii.ll8tid uils
scrc
Fiktiz.{
! lit lyiob.@lid
CIIAPTER.S
SAI'DI AXABIA AND PAKISTAN
POLICIES OF COOPERATION
Tbc KingdoE of Saudi Anbia is thc pi@dils Illoic $aa in lh. cod.aporry comuity tlrl upholds th. prilciplca of rhc gloiiour Islruic
@atiani@ for Fguhting rb. rLrion3 bcrslq rItD govm. and lbc Sovdncd lnd $ r E $od foi b.navior i! borb priEl! &d public lif..
Sldia'a
POIJTICAL SYSTEM
P.ldrbn: Poud..l Eld.nrr rld Ettllclg P.Ii.t ! pt!@ts . p.rticlLrly diffrdll ce fd p.liticrl .!rlFis, ber@ n ir o id@logicrl sr.t . AD id.ologiet 3br. & mt 4ily lad b.lf io cdlpdi3odl witl ld-id@logicd sbrs. Th. Flitiol sylt d! of Midol%icll sbr.s pmc..ds sldg secukr linca.
coltrl
b to bc .!.lyzd lol deoldilg to rr".ditioDlnDdd bur accordiig io MFid..l dicboloEi6. Th. idal ofth. p.rf.cr IslrDic st t!, tu $t fortb .! . 8ql b. &hi4c4 bu! thc FlitiB of r!. curut poliricd sy$ctt In.kc fd blic coDr.ldi.tio6 eilt rh. id6l, pmducing p6p.tu l .o.nict iirstio8 {d vardiog th. @utry'3 poliric.l ilr.gFtid.
dodg
it
pred!
?oliticd dcvclopnclr tb@tub ofto fdl ilro $rf@ r"po i! srudyilg th. politics of sh id.ologicd 3t t s. Otr rbc politi.d sorha. t!.y 6nd |@1 politicrl plnie, E coBtituiid, . pdimdt wirb rwo loucst rcrin8 a.d
Sddl
clcctios
Wcsrq! dc|redcy. On
&bilcd aDlysb of th6. rturuB ir tu llo @rcludcd thlt r d.noq&y ap!rcaching ]l/cstq! 3r.ndlrds i! pEscaing in ! n@-nrc$cm courry. Bur
sucb
ihcy
alsMc
thai Weslem political srutues and inslitutios a.c lhe g@ls to \rhich all coutris nEt rspiF. Such studics, theiefoE, irhq iSmre or the uaware of
tbe rcle of
idh re
srroDg
aoug! ro ltrrci
order
i. ud4rand
f$l
srudy how
s
Ue @l deviar.s ,ioD rhe iddl. Tbc r@t colrexr @ntaiG rlc cout y
follq fcudal and clpbtut td two s.ls of teeth, olc for cating ed tto othc. for show, is rcl'a
trm
rhc
dd
&.
rhe
Fd ierb e our ofsighr Wbo, ttd, re @y sl, @ rhe rc.lpotiric.l poE-dolilcB in Patisld How js rh. politidt ed eomnic poec.
dbEibut d a@ng rhm?
mrr
their political rcsour.!? Tte dsw6 rcval lhc polirical srrarificlrion of ?akisbni siery inio fou tiq with politicd pni4 otr tb surfrce, uddLid by elil6, sr!.tuB od slsLni
What
Palist n contcxt, politic.t padi6 @ orgmiaiiotu for ri entdc@dr or cxteuon of l}c inl.61s of thc powcr-hotd6. On thc s4ond levcl ar. rhc
Ir
powd-holdq thcm-e1v6, ilc elirB in rhc poliri@l sysi.n_ The, dist wi6in
a
plunliry
of@
sicr.l dd r[.
sp6ri.l,
clcvdr bR.
Itr rhe socicral conrx! rhe dtirs .ie related ro O cUhic $ci,l srructuc of Pakkt n. h rhe spatid contxt w 6nd fie dichotomy betwd tLe reat systd
of
prcduetion (f.udal
dd
capiralirt
ed
(Islmic).
Thc i,h@rerical
limc
IiEt
eycry
loci.ty
vto de govcmcd. IXe umbd of l}6c rho govd, rhc potitical or8&iarid dd thc politicd iil@logy difd from stat ro srdc. S6ddly' in .v.ry siery politicat powq is itilTdlali.Iy
dht'ibuted tu L!. political sysreD.
hold6 in
influcnce
dd politicd
il6
llMbd
c@py Eurldiratire
e6 ftc .politicd al@, wh.G r[c govdil8 etit4 @ conedlatd ed *hee mt of the potitical de.ision-@king t k s plae,
i!
rhc political is th.
eftd gov.m.nt.
C{vming lit s wde loqrd rhEugh lists of govmd-glenls, prire tujllla dd C.bind miDbrea 6oD August l9?4 to Jdu!ry 1978. IAe dapatioMl baclgrcdd oflhcc joidng rhc @ral dbilcrs m red.d s lhe prin. ildicstor of thc elite g@ps ro which rhee Im hto!g.d. Wt@ t|@ tn6
the on occlpation
t l@
doninei occupation.
Thc politic.l migi6 of tnee clite grcup6 re r&.d fron thc Mug[.r (t?ditiodl), Bntish (olod.l) dd post-ildcFrdm (@cigdr) pdiods orrhe
hislory of thc
safegla.d
$b@tined (se l!blc). E&h of lls soup souglr lo its oh inlcrs tbrold rercisine power ad potirical irflumce in
4ptpl<sL";c,* .J"tit"
wi; p"t*ffi-
lmdownirg &d
pofe$ioaal clites, n d greater rcperenrlrion in tLe Fliti@l dem thd orh6 hid- Thr! docs mt n@ssarity near rtar rhey exercis.d grarcr povtr d
8ov@ing clird dcp.nded on dEn $pIDn bdis a@ng rhc niddlc sro6 ald rhc lt],ls_ ILN
t sb?: ne c6.
oJ Pakxt,r
poE of U.
faraa. oow
Oe militdy
ad blrealcntic
ed inflrcne
rhe
lolitical systcn bca!* of thi! colonial rldilion dd organiario!, The pow strnct@ of the ?atislani politiol .litcs olstalljat as d@ic!.d in thc
ttpes
ofrlato
!c ed
to mobiliz.
r.$!rces for x@ising powd d infllM@ th. ienponry Elalioships fomed tbrcugh
Horizontal
honm
.l
and ve.ticrl
aliuEs.
atides tinl
othd clilc groups, rbile vertical aUiec ti.k rhe elirer wirb thc nd+tir6 or |)A6. Th. pEliticsl elir6 ale.t! fom $ch.llituG, bur ar no riDc is r!ft
.on!lt.
uit,
allimcG
fod.d rb$tgh
pmcesse such
coEcction.
tlcir scial stucru]c< @ial vdi$lc of tnc potitiel sysrcrtr. I! patisrlli etbnic oots ce bc sigdimi, 6 $ercn ortq $c[ grcuP3 lhrclgL vatic.l lb!!g6 fotu d wirh iE oM crblic greup6. Mulin wortd is th. nonehy- Ar one tinc lhc whole of thc Mulim wortd ws dividd ilto rhc AFb. p6ia4 Tuililh dd Mlgbrt .rdpi6. Ovd th. 6lui6, nci of the eqic dj.ilt gnGd dd f.ll udd cotonid domi@tion. I! rh. po3r_6toni.l ph&
in ihc On of thc old.st
politiql islitutioc
nmy
Tn.
nw stlres have
dr9.4
inctuding
nuobr of
.ry
nonarchiB.
&.t buir6s eliEs s wcl d old coendive 6nit6 6d tribal ctie6 hd ofrcn ben Bpou-bte for rhc $ppr.$ion of delt1od{c dpEsi@. TLe grcup3 b3v. Idt lh.n
ded
!hc.
In the
the
mong llt. maiser. Mosl Muslim monarchi.s ftat have bm unable ro do this (lraa Ubya, Idq, ES/pr) hlv son bctu lwctt awat with the.be of wiou
fo@. Orhq harc selt ro slrclgihcn rhcir pceirio tuougb cugiou legitimcy (Moc@, Jordu). poputaiity ud rugioN legiim.cy h!v. ben the two stabitias of tbc no]@hy i! th. MuliD wdld, whil th njlilary md hldic forc* h.v. dc.g.d d ns @io chltrms6. Tte military, Emoved fie nonftby in Egypl, kaq ud Ubru. Th. ptac. systdtr of po'E bas thcr.forc, whft it U:s swiv.4 udergon coNid@blc idtul chdg.s i! ord.r to s6hi! its sEuctuE,
populd politi@l
Ore rcry itrrportdt indi@1or ofthc srlbiliry ofpotirical syst.m in
mE
Eat hd bcn iheir Dolitic.l legitimcy. No powd cu *pecl io enjoy pohical s1ability wirhour tcSidhacy &otu the people, Polirical legiti@cy is co$id.rcd cruciat b*alsc .rhc no6r $a!lc $r'pon wiu .Lriv. Am fte conviction m rhc pdt oflhc m.mber rbri n is righr ed prop.. for hin tc' a6ept dd obey thc aurhdiriB dd .bid. by rh.
rquillmnts of rhe Esine... tbesc obj.cis d contoming to hb om monl principls, his own kse of wh.r is .i8ht dd prop6 in 1[ potitic.l sphft',
ed
his luppon
induc@is
or rcwddr of
;y
kin4 .rccpl in
the
v.ry long
M,.
DII-ATER L RET"ATIONS TleE @ nfuy exdpls of l! Si!di-?.t coopmrio$ tnar .m not coveEd in thh snrdy. Howvr, I would b rying ny b6r @ covr s nen
I wolldbeworking wdqspac. @nltrai
be
!.
Anbir - prkhrto E@!ooi. h&ncdo! I1r rhis cb.ptd I sl'alt f@s @ it ns which e b.iry rnd.! b.rw@ the two coulries $p6ialy AoD ihe Saudi Alabia, oil dd palisldr, rice, Howw... I
A Dry l@t rt S.u.tt
f.lt
ihat norc
icd
need
md Saudi Anbia djoy . clo$ rclatioNhip l@ife*ins i&.tf in sev.ral sphfts of inter-strre &rivity!'. Thn positions on lh Anb-trn li
Pahst
conflict
On thc
ud
on way! lo
rc$lve it
so close
tbt
rhcy
cs
be caled
id@ricd.
she
6lmd
vicw.
ftb
culf dd Solrh-Wdr Asia. thcy bDadly @ ako b. eid of tujor ilr.madon l isuB tik
of thc
Af8hmislr4 Bc!id., the two courics sh&e a comon ugc to uphold ed pmmote Isldic solid.riry ed br. e prcminent pan ir c@deling rhe affaiB of th Organi$tion of Islamic Codfc@c (orc). L.sr blr @t 16r, th. tr! @Mtri6 havc fch ! s[ug Dcd for rclaric of ilic..dcDctrd@@ dd rE
coop@ting in
srug hftbnd IsLmic tics sie rtc carior ofPatisbr i! 1947. ftcn bitar.ol ELtioB @ quit distiaSlish{t ba!.d o munbl ud4tanding ed coo!.6tion for th bocfir of rhe two b.orhcrly peoDle ia paniculd md rhe &sr of Isldic p.oplB h g6.6t. The bh,labl rclatioN ha positivc jmplcr h @rdjn4ing pciri@ toelrds r tunbq of i rEtion l issB, sucb d thN of Afglojna!! patestilc, At_ QudB Ar-Shicf (Occupid Jerusrld), od K.!bnir. wirb Eg&d 10
Thc two
6utdB
cld od mci.l
lositioA s Palds|!! con.teme<t rhc lnqi irvaid &d cdlcd for uc@dido!.1 withdnval of thc l6qi f(rc non Kumit FurtbmoF. klistan oniribur.d bt sding forc. !o join tte I .@ti@l @alirion fo@,
whjcb su*.edcd
"
MbtelatFi s, atw. tNrL* o! DtotuE s@d. s&a-pd lDtd.F o1-ua' rMoB @.d 'nb\ to, Dtpto\o x 4!1o tu sa/d6 prydd h 14o,c 1.4s44 br. ahd
ed D*6
consultadon with
ed
th. Repullic of Palisr.n Kahm4 wirhin thc work of rle lslmic coDfedc*
well
panicularly with
dd
Pakista!
ncdrbcs of
Kalon, wbicl e0! fomcd by lbc IsLnic Conf@ne for FoGia) MidsteE 0CFM), i! lhcn coordinatim @ti!g, which wa held in Nw York in Rabi'a-ulAwd 1415. ehich is ale @morisd of Nrgcr, Tuk y i! additio! to Ih. Gocdl SdEt iEt ofrh. Orgeialion ofih.
IslMic co.f@c. (OIC). Tin low thc is$ of Krshnn ha iB inpacr b rhe Kirgdomt rclatiorr *ilh hdia, since U. Indie cov.rmd is qunc esnive
to
dy resolutis
Kshmir, 6peially
grcup.
Irr
lades of rbc two 6ur.id hive conlriblled a g@t dcal ir shdgthding lle bilaleial ti.s betwer rhd. Ije nEt top lw.l viit w mde by rh. lrr. King Fai*t ir 1966j rhc cmd s sEdc by the Latc Ki.g K!.lid in 19?6, lle rhnd by th. CBtodid of thc Two Holy Mosqus, the Late Kilg Fahad wnq h was CmM Rince in 1980,
.x.hanged oIfici.l visits bctwan th followcd by th4c visits by the pr.scnt Cljsiodi& of rhe Two lroly Mosq!6,
he
ed lis @ot
vi3it
Ki!8doh, In addition, imponel visii was hade by tha Sludi CrcM prince, Plincc Sulta! on Pabi'a-ul-ArMl t42?H.
L is obsded rbat th. bitsrcBt reladoN btwd lle Kirydon ofsaudi AEbia
ad thc blmic Republic of Pakisbn, is growing ldt ar rh. vsiou nilitary dd poliliql sphG. Mo@vd, rbft is @pdtion b.rwan Squtti Anbia dd
Palistar at thc ccononic, i(ndriat dd clrlrunl 6cld! eit it is gbsilg hcd.singly. Parricularly ir tm! of th. Saudi capital oow towdr p.lisran.
Funh.morc, therc ue hu8.
nMb6
rakis$li uivdsitis. On iis pan, the Kingdom ha! fillfuial sistanG ro ?akistan whh.va rccdcd.
Eall
sone t*o million peopl. &on
the lasr l4 ctrtuis. This is
across Saudi
contributcd gme.ous
AEbia
!d
rhroushout ih.
rcltd
single
yd fd
hoM a
rh
rbij
which b the
of Isl,mic taith
od uity.
Tle aFangme
ritu ofKing Abdul Azt Dn Abdul R.!!M Al-Sau4 ihe fouda of ihc nod.E Kjn8dom of Saudi Arabh. Major pmglls wc(. introdrEd ro el]!W ile !.cuity &d
s rhe
safcty of the pilg.ims, ar well as thcir well-being and @bfon. Si.ps wcre also
takcn to erablirh
hat1h
ce, s.dhtid ed
Muli@ torlly undcri.kc the pilgrimage in ese, rceive ! wM ercon or thei. aival i! Saudi Anbia dd e providd wilh thc dost @dcm faciliti6 dd .fflcior sdic possible. Wirhour the di$acd6 tblt th.ir foEbaF h.tt
10
foG
solcly on th E
irit!.t lslFct
6Gid.R sdilg the gucns ofcod.! hdor, md [email protected] v6r narrEwd ald nradcial reso@s ro Ue prepd cotrduct of U pilgimag. Ovff ft. pst fou d.odes, it la lpdt bilioN of dolts to.xped the Holy Mosqu in MakL,t sd the prcphcfs Mos$& in Madirr4 s *e[ d dtablhhinS modd lirporbr saport3, roa&j lodgng sd orhd daaiti6 and sNica for tne pilgrids,
Saudi AEbia
hciliti6
by itscr
dc
nor
.BE
I s!@estul riaij.
ba
Haii Cobmitt., which rcports ro tbc Coslodia! of thc Two Holy Mosqu* King I!!d Ibn Abdut Aziz, wro raditioDdly is in Malld duing rle
pilgrimge. Flming for acb y.als pilgri@g. gdeElly siads ar inc corclwion ofthe prcvioB onc dd involv* cvatuii.g veiou lrogllm @4 if Dcc*!ry, iftlducidg stcp6 !o iDprovc dy sdice rbat js dc4cd beid
Matt tr along the nodem sup*hghwly, pilgrim board orc of &e fleci of l5,o0o bud .tsisled to rhc Haii. Tt!5 vasr cm@lre of v.hjclB aplroaches Mina, em! fou nil6 10 l!. nonlM6t of M,Uah,
of air-conditiond tenlr
bd
Grdlilhed fd
u.
for only a
t*
,@! the pilSrim b sf!k by tne orddtinds of lb pLc.. Food is pr.parcd in hnndrc.b of kitoh@ sp@d tbmughout MiD ed dist ibuted
Im&d tbDughour rh. tent ciry. Tberc &e hun.tFds of 6cdi.d ctinid rhd supptmr the hospitsb in Mal}.h dd Amfat, Se[iry pdsomet dd t aft. poli@ guide &d h.lp pilgriDs. D6pit the cld $gB add nMb.r.<t rewq so4 pilgrirDs, plrtiod.rly lh. cl.lcrty, rmd to gcr t6r 6d n cd stu|'tre flding rh.n td|s or groups. Bdls of&lcpho!6 are locatcd in a[ lll pilgrimge sitc!, alowilg pilg.ia io @kc di@t itrtetuntional c.lls.
Evcry yce over a
@org rhe
tents_
is
ir$ed to takbt ri larioMls to visr Sauti AEbi!, ln the yed 1427!I. Saudi Ar.bie Erlbssy in ktgmbld dd Saudi Co6ulatc in Kar&hi, hdd isued sbout 600,000 vi* f6 rucir p.tist tri,s
visae
trlf nilior
Enrtolren!, , Uonr, Hrjj &d vilil vi!& Saldia Ahbia Houcs nce 250,000 paltuhfs ed lh.ir famitics, whitc durine lhe
nontr of DulHijah, Kinsdon Eceive ov*
150,000
plcgmies fo.
Hrt
scaroN.
govm@t dd p@pL h.E r gMl syDllthy ed Espect fo. lh. P.tttd gov.@6t dd irs popl., it M b. sa in rlc ti8h of enc a6rlc tow.(h ach orh6 for qdPle (i) Kine !.hd sqr a bis Eli.f in Mech-2005, to pakist ni p.opte for thc cfferas ofthe fl@tls in Bal@histcr. (ii) Saldi govelmdr issed ils inlrucrion to all@ate US$ IO.0O0.OOO for
S.udi AEbi.
lh. p@pL atrcied by th. cltth qurkc otr Octobd 2005 in rhe {o@ of Eli.f goodr 6 wel s at bridg. wilh patjltan rc .s!.blisbed ro tlrsport a nwc q@tiri6 of bhdcq terrq food iLo!, dEdicic ed
ot[.. Eli.f
y.qlippcd fi.ld hospiral, which wa set n & lh. db$r.. a@ ro previ& on thc apor, mdic.l rclief lo th d1b q!..kc victis.
goods.
I!
(iii)
rmucine e imcdiate relee of SRJ00,000,000 for MoBruction of sch@ts, hospirab, rc.ds! &d othd infraitucrus in rhc a.tL qu*. .fi@rcd !E ihFugh Sludi Dd.lopnor Fud
King Abdullah Bin Abdul&iz has isNed a Royal dec@
An exensirc Saudi
to
(i9 (v)
tctdbio! aDlai8n
*a
rrunch.d on
.r iBrlctid
ge|cBt. 6Dds f@ qrtlqulc srickd t6ple ofpakisra!. In addition to llar |!e Daics whicb weF a[@rd for intemarional food program for lhe yd 2005, hav b.er all hedd ord ro be dishiburd amng the alfetcd polL of thc .ethqul@. Also tbe Saldi Dcvclotmat
Fud hrs lovided addirio..l of SR?00,000,000 niUio. in soft t@ b.!is fd Palis.rn to nud 1[. d.velopmt lsga4 fo. thc coDing fivc
yca6- Th. Saudi D.v.lopmclt gEnie Saudi
Fud
atso
e4Ncd
its
eiliDgtr*
ro
dpon! for Pakiltar *ithh rhe linit of SR500.000.000 nillim to be 4@iatcd vith Monstrucrior ed rch.bilitalion wdt
Sludl AIIDh
Tb
rd FrNllrl
Nr{o!!
(UN)
Unly.a.l D.clr.rdoo or,,HuDu Rlg[E..I]N" ft. discurrio! lurourdilg thc Univcnal D.ctdtior of Hl|l@ RiShts ar rh. U.it.d NatioB previd.s . uiqu. sbdins poiat fd s inquiry @!.dilg IlbD ed rligiou nbcrty, Iis i! $ bddc of rh. inrlrEti@l n n@ of thc .liscursioq and bccaN @ibj! adiclca of rhc D.ctatalion sdd6s &c issc coeecd wil[ rlligioB n .dom dir@dy - norDly AnicL 18, which p@vidd for th. righ to A.don of co$.ictrcc i! thc choic. and ptzclie of r.ligioB frilh, itulldilg tlc dglt ro chrtrg. on 's ligio!, Ir ws tL. Irst Fovisid lhr
8av.
ri*
klhic
Fir3! ir is appolriac ro m1c r[. .pgoval da 6lhu!i!sE, wil[ which &. pGsibility or ! U.iv@l DeLntion of Hlllm Rie[t3 w vicwld by
d.lcgn6 to lh. Unild NatioN i! 1948. A! onc inidt dp@r, il qr! 6lair W.srm powcn !,ho qhibit d sEb drlulilsm - norabty c6t Biibi! ald tbc Elatur [email protected] fd dro?lc, com.o(ed o! lbc d.cuEt i! lec of iB poGotial .. s M.gD Cam for dl pcopte Pdbrpo tca! pr.dict2uy, l[is alhaialtic t !&dcy w ale [email protected] by d.lcglr.s th @ti@
Unicd St
tca.
outsidc thc
W6tm cielc
of
supdF96, 6d c@
by
ndy .ll tho. pMicipdti!8 dpr.sred sM. bop.s for b. doctftlt od th.n s4c iL1 rh. world vs Miri4 to ba. r[. t@ org{iali@ !pe}. It E fch r!|t i[c Ulivdl Dc.LEti@ would bc p..r of !
couti6.
Indcc4
rmri@l co$.rutr\ cspecidly chtcd to the.fo@ath of th. Sccond vorld Wd ed a rc!.*!.! cE. ofrbe pligh of oppBs.d p.opl6. Thuq rh. htin Ahqice prnicipdt' spokc w.lt of th. Dc.t Etiotl a. did r!.
ocw int
repcdttrir$
tDm
T.is|! ud !.vml
.xpBcd
*d.tioB did $ in Gm of 3Fifi. prebld Ebtcd 10 impl@ntarion d i!. q!*riotr of @ti@l lov@ignty
tLc no3t pan, dosc vho
r.lativ.
to
A diffEnr
A$bir replesdbrive , At the outlet of the comittce dh.utsios he comdted lhal the dnn of the Del@ti@ bcfor hin was blsed largely oo l! patim of
by 1he Saudi
st
qltioulx
cuhre donhel in
of
the
panm
cultw of Earen Stats," Thc son of difiicdty h.d i! mhd woutd beomc appeot io the disaion of thc bsis of hu]@ nshE (Aniclc l) ud
ulti@tcly of rcligiors Ub.rty (Aniclc l8). Wtb
cpel
ro
tums,
Del$tion ried to the pos*ion of rc!$D {!d @NiDe, le lointcd our tlat io sy that all hrl'@ b.ingr *cc .ndowed with tEon and coNicncc w4 1oo bMd a statmdt o.e lhlr wB mt. hd hd never bm true. Morcove., the words 'dignity &d riShis' used in the 6st s .n@ w@
Mbigt|ous
'hich
rh.
{d
bad
Th. st tenent in ArticL 18, ehich indicatcd thc bdic EEdo6 of huru cor!.ien . h Eligiou tundq ys abo rroubling to Sddi Rcpr6dtarivc,
Thb
oGcide rc @Bt led in thc anicL q inctuding the d8ht to chinSc otrc's Eligid Hc request d 6at thi! anicle be uode4 dgutug th.1 ii qould o!.n lhc dmr to p$dlrisn dd
particularly
$ boae t
cdon of
politiMl
Aedon of coffcierce
asked why this
dd
ridt
so xplicitly, In thc
.nd
l*t
for
Mulim, Ms
hin,
agrced with
a tbo* Ep6dbtiv
MBlim, ycr who
vored
whcc Mtion @nlaiftd large Froragd of fm rbc povision, vft 4tig.ted by rbe Saudj
1his
rcm.4
for
cmple)
eu@ ir Piscrtori's disNio4 and s.rj| to h. csi$@t witb r[ id.. tbNr Isl&ic dltuE i3 oppoed roo nucb of wblr is sicDifi.d by lh. ooftd of
hurutr riglG, in Flation ro W4tcn
dltw.
But thc Srudi delegation was rc1 the only onc to cornent
o! rhc Rt.tion bctwan tle provisiG of Ani.lc 18 6d llld so 6r s th. @mitte hdngs d tte drat Dd@d@ @ colcde4 de hil! to @tie sy sigoifitut div.rg@ ton d diegffidl wirh tbe S.di Feit@ ddg rh. IslrEic @uti6. But wh@ rtc DeLntion c.@ b.foF rh. c.ncnt Als@bly for . fin l vo&, Pal<isrrr's [email protected] Zrtubn l<ir! @d. a vdy inr.i.srins
$rldat
or the
ise
io hlvc intdded to clalleng. alBmdi diE[y, Ar tbc Eo.de harc ii, Za{ruUah K}d said that:
'?akistM wu
e dddt d.f.ndd
of tledom of though.
dd beti.f ed
of
tb. Ac.dors lis&d lin Arrictc l8l. Tb.r! could bc m d,oubt or rbrt !oi!r, eq if llrr qu6rio onry had a potiical r.pe! rh! delararion b. had jus! EliL
tu l!. lrlist !i d.legltio! rhc pmbLD btd ! spdial sigifrcece a so@ ofin atD.crs involved rhe holou of Lla$, lL
would b.vc bed s1frci6l. Blr
ho a
Assnblr
it wa
s.rting thrt rL. Qu'@ is rLe yord of Co4 @!tio.d: 'Now it sl d rbat @ilhcr f.irL mr
il
lt. palisrali fonisD mirirl. .rBiae wticlt gaE birtb to Thc elm e4Bly sid: .t r h. wto
ch636
ro
ch@a
bcls,
beUeve,
ed
it fonn.lly corde@d nol lack ni$iorry relisiotr whcl @liq on peuuarion, md whicb eogni2$ th.
dght oI convdiotr for otbd faithj
disbetiac.
sane
for
iB.lt
In clositre,
ad
?akistani deleglrion *l}uld thdcforc voE for Anicle 19 [sic], would asp@t no limitation on iB prcvhioN.,,The Dol@rio! pased 48_0,
'th.
Sldi Asbia)
If Mr. B.ddi'! staleDoc @ ro bc cxpoo4 gi@ rtc lirdtw citcd atov., Z.hnbl Kbant e cei,idy no!. In view of tuh divdgae, whar is thc
oftcr
vicw of
Idm ed hlll@
riShb
of
@Ncien e and Fligion? Al-Bmdi spoke on lhe bcis of ktanic taw, vhich &mrdilg to nosr @outs collaitu stricr pbvisios for thc pui$nelt of
th6c vLo chr{g. ih.n digion (i.c., toD btam). z!&![srr Khar lrso ct io.d to bc s!.!ki!g .utborirativelt citing rh. Qu,m s lhc wod of cod.
Sucb div.rgcn(.
of opioon poqdes
ro
. hqe
oppomuity ro .xptoE
Lh.
relatioBhip of
kl.E
sp.rtilg
abour
"Isbrq" il
such
is
!66ary
l@d to
udcBardbg of r[c ctation bctw@ I5tm dd hllmr nSbtr th.! is borh Eoe @m9tcx dd rich.r th.n b.e b@rotuE b@n appEciated in sholuly or pq,ulf litcr.nrE,
me i,nfl@e. ot Ihe Spitu oI htau, &ontirg to Wilaed Cotwel SmitL ws nor s Srclt n tdN ofits dn d rcad.Ehip udg hdie Mlstirts. Ilweve..
c@
*ill
rcFchr.rire ofr!. lhinlinS ofa la4e goup ofMletiN atid in rhis c@tury, pani@hly rbe niddl. cts. H@ ir is cjr.d ro iUulEtc ih. attihde, which Jimah dd ottd i! hb circl e@ to have sharcd, lhat thft is nothing abolt Islm tbar is iniDical to vslu.s of irdividul tEdon or iDsritltions of rcligiou libsty. Indc.4 @ording to Zlfaslla! Kbo,s tcsiindy. Islm prcvids a foua.Ltio! fo. $ch vatB .rd inlritlnidi That is,
4e
mlo.tart
of @us!, klad
ehd
it is rigbrly bd.rsr@<L
ru
fos.d iow{& a stiU clGd Saldipakistani rclatioNbip tatcn h Argul 1967, wbo lhc Saudi Mds&r of D.&ncc @d Civil
aErio!, visitd Prtisra! ar the h.ad of a luge delegalion of Saudi d.fec qpdt& Al drc.oncluim of this visir rhe t{o.NEies sig.d d agrcenol
on
dile tI.
ailvis
w@
asrmr wa! dsisnd ro Ssdi def.n@ epability. FoUowirg thc agr.aelr, pakist n
ot
ro thc
KinAdon ro h.lp
Saudi
Amed
Faire in P*isran's mitilary rsining i4rtin|ri@ also incrc4d coNidmbly. A y8 br{ tLis tectnicd .@p@tion ws
Saudi
b@dded to.mbrace th licld ofcivil sviatio and itE mrio@l airlin6 of6c rwo couin.s b.gd to colaboFtc. Ir should b. @&d rbsr O. lgrcdent otr
@pdlion
in
a
6,s
Th Indo-Patiste \{r
of
of csl plkisru
wft
ttaD@nc xp.rience for Paktlan. Saudi Anbia slood by p.thran duiog tbi,
diEcdt !riod. TL Saldi covmcnt 6d popte cxcndcd noot ed Mterirl aid to P!&ista! wboac inr.mriotrd pGitio brd b..! ltlvdstcy
afl@Ld folloeilg rhe oililary adi@ in rhc lhm E$l pakisr.d. Saudi Ambia rcfriscd to rccognis Balgladesh util thc pakilran cov.lmlilr gave the go
*@d
signal.
It
rhe
upre4ddt d ror. i! rhc inre8l politicat cisis in ?a}!slm in 1977, wlm it trid b mdiate betw.@ th Covernmnt i! loK ed thc Udit d opposirion which ws caled tLe palislan Nati@at ArIa@ (PNA). RclatioB betw6 Sardi Atlbia .!d patistan .oarinuat @ a stotty cole an . rhc cbog. of govcmdr in p,tisa.! in Jully,lg??. I! fa.t prcgK i! dh. d.EloplMr of b al.Bt @pdadon 6 nrtd @eld&{ Mth gca&. sness coniry b b. I.id oD i.telogogical dd polriol atrlitid betwc@ itc gov.lmal of thc two couhi6.
Sddi Arlbia play.d
Saudi Arabia
ed
Palddnn slood by
has
bc6
p6ted
shock
on
llllrmu
e .v.!!
occudld which
ffil
wve
goly (!aba by .mcd cxbmisb. Presidor Zad IIaq voied rhe .dap corcm" of ihc Pakisran @tion ed 4$r.d the saudi Gov.mot of ,ll pGibL [.lp i! drdirA with the situlrion. Followirg @oB rbn rhe UliLd
$!tes or IsB.l h.d ! bdd iD the K@ba cpis<le dgry crew& Ld by sru<t nts of Isl@bad Univ.city attacked rh. Am.ric@ Enba$y on 2l Novmbq,
ma.ked il ed
ofrftd all ov.. Pakislan whd the oeupatioD of rhc Holy K@ba *t! ovcr. P6iddt Zia{lHlq wdl10 tuydh on 24 Dgebq 1979, stortty !n r thc crisjs dd.d in sadi Aibia. King Khalid thrnt d rh. lEsidenr for th. dccp mc@ cxp6sed by rtc people ud Covenhmr of Pakislan on rh. Hotv-Knaba
set
it afiE. Thdrt!
incidlt. situilsly whd rakisla, faced a crilis @uscd by ire Hijackins in March, l98l of P,l,A anlne fist to K.but dd th@ ro Dalt@u, p$idc
zil{t
offic
d cbaim
p$dg.B, r[e c@ ed rh. hijacked planc. King Khalid Bpond.d by aswtu8 th. pasidat of his intention lo rlo dcqlling po$ibl lo Fy to ger rhe hdt g$ fEcd.
thc
sE
Ft@c of
the
i!
iis spporr ro
!,tistsn
on
ft. Afgei$.t
and ba cxrodcd ir stEparhy &d suppod to pajdsl,! b fachg a gnE 'sec cnsis. Evd sirc ihc Soviet hoop6 invaded non-.tiF.d Afg6dsrd in D*edbd 1979, Pakista hs ben ie.d wii! a very diftrcult sitution owing not olry to a n* rbrEl from a sup.rpower but ats duc to the trnod,ou
impcd by what
is rhe
6cMtd.d
by
dy @utry
at
svrrl occ4ios cxpres.d rh.i solidariry wirh pakisia! io its jut sidd on ile Afgmisrd i$u.. In Apd! 1982 DiAbdou yarui, ihc Saudi lrfo@tio! Miaisrd, duing hir virit to palisbr rcitcmtd S.udj
Sandi
have on
leada
ad "hmublc"
natcrial
st
bttr bad adopred e ..jusf, or tbe irsu. Saudi Anbia ba at$ lat ga@u
$p!on for pbviding cli.f to AIgd rctug..s, T[c $846n cobirg ftom Saudi Anbir is of in4ti@bl. vatu 10 Pa*ist n in its ellorts to sdr t politiql ktlem.nt of the Afge crisis. In rent y6 Saldi A$bia ha! .!@ed e inporl&t rcle in rcgional !d inrenatiotul ltrajB. Apet Aon b.i!g dc of thc gand [email protected] gjer of Ldry &d botdilg rhe o6c. of clllmt claitrfu of thc OIC, Saudi AEbia ba dcrg.d N rhc tading Anb pow. Fudher, a oae of ile bigscsr donos of aid to lhe T!'rd World, ir ias acqun d a grcat I*@9. in irr.hario@t fotlm. ..Above alt, ib sob.r l@de6lip bis 6ircd ile sratu of thc couEy a r gi&t dnolg &c cmcrgcor
natios
otr which thc
and
aw."
bilaiml
ofnuturt
ude.sriding
on
egiout dd
the
patillllid
rtilggle against
a st e|gth
Zi@in ed Al-Qu&, baE ldr ih. S.ldi-parida! .qudon dunbility tbrt bvc fa p"rallch dywhft in lh. *drd.
Saudi
ud
Anbia hls cortinEd on a stc.dy coEe in rho world vhm n atso h.s suplotcd Ihe mcdiarory trorts mdc by tati$n! at rhc iNtalcc of sevml Isladc 6uui4. Bot Saudi Anbia.nd parirt'r @ depty @ncded .bour
drc
d$96
of djsuity
il
tne
Isldic
World
ad e wiling
to
Dat johr
aSgravation
ofLL cdsis,
One
lalad in D.@Dbr, 1980, ws to sek pe&etul wat for Bolviag rhc cdsis facing thc M6lin wodd. In a joinr @muiqE issucd ar th. c@clui@ of thjr visn. rh. r\I/o ladcs "dprBs.d lh.n el!@ .oncm al rbc dctcrioating sin8don in lh. Middlc Ess! s ! Esdr of I$cli
Pakishn by Crcwn Prince
jult dd lstidg
t nirori$, in Padi@ld Al-Quds Al-sbeif ad th rcsolurion of rhe imli@bl. MdoMl riglts of PhlatiriA! p.oplc. Borh sid6 aLo cxaired in de h rh. g|!v. criris tbat hld [email protected] in r[. cgion d@ ro lh. cdtjlu.d f@ign nniery Fl!.@ i! Afgsislan- Raaling tle rclevut Gohrios of rLc Isbnic Confe@@ of FoEign Minbld ed th. Uniled NarioN ir panicdr th. cddd Al@bly
witholt total Israeli withdawal ftom all occupi.d Anb
the
[email protected] ftom Afgsistan. Thcy .bo Fitaltcd the basic Equisitcs of . politi@l $ludon of rhe qiris and th. .tio! of D6sry onditioc for th. volEtary cru ofAfee Fntg6 b lllcn hoG in sfcA
Ara,bia,
ws
s see
of sEngrb
llc dBbbilbing eft.t of r'o impondt Egi@al tMdy rhc fdmd Sovi.r pr6dcq Oc Nonh W6rdD bord.r aDd th.
IndGs.vi.t5 Ftiadship
Tuty of t97!,
wtich brougbt in i5
6B.qud6
Pa&bid "serv.s notice or lldia .nd Sovier Ulion (at that time) &ar athough Patisbn my mt b a mlch fo. .ith.r onc nilird, it has a powdtut ,lly wirh
olomic sd tDlitidl cl@. llc cofl ofey aiact t[B b.mcs higtd rh6 it bas b.D i! 0E pq *t@ P.kist$'n only Aicnd ws . Chin lbat *
hililzrly rdmlizd into i@d@ by th. fomd Sovict Union., palisraa reeivd lsslmB of Sodi slbp.0ry rld slppon in the l97lwd {itu r!di.. on 6 Decebmr 1971 4ta!r6r issucd by ttr Saudi Mbi!.t debrnded from United Natio6 & ucquiveal @trdcnDtid of agaBsion ag.iB! pakista4 *dich it $id wls r flagml bsch ofthc ttN Fieipl6 dd in conrlvdrion of a[ int @tioMl las ed Dd.l @d6,
saudi Anbia also exhdd irs tull diplonatic suppon to pa*i
,r
in
the
rcslutioft ofport-wd
bs,
Saudi
ilte6r ir
pMpts for thc iro{rovlmr of lldepa&rrar El.tio4. Duin8 Ctou Priocc Fanad Bin Abdul Aziz\ visir to pa.tisrd in D.ebh( t980. rhe
rbc
Prsdat of Pakistan briefed the Crown prin@ on rhe progrcs &hiwed in tbe
lotrdi4tion of t[. situtior i! tbc S@th Ade rcgion ud of prl.jn r'! cosisldr .fforts to promore Aiddy Flaric wilh rlt irs neigtibous otr rhc
bai5 ofthe mivrs.lly rc@gniad pnnciptcs of svEign, equtiry, r.sp*t for @h othq's iddepelderce ed renitorial irtcgrity ed non-i dIe@@ in ach
Islah.ba( for d whdul.d n .ting wirb l6idlnt Ziad Hu{. Cahin poliril @Im6r.to6 b.v. atFiburcd the opding of &c $bsqudt IndG
Pakisrd dialogue on a no
bring abolt
Thc Saudi FoEig! Minis&r Saud AtF.isal visited Nd Delni in 1981, drt aticr hi! 6@ting with Indim prim Ministr Ms,IndiB cedhi, fld 10
paci, to rhe forB Mdc by Saldi Anbia to unddt&ding brw4n the two rciglbo8. ,,WlEt iL srudi
sc4 ro bav. ulrdcrsiood ct*ly is rhlr patjsran,s vonh s a fr,tor for rben om *cdty @urd b. Ed&ed gqrly if @r lottatiad alrogarld by dy
signifitut sems fft ro say that if the Indio leadcB wd. hoping $at in rehh fd Ildia,s eppon to tne Anb caM Saudi Anbir would agrle b dnb!@ iisclffion p.tisia4 bur rbe hoD. wG mr
actiy lrdo-Pakistei hostili9.. Thc
tumUcd.
&d pakis.tr ba led some qultrlB ro qpBs th. su+iciotr thlr taljsraD itrGndr ro phy rb. US lrcxy in th. C,rr alongwirh Saudi AEbi4T!. Saudi dccision to hcb finance pakisrr!\ Ms pwchse Ddd the 3.2 bilion doUa$ deal with the Unitd Srate! .!p6 10
Coopcntion between Saudia AEbi.
It@r Epotu m tbe hrcmtio.al pK of a $hd. b *jg! a sli,l divi.i6 of patill!! tbps io rcinfoEc Srudi A6bia's med diglrr i, ce of d irtcmal uprorng G qr.M
ah@i. ThcE laye b.cn accuation fron cdrain quarrcr$ of a [email protected] dove to crc a &w $curity plb for rhc Gulf to reph@ Uc fo@d ..rwir-Diltar
rr.! ald
EpLccd as th.
ecord pilld. Saudi Adbia ed Pal(tur.n h!v. doicd thd rb.rt is ey straregic oilitary coopcotion betweer lhem, although both coutrics adnir rhat th.y {to
oop@i 'in
da
of tnining".
in[Br b
PatisraD,s
swival ed !.cuiry s
a viable srat
. wel-boM fet. Apan ton othd rhjrgs rhe vdnat .vidde il llc fod of stltmdn on thc uord by S,udr l*dks is ovwhdmjng.
Orc
(the
prin@ Fatad
publicly daLred ilst Saudi Anbia coNidd il! @iry ro bc ricd to rhrr of prkisra! dd &.r "my intafcreDce in the ift.oal allriF of patdstan would bc ouidqcd
1980. Thc
i!
Da.mb.r
trile
Evfr b.fo. thc outbEt of rh. Itu-tEq wd lh. Sovicr iDsiotr of Afgmisra. rct d 4 a cat yer in the MID of Srudi-P.tislan ratriolship, Both Saudi
Ambia
Soviel
n hlve Eeeded $. irEid 6 bfilg lynFromatic of exp|$ioniso. tud since proj4tion of Soviet ?ow.r is s.m io have a
Paj<ist
a
dd
Dv4roo 4
vcry g6vc
Comuilr4 tnHt
both rhe
Milirary c@pdatim eith Saudi Arabi| tro1 only brings .@nonic b@e6t ro Prtjstaa n is also a sowc of psychologicd satijtacrion in $.r il is s4a ro hive a b6h in thc Irlmic couecrion, pakbrd t4ls morc sE by
se.ngdoing rclarioG wftn d@ddibl. pow ourside ihc Sdrh Ada *tting. Th. felli.g of suiy n.dec.d b@@ patistlr is wcu al@ of
io Saudi Anbia, I'}E US ledcB havc oli.n q,inrDal stabiliry of saudi arabia.
thc US
comitme
CHAPTER.9
Sirdl Artbli El.d.trtoflot mtiodl RclrtioB Th. S$di Kilgdon wa @pabl of change lesu*,
minirEiB wE crcat
ir modmizcdi
n*
d ro tulfiII nw tunctioB. Th fiBr midsrry !o b catablished wd that of F@ig! AffliB in l93O ad oi!.B foUovd hrer, Th. MitrisFy of FiM@ ws cratd in 1939, D.fd ald Avittion ir 1944, thc lnlcrior i! 1951, r{g.icdrr, Comuiqrion ed Ed@ti@ in 1953, ComeM, Industry dd Helrh in 1954. rofomtiod, labou ed Social
Aflais Th.
in the 1960s,
ed
Justice in l9?0,
nd
s.
far-
rcaching
ctdg. i!
did not bavo 6ough finalcial ruouces, dep@ding mainly for its incotnc on
rh. wqtd It qls hcld roecrhd by t!. pason l lotrltia of the wiou rribes lo Kitrg Abdut Adz Al-S.ud. Th. lading clN6 wcrc th. pri!@s, rhc ribal shlykts, rh. (Iam dd th.
csc
h. Bnlilrt
incras in th
@uty\
iryact of this
feh duilg rhc tarcr 1940s, who rbc elat oil E@c coBidElly xccd.d lhoF rceiv.d duing the pr.-wu pc.iod. T!. niddt. cla$ wd therefop 'the prcducl of nod.mizliori ed tau.d a $dden hugc dcfed fd stjllcd dd unskilld labou', espaialy i! thc @utietion ed oil
b@mc
lek of profe$ionally trained Saudis ws @np.Mrcd by foEiSr skilled labou dd prcf.$ion.ls. By 1949 rboul 5,000 forcignd wE @ the st3tf oI Ihc Anbio Aneli@ Oil Compdy. By 1959, OEr. wE foriy-fou S.udis do.8 lhc adio. stdf, dd 3,000 dong l[. .ilrc@diEt staff. Th. &trsd
Thc
for sriued Saudi profBsiomls i.crcscd contiN@sly, but tbe Kinsdom had !o
dtuds of modmiz.rion, In idailting dE n* middle chs, ttc d.nb.Bhip of wfuu prefsions in rhc gotu@t, milir.ry ed bNi!6s s&roB - irchdiry tt)@8.rs,
of
dploy ilolM&
fiftigrw
techlicis, mthenaticid, ei@rist9 and lasye. AII rhcs &e chdcleri4d by then rclib* m *culd, non-naditioDd sles of
adfrjnbFatos.
1o
dilringubh
I[d
md
rll of wboE
nad a r?diiioml
Obje vd
of th. S.!di
Dipton..y
Th. prieiplq of rtc Saudi Srrlc policy wcE ba&d on 6e Irtdic rctigion since lbe @li.st phdc ofthe i!*ptio. of Saudi silre. Thc apintual iBpilniior canc ftoF latc Inm Mob@l bin saud in I158 H. Il cmtinued to.dh@
b l}n
olt its seco pbae uder rlc l.ldership of thc late Ill@ Faisal bin Tutld, 4 w.ll a duilg rhc thd p[e phich is rhe 6 ofrhG foud.rofrhc Kingdom ofsaudi Anbir, rb.lat Kiry Abdul Aziz (M!y Anan GBnts him Hk Mercy), who cst btthed rh. Kingdon@ in l35lH
corsFndiig io 23d Sptenb{
Thtughout th6c
1932,
policy throuSb
pb,s, boli lhe jnrcErl od qr.ret poti6 q@ bd.d on rne IslMic Stdr'a a! lrime dd mjor sode of th. l.gislatiol Ir @ no soQtuq silce ile Kingdom was honord by Alnighty A[ah to host the two lolidt nosqes i! Mal*,! Al,Mu]lmb dd Madiu! Al-Muoq@!, both $cEd citis thal A visircd muly by d4t a nillio! Mlsli4 toh a[ ov.r rb. world who com. b pe.fod U!]tm!.od tlrj. Th. is no @ury i! th.
world,
ytethd
do not
pople
ed
Haij.
" h.
u.s.l.
ofite rcvetatiol ed $e sp.i4 of th. Isldic religion obi.h is fouowcd by noE rhd one biliotr M!sli!6. Ttis ba b.d stated by HRH princ. Naifbia Abdul Aziz. Milisid of Intedor, rno said "the Saudi policy is for rhe swic of Islm dd Mutims.. H. npbat d that the Kine.lom puB it policy sd irrcBis for th *ryi@ of Isld md its fouowF in wdy pb.e bd at ey ii@, cv6 if tha! @ rbc accour ofits oM irr.Gti WhiL th. Kingdon [email protected] rhn polcy in th. s.rice oflslarl ir is td rcl to int.pcn ir rbe inrml affais ofrhe o&d
rh
cndle
or
eid "S.udi d.ision is bNi@lly .thical in mtuq d.rivrd fron thc tol.ru Istmic bti.i SloriG Islamic vallls sd rhe wondertul ktmic hefitage rrd this is evidcoily dd cl@ly refl@icd in $. slheE of ilE foris! policy,.
TIE Soyiet Udon
Prir
ws
ahe
fiBr counry
a rsult
i!
dipl@tic rclarioN wE *tablish.d betee@ rhe 1wo coutris. Howevcr. the inflexiblc ComDist tolicy of opposiDg rcligiotr md cominirg nr.scG agd6r rhc bdiw.E in 8.@rrl dd Mulic in panicula$ rbar bn vi.iid in rers of lholsds of MBtim, which led to eeap. of n@y of ttm to Istmi. courri.s, inhdin8 Saudi Arabia. This drad.fitl poticy tudc in. Kinsdom of S6udi Anbia sevd ii! diplomric elario'! with tbe Sovier Union id 1938 at tblr tme lle tirsdon s ! mall turgirg 6ut, Ml! Ery tinit d .c@nic dd 6@i!l
qap*iUtie, drl in . dirc n ed for sFong retatioB with bi8 coutd* tit th. Sovi.t Union. Dqpitc a[ 1[at the Kingdom editiccd it! posibl boefiI! fq
ln. seMce of Islan md Mulim. {.RM. Ki.g Abdul A?iz Al-Saud brd i[ci deeribed rhc Sovicr UnioD a a .outry ih.r va et btisle<t on wnB prbciple and ba! oo fds. a6.bdc foudatioE &d o& d.y ,o d cdlailty
collapse. His prcdiction eEs
'mc
Isluic lrilciple3
@ which Uc tjrgdom
sllblilhcd @
rocholi{
deAite tbe
root pt@. AmbNadc Ab.lul Ralna Mob.md AlJidai.a', itr htu b@l -Sadi
FoEign Policy Thc CoNtant Pdncipt$
ru.reB
politicd stom
ud qrrbqu.tc (Irt
tbe Practice..
dd
*rot
..lhc
satidt
thc
d wcl t!
doniEt d eirb @d.que vdiablB ed d*lop!@t3, wbjcb n k it dillicuh for tmy @utriB in the wortd to cole win tn. fdr developn@ts wiiioul comprcnising rh.ir fiEddndilt principl6, ro th.
world
m(lary to thc auccc$ acbi*d by tlc kjngdom line 6d again. On the b.!is of the a!ov. wc @ srlt. rhrt frudrhatlI basis for rhc S.rdi f@iAn policy f@6cd on &vdl iih.nqioB ilcludbg tb! folowilgl Flutly, N.dond Dlnnstotr: To !rct .r rhe holy plsc.e, pBwe rh Amb md ldmic lMitagc, hig ighl thc .o$tlletirc @riorl tndirim, dd to
obtai! lLe [email protected]{ry
Itr.6 fd
it3
$codly, Gulf Dtnenslo!: ftE najor .sublishnent of th Outf Copmtio! C(fuil CCC, i! l98l dd lhc Kingdon'! srrolg conviction of tho joilt cdf tutr, ud th. com@ goals of iB mcnb6 ourrics in .ttdition io rh.
3tabitily
i!
rdly, Adb DlDddoq The Kiigd@ of S.udi AEbia is de of rb. fouda of the rr.guc of Anb St t s. Mlritra &c oc@iotr of ttc 5d Amiv6ary ofthc Esrablisllbdr of th. Anb Legle, rlc L!i. King Flbad bir Abdul Azia saidr ,.rh. Kingdon t@k pan b the lablishMt of thtu t aguc,
b.@w of
pd.iv.d by thc bic B.R,M, Kjng Abdul Aziz in galhdilg thc ruks of lLc Anb lrd Islasic nlrim ed sdr oDt rbci. diF.m6 &d supFd the I]@h of tbc joint Anb ald Irtdic,oit fd rhc
its co$tant principlB
MBlin Umah ad iB intcgriv _ Thc Kitrgdon p.nicipa&d in wd of PaLstine in 1948, a supponed Eg}?r i! Sucz w in 1956, .ts supported E$/pt ad Slri! in the wr of 196? ad rblr of l9?3, whd ir s0opped punpirg oil dd sot sone of ils treps for rhc dcf.@ of Egl,p! Sti. and Jod&. Tte Saudi dipl@cy play.d . dccisir bt. ir dding the civil wd itr L.beon by agi!.ding l!. TaiefAgE.mdr in 1989,
good of the
T!.
tcld
oDe
slmit
by rh.
i!
Crem lrince AbdullEh bir Abdul Aziz, which offer.d pa@ ro rsBel agaisr told withdraMl ftom thc oupicd Anb lnitorics.
FounNy,Isl.Dic Dlmlsion: Anb6edor Abdul R lnd Ar-Iilaia., i, bi5 book "saudi Forc8n rolcy; Tbc Coffrsr principlcs and rhe p@ricc" wit6 ''the IslaDic netbod oftbe Kilgdon is a conprehe*ive @mpl @r golr6
its intc@l policy
wcll
d ia dtctut Flicy.
It rdoprs
lllrm
frirb ed
wy
the
of lifc ar a
Eelt
b@ncs
Nb,kablc pilar in
Wilth thb @ntex! dte KirgddD $pponed evay Mulin sue ad !bov. a th. Palediid caac, in addirior to the orld Isl@ic issua. sEh s rb. disour. btw..n lndia ud Pakistd ovd Jamu ud Xrshnir, ih. Soviet occupstio, of Algheistaa the civil ws in Boslia ad Hdesovid dd Ko$rc rcgiotr, dd
dd
rhc
rcrrd
As
r lwL
nost of &e notr-MBlin coutris of rhc aorld, wh.thd bis o. smlt. .E tm to mk s@ tbar th.ir mni@red Arb6$adoE lo rhc Kinsdm e ofletanic
Indi!, Pbililpines, Sirgap@, Cde@n, Chrd, South Afri@, wcn ltaly, vhich is a Carbotic Cbrisrie odlry bld .plDid.d twie, . MNlim anbasdor b rhc Kingdon,
thc
faith, such
dd
the nBt
.c.rstir.d dba$ador of
Euop6
Mutin
Islmi. eli{brity
.s@tial el.Dmt
in the Islamic
diMion
of th. Satdi
f@isn policy. wb@vd daly&s rh. Saldi dethod in daling with the rrlmic solidar y issu.s, will find unique chdacrenstis that dc strongly lintd sith
the bistory of
hdilagc
ofAlsald
Afril,
in rh.
Thc corcAt of
klmic soldlriry
modd lisrory
Sa!4 dft.r th. catlblish@t of thc Saudi St le, ud rhc uific.rion of r[e Kitredon udcr lhe leideBhip of King Abdul Aziz Atsaud. Thi! IMh @tilucd witb co irutiotr ofhi! sotu on dc !@ ocrb@.
wtdmr l[.
rl
cotucpr
oalsldic eliddity
m6rid.! h
nst
at the
objddB @
ro
@jrr.in ils
@iry dq rc lEruour
An! dd Isbsic in&Brs,
lcilion
on thc
Anbi& P6i6ula,
rtcfcnd g@61
!rcnore solidlriry among tslqmic govemsrr, dd nrintain coop@riv Elalios wifi othd oil-!rcducing and najor oil-coEming couhi6. cou6y ptsy! . lr@iMl ed consdr4rirc role in thc Inrdrtiomt Md.irry lun4 tbc wortt Ba!t. and Anb ed hlamic f@irl dd dcv.topn@1 sistance iBriturio$. Onc of tt ldg6l aid donoB h the world, ii siill givs $me ai.l to a.mbq of AEb,
t945. Tbe
ij
Atio4
aod Asian
coutria.
ofthc SccFi{ial of
llc
Orgmiatlon of the htamic Conl@ne dd ir! subidjary o.g&izarioA tbc blanic Da.lopmd Bmlq foun&d in 1969.
Menb4hip id rhe I l-ndba o?EC.nd i! rhe rchli@ y {d MnoDic.lly ori cd Adb prcducd g@!p th. O.ganiarion ofAEb ?.holeM Biportitrg
Couti*
e4onitrg gove@dh. Ai ihc world\ laditrg dponer of Frdcm, Saudi Arrbi. has a sp.cial inrast i! pr.sning a srlble dd long_tm @k.t for ns
by allying irself
wiil
be5lrby W6n m
.@!omi$ which
@ted lo st
@
rhe
f@dd
asets_ Ir een
sharp
Elly hs
bitia
rbdqrc
prie
[ovms$.
cris
&d suppon
Tte Sadi
Cov@nt
i!.
Isncli-Paleridd p..c. ogotiltios. A cbqter m@bq of r[. Anb tage, S.udi Ambia supporB rbe pcirion rhrt tsn.l dsr wil[dnw tbn thc LEikJrics {hich it @cupicd in Junc 196?, G a.cordiry to Unitcd NatioN
Rcsohtio! 242, Saudi AEbia supporb
a
urblc lo aciiac . conpehe4ivc politidl sotution ib.r would ms@ Pal.stinim .iel$ dd adequtely ad.tress the status of J.Malm Alhough Saudi Anbia boke diplotutic rclations wirh dd sBpodcd aid b ES?1 in fie wakc ofc@p David,l[e two @uEi6 rcn w.d fomd ti6 i! l9S?. I! Mann 2002. Crcm Pri! Auulta! oF@d a M dle Esr pec. plu a1 rhc amlal
sum'1 of the Anb
Ldgue
in which
Alb
El.tioro ud tbe lccurity of tsel i. exchdge for a tu[ tsn ti wirbdlax?t 6om all mpi.d Anb ltu ls, l@enirioo of e ildcpdd.nr palBrinid srab wior Jerusle@ a ib capital dd ih. ctum oftatstinie Ftuee.
In 1990-91, Sludi Asbb ptalrtt
!a dli6
rltti@hips bcNM
Saudi AEbia
ud
wd
diplomtic
dd nnl&ial
@st!. Reladotu b.teeen Saudi Aftbia dtl Tuisia, Atgdia, dd Libya .LidioFted. Each courry had redlin d sndr folowjlg l$qt invlsion of
KuMit bul callcd fo! a dd ro viol@. d@ ilc &ptoyMl of co.tirid rrFps b.8e. Rclatc berwM rb6. @uni6 aDd Sludi Anbir h.w
rctuncd to rhen
pFM
statu. Saudi
Anbirt
dd Sqdct* swdcly srrain d duridg dd [email protected]!t ly aA.. $c war. For dxMplc, svr,l ltundrcd rhowd.t ].nais w* .rpelled fbn Saudi Aabi. .fte! rbe Cov@nt of y@o moucd i$ p6itio4 lhu
Jo.daa
eedbatilg
0E
*zL
.isring bord.r dispuic. S!udi-y@@i clationt .speialy ir of thc 1994 Yerrn civil w, lmin Flgit. 6d of sigtrifi@r
onl@
dd
@d
!o 1h. Saodi Cov.l]@.i. Th. Pal6tilc Libdrion OrSeizati@t support for h.q @$ n dndcial aid as wett a god Etarioc with Saudi Adlia
other Culf stdres. Recdrly, rhougn, Saudi Ambia.s
tle Pal$tnie A!6onty bave ihprcve4 with pmvidirg sistance fo. tLe lhlerinid Aurhodry.
Duing dd an r thc
rbe Saudi
Covmnr
@l*.
rgFn,
In his
sl.6h
in rhe
(N
rhc
CbM princc sajd thlt dary p.jn of rhe world @ dd ethic waE 6d dispur6, sd natioml &d ttibal
stjl EginS i! Afgbmttaa ptv.ltilg thi! cmry and its pcople Eon @piry the fnits of libcu$oa fion f@ign Mupari@. Th. pcopl. of Che[nF @
sDbjeLd ro sba&s of oppBion
ed viot@
iD which
lMy llllmc.l dd
r a Bul
dd pd@irt eolurion of iL Cb@h@ i!$. of the Pakislmi-tndie diqure ovd tamu ud (,sbnir is
stil
md instabiliry bct*@ lm nciCbouing coutri6. Tlis lads [s to rcqucst tne two pani6 !o dfti& a nwimn t.vrl of &lfa
$@c of t
sid
ed resolution ofthe @.flid rhrolgh mgoriadoB i! accordece *ih the coluiioG of tbc Unitcd Narioru rhd gmt i! Fopt. of t.lMu dd
.ol
Kasbmii
the
eht to self{elenni@iion.
The
isss
such
Palsthe
ed
the
on Al-Qlds Al-Sh|rif
dd the cllmr status of rbe peace procds in th Middlc gtur @r(m to rhc Kitrgdom of Saldi AEbia. Thc Kirydm
Ishnic n.rions h lbc id.Mrionlt al!@ Irq, AlSbtabt q Somlia Sudd ald C}?N, ir additior to Krshnn, rhe Facc p@cs betw..n India dd Pa&isrdn, md tnc prcblem of rh. Gtuee* in r[e
voiccd about
ha alMys
l[.
Itr Flation !o
stand of the
wbich
city
it
Kingdm of Saldi Anbia is one wticl is @mplct ty cl@ dd to hN Sivd xpBsi@ n&y lims- fte Kingdon d.ploB dd
Jdsdm
which
ft
ud
w'Lh the
legtlmle
It is ihcEforc
cs!.
Fsitiv. Cood inr.nriod in ordd lo eeldte the pm of brilgilg about ! jBt ad .omprchosiv pa. MoMvd thd should bc d abaftl.mcnt of Focasti@iion and delaying lactica so rh.1rhere roy be due
atl efort! wbich bav.
lh. inpltudtarim of EI*dt Unjrcd Natio6 tuolurjoG for th. etun ofih. @@pid Amb lardr sd for the *rabtishmdr of. p.latiE sta& with J@slcm a i5 c.!iral.
s@pe for
ba $pFrrd ed d.f.nded rbe Palestinid cause dd cstinuA to do so, ridi up n U prcs@1 da, Thar @ue
dd @ntinu* to be ar llc ce F of ile Kjngdod's @n crc. S{udi Anbia ba.Dlh.dud at d..y opportunity rh.t thc p.se lought is ajurr md
@E!E[.nsivc otrc bosed d Unir.d Nariod lslutios &d m i !tutioDt law, a pacc vhici sd:lB fo. thc Pal.sriliu Fopl. all lhcir dghts d rhe
b3sis of
.ffm
rhe
rh. rielt of
p.ldtinim
to
clf-
deieninafion
It war on this br6ii rblt $c CBrodia! of thc Two Holy Mo6qucst Kirg Fata4 wb@ hc wa6 Com PriEc lrucb.d hs initiarivc whic[ B ldopr.d in
s.lrcEbd 1982 by &c 12tb Arlb Sllmit C@ftu h.ld i! rt Moloccs city of Fa That plrn e4btucd rbc ncccssiry of IGli troop's withrtnw.l fton all 0E occupied Aeb trirorics ilcludiog Anb JesEtcm ud thc
establisbndl of TItc qudtion
ol Jetusaleo, b tbc vicw of rh. King{tom of Stldi Anbia, reltttcoE thc !.ry 6s@@ ofthc Palcarili& de dd thc cot! of thc AnbIsE li dislutc Ttc tutE of ihc whob pa6 pto.* &pcds otr th. sy i. wbicb rhb qrdtio! is dall win
On 22 S.ptcnb.r 1996 the
blr.li
Authoriti6 opaed
occupicd East
10
th
Jtraln. Tlc
ldrricipat
j!
thc UN S!.uity
coscil d.b6
ody 8nv.
on
lh4
6 mt
i! &cre16 blr d a cld r.!ct4li@ of Is".ti irt ndoB yith rc8atd lo tb. city of J@rald 1lt4 w@ ro mft for its Judaici2.tio {d to
.ctivitie wiilrin t\ Noblc Sdcnrary wirb tle .in of clini@tire ih Anb Iseti pBdr in J.Nal.m !d giving a cloak of t.gitimcy to Iseti phE. Th. positih of lhc Kjng&ro of Saudi Anbia s and rcmai# rhat ey slulio! !o r[. qudtion of Jctuld rut rate inro !@ur ihc fndirys of i!&@doDl bw .ad .bo uN ScuityR.solutioN252 dd 267 whclEt .ro Jorllalm
then d.srNctiw
Tte Kirgdon of Sodi Anbia eivd tbc atory6t @dGco.!! io dl the rceluti@3 ol tte Islaeic ConIffie Oryaniation rclating !o th. is. of laleetim ed ro .lrualeb, the latd of which folowed the ctose ofrhc kLnic
SulMii Confcere
hcld in
Isl@bad in Patisla!.
s.,
whcthq @ lhc
Sovc'@ot (rh.
mjd
dq
brUion, eqdvalnt
i[e
targesr
sinele
IAe Kingdob enpbais.d Fgardirg [email protected]'s faihrc to iod.mr lhc .R@d Map' to pace, Thc ini.oarional omrnuniry, rtpBdted by rhe euadel Comittee, which ircluds rh. Uniicd Si.t !, dult uge
Iwl
io tiv. up to
ir
co'mtuenls to
impl.tu
i!
compEhosjve pace
rhc ..8i@,
Anbi! hs Eaffm.d to cotrritru holding the me positio! ofgiving Buppon b a just rld comprch.Bive peace which wil brhs o end 10 olpBsiotr &d whicb will rtun occlpied Arab latub 10 l[L om p@ple in Patstine, Slda dd ribaDon.
of srudi Anb4 pBidar of Palista4 Pwe Msh@f, .xpascd hi! grsr app@iarion se rcIgdoa,s c^n.nr.Eblc @nooic lssisrslE. !o bis coury ovd y.c !tro @Nslat sppon in rhe s.mh lor pae in Sourh A3ia rd lh. righ of rhe KabBn p6plc for seri.rminatioa Borb thc ladlits disBcd bilatcra! Fgioml od DEirs a vGir,
2003, ro rbc Kingdon
Je
intetudotrrl
The
isB
had
includilg Kahnh
and Patesrh..
netings wirh thc Cutodid of rhe Tvo Hoty Mosqus Kirg Fahad bin Abduluiz &d Crch Princ. Abdullal bin Abdulazia rhe Dpury Prenid dd CottMndd of the Na{onal cufid. h rlF meting Mlh tt6 CmM Prirce. the pr$idlt hld discused bilateEl mnrs and ihc latsr ddetopn@r
in rclatiotu betwe{ Paktut& md India wirh sp.cial
the
pr*iddl
Efffice b
lhe Kashniri
isue, the siiution in lhe Middle Easl aid Ue "Road Map' for pe@ betwa
talestinitu ed Iselis.
Afgidistan, Ilaq ed m.trds rclating to Oe Orgeizali@ of Isldic e@@ (olc) &d thc uirr of th. MBlin erid wcF ale disss{L
Molds,
co
The
pr$idflr
briefed fte
Crcm
Prince oo rh.
tal}s
bctva
of
Palistan
ad Irdia ed urdatb.d
lbc
iss
Xsbni!
for rhe
od I!di.
be catablish.d
&cordilg ro
*iI
of its
oM
people, so th.r
peace tud
b@ony with
i!
ln o(ler to lhe
.mine
ihe
crcnt
e4
rhe
turr
of r6q in
rhe
@ly erlblbbmdr of a b@d+ased dd tuIy rcp@dtative gov@ot in IEq, in a@dee wirh a @tirurioD lo bc agEd tq@ dd Eti6ed by lle p@pl. oflr.q; e Inq living in p@ yirh its ftighboN, and etpedrg all .$tirg int @rio@l dd bitatcEt lrarid dd agrcdeffs,6Fci.lly{ithisacighbouF.
Tle mairy afimed dEr rb. lbqi pcopt. sbould adninisrer dd gov@ llcn couhy by tbruelvs dd ary xploitation of iheir natuFl rcsws should b.
ir
vill of
rhe leSitimte
ed teritdial
integrity of I$q.
bcn daircu rbn I[.n Etati@ with rhe rslmic Repnblic of Ir& be bN.d on good tr.i8hboulils, Durul E9e! od no!inrdf.lt@ i! @h orhel3 irlddl .fris, ed @.dopritrg la@tut s 'lfu o 4!p@ch to lglvilg dis?ure bcred rwo psrrid. Th. FfinEi lobtd of the l[r blanils [email protected] b.tu.d Lu &d rh. unied AEb faiFtcs sriu
The CCC stat s bave
co6ritu16
rhe rcquircd
|fud.
Th. CrcM Prtuc. Abdullah bin Abdut Azt, tbe D@ury ptuia ed Cotlrl@dq of lhe Natioral Cwd eid th.i rhc KinSdom of Saudi AEbia js colmirt d to .dtribut to thc succ.$ of thc hmeiry. Addrc$ine tbe nN Crcq Prince Abdulla! said ihar wh.n c63id6ing ctreeting chrngs in th stnctw oflhc Secuiry Coucil, ce should be rsken that ey id.s *poued will not infring on the turd.b@bl @le of this body. For exmplc, the
lroposal lo exped the
Coudl
otr the
ssmptjo!
my
Mults geognphically or polirjcaUy, RccoBidfiirg the rielt of vcto tbir ij availabL ro the petru.rt mcnbq whil. ek owl.dging rLat ir My b.
ioposibl to achidq will nor bdcfit s s mlcb as sEivitrg ro linil ils e agaict prEvioB reolutios ldoptcd by thc Nobly dd ap!rcved by Oe patEdr remb.. srat6 rt h$ls,
Seord: eEr.r cffdr hut b. mdc to copLsize rh. rcle of the Unir.it Natios s a mat r, dd lot only a psctud, of pc.. It hls b.d pmvd berond doubt that d fldevou to pEvor rb. @llfue of cortlict is Ilm thb .rcning efons sd disiparrs .dc.gi.s to plts; psce folowilg thc dplosior of thc aitu.don, Mdy of l[e c@nicts nop nsins ould hav. bcen avoid.d oi mitiSaicd had ye xnd gurer effort io
vDhl costly
prevent the escalation of
ed l6s
fi. crtis
dd s*ufty,
ev@ in th rcgiotu
w!rc pace ba ber nadc, arc anriblhblc ro r} facl that ta@ in ceiain istanc dd ude. particuld cncumtlnces is inconplete beaue it t ha&d or elencnts or opprclsion
ed
sd
jusdce. Focc
sd
pc&e,
Folrtlr
ofbl)fu
nghs, wbjch
1993, is
appEiltcd dd comadcd by us. Ir is unforruatc tbit itc il@ of hl|lfu righls is onm ucd d a m@$ ofprBre sd. tool ofextonio4 wittr lle aim
of achieviog cdlaiD polilical
ad
a gift to
gntuitouly gtuid by om
Ul)lm
being to
eoth.r
Stlcb
hllM
Mb
of w.ry
hlllm
civilialion, @d
lt h ab$rd
ro inpose on
or principls.
ir
clomcs moDg altFopl4 @d natiom, md .tpddr lhc pmsp.cts for cooFdtion, We lDp. rhar ihe Udted Nati@ will r$pon s in sraadjng .griEl a globaliz.riotr fiar reulrs itr tLe hegnony of llc srone over thc wd]q imascs $e @lg of opp4ion dd exploiiatior of etioB, ed f6L6 bjuric. ud incqulity in intenatiotr t EbtioN. We paniculady wd of thc mifi@rioc of ubridled globdiztion dd ia r a d lnhrElh to vioLr. lh. sov@ignty of srab ed inre.fft with 6eir inrdal aftaiG ddd r vdicty of pErcns, Gpeidly ion lhe egte of h!!@ nghb issB a stabd ..rli.r.
hlps foster
Si{h. n is fifting fo. tbc Unitcd Narior ro adopr rh. call for etab[5tjlg cnrt'ral dialogue dong mtions ud lo d.dicare p.rr of ils aim6 dd eEort ro
cxdiDiDg wbal ach culh!. his to oflcr by way of @nhiburioB md
rclatod to
id6
ile
in
dic
cm brine togeliid the uiv.Mliry of such con cpts &d rh. inportdn@ ol
rcsp41ing those things rbar stc sacEd, lhat no
cultw
tu
djrloso with or
to
trnde
the
perfomcc of fte
in the cumnt
IIe eid pith rcs!.ct to thc Srriu rlclq *c @ 6nd no qpt@rion for irs faltding, mept for lhc contilucd inFri.sigcncc of th. Isacti sd.|rrlMi, dd
ns hck of intcBt
ir Mling
pjl).* Sft
with
rhe
r*esilate
prituiple of
Isdh
ldd
tirs, in ecorddc.
for pac..
Inq-lEr wd
exraded
ed
ruboittcd
to the prcvisioo of
rhe
albmddond qolution. W. i! the Asbie Cutf rcgiotr, ho*da, m stil suffding Aom problds rcsuldnS noh rhe Inqi govmt's lack of firU
adhdeee to its cotmittrdts io thc SEuity Col|rcil solutio$ tblt w@ isued fonowing ldq's iNasion of rh. Srar. of Kuwait io 1990. Ibis t&k of
a&@nce ba used @ntiNcd surcdng fo. rhc blorberly Fopte ortraq as r lNlt of thc @lonic blockade and rh. co itrucd u6|li y of La4k intentios roward its r.i8hbou, *,lich b r!!trtrDed by rh. thrarming
Itnsuage ued at the highst
ldeb ofrhe k
qi
nadi, hs $ppod.!
Kilgdon ofsaudi Ar.bia, likc iLs sistcr nrcnbG of the Culf C@p@tion Co@il. qcrtl rhe uitN1 .tfotu to srlcnglhcn pe@ ed slabiliry itr rh.
and ro crcarc rn cnvironm.nr
condeik
ro @momic
ooth*
wilh irture reldtioG mong thc srii6 of thc Egior, @Didc6 th borda ircaty
signd
Rclublic ofYcncn, logchcr with thd signcd wil[ rhc aisrerly Srat of Klwait @ncdiry ofBhoE @ contiguos 10 thc fomd ncurrat an , s iadi@tive of
stisgctiotr
lop. Thsc two sigrifica e.rclts modcb to be mularcd in r6olvilg bo.dd dilpur.s
dd
be co&idcE{t ar
ed @n0idr brqm
dd lmld conilicc @ Gpetcd in M@6 pdrr of th. contioo! espeialy i! ihe lloh of Afric., which my eeqbat wouds dd .xpand the circle of miscry ed povaty. h this .onbxt, w cout gsily oD
In Ani@, figblilg
t! wisdon of lhe lad6 of tbis gral contift ro give prcmiM@ 10 th higlr inlerest oflhet coutie! and rcsolvc dkpurc thrcugh peacotul ma$.
We
sad\Cencd ro
lmd
tt
Erira
dd
Elhio?ia,
ba wolvcd
into a d.v6r.iing
wd
rhat
yolng
!6pL oftte
two @rio6,
aDd
qposed the
i.tlsrru.tu
laitid o rue a sue* ofde te ple plepud by rhc Orgdiz3rion ofAAi@ Unity rhri c.lls for atrhpli@ of ftgod4tioa b ordd to siop rle bloodshd &d avoid rbe Mterial dd monl lose sBraincd by both sid.s,
rwo
rt
In a
devclor'netrti, nosl notably, O. convcning of&c recorcililtiotr conf*nce in lhe Pcpublic of Djiboud. W. wetcone th. poliiive Eslits of the conf.rme, whicb included
lle letion of
lcSislative
dd qecutive
omcials to
std
the
pc&e ard Eonciliation. Wo hop ilat lbe SoMli l@deE yho did not takc pan in rh. Frcc @ntctuc. join the pmss @n in
fo Sotulia
Arab
ud
Tle goretmor of thc c\rodi& of lhc Two Hoty Mosqu.s dew16 a g@r dal of .[6tid ed inteBr ro t[. cfiois tatgding etinin tion of wepoG of
lla
destuclion
in lh
Mi.tCl
tbsugh $ppoll ofthe end.avours ofthe tBSue ofABb Stales ir Mordece wirh the relutior i! its lolsr rcsion calting for Mting this sitiv. pan of
the wodd
ed
a@ fre Aoo *e3poB of Ms dernciion: nul*, chdiclt, biologi.al. Itr ttis cT@! *e .r. very @nfu.d .bout rhe cddlucd
rcfirlal of Isful io [email protected] ro the nucla. lm,pmlif@ri@ rsty, dd its mintd@ of its trudd preg@ oubid. ll. s@pe of idterotio,l .@rol, a
sbE
rhlor
to the
s.diry
of the
rcsiol
ha grdt.@@m for issu$ of itE dviD@or dd lhe ftc*sity 10 prelect it. Il hr! sccordcd this toljc a lronircnr place in irs itrremal a foFign policies, considding that safegurding hul@ tif e
sleuding cnvireMcnlal dd
climaric
co iti@. L
thi! @ntext
ed
idematio.al aedcics Elaicd to thc cnvircmenr md its trordtio!, i! a.ldiriotr to being a siautory 10 lucrou i .mtioDl @ dti@ rcbcd ro
@enic balde
ad
cen@ting the
pill6
Ir nnly md sndgly sppon the principl4 of the nultilatenl rade rcgind with the Fdnework ofthe World TE& Orgtuiatioq rh. d@bts ahout thc
equity of Ois reginen
Wirh thc
pNgc oftine, wc find lhc gap bctw..! the rich slai6 dd thc ddetoping srrrd dd irclaing, epeirlly ir th. fi.lds of du@tion 6d te.holo$,. The havc dc.pocd lh. hug. diffcMcs b.rw@ the ydst dch6 of tn.
&veloped wo.ld
ed lh.
c@rri6. tA rcrrhsourh
llmeing rh.
gap wilh
nry
to
ndevoB ofrhc League ofAEb Slates in accorddce wnh lle 6olntio! in ils lolsr scsion calling for mkiry thb s@itivc part of the wond m a@ Ae froo vep6 of rus &srrucrion: rel@, cbmical,
ed
the
ilucd
Ffraal of Istul ro ae.d. ro rhc nuctca. !o!-pmlif@ti@ !qry, ud i6 mintcn,@ of irr nEle poge ouBid. l[. sc@e of irttution t @nhot, a situtior
rbar
@Bdntt
siou
thErl b
1nc
s*uitt
of tjrc Esr@
f6 issB ofrh. dvimmdr dd lh. Ncssity ro gotcct ii- Ir hs accordcd this to!,ic a proninent plec in ii! inlemal @d forcign policies. considding th.r efegwding hMd li& @ clorcly rlaled b de sMouding cnvircmcnbl ed climric condiriod. In
gEat conc@
AEli. ha
h conf.M@s, srrposia ed [email protected] ag@cies Fbtcd ro rhc dvi@M@t dd itr prcr.ction, in additjor to behg a signarory ro numem!! in1@tion t corventiN rEtarcd b
this
Ihe
@ntet
rt
dd cmaring
acLided
the pillaB
b.
It tully ed
rgiBh
rit!
munrilg h lhc circls of rhos @uries lhnt hav. startcd to f@l thar shrE of r.adc b.n.6r @ c@tioilg to ebb. With lle plgge of timc, wc find rhe gap bctwc.n rh. rich srarca &d rhc dcvclQi.g slale evd in@ing, 6p@ially in lh. ficlds of cdMrion ed iecbnolog/_ Thdc [*e depercd rhc hug. ditr.t@B bctwa thc %r nch6 of thc
equity
are
ofihb Feind
d.rclopd wo.ld
ad
the
pov.rty of
t.
turblrd Rebtio!! wlrt Unled Sbr.r ofAmcric, Sandi ABbiat uique blc i! thc Arrb !!d IsLmic wo.tts due to it5 possion of wdldt ltg6r !!sds of oil ad its .t atcgic loclriotr make its Ain,r.l,it imporralt to rhe Urit d Sratcs. DiptoMtic Ebtios e@ qlablisM in l9j3: tLc U-S-A obNy opded i! Jcdt I in 1944 ard Dovcd to Fjyldt h 1984. Tle Jcddal ehba.cy bccd. A U,S, coNbie Mtuvbitq a U.S. co$tar.
Srudi
comon
s.cuityi oij exporrs ard inporr, and slslaimble dwlopmor. close coGultdioa btw.a the U.S. ed Saudi Asbia bave dveloped or rlemtion2l. *ononiq od .levclopmcnr isss such $ rhe Mid\CL Esr pacc pt@s ad shded interqts ir the Gulf- Tlc @nlinued availability of eliabtc &w4 of oil, psrticuldly Aom S.udi Aribis, I!@i!i importalt ro &c pMldity ofthc Unitd Sr.t6 d w.ll s ro ENpc ed Japar. S.udi Ambia is olid thc l@ding souce of impon d oit for rhc Unitcd Srrleq providin8 abour
20
!m6r
U-S-
ir Sodi
AE!i!\
p.|@r of U.S. @srqtio4 Th. braet tr.ding pa.!!q od S&di Arabi. is the ta.g6i
6d
U.S. cxpon
ndtet ir rb.
Mi.ldl
E$i
seuity Ehrio6bip @ntinu6 to
In additior io eonomic
1ies, a lonSshnding
be impon@t in U.S-Sludi rclaions. A U.S, military naininB nisio! stablished al Dhdn"n in 1953 pbvids tEining &d $p!od in the @ of
w.apos ed olher secuity-Elalcd s.dic.s ro the Sludi and focs The Ulitcd States ha sold Saudi Anbia nilir$y aiE6n - l5s, AVACS, 6d UHdcfeG woponry (plEior ed Hawr nisil6), ,mrld v.hicl6 (MlA2 AbI"@ tanll ed M-2 Bddlcy id&try fishtiry vebjcl6) dd
60 Black-hawb), air
otbd qdpDdi
in
'Ilc
U.S-
Amy
Corys of
nilit
ry @d
civilib co4ttucrion
acdvirics
Kilgd,on
Opderion
the U.S,
i!.
a w.ll s
in mitirary
odfi! Iebbiting th. coDsuptio! ofalcohol ed *fiilg guidcliG ftr oft-duty h.havio. dd aniE. Saudi Anbia Momodaled U.S, culte &d ir mitirny F!.edjc by allowilg U.S. sdi.c aoncn to *tuc in lh.i. wied tu1.3 rbrcIghdt lbo
mitibry
issued
g@enl
w!
in taq ia
MNh ed April2003,
it!
rcl,li@ eirt rh. Ulitcd $ates w@ !!lin d .na &c Scptdbd I l, 2001, r@rlt attack i! which t5 ofthc auicid. boDb6 w@
Saudi AEbia's
kjled 35 peopl, including nine Anencus, in arFcks al rhrc. houing conFunds for Walms in tuyadh, On Nov.mbr 8, [email protected] eorhd onpoud houilg turcie! rc.kd &ob uinly AEb @urid, At tast t8 !@ptc, ilctudirg j ctit&d
died
i!
tbis .ndct,
dd
nc
is
rhd
l0O w@
bjued
Nisi.lt
dd
Unricd Slal6
signifi@rly and
tujrdh.
Econonic
rld:
boo4 shce 2000, it hs comind $307 millim for eistucc 10 thc P&l6litriur pLdgcd $230 nilli@ io devclophr ir Afgbdishr It also plcdg.d $t billion h qporr gll,futcs ord $n ll@ b ka$ $133 million in diEt g@r aid, Sl87 nillid i! @nfcssional t(m md
re@mtruction of
$
153
Saudi Arabia
cu
be judgd
by
t@y
Ilnt
sid.
it is a brida.
wodd
ad Asirs.
Wnh AAi@ od
dc
govlmot sggBis its signitico@ to cobp.Etivc politiB ud ro dd.lopm.ar srndid g@Flly. TL onty Mtion 10 uc r ecEd s.riprft, @ly r[. Holy QnEa s a coisriMor, it is
Se@ndly, Saudi Anbia's uiquc fom of
adjusling
distinclivc
llldic
idmtity.
1hc
sielifituce of
Saudi Anbia is
vdt p.lrolcM
deposits,
PGtrolcM prodution
c@l6
a condirjon of
dw.lopndr in &.
@ntcxr
of
w.lth ..Llr
Kuwan,
thd
Uritd Adb Enintes, BNI'i?i! ud Qarar. Eowevcr, Saudi Aobia. ir gcogEphicAlly ed aomnically a much biggd srne in tbc Middle Esr wirh
tu
gqtfi@noEjc
potcntial
Fouibry and dGr inp@tan[y is rh. facl tblt Saudi AEbia is th. EtigiG focB for noF tbd 1,000 DiUiod Mlslim aU ovd the world. This.@ot be
ovdl@k
d, cspccially
whd il
is FAlizcd
i!!r
Islrm to MBIins i!
! wlv
of life
TLe
.!,pqi@rcty 75,000, Tlq b a plmilit ry Fmtid FoG (app.oximtcly 10,500) dd a National cuard.
SrrEng6 (2602)
Avixio! fors op@t6 2l mcd hcucoltas, borb 3tip rld 3norc ba&d. fte @i! @Ql bae e at tuyadr (He Nav.l Fo|e), J.dd.! (w.r&m Flcer)
ed Julail (E$tem
Fleet).
NaBl persodet in
'nctuding
c\lmr
@mbtl
Tomdo iltcrEcltos. 'Ibe Air Forc. rubEd about 18,000 pe.smcl itr 2002,
Tms&
lriL
ajl@ft
Tbis
s.tnt C@n'"d % 6mdy p.r of rhe Amy. I! trfarto-dr mistc baftdics dd b.d s sEtugth of | 6.000.
2002 n opfar.d
Tt toi.l 3tr6gtb of the Nationt Ousd eourrld ro rp!,rexi@t ly (75,000 a.riv., 25,000 trihol ldi6) in 2002.
IOO,0O0
ISLAMTC REPUBLIC
Of PAKISTAN
?.rista! has ile qodd,s .ighr]-teg6r m.d f@6, all of wtd @ wll_ rnind dd di$illined. Hopcvd, budg.r cosrlint arl @ti@_buitdilg.turi
bave
d e6.d,
will watually.Ifet rh. olEArioot @dil.3s of the .m.d f@6. Lit wis. Pabst n h3 bad d in@irgly dimcul rirc tutuai,ing then.gi!g fler ot
&d Frnch
cquipm
. mile
capabilitid have expanded siSnificd y, limit.d stuct'oN have sigdfidtly consrrain.d ihc aovcmenf
nod4ize
Utrtil 190, tb. Uniled SraL6 prcvidcd nilihry lid to prljsta! ro mo<r@% s cmvhriorl def@sive qplbitiry. Th. Uni&d Srar.s altMred a!o!t 40 p@at
M-EioblNblc @dits fd nitiLry plEb,s, rhc lhird-largBt pbg@ bebind Isd ed Erypl. Tte lt@ind6 of tt aid prcgu wc d.votd ro @mdc sislane. Ss.rioE put in pta@ h t99O ddicd Palisbtr nfihd milit ry sisran@ du. to rhe disov.ry ofilj pog.aE lo develop nEl* wpoos. Ss.iio.s wcr. tieht &d folowiry pakistan,s nucltu t sts D rspce 10 lldirt May 1998 tcsrs 4d ihe dlirary coup of 1999. Tte everr! of Seprenb* ll, 2OOl ud pakistar,s quick ig@nedt ro suppot tbe Uniied Saies l.d to a waiving of rh sDctioc, dd mitiraly asht !@ reshed prcviding spor psns ud eqdpment to e.nmce pakijtar's
of iB aisratr@ pactlge ro
Ir
2003.
y6.
Nuclqr WeIFB: Patisr.r bcgd ! sFr wapoB pregm. i! tq2 ro @cb p&ity with India bur *rs Gnicr.d du. ro US s@tis A@rding b rhe Stockhoto tft.mriooat Pc&. R3c4h Lstitur., it is etnoated rhar lakist n ba neufactud .bout 30 to 50 retru w@poN. ln May 1998
latisbr dicd out si ncl@ rsts ir apoe to lrdir,s tlsrs @lid i! th! nontL Prtistlr kroM b navc a netd eapoB !rcelulr., has not Biglcd
ConpeL.dirc Nuct@ Te$-Bd.Tsty, which is incld.d to bring about a bd on ey cxplosions.
rh
Amy snldgth N s20,000 (2002). rxR w@ ale 292,000 peEcl i, pamililary uiB, Nario.,l Curd, Ironrid CorF sd pa.ldlt n Rmga, Amy
r.sw6 nubd
@y mou@d
tur_back
Chifta. digin iftludirg ovcr 2J50 di! b6nt. ra*s. Ibd. is & lir wins with fircd-ving aiEmn ed 20 anack heticopt B.
M61
is of
motld .qliptMt
N.vy
Thc combataDt flcd inclurt!.s scvcn
.oidget
Ftwl-buil di6.l
s!br@ine$,
rhE
sbb.ti!6
for
spitr'm
lbe N.vat Air wilg opentes six conba! dEmn dd trilc mcd h.licoprB. Tbe prircipal Ev.t ba. ed.tocb,ud @ ar K@bi. Nald phtrel in 2002 ror,l.d 25,000. Tha! is a Milc fo@ [email protected] !t 1,200 p.Eoful md ov.l
, ir Foe cd inio bciry oD l4d Algur 1947_ It ts its hadqulrr.B.r Pdhlm dd is o.g&izd wirttu th@ sn.bf@@ s&16, i!
Th PatistaD
rhe
noflh@, c.trrEl dd
al Risalpu
&d
aB
of
rUc
dd
45,000 D..soNt.
[Il,
Minsc 5!,
Il5s,
q$
rm.
rcsdists.
!.vd
cnsis,
.@ii!g
from a
n!i,b.r of
of which, is rhc cbege rblt look pt!.. in rh. Sopoliiiel position of Patishr. lr gcn.6l. udl l9t Plkisran ws a @uEy
facIo6, rL. mosr intort of milion, it
150
it
lct har
ea
borh South
Sonrh
Thc othd
mjor inlortdt facbr in thh cdsi6, which ws playing sig nmt rolc iD lhc forcig! policy till rbar $mq ws th. nlblldt IelaiioB wirh ir3 big neighbor bdi"- Th* Elation! wec brscd otr svral b.toB rhrr cau.d ihlr@e colj.efu to the ta&Bhip of Pakiirar Mosr inpqtrldy lhc
Massiv.
ovcr ma!ry
ycd
bcrwe.n
r[.
two
lm
be@e ofK$hnir
dirpltc
1947
ad
1965, the
tar wa!
ir
1971,
dirintcgnting Pakista!
ed
csr.btilhitrs Bsshd.sh).
rcriroriG, such
s (ahoir, &d
contiluos rLllnd of Palistr! for rhc 5.m rditorie h.vc pur dditioid p!!s!E or th. Faigle rel.rionsbip. CoBtri 3ulpon ofhdi. ro thc opp..ition Pattuidi g.onps ed the lane. is plaing rh m. role with Egard ro rhe India! oppornion. Policy of amaments r.e between the two rivals, wjlh
padjcula
rcfer@
nnct.s w.!poc.
B6id6, ilc e.@mic probid thlt M bcirg faced by paldsr.n w.s |!c la.l facto! in tlc qisis of its forciga lolicy. Sincc ir is a !@. dcElopjr8 @uirr, witl a &ficir of $2.E biuion i! irs FNde b6l&c. i! 196 wbich ie@c to 8.1
billion
2003
ed it finthq incqed
Th.c
is no
mjor role
dencit.
ed l&9. @y t$dy, if
we hlL alour
in pbbl.b!
of Pati5taat
. 8E t imper d
th. conllict for ruling by lsLs or in orhd words n]l|y inpt.dcnting rhe Islmic s,srem. D.spne rh flcr ihlt lh c@try hs bcd .srablish.d oo
bla$ic b6h and its coBntution star.s 0ut the mjority of irs dlizm ue i crcst d in Isleic sltsten it dd caling for that. Ho*evr, ebc p.rbt|li l6dcB @ opposirg fd the etc of tlE rulr pop6! a wcl as for tb.ir om
B.foE pmccedirg nllhd to uorh.r pojnr, w should uderli! th. fact tbat the statcgic imporlance of Palistan to thc Welrd coutdes dd p$iculdly ro
the lJnitld Stat$ ofAme.ica, educed aftd tte disinlegation of Sovict Union
@ of
!6iddt
i!
Flie'M's
had
Zi.-d-gaq, patjsru ulcd ro phy lhe prcrEriry rhe ilt 6ts of Uc W6r ed to
tide in rLe Egioo_
comulbn's
Ib sigtrific$ce
incr.acd fidbq and th. Sovi.t hvasid of Afgbmisran, it play.d r mjor rol. ir suppoting the Mnjandea, till rhc withdmwd of rh. Soviet fo@s, Howcvd, its st stegic signifi.mc. dctusd,
not only slopped exteding
ey
s a e$lr
4o@nic asisiaM aoD $ 500 njllion to g 280 niliioa E a @s4ucnce 'ls to Pakirnn's @nrinurid in pmuir8 ic oeld proA@, palilri! i3 !g.ir
kcd to plry a mjor in ay secuity arosdcnr! in the rcgion. we cr! 'ole sltlr@ie thc tajor nDdaftdrals of thc Plkjstrni foEign policy r! foum:
Fudrmeltrl.
To nrMge ils conflict with India, considding irs rival nighbor is bigger in sia in iem of tcdtory popdarioq nilit ty, @rony a! wcu s its aslintion
to ir'losc its conrEl ovd rn vdioB mlrie of lh. $b.@rin@r To slEoglhd bilarail ti6 with r[c [email protected] R.ptrbtic of Chim, h@ce, it ij lhc coeeBtore of Prkilrar's foEign poticy, .oNidding China h th supFrting factor ed the powd that b fei.g t!. Indio policy of doniration h th.
couria
of rt tslaDic
wt4
in
co$id@rio!
ws srabtishcd lo b. e Istmic st t , to mpowq thc Mulim of thc subcmrinot io fi.cly pdctie then !.figioB ub. To b!'td diablc ti6 Mth thc Arab [email protected] in g6@t, ed Mlh r[. Kingdon of Saudj
ofthe
tnat Pali$lm
AJabia in paniculd, nor iodulging in th. AFb digu&s.
ld
'Ilird
World
couhi$, wiil
spcial emphlsis
or the ffcedom of thc Tlird Worl4 wbich is srriving ro Btlblish . jusl ncp *!rld .@mic ordd tbat oN[.s fan FiB ftr rb. F* tut rids, lrll EL!dul6 thc hugc deba ofrhc p@r llird World coueica. To forge cordial rclaiios vith ihc supd pow6 dd to achieve tbal by Mintainiry loli.y of n@'ligntun! &d fawr rlos powcrtut 6uri6 r|)!r llcn potci4 d w.l!$ited pirh rb. .rucisl @tiomt iriGls of patistaa ud
abore aU to @intain
id@adoc. md so@igoty, &d o$r imponblly not b allow inledcF m its inEmal afiak
of ia t.niiori.s, To
uity
plNe
Prtilt!! el.bBrd ir
t99?
i[.
506
as
rdrEic @uEy aftq a vry diffculr Dd Fi.frrl srruggle ld to s D.rornar slaladoo of ile $b6rtiMl. P.ltut nb had wificed nor. rbe Ditlid
mdty$! sbout
bA shltelslcas. A pan &@ lhe probl@ &@d by ib inceptid tbrd! was wm ibposd otr it by Indi. whicb hld
12
nilid
P.tbta! is licirg
nu@E prcbl@
sec|rde dd .lbdc dis?u16, patticutdly in its .e-@ial c.pit t Krehi Mo@va, thc mii.daFd sart of hqtility wir! Indi!, which mti6r thc two coutica to dl@tc d in@d d.f@ budget dd to rush rowlr& t!6
alr!).lMt
path in
fd
of
iDDon4t Drobtm
. . . .
tllditidal colllicl wilh hdia. wbich is mriluire for ser@l .Lqde dd led to ibc *!6, r$ion srill disrs b!tw6 r[. two
The
dd
Afgh{isran ste
T! Econ@ic i$ue nuthd complicalcd by ibe dinililhing of rh chitt nc$ ofthe oveea lolisr.ni hboa, being rcptaccd by rh. l@al cdu@t d dd iraincd wortfoM, Tt iss ofK,sbnir, which is a iditory djlputed bctwc.tr prtbt r dd !rdi., Pfisran dtrol irs nhd p.rt Indi! @ rol! llc ttMiling p.n India i3 @t @dy ro @nducr af.@dum to der.@ie rh. fururc of
ihc cgion, while Patjliu imbrs tblt it i5 d inllSst plit of its icmbrio, HoEqq, th. ctfon! of rh! United Nations @ stilt conriNine
for lindins solurion to thi! i$ue, which
aoE dmc !o tih., ,ft@foF, pakbtan wers soe. prognss n ngotirtioB yirh India befoE nrtha sftIgthdjn8 ofr?de
rh.
ts! cout i6
K8bnn no.rtb.Ls reMitu th. sn of itE world's tatg.st .rd nost nilirdiad trribnal dis?ute wirh ponions Ndr the de f&ro .dmjnistratio! of
chim (A}iai Chin), India (Ialmu snd Kashnir), and pa}jsr4n (Aad Kasbhn and Norlhh Al@); ttN Military Obswa crcqp in tdj. ud pakistan
(ItNMOCIP) ha @intdned
d@s nor
! wU gmp
of
paek@!6
sincc
lq9:
India
Chin in 1964; in 2004, Inrli. ed Patistd i.lritut d a .6cfE h (ashbir, &d in 2005 rsroFd bus scryie a(rus rbe higbty milirari4d Line of C@6ot. p!jris|,! hA
tatrds to
rtcogia
(abat
talo it! dbpute or de inrEcr of Indiab buildirg the Bagtih$ Dm otr th Ch@b Rivcr in J'mu ed Kaslni. io the World Bank lor dbikstion md in
gcncdl tb. two srates srill diautc tndue Rivcr Mter shding; ro d.tu$
tcdiotr
dd pltpsr diesioa o . @itift bobdary, in 2004, Indir &d ?al$t ! Gwrycd a portio of ttc d,rput.d sir c@k 6tudy ar llc 4oul! of r[c pjm of Krtct; Prtisrani mps conrilu. !o show the J@gadb cLim in lldiat GujMl Shre; by 2005, Palislan, with UN Nistdce, hld cpairiared 2.3 nillion Afgld rtuees ed had sd.n*cn a ceNW lo cout the aroinilg
million or nore. n@y of whoD
mincd
1hn
oM
ch@sin8; ?akis1!n
bs
snt roops inro.enoie ttibal arca! ,o c@trol rhe border with Afdanisbn &d ste@ o.gdiz.d t norist or otha ilt.C ciN-hddd actiitiq r.guL. metings wiih Afehn and Coalirid luie aib ro tslvc pdiodic claibs of bound.ly .nmacbndE
Th.Inlg S..rcl
Changcs
for Foretgr Po cy
foEigr policy sc a cou.quoce of charg* in its intcmtional dvitum@t, fte "nN' tdlisial my prcvc betrfi ablc tb6 l[.
in a
coutyt
slE
the
Tt
ralk js 6rthcr
b.tw..o sdly ncglccted in both political d.v.loprn nt ed foEign poticy studica. Tt inledational dviromrt iopings on a si.te h tluy ways. Alt lrat s b.ve
tbc
fd d.iyzilg tta rcl.tio.slip fo..ig! policy ed potirical dd.lopmmt, d app@ach thll hr3 b.d
L!t
wo(l3, all
ilr.m.tioMl .nvimetrt' to M Raili Koth.ri,g afralcd, for bcnr or for woe, by qtem.l conditioB od
rhc fom of
.vot'
Ext
dal eisra@ ir
uldd c.rt
io circubsralc.!, hrrc
bdBinblc .@squdq.
foEign poticy
ed
political dcreloFn Dt
5.m
ro
b.
afled.d by the lev.l ofrhe devclopmcnr ofa shte ed irr .@nonic srlbitiry.
Th. natw, pcsdnliry. inaScs dd bcticfs of the 6ur-yt top l.ldcrs pbfoudly aFcct par@do6 of opFrrDity dd iDn@ tbc vry srltcM.n d* .dvet g.5 ald cGrs.
IIa&
lb
gowing arbrtjoD
b.bo
bcing
al6
rbar
fav@
s c6di6dor
ofpovdryr
wt&r of
ed child!!4 haltb, agri@lne dd .ural dw.lopndr crc, wc @d 10 adopt Pngbal'c approachB which dc se4itiv. ro our circmsrar@ md gcared to rc.lillic obj&dv* if w, de to a.hieve thc goal of gionat c@p6tion for progrcs &d prospcriry h the Fgid.
The E@noDlc Dheosion
firb
D-8
Dvelopios"8
is
!a,
dd
Turkey. Th
m ro ioprovc dcvctoping @uiriq pGitions h rbe edld 4dont diEBiry dd cHtc n.w oppDnuirie ir trde Flatio.r @tecc
obj@tivcs ol D-8
btt
Th. i.leo of .oopmtior brwei mjor Mulin drycloprS couEle w6 nootcd by Dr. N.deti! Erbarq llc folm pri@ MiDisr.. of Tu*.y dui,g a Smi@ o! "CooFation i! Dcvcto![Me, betd i! Istanbut in O.iobq t96_ Tle eroup mybioned coop@riod dong @uris ftom rcgioB srr.lchilg
fion
South
E.!t
Asia io
Atis,
The D-8
m tumlly
erablished
ar-
itr
Irranbd h.ld @ l5
Ju.
t997.
Tbc lst&bul D.claslioq sdoptcd by t\ ilaugwl Sunnir @visged iryroving dcvcloping @ultia' posilioD i! r[e wodd .onomy, divdirying
ed c@tilg nd olporhbilie i! trrdc clatic, dt&.iog prticipatim ir d.cirio! rDling n the intenarional l.vt &d prcvidilg bctrd slandrrds of livirg to l!. md$s of the tlmbq coutrics, o rhc objecriva of the creup.
Tle p.lcipal orgd of ihc D-8
Comilsiotr. Th. Sl|lmit
of
is
thc
Star./Govtuot of the lr@bd @urrid md is coovdcd bi@ually_ Th coucil @npnsd MinisteE ir-ch.tge of loEis! Af&i6 sd is the politicat
deision-@king orgm. The Comi$ion
is the
deturivc orgu of
the D-8
sd
ool8 |r@bq
h lsianbul.
dd prej@t dcvelopncnt by the D-8. The. s6ro6 bavc ba aw.rd.d ro difl.mr n.nbd @uftis to c@rdidt etion in th.i. om .t sigatcd sphc of d*GlopMt s folios: l Es|lblishmor of m Internariorat Mdteling dd Tnding Conpey
(Ecypo.
2. 3. 4. 5.
'mnsDB
Esrablishra of d (IE!).
hdsri.l ed Tab@logil
Establistm.rt ofTat trt Schmcs 0|rsrlmce), ilcludirg betwen d'c compuiq ofD-8 (Malaysia)_
joi
vdnles
ed
Merk ting
of Agdohnl
Aiecft
Crurlcy).
P.ihe Minister of ?akisran n tb. foMtr D-E sllmit u8.d th D,8 mtio.! lo grv. !o tbc .conomic &tivily by moving badc bari4_ He gav. a 'npetus six-loitrt plin to turrbq enb!@ co.op@rioD withi! thc gDup. Ttlc pLn
R.d&tior bd .liftiMtion of rlrifrs 6d pan-trrifs, bmmizarion or sr,rdards dd siolplfi@tior ol cwton pq.drc, Gsrmclbding of hsportation and comuicano., proyision of .fford.bl hmltbcft, .xpeid or co-op.ration itr des of irf@tioD r.chroto$, dd bighd
includcd:
ud st cngildilg of rbe lltanblthosed D-8 @ordiErim mir To cxpcdit itr'llddrlrion of lhc ddisiotrs of D8 @uhiae' |tdr (Ichru)
leming,
3ulmt @ting, l0
mi16
wiU bc h.td. Of
E onooic [email protected] Orgdtltion (ECO) is a ilrd-gov.|motal Fsionat orgdiztion qiablish.d in 1985 by tran, frhsrar ad Trl*ey for tn purpos of sutaimble socio-e@nonic devctoDnnt of lhe McDb.r Stars.
ECO n tbe $@crso. (RCD) which
orgdn don of Rcgional [email protected] tur Etuin.d acriw 6om t964\pro t9j9.
DeveloDo@t
qpardd 0o inctudc sven trw nanb.R, nm.ly: lslanic Sbtc of Afghdisra4 R.pubtic of A&ftaijs4 R.pubtic of
1992,
lle Oqeization
and
obvisly tror tlmin unaff@t d by rhis ras.fomlion. Th. winG of li.cdon bl* .cJN cdF.l Asia dd rbe Cauc6l' t! thcir bid !o op.n up to the ouBide worl4 dd s a tuifdtari@ of dEn uge to Birc rh.ir
This @uld
egid
histonc affrities with rllc peoples of lh4 patiste and Tukcy, th. newly_ indepo.lcnr Replblics of Aabaijd, Kr2a}l6i!n, Kyrgl ral, Tljftisirl'
TulDqistrn
aDd U2b.tistrn
soudr
ECO.S mcmbship.
Ttey
wft ddity
toD
a snuU
adnined. Af8bmista abo fouowed sui! ECO rhu! traDfomd trilatedl e.liry inro a mjor grcuping of tcn Mmh.tsSt 16_
The a\pand.d ECO covft.t a tcritory of @rc lbd 7 nillim squG kilo@ter! - ilreNely ricn in natuFl resorc.! including oil ed es. It mb6@d ova 300 nilliotr teplc - hard vorting dd inbucd ,ith gMt
mlrcp@@id spirit Tt mulld rcbrioN of Mmbd_Star6 cxud.d hdnory dd .o.diality. Tley all posBsd ihc rquisite polirical wil to mte ECO .
Tr'e
rLe
Orgniador defrn.d rhe lmg t.m p4pectiv. ed sectoEl prionrie in fom of rbe acrior plcttc Qu.ia pld of Actid (1993), rh. rslatrbul
(1993),
Ddla..tio!
dd
thc
if
a besimiog
b
wa rEd. &on
th
nD&m.rtab. In Eco,
the
nDdandrals
*rE d.6n d b
r. ii. iii
ed commiolion! infrastunrci
r.solj]G.
dd inverhqr; ed
Eretive
of the
Br.erry
Mih rhc idorifidrioo of priority aras, the t sk or iBtinrlion_ buildilg was begun. IE Tbird ECO Sumir H.ld in Isl.mbart in Mdch 1995
Sindldou
B&t, ECO Rcinslme Comp&t ECO Shipping Cosp.ny, ECO AiL ECO CuhEl lnstitut (Thnn) ed ECO scicncc Foudation (kltuba.t). TIE rwo
witn$sed the signing of docments pcrlainine ro Six ECO t $lirutioB tud two rcero@i .rugmdl3, Tbd. includ.d: ECO T6.t ed Dvclopnor
agchats
rbar bive
coft
into
.f6r
@, ECO
Tt$ir
Thde
Agcrctrt
and
Astlddt o!
In
1998,
duiry
@ucil
at
blisheit in Turtcy; a
Mdomdu of Undntdndins
lle seI of prioriris, t cmendou rttlorion hs b.6 devotcd ro the dcvclopmt of physical irtzstluctuE_ Th. prcjei{d.l&d At lly Oudine
In line wilh ?lan
lrrllpon dd comunicari@ infrastrucnr tukiry tbe ECO n Ebq-siats v h dch othd ed pil! rh.
thc itrrpodecc of a modm
udNors
a) b) c) d) .)
rocb ro rnvel Aom on. dd ofthc aSion to rh. olhqi El!@ion dd int.gdtion of Mtjon l oilway nclwodc;
E@blilg Expdsiotr ofai.
com4ioN
coudrigi
*h
mjor ci1i6 or
ot
ile
ECO
Exp@sion ofport
hciliris
ro
hedL e,boE.
r!.t
CotulBion of bilatEvnultitat
dl agEm.nb
!w
bordq
ed tuloF
pos$ $.1
my
bc
Bt btbhed
Thc olhe! Fiority ea is rade facilibtion. In thar @ntdr, I MoU m concluded tu 1992 atlblishjns a pEfe@lal Teitf Atus@ D.rwh Pa*isbr, ban ed ftrtcy. It prcvidcs ftr l0 Fenr Eductiotr i! tritts on r
list ofspcfic
rcduce taril&
iids.
dd
gldualy
non-tariff bariers
well
lo.
pEf@tial ir@rn@t
tbc ECO
Ttsit
Tradc
vis PMcd'G
for rbc
courtiB rc@
the 1995 BCO Sujmii ald entercd into fNe in Dccenbq 199? md M@h 1998 Elp.ctivety. Thc .stablishbot of the Tath dd Develo!,ncnt Bank in
Istalbul &d rh. Rc,inlufuce Conpby in (ec[i would povide nfind inpetN to ondcd inF. dd incqgioDAt rrad.,
E!.rg/
'I!c
ECO egiotr is
i@ly
nch in .n rgy
rcewe--ranicutrty oil od
96. Thc .xtraction and efe.rive uritiation ofrhcse rdou@s holds tbe key to reSr@r progrqs ed prospriry. Sreps biv. bem rak n ro con@trratc rgioml
co!@tion in rhc fi.ld of det8y by pl@ilg a trctwo* of 8s &d oil pipclilca ed iltrcomccrio! ofpowd griG.
An6 Sclrdbd ll, 2001, patisr.!'s prenindcc within lhc br.tution t co@uity irqeed significetly, 4s ir pldged ir! altdce with rtc U,S. in tne vd aga'rct ldor and nade a .ohnitmmr io rhwsl tftn$ cnnps wirtin irs oh bo.d6. ltistoricilly, palbtd btu bad diftc$ ed volatil. rclatioN wirl Indir, l@gstandilg dc retatoB wirh CbiD, dlajive sccuity dd eco&dic int@ls in rhc Ambid culf, aad eidFmging bilat 6t rclations with thc Uoited St 16 dd oibd Wstcm coulrics, ad ha qprcsscd ! stroDg
dqirc for a sraue Afghdjlta!_
Epp@bmftr ud @n1lid. Priae Minisrd Naw Stdif movcd ro FsMe ofijcial dialog wirl India A nmb.r of n etings at i!. f@ign scc.ctary &d primc Mre.ist lcrcl look plae, wii! positivc afiospldie bu tjr{. @Ier! progB. Tbe FLtiotrehi!
betw.eD
mprovql lDrkdty
rjloc
for a
tbe
breaktsough.
la*istd
occDpicd posirioft
o!
rh. .cmore, @utdnos &q of (,$nir nd Kdgil, rh@tening thc ability of Indh to surply ir, fft6 i, Sirchd Cl&iq. By dly srllmd, Friou Sghling tu.d ia tE rrail *cld. Tle itrfiltFtoa witkrcw folowing a m.ering betwco prim Mintuid Sbdif
Indie
dd p*ist n w@ patticul&ly strained duing rhe 1999 coup in Isl@b!d. TLeq j$t wrs afd the Septembd ll,200l attach on rhe U td Sr.i, m atiack on India's Pdlim@i otr Dadb.r t3 by a suicidc bonbd 6u1her lrlhed tbis
Clin(on in July. R.tatioN
ed Peidat
betw6
India
Jdury
?004
wt n a sl|mit
betw.6 rndia dd palisra! impovcd in @ty n aing of rh. Sour! Asid Als@iatid fd
Regio.il C@pdtion (SA RC) pmin.d tndia,s ftim6 Mini meet wii! Presidot Mulhmal
Rel.atoB rirh
.. V.jprye
lo
Afgnrlbt n
lbycd a vilal rol in supportilg the Afgbtu Bistarce novmcnr rld Asistilg Algna dtugq. Anc! thc Sovict wirhdrz*et in Fcbtu ry 1989, prtjsr.4 wirb @op.ot'd fron th. wortd comu ry, continued !o povide di.Bive $4pon lbr dhplaced Afghes, In 1999, DoE thtu 1.2 oillion rcgisrcr.d Afgh&
retugas t.mined itr Palistaa Pakisr& ws orc of
thc
t@ couhiB
ro
rrostc
Talibu [email protected] ofAfgtdtur.r Scpremh.r t t, 200I euscd ?.ki5ta, to 6scas iB rladou witb the Talib4 ,ceine dd suppon the u.s, objerivd in Opdtbn Eduilg Frc.doo to rcnove ibm ftom powd. patisla! Ir! pnblicly .rpBed ic alpporr of Afghdjsian\ pGiddt K,ai ail ba
pledg.d
$
100
ln
1950,
Pali$d
fst
coNiics ro
t@gliz
(hc ?@plc's
RQublic of Chir'a (P.RC.} Iollowing rhe Sino-tndiar hostiliri$ of 1962, Pahst !\ Elrt'ion! with Chiu beme srrdgd; liacc thd, ihe two coutris
navc
b.6 egubrly
cxcbogns
prcvided
aAtlm.ftg CLim ha
Palisl&. Iavorabl
Flatic
pilh of pahstar\
by patista!
chid
oppositid to Sovicr involvdar in Afghdisa.n &d a a rc8iolal cout ry.id1 to India &d RBia.
p.@iEd
Cutf
dd cuhnsl,rcligiou! lilragB
th
Im
Ho*ever,
l.!t
d@de,
conflict, Atso,
Llnie slpport fo. thc snriatr violacc which hA plagucd PaListaa How.vq, Flario.s b.twd th. t*r .ourri6 t v. imprcvcd sincc 0Eir opinions ro{ard Afehdisran lave conv.rgcd with ihc falt of ile Taliban, dd rle rwo couiris have agB.d ro ptEy a col4tive rotc ir rhe
I@Bituctrd
|ne
pc.s
rbsl wirh
m th. road
[email protected] b snEgthd
io the
ODlf{ratc dcf.E6
dd
oM stuiry intersrs
e4
ftc
U.S,
194?_
Tt
agr@t to Dovid conooic dd nitiLry ssis1!n@ to lakisrar ed rhe latrqt parb4bip in rh Bagtdad PIC/CENTO &d SBATO srMgtha{t
&btions betwtu rhc wo
U.S.
sustdjion ofmitir..y
Ildc?atirbr wd gen nlld a widspud feeline in I'akiltaD tlnt rle lJnir.d Siates ws nor a rctablc aly. EvE tbough $e United Satds spdded Filirary Nisra.@ lo both our.ics inwlv.it i! thc.o.nic! tbe susFBion of aid af|4ted pakisru nucb moE severcly, Coduly, relatids inpbved ald et6 w..mewed in t975. tAe4 i! April l9?9, 'fu the Unitcd Stai6 or of @lonic sisra@ ro patilraA .xepr food dsisllEc, as requiEd udd rhc Symington Amddsdr ro thc FoEig! Ass'!lm4 Act of 196l, du to c@m about patisld's Dnclw po&m.
asisbncc duing the 1965
Thc Soviel inksion of Afgrmis.an intelest of ?akista!
i! Dcenber
comon
ed
Uity
South Asia.
'n dd pakthn rg@d on ! $3,2 bilion nilirary dd eoDonic .$islr!e rrclFd aircd at [.tping prtista! d.ll wir! th. hcighcn d tbrd to sccuity in the Egion tud iE @onomic dcvctopmmt needs,
In
Guiry co@ms dd ac.lpling ratislant assl|!2lB rbat it did not ilrcnd ro coEtrucr a Nclee wapoq congrcss waived
Reogdzitrg dtioDal
resFictions (Srajnglon Amendmeni) on
njtilary
assistance
io patislan.
rn
cout i6 asrc.d on a saord nultiyu (!y 1988-93) t4 binion .co@mic d.v.lopmdr ad seuiry Nisrae pregre. On Ocrobq t,
1986, the rwo
Mmh
udd
the Pr6ster
Ai6dnd!
.or
ihc P6idd
,csN
a mcr@
bea sev@l inciddrs of violde asaiBi Ameri@ ofiiciab,nd U.S. ni$ion eDlloys in Pa&isran, h Novabd 1979, fat . trlm6 rhat rh.
I'eve
ftde
Unibd Stalcs hld panicipat d in rh. scim of ihc crud Mcqu. in M@q ptuvokcd a mob ait ch on lhe U,S. Bhbassy in Isldmb.d In 1989, ihrc ws
atbck on ihe ,Andicaa Ce d itr btm.b64 wh@ six patisrrds r@ killcd ir the m$tu with the polic.. In M@h 199j. rwo Aqsi6 cmploya
ir (nlachi were killcd dd o! wouded iq e athch on the honoicoffic. shurlc. In Novmbd 1997, fou U.S. ouncssD@ wet!
of th com ate
brulally hudqed wbilc beins
d.ivd
ro
wo*
in
K.nchi.
sts
ir
May 1998
ed
pakista!,!
@tching
BpoM
lacw.d
U.S,
Tte preiddtial vbit sc,bcdlicrt lor in. fi6r qulnd of 1998 ws posrFncd and, ud* the cl.m Am.ndno! sctioG Grrict d the prcvti@ ofcedirs. nilit iy sals. cconomic asisi&@ dd lo@ to E 8ovment. TIE Ocrobr 1999 ov.nlroe of ihc dnocatically cl6r<t Sb{if govmclr EjBg.Ert d
.ddition
r!. F@i8n Appop.ialic Act, which ilclud. rc3rictios on forign nilitary 6@ing dd .cdonic asistlec. U.S. Covcmmdr ssbiance ro laktra, wd linitq<t natuly ro
Sc.rion 508 of Etugcc ard courernarmtics
Nilt
!cc.
dd Irdia
hav
a.cr*fe
Oa 2E May 1998 Patisrrr cnnicd olr 6w nuctrlr r6rs i! ihc dseru of Balochistan in qpons io India's &sis e&tid itr th. ho.th. US pnsiddr Bill Clinton invokd setiom blt pakisr.n subkqeotly cuid out ! lixth test
WiU 66t stcps towad! a ndtu !gl!mm! rL. USA mcd mosr scri6. On ll Jue, following Idia,s .xaple, ?akistd .eou!@d a utat al
modtonum on nuclcar
ocbbe. 1999 the nilillry.lticl c4. Pwe Muhdaf, &iad pok in s coup, dcnlDwing llc .t no@tieltyer@&d gov.ment of ttin Midsr4 Naw@ s[arit nE cou!, vbich lasr.d
te61s.
on
12
dimis Cd. Msh!@{ ftom his position a my chef of sbii Ttc fomd pim. nilist r ud Lis s@ior alti6 qd pt c.d udd hou. .ct &d rutscqna{y lut od rrial, Naw Shrifvd foud guilry of com!,rio! dd srcnced b lifc
the
l$ lhan
lbe
pnm. minisrd
bad
tri.d to
inp.isoMcnt. TIe coup mrked the lirst tine in hislory rhat bid takd ovQ e &ffimcd nel@ poer
miliw Fgim.
Co.fwrcq is d inrd-govm@tat orgmietion Srcuping ffty*ix $ar6, Th6. Slar6 dcci&d ro poot rt.i, lsulq togalhd, enbinc tb.n .fods bd slek wilh on. 6ie ro safgNard tbc int Est ed ensE tle progres ed vetl-being of their people! and th6e of orhd tuli4
Tle O.gdisalior of
llldj.
The
diablbhed in Rabs! Kinsdon of Mo@co, on 12 Rljab 1389rI (25 sptmbs 1969) wher thc f6r @ting of rhc lcldlE of rhc Isbnjc wodd lcld in &is ciry i. *de ofrhe climiirl aM! on
wEs
O.gdidtion
FrFrzr.<t
J@alan Itw6 i MNlir!6, fae tbis bind ch,llagc lNnchcd in i[. hoty city ofAl-eds $ d@ io Mulins of rhc worlddd againsr tb. MGqu of At_&sa, tbc filsl eibta
lmdts agaiost At-Aqsa Mosqle, in oc@pid .cd in ordsro d.f.ndite honour,.tigniry,nd flirh of the
dd thhd holist Strin. oflsla4 ftat the la.les ofrhe MBlin world, at their SdDit in Raba! scized that v@t, wtich b@tgh abour m,ninoN Mtdwidc
@nd.lmri@ to rhid( togalto of rh.i, q)md ae art Esta rn fa@ rqufied b oveMmc t].ir differcncs, bite tud lay rLe foudaiioD of this of Slatcs, tbat is, th Oryeisrion of tbe hlanic Confd@ wbich lbcy arusld, ir alelute priority, witb libcrari4 Jerudd ad Al_ Aqe non Zidist oc@pariotr,
The OIC
rarge greuping
w6 nulualy
a8@d upon by
hetd
Mulin Couhi6, in rlc fiBr Islanic 22-25 Se?reDbd, t969 in Rlbat dpital of
MaliE govlrrlM|l
Mobcoo, conp.ising 46 star6 al the $ne. Kirg Abdultah At_HaI3n Evals lhat d( thc 6d ol &c Confe.dc., a D.cturio! w& .iged to thc cf.ct tt l would
cdtual ed spiritut fi.ld in the light of IslMic tchiDgs Furrhd, n ws [email protected] ro hold e Isl.Dic FoEig! Miristc6, Confeercc ro qotov. wlys tud mcds of inpl.moring rh drcisior of the Su@it Confqeca As r Esult, the OBmization of Isl.nic
its
C.n 6l Seluid
in Jdda!, Srudi
Aft]ia.
de bilrior.
hop6
ed as?ihtiotu
.6r of
hs speific objarivG hdrioned h ic Ch6. Tb* objectivG e sw.al but the pmmobl @e is to promote Istamic sliddiiy tuotrg jts n nb* slat s, Also the OIC lim bwatd! cdelidaling @opdrion do4 mmb.. star i! @notuic, s@ial, cutrMl, *i@tific sd othd
the wo.ld.
Tl|
OIC
is aLo
ods. lsld
ssltially a $pEo.dd, w[ich birds hMity rogcth.r od l[. adhqsu of rhis frilh e yovd into one eltity rr.Noding alt baEi6is
g@grphiq lireuistic or dcial. Th. Isldic World m ftaSmdted dd atomilcd to eN ibc vcsrcd int@is of tnc pow.rs! vbjch dcemed i1
elp.ldidr
to
. . .
invatr.nl, 6 . Sthgthdiry hune re$les dvelopmot snrll e<t ,rcdiun dtdprisa, nmcial s..to dd @nonic !:lea.'mr
?.omtilg.rossbo.dqinvcsrlEnroplDrtulics,
T.ade, techology snd technical co_opendon
i!
dd
sizcd
progam
Developingph)isic.lintrlsrtucrte.
TIc implmoration of the Srllcgic pld ofAtiotr (SpA) wu .do!t d !t the ?s Sumn io 1994 ro shcngthd e.oromic dd com.rcial coop.qlion a@lg
OIC
nenbq
10
indurry; cocrgy dd niningj foreigD ia.lq r-esrbrr ad @.i|]mi@rions; rouisnj nolcy; bs,ting tud ceital flos; t cbroloey and r.chnical oopcBlio4 Lum rcstrc dcvlopmdt and cnvircMmt, Howevd, the paniciplrion in de implcd.ntation of rhe prcps.d pmjmtr of the SpA EmiB voluEij' for
tuin bodi6:
Hca.ls
of
Sralc
supme alutonry of the olgaja$m which yqB b lay tlown rhe Orgdialiont poliy.
Ite
Conlerncc
exmine r prcgr6e Eport on thc ituplennt tior o{ its dccisioG ra}e! wjthin the i.aD.wort of ile policy deEned by the Islmic Sumit
Thc
s.r
!p
rhar
Afehaisrd, Bosnir dd Herzgovi@ etc. Tbe nwbd of iBtitutios iNolved in the achievddr of rhe Oryeiation\ obj.ctirB includ. rwdtyqe culruEl, $i@tific, doromiq t.g.l, Fiqb,
seh
infomri@L soci.l md
hhe-affliB iBrirurioB.
onparnnmlalizd
witLi! the filDcwork of rhe OtC (rhc pa@r Conpoly) &d wcrc inu
sleiali4! iBriftrtio6 {d alfiliated insiitutioc. ftd. h.adquartG havi bem distiblcd MolE u. vanous blmi. capilab ad .ites which arc acting for the acnevdert or tleir
inro subsidiary org&s,
mjq
bedquarr.n
a) b)
ed
ISESCO,
c) Isldic Fiqh [email protected], situr.d in Jedrt l d) Igldic Univdiry in Sa, (Nid.y, capital of Nig., .) D g) h) i) j) k)
tur
ruch
IslaEic Inte@rio@l
Nm
A8.ncy ir Jd.!at;
ed
s4red in
haloic
In rddidon, ihe list of obsrvcB Sral6 e: R.pubtic of B@ia dd HerzsoviM, Cent6l Africd Republi., Replblic of Coie d,lvoiD atrd TlDil"nd Wtilc M6lim Comunid se: j\!!.jsb Comuiry of Kibrii add
More NrtionEl Lib@tion Frctrt.
6rablished on
Dqmbd
1973
dd
both
bdl
in
pE@c
of Declanton in rhe
lle
Islamic
a) Isleic Developmcnr Bank, IDB, linBted in Jcddtuj b) Llhic Scientitc Educatio@t ed CdnDt OrSeiztion, ISESCO,
sinatcd in Rabar;
c) d) .)
lslmic Fiqb Acadey, situt d in Jc.l,.t!b hlamic Unive$ity i! Sry, (Nidy, capii.l or Nig{) fm FMcb Islmic Utrivcity in Mbali, Klnpala (.apiral ofustud!) for Etrglijh
f) klMic Univdity in Ku.ta LMpu (qlital of Mdaysia)j g) Isluic utriGity in Dhata, Bdglad6rq h) hl.ni. Instirur. for S.i@e &d T.chlology in Dhatr, Bbstaddh; i) hlmic Sut s Broadcsting Orgeiztion, i! Jc.ldal, j) IslMic Intemrion l Nq Agdcy in Jeddd; sd k) lslnic cotcr fo. Rcsach, An ud C\lnrc, TRCICA sated in
In
addirion. the
li!1 of
ob6dd
St res
er
Rcpublic
of
Boe,ia &d
Ishnlc Dalopnnr Bork6 the lslrmic BErk Orgeisatio! eas .srablishe.t on Dadbqr t9?3 !.d bolh cmtr,ct ha joined nhb.Ehr:! of rhc batrk itr pNude of Del.Erion in l[. ConJercrce of Fi@c. Mi slries ofmlslim coutrics,
Th. of
of
hldic
catablished
U. Confftnce
!i@c.
1393H,
Miaisrm of MlstiD Courtics held in ,eddlh i! Db e,a.tdr cdBpondiry to D..dbd t9?3. The l!.uguEl M@ting ofrhe Bosrd
C{vmo6 took ptac. in Rajab t395t{, cofts?onding to Juty 1975, ed rh. Bek M fmlty opo.d on 15 Stawal 1395H coresFtrdirg ro 20 Octobd
t915.
Th. purpcc of rh Ba.t is ro fGl.r the @mEi. dcvcropmdr asr soci.t progrss of medbr courtri6 ed Muslin cohmuio$ n nor-ncmber
thc
priaipl6 of
sFic6
firee-rolds liom US$ 295 biuio! i! 1990 io US$ 765 biUion in 2004. Mataysia (US$ 140 billion) ed sludi AEbia (USJ 132 billion) w@ rE otrty 6uiri6
w'rh e4orll above USt lO0 bilior in 2004 whitc, al ih orhd dtcn, Ouinea-Bissa! (Us$ 98 mjltion) Dd Cotuoon (US$ J9 nillion) had expons les the US$ l0O niltion eacb tu 2004.
Tbc irDorts of g@ds
dd eryiB
of the nnbr
o!!tti*
ud Mabrsi!
in 20G4. Mltarsia ws U @st oFn econony in 2004, foltowed by Ba!.aii, Tutneniltan, md MEldives. N*ly two.tlinls of l)hbd @uEi6 hnd opded up O.ir @llmy or*b oe
rc
rlE
sd srvies
.xlol.s of Soot's ed scFicer suoass.d the corrcapoding impo.ts, Mlitrg lhe mcnbd coutne a eroup ofner cxpon6.
2000_2004,
d*.d.
(19E5-1994)
ftc Gm of tradE of n mbq coetrie .s a grcu! have flufilated ovd r[e y.a. At .our.y Lv.l. &d 200 L b 2002, only I I odbd @urrid @dtd a improvcmdt in tem oftradc.
Int:-lDB m.mbd 6utd6' tl:<rc, ehich m bc pturi& for n..sing ir. dtcat ofcmleBtior.nd intcgnti@. [B rccordcd & upward Edd duing lhe period 2003-2004. Tbe prcponio. of IntriJDB mdbr coutrie, I]@hlndis 4porls i! loral dporr! Eched t3.j pd cdr i! 2004 tom ll.4
h t.m of dirccrion of dadc, rhc sha of mcshadi!! cxporrs of IDB ndbir @u ri6 d a goup in rh.i. tolrl m.rchedi& .xpons to indusbiat coutris
ba dropp.d fton
62
pd
ce
in l99O
!o 52
o +iponing coutrics hrs ind!{rcd stiShtly tDo 5 pcrc@1in I90 ro 6 Fr cdt itr 2004. simjlaly, &e shar of .xporB of rDB dDbq\ .oulri6 as a 8rcup jn tbeir rolal cxpons ro non{il ddelopitrg 6utt6 rncMed
subsbathly aon
27 pcEenr
In rcdru ofdiretion of impo.ls, rh shrE of mchardis inFtu of tn nbr @untie3 as a group in ilek roial nerchddise imporis from indushirl crblries dDpp.d &@ 65 in 190 ro 45 p* i! 2004, while th.ir sb@
p.e
dr
of
ince$d ton ?.5 percar in t990 to 9.E p.r ce in 2004. Sinilrly, tr she ofndctadh. ioporb ofm.nb.r mutri6 4 a group i! their rotal n rch&dbe iblorr! &on notr{il dcv.lopjng
hrs
imporrs &om
oilaFniry couiri.s
@e|'6
iDc@$d tDn
24
prcol in
1990
10
47
pct@r in 2004.
d.v.lo!h6r sistane e.t ol6ci.l in lot l rcr @urcc tlos to ncmb6 @uEi6 deli&d aod o !rda.
in 2004. In paniculd, in 2004, olly 9 nenbd @unb6 rccivcd concsional aows abov. US$ I billion tmcry
of 88 p.. ccni
in
t990 to 59
lcent
tal6ti&,
Itr
tIm oflDl,
the following
sdd
Tot l net ind.inA of IDB C,oup, up to lbe cnd of 1426Il, Moulcd ro US$ 1.4 billion. Of this figuF, US$435 diltion w.r. lpprevcrr for rbe
Mulim
comuftties in m!-tDB
ftucilg
59 pr
of IDB GDup
ep6ent.{t
opcnrioG 40 p.r ccft (mainly thrcugh t@i leasrg, and im1lltnent sle), wbilc special dsisLnce opdrioB [email protected] for
@!q ordirary
iituing
The Wofld
Br*,s
Devropment
. . .
ctioB (WDI)
rvd86,
aftour rir
No aeigEgaie
v.lu6
if Di$ine
dala
6d!
obsNatioc in a 8ivn yru. ,{gcgates of ddos e calcltaled d weigbtcd av@g6 of tLe 6tid aing Ae wlue of rbc ddodinaro G wi8ht. Mosr onh 1h av.6g. indicoied for IDB is wi8ht d according ro rie relative she of thc
number of
couh4 o
AggEgate 8ro*1n
Thc rcaulring
6t*
calcutatd
growt
raies
Efl*l
lrile
d6
of
CHAPTER-TO
CONCLUSION
|[is c@luding clzptc., I frud rh.t Srudi-Ildo Et.tioE, @mpdcd wib Saudi-lok rclations, do* not Mlch in th. *olMic spcr, b4ase elmdts
ritb Iidid sj& rhd pa}isLa d! to tbrEc llalm: invBtmdt @!stio4 ad trad. dcvclopn trt Ir h !@ cL&ly rhal Saudi bwin6 scror havc atrorg rui ed thi.t mrc r.liabt. i! b*in.$ dealilg with Indi@ as compared to pat isrartu bldn snd. S.condly; lh. potitical sr$ility in l!di! is noc tbm b pakbran. Ttirdlyi hdia ba . wiery of .@lElilirc ptuducb ar lte@blc pri6 itd p,lisLtri
o{.@noDic relatioG w@ weight d boE
ArbMdublla\
onc of
ny
eoals of this
s@h
crudy
&mptishc4 wn@
bsine ed rrdc @m|Niry ro build up c@pfrtioo b.twe! rh. two coutrica lbmgh D.di. plmirg s a brgct to
be for !p!.oacb by cboine a pronincnl
llc
ndi. peBor fron Saudi Anbia. T!y tlam I giv. to llcn &otn dglist Ncsprpd,
c![cd
m &d
r6civcd with a cornplctc progEDme mde for bjs visit to differar scclor i! PakHaq srartine ftom nrnufacreE fom to boug.tul plac6 in pakisi'r fd
indsEialist ed aericuhralilrs should rggrsively h ordd i,o comper wili ihe globel
D'*.r
had rradiliomlly njoyd close brethqly ris
dd Pal6trn
bad
ad
lbidile inreicsr h @!b otber,s wity ed stability enn convcrg@ ofpositioB on D6t of rj. rcgioD.l dd iltermtiout ise
ourtics
Th. qim rehrioB b.rw@ th. r*o [email protected] ard pople of rhc t*o couEis prcvid a good bais for tutrhd dbdcilg c@onic @p@tion ed bilatcBltade. Saudi AFbia dd Pakistrn bave politicat, socidl lld economic rclations, Tte Ki!8don ba ber rh. tdg6t domr ro pakbbD od al$ pmvidce eat labou Mket eho aE scnding hug. raninaB for &c coulry. P&btanis mtiture th. thi.d l.rg.st .xpdtri.r. worklorce in 1n King.toe, behind ihe Indi@ dd Egyptitu. Ofthe 4.7 nillion cxpaaiat civilie workeE i! Saldi AFbia 778,600 e takislanic.
And nucl@
*.nario, vh! Cov.mn6r of pakista! w6 s.kilg mtu 10 Bisc fo.eiSn r.setu s Saudi AEbia helped patisrar by prcviding $600 nilliotr inlcrcst ftcc loe. It na abo dr.oded Oil F&ilig (soD ro pa*isra,'
tcst
ddt d.frutt thMr. p.tista sughr Sludi hclp to meet Ihe ilt mati@al hadc Equirtudts ed Ssurli Aabia .g@d to previd. oil on tle&rcd paFfrrs fd rwo y4. Th. Kingdom hs ofl@d
1998, ro hcb
rnq Mly
rakisla!
rErker f@ pcrcchcmi.al, codc oiL Efnd lEbole@ prcducb, $lphu, iM dd wid. mgc oforld predu.r'
ftldi
ad volue.
decision
pnvab inv*to6 bav are shom irlmt ir s.ning up tu oil Efinry pow.. pliDts. saudi Arabia ed plkbt D hlvc drabtislcd 26 joint
Saldi bueins p@!l bave qpBed th.ir stishctio on lhe of the Palhtdi govtuor io *t np spccial comfti?n cou{t! in rhe
Princc Waleed, on. o{ rhe nchst ncn in th woild, a global invesror md philoduopbt hs pltu d to i4cst in rwo loLls itr Lahore ud hldabad
of Saldi iN6tors rc t(d r,o srrd joidr Bturls eill Pakktdni coopdi.s, Saudi invesroc qn avail oppotnnitis by inv.sting io
WErcas
I tMbc
ql
s6tc, lele@tr\
and
sdi@s
sccror in
mli-bi]lim
dollar Sedi
(BlG) is s.tting up
aim to exploe
intercsted in
filds
n'@Lct't i!9,
Lrgel buins @ngtotmrcs in lllc Kingdom of P.i!.cs Al-Bmdlri Bi Abdll Aziz in 1980.
in Febnury 2005, Prcsid@r pry@ Musb@f visited Saudi AEbia in Ju. 2005. Kilg Abdulla! of Sfldi AEbi! visit d psLi$a! in F.bnury 20{6.
biht n! Fgio&l ed ini.ioational hsu.s. Both sidd expwd rhil det dination to itrthr strmedEn the .xistitrg Sandi-Pal &iendly dd brorherly rlatioB in an sph@s. Bol! couEie also sig!.d 6v. &@r& ilcluding fou la@IMts dd on6 MoU to stimuldc mp@ri@ in diffcEnr 6etd!
esp@tj includilg
.ll
ld6 dd thci. vi3its ro @ch orLdb coutrtry rcflct.d, rhe high level of Flfical omihlois ed mimiry of
Frqudt codultarioB btwen
lop
viws whicb will nor onty strdgthd ihc bil.tent ElarioB bul also @ble rhe
i!.
ledB to td.. ..w iniiativB for Goturion of ttc pal6ti!! is., [email protected],L cffora iI Uc fl8br agaist tc@riM ud bring bEm@y to r[. MBlin wGld
I 6rDry
bcliev
dd fto@end
evolvidg a t6g,tenn
Dehdbo
in ordd
d.al in a systdatic trDmd with ihc hurdt.s, Inp@ving thc bsircs 6rmnh@t ad to enldce rbc volMc of Fade btwdn 0t two @uti6, it
wodd b.
rea!ry
io
prcmG
rhc
l.
WLI
the
rtationship?
2. How car
O!!. hurdld
nnovcd?
S.udi-p.l Etitio$bip?
.d by tbc Mul|n wodd aft6i!8 Slldi Anbi.'3 Beosmoic r.htiolr witb prti!ro
P@plcofPltirtrn b.rc
@io
u!
!!5per.!d.fi.ctio fo.ln cur.di& of t[c t6 Iloly M6q!.., KilS Abdultd Bin Abdd lriz. Ova @0,000 Prtiltali. vilit Srudi Aribi! for p.rbiollcc of tbii .nd UDd .vqy ,@. PiLlt n .!d Saldi Anbi! oupport acb otb6 .!d r! !!6b.(3 of dr. Oryuiati@ of Illrnic CoEri.3 (OIC) od eortilt fd lrllstbdiog r!. @urc of Muslim U|!m!" Bor! rlc couri h!rc coEptcb bllMy i! |lluilg rhc g.opolirical poblcd! id.n!!ioo.l fonDr.
{.ci.l
tov.,
rld Prlin d bwc bccn al ilc forltmt of iottn ddrl qrr $drn EliSiot$ qr@iso .!d r.doris Th. S.rrdi tarbltiD @ddca
Srrdi Atrbi!
&dodle r cll$c wDict i! rgiDn ttc r.acbilg! of our pacc-rovirg di8ioo" Bolh lhc couotics bclicv! rtat btrn is a Etigior of p{c. ud [rrmny. Ir fdbi& vioLec. Ir i! lgrii$ dt a48 rbt briry .ny h.m ro u. tEoccot
D.opl..
caqislalca
Guid.d by thesc klrEic prirciplcs S.udi Arlbi! r.nri$ co@incd io cliniD.L tenoris. TL KiDgdan hr! dpB!.d iB fidl ranlllB @ coopcrrl. wit! .ll iotdi.lioD.l .tr$B io cdrb.t tdMis Ir b.lia6 rbrt ir sould t .&!. pdpctnoB of rcno. dim.3, cb!!. rhrn rld t*c Lg.l o-r{ .griBt dl.D wiihid ttc [email protected]! of Lllei. Stailb .!d KiigdoD'! irrdtrrtiout ed rcgio!.l oblig.li@ a w.U $ bihritd .e<r&
thi! r.g.rd Sddi Anbi! ud prtirbn tu .to joi .frois io .oDbat t rorire in dEir qnurriq ,! FU s Fllsuiig dioiod, i! O. r.gios by D.tilg | @tvdk @ sioing @npl.t ilfo@rio! $out ttc rmris! or$nizaton4 rh.ir frnlcial rcloeB, *ho is spplyilg aB io l!@ ed
lemns @
@r b.
o@e. Tbe initi4iv6 includc adninisrlrive, 6n@ial a t othq nslG 1o conlain, @db.r ard ddiaic rhis phcaondon. In .dditioa thc KingdoE b,3 rle inrrDduced refom in lhc .duc.rioBt dd @lonic 6l& in
coDtuity
As we
with its pNiri@ in wa. on
r.tu.
know regio@l md glob.l conomic situarion is faxr chdging towd& gred&r inicgdlion rheugh incrcdc in nad voluq rcdudior in
radlB, PTAS (Prcfe@lial Tndc Agrcn6rts), FTAS (F@ Tnde MFN (Mosr FavoNd Natior) srab!, .uly hecat a|msdBr&
(that n yer
dl
AgEndb),
slobalisd@
(FDr)
DnEt
hvBhdt
dd
so
roE @npcritiv. dd EiioN harc oplEd to go for gMter e@obic c@pcratioq Saudi Anbh ed poljlran e atso afi@bd by
on. Mants h.ve b@mc
inBtor Aiodly nviremt wnerc everybody h he ro invdt, s thft is m hindrb in invcstitrg and witL&awing ihc invBbrcnr dout from the couirr. The v6t inveetn nt pN!@ts qisl i! telccomuicatioq consretiou, @gin@i!e.
rhal lakhtan
food pru6sing, perr@beniols, nining
In ny ts.@h work it
$i! loricd
ba
in pakistan.
Afrbi! be! ben refm<t dd pmvi<ts ged oppdruiri.s to pakisraii invebB &oe which rncy @ b@fir
cdlerio.al facilirid to Saudi studcnrs in ncdkinc &d ersi@ilg tbat o'!d lbo b. .xicrdcd io lnlmtion Tebnologf, bEilB, l8.ioltEe, foBtry and N@u. cottdriod. pfi3t& tu rts qrdd lainio in
PabstrD is providing
1t field5 of
aiso irain
d@t6, trueq
tEfuedi6
sd redilr.ics.
dd stid bs.
14?
billion cDP &d 12,4 p.rc.nt gro*h Erc d cu.red pri@ tdet &d 4,2 pdc@r on co6Lnt !ric6 ovd 2005 ttg@s previdc a solid gromd for ?fisr.ni ilvcstoB to.st
in
Uishjoi
term ofatF.ctivo6s for irvsrm.ri ctjh!t., olt of 155 @mEiq h.ving a surpl8 orUS $ 121 biuio! iD rhc bsl&cc of rFd. proyi{rs b.igh oppomrnjc!
for Pakisldi invesrors for settiog joinr y.nn{ca in Saudi AftDta,
ldg hhrory of tt!.tc rll.tios but orc bal@o of dnde betwd Saudi Ahbiadd patisra! ha always rcmined ir favoE of Saurr Afrbia wii! a total vol@c of US$ 3,323.4 milio!, including US$ 329,3 mjllioD qpdrs ft@ labtan which did nor Eflcct the ral IDtcntial atrd
hlve
Pa&istar should
Bolb lle
cmtris
Dte
trarte.
obsded rhal irdfods fron Saudi &!bia ed cxpo.ts to saudi Arebi. c@sist o.ly of 4 to 5 itm (s.c tabtc-B and C) for the t{!t l@y ddds_ For isnnce, Pakjsta! exports ricc, spci.lly B4mti, selctive rxtile ire6,
lr
*a
dd auib, footv@, coton ,rm ad tenis. The ibport confined b peboltu ed p.tiolem Foducrs, chmic.ls, ptatics
vegerables
lisr i!
ireG,
fcnilih$ ed l6th{
products (rablc.B
hd
C Amex_7).
ADbi. rad ro riq rarif ed noF tadll bMim, fr.ilitatc prem$on of bilrreFl tade thrcugn incr.ls.d bl@ctioA ircludinS n!q!d qchsg. ofbldns dclcgatioN, tib.nlizatio.
In this rcBrd both taLisid
ud
Saudi
buir6 vis r%imq dd raniciparion io Fadc extibitids. Thc snudi golffidt m ale [.lp ro [email protected] rhc pres of pak_ccc regotiatioru
of
fo.
dly
Thc
dudng
rt
ksr24,td,1982,
balee of Fad. h.s &@incd in favou of Saudi Aribia. Arthough PakisLDi qpois ao Saudi AEbia in Msd n@ pRs j.2 bilion to
83 to 2005-06, lh
ircHsc of 5t4 percmt blt duilg th tue pdiod imports ako [email protected] jlom pp.s 9.1 billion to prb l?9.3 tilion
PRs 19.7 billion indicalDg an
This
thlt a lot of efrons be mad ro boldc. trade rlation between tbe two couties. Thc .tcMd of patisrani products, tile bed snets, iowcls, t!+auliB! tcnts, emdls clc. is vcry high md wii! a unl
trad of
trade d@ds
Pakislali dportcrs
ce gnb
@tr
Patbtrli cxportcE
should
bate
lmg
tem stdegy
goods at @Dleiitivc
pri6.
Anlia a wcl s ]akisr.r hs at6dy 3Ericd a n w @ of aovclmdt ed private sedor policy plrmi!& to cncoMgc b!si[6s md ind!$ial wror
Saudi
T!@ is cenainly
urgdr !.cd io ov.rco6e rhe knoM .!d u,knoM hudl6, lile bck of info@arior\ r.rifi bsi6, vis probtm dd pdticipation of Saudi buine$Eo in irrd exhibirions held in palistr!. I fimly bli*. rh.t
mnpo!6t of Saudi-P.t rclario hjp cd gmw shongd ,s qnlt of pNling conductiv. policiA ed @novine larif be.E,
ine e@nomic
In c@cl6ior wc
cd
ed
invsnnnt
srcaler .@oDic mopeFtion btwe.n the two courri.!. Sludi AEbi. cb rrle the .d@ic rclari@hi! to biEhd lv.ls by cnneci.g @opeErion ia rLe 6eus of eduerior! loubn d.l joint votuE!, whicb wolld b. mutudly b.neficial
for
eonooic
h is vorth me ioaing
hft
Connisid ij
eftl
t'drercrt
for
iD dcprh
el@ic
rcLdoship
vdi@ fi.I& for nub.Iy b.n tcial cmp{ation bctwa Saudi Anbia ard P.tisl3r rt tas drEdy hcld cighr neetirgs. This co@isior stould b. md hN acrive to eddce rade &d 4@mic ElatioN, It ce h.lp to rcnove hudt6 $ch s iladequt. infomatiotr, pen to p6o. @ntacq M8ing sdind tud wdkhops tud
sinSlc
coqty
exhbiLions. The
mo
cffecnve $ay ro
irqede
emnomic
rclatioc brween l! @Dt ica world bc aingle couhy xhibition in which oedia people shodd bc includ.d who wolld Eire adiclB &d prcnotc rhc
cauc in trerive
Howdd, I f@l
a lor D4ds lo
Saudi
Acbia
ud
?akis$n.
'tt@ n ftcd
for pafiaihip
Mulin wo.ld in rhe lakist& ba givfl paniculd imponecc to its ri.s Iom thc drys of Saudi King laisalbin Abdut Azjz,
lhJels facing rh.
fd
MuliE wdtd.
Aim&hjp
lcd by
the saudj-pat
1974
Laloe lll@it of
llc
OIC,
&d how it
prcvcd to bc
Prcmier
I hoF
t[
eiqE .nd filr.dt elatic b.rw@ palisran od @ ine io gow ed srtngrl.! i! tunEe I lny tlal bofi
rhc
pdeeg. of
tire
md
sltdio,
wbich b l}e
@h
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Twiin,.P. 2!07. Scidljtio Plodiction in Hituri@l Saiology: tb, Kbddw hets Al Sand- HEloq & Marhml6. ttrsloncrt DbMi6 dd u.v.ro.lmr o! G@t$ scr.ti6. Morcos: KomKrE , too?.
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44- Ficld
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p*isb! Imrihc
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48.
Tah..A . d., w6rr Cloudd Vi.* of Arb &d rdd.A $udr anbi4 t@ 22, t99?..
lltli\
Aab Nds,
49.
50,
lw.dbicnm.6rr,
3,
17 Aab
52.
Te
PEs
fak
Sdndi
Anlia- Thc
(2OO?),
I,197.
ta8 Bchrnd in
54.
M|aa
K- AD! tndBq/s
SoEy S6rq
S.udi AEbi4
55.
Iitcnd
udq
a1
i.forulion cm
bc
56.
A.fiEvcDdr ol Devctopm.nr plrntp@ dd F,glE (22d Lrrc) (r9zo2(105) Mdry of Eenomy .nd plolNs, Kitrcrbb;f s,udr AEbn.
5?
Atuld
Rcports of rhc bi.nltjo.d Mo*tory Fud (IMF) @ Ercbjer ArtugcmdB lnd Ercbo& Rdhdi@
58.
Anbid
EtrcycloFcdia
Y6H of Achirymle,2001.
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H!u..
lcnS F.hd
Abdnt
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Bo.rd of
60.
Lrcbh!
6l.Br@Jcl
1995. D6ignc Hqirrg.. ll*ti Narbnrt F*r ed ttc ponrB ofHinodcd R.lr@hnon Mrtdt. Eln R.Don No to6:2G2J
62 Bddwin, tucbrd
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A!su!
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B*r,;
65.
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66.
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Y@ B@l'.
67.
D{rtMr
of
Conil*, covMr
of Indn
?l.Diplo@ric InslituL, saDdi MinisF, of F@En Araid, S.udi Sturric! o @ll*don of spoializcd l@rc\ s6ond tan 198?. ?2- Dt. Mohrhd Y!s', fti@ipls h Public lblaliNi Nd Yort Uni6iry,
?1.
Dr,
o!@ Abrh!.bi&,
Oit
?4. E
?5 India
Publioation b6 b.o D&pdrd by lh. & Tehelogt Prodorion Divisio& Minisdy of Erkorl Afiai6, Covclmdr of lndia md Andftcn (Anlu ArdqM rndi. pvi !rd,) Je 2@t,
trv. rMt
Isldic Calre
80.
8,
lrwlrl
or.
r.!..A. ol
Ooughs ond
Rdddt
rh. SI@t-H.*tcy
fws,
Tutl.
"Log,po bA ed E&nonc
NBER
wo*r8 plF
hr.G6
No
t'0,
82.
Covmr
Inv.nd r tnfombo cui.t , CcMr (Sd pmfitel Bo.rd oa trvdEnr of Polosh4 Abu* Avc. S(ld c.s/I 6tamb!4 p.k5b
33
lrv6br'6 Inlomlron cud., fuitutM rse(@r prcfiI.), Board of Invehol C.vtuDl of p.ksbn. Abtut Avc. Sebr c_tl bknab.4
34.
hv6b s ldombo Gud.. II & T.ram rsdr pofitc), Bo&d of Irvdhcnl Cov@l of pdillr. Abtul Av., Scbr c-5/i &Ldb.A
bvrors l,IoturioD Or'dq Oil & cs (Sato, pbf .). Bod of rnvBtur Gdr1lllmt of Pa6tu. A@tuk AE, SdorC.5/, ht mbrd, p.}jrl|I.
lDvostme
85.
36.
Invelor's Infomud c!i{h, Aulombrl. tsslor [email protected], Boird of Oovmor of patjrlln, abnll Av.! s*ror c-5ir hlambd4
87
Irvathl
Civ.lrmnr of
p!l!b. Abtul
EE.
Govmml
39.
Kintdon of Srudi Ambri . Hilbry, C,v,tuloD a d D.v.lopmcnl MDfty of Inlomdoq Kinsdon oas.ud, Ambja
90.
Mtus- M- 'why ls t.|nic Bctumis ldpotu/t. R.grh plpd no. 12, Inbfldoul Cdh ror Rq.dh in ll|dic Ecodomics! KinS Abdurlz,
Univdity, J.dd.\
1982,
27,
91.
Inmto.rl
Lrd 2m4).
92.
91.
Mini ry ofFinac, Saudj bdunri.l D.v.lop@t Fur4 Aoud R.pon, Orgurdion of lsldic Co.f.Hc. Shdins Colm@ on Scqritic ed Tdbmlo3,cal CoFrrion (COMSTECHI.
94.
t984.
95.
tu.
Royal
EnbNy of
Soudi
Anbi.,
96.
Rffih &
Dntib(ina, Rendtun
PDblidtion Dcp.tucnr in
oo
Fudrnbhl
of sardi
td
publtrhjng &
97.
Rshid S,, An Ase.& ro! Murtin Bconomjst!: A Hhioric.llndutiv. Apprcr-h, ,om.l of KinS AbdwE UDive6iry rJ|(.Atr. Illmjc Eoroncsr v..-3. l9,t, pp 45-54R6@h A SLGrie D.p@t- Monrht, S[i$oj Bultdia Studr Ahb@ Mon tty fuacy.
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(vw.D6cop.ory).
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privatizltiotr inii ive!, Srudi Aslia EmiE @nnin d b a nE !u*et ccono witb no erictios oi opirat mv.Mr Mdjo, bsine olimL. Laptbl tul.L ud b clom bnv. !l:o ba inptclMEd _ *lt! @rpoEc '@rty h dd hv'n3 ben mE rhd cur in h.ll.
To f,.ili6rc for.isn i Bb4 th. $udj AFbia cddlr tnverftni adnonry (SAclA), a 'oDNtop F.dc dd irydrn.nt pbtutid qld, wa @rd in J@,
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Afrivly pbmocrn-ouiry
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hrd previoEly bee. hmi(d lo onty 4aqo or e4liry 3hd.. full forsgn owlcuhiD of Srudi pDperg md hc.rlcd Dqeis ws encdond aphl. 1000 orhd eignificmr ,nhst EfoT, includ,ng mlmg 'n gELr public do tErqmnct ud $.@tinid8 lbc *o*tn8! ot b;st!fu; pl1)B, N smhrl, dow lnd.My b 6fihd prcmoL 6e rr& hd fu tu tr.t
Mcp @kd hdcarm simut@outy Etmn sbnc 6 k[ o foslrd.t@hg B.N..o rh. oD5.r of te99 ud the ct* of fdqwq.2005, rh. saud del m{*; D!E4.rt by ov.r 520% in l88'.gaG vitu.. Inde4 its opiEtizirion ove, dre p6r h. v@s ha mr lhe doubled rBoil.xpon mmgs Mrbrn rh. h. o.riod.
shotuge of sld[d ldt lilor md a tinikd r@l poducrion dcDnd rhc.Fldiv.ly lo$ d oI terfl, produc.n oit ,rd 3c. wben u.d ! k, prcducnon fterbbck!,.Ifod irj rnd,S.nour rdu$.q riS lictu! nur*n cohp.lrrv. Ddpnc
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NATURAI, R'SOURCES
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six d*rd6, oil hs fo4.d Saudj Ahbn'3 @nomc .od &jit @doptMr and will lik ly onrinuc io d,. 3o ttr ils fo6...htc @nonio i)t!E typr.lly a..ouh8-for sbod t5!6 of amut Stobat producr.on &d bNbdcaly Iiucturtng b.hrer XeLlsvo of tha' ot fie "Oref,stion of Oit hponrng Sbt6,
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4.
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KhA Soud Uniydiry, fobded in l9t?t Kin8 AbdDl Aziz Univdit in Jeddah. fouded in 196?: King Faiel UlivcBity in llD!]mb, loud.d in I9?5i Kins Khd.d UDivdi.y in ,r-Ta it aound.d il t998: King F ld Univ.uiiy of Pctol@ od Minad R@u6 in D[.b@ foDdcd m l96l ud givd qrvmity strn6 in I975: Itl4 Munannd 6id Saud Udv6iry in Riyad6, foud.d i. 1953 md .mrt d
uivdity
lretos in 1974i Islanic Univ63ity in ll-Madinatr, founded in 196l; atul Um al-Qur Univedty h Matkih, fobd.d h l9?9
A! ! cds.qudcli
rdoinisr'al,or, cjvit ud iddBtrilt dgirdins, ddtilEy, .tudi6, nsir. sienc6, mdioin .ftI ,Edic,t eid, ndeorclogy, phmy, Md v.lqinary m.dicinc,
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IBrnldmal irnar@n!. corconimdy pD. idb plic.. Al . dutr, mrioMt ccononjc plming is todry dftchd by rhe Supr@ F.ononi. Co@il. Eslrbtbhcd in Aug6r 1999, ill widc,@sir8, divctsc mmd.to inchd.ll
. rmmtng @nonic Co$d ot Lr.b ihlr ensE Ed D.r c,'jr! jn@n bc'cg: . divG,l'og th. diioDrl mnonic h& ed rh6.b', pubtic Ed Ela . d.vclopi4 e attsdive, podllbb iN6l@nt wimtr@r; . dpodiry l!. pnvrG sr,or,r rcI. in etusiic dry.toplmt rtmugn rnc
pnvrtialion of D@hlats: md
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46blsbnc lh. jod shck Saudr T.tqommobonr Compmy tsTc)i cE nnS a iomr sbck utilibe mpuy tor rhe rdeiit crti6 of ydbu ud
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O$d nled Bll nsorb orlude o 2.mo Ubmft lh. north- south @mEun8,t. xr.njd_mihem ph@phoG mrutr8 o6.p4B ro vir Ho il. Bmydlh, tuy;dh. 'l-Jubat rnd !l-D.lrrl]M: a $.lt s . 600 klomrq **h Egion lE tb' qU @mer Malrrh. ol-Madbr\ J.ddrh ud yMbu ImDt.nMrne |hi! pbjded air qp.roid d orhq .ssidcd bmpotuld pDj4B wi ,quiE. prol4lcd t D.l biltm jD hvennfl 6pel.d !o op.. $ | 5 b'thon in bus. Mad prcja rvolvin8 ni(t.l nnc. phspMre!, bdux&, m.nsm8c. rirmun\ ma riuca dd cakrm c&bonlra. tl billion CCC-wide nil n.work 6 llso bder srrdv
r no<lm hd6F,atz.d *rdy also invorB lb. urs6r d..d fd. modtu t lsmDi@ion infrurutu Sauti Anh, B trow bla3.d hlh $. t .g6! mrr npidly tdwiog ro.kd fr t tdmuMijon pDd@ sd sdr6 r o. M,rrdl. @r, notuB 'My opDotuid6 for .rps on of bolh iB wuld and *n.ks comurqnoN nctworks dd for prcvidins $rJDon scdicB anmd.nt io lhis
C@Dn8
Ra,i, CreaEak. ot.fm. oryg.nrr.! (ot@bots md .lhdr . qd @tudcs, phh&y buildin8 bloct! lor do*6r6m p.hch.miqls dd pl6h6 poduc.d mh M@ ae !s*i'ed wir! @d. o,l p,od(lbn. pnDcjpat dowr.M esdy* inc]ud. dnytmc, @rhsor, ..rdnyl rdti&y rotyt .rn6" (MrBE, rm!'r]{e stJftc. b6he paruytde pyrotyc6 gMrD., indchrl .lllml
2. hknpdan Cie^iLab. chncot Inrhedre. ,rb.d, and hn@ olphs olofins ld B Dgrcd'cnB ror ruuteudng dom3r.h p.nebmiclts. princDat
runG ed ri{dyta. dycot, pEifed tcEpnth.lrc &i4.l!yl* diF.dDfB cbloridq 2-.rhtlm. b.xfuI, dr-oc.tl phrh.llL. @Buc rod!, dd vbyt chtqid.
S,atC is lbe so'tdr lolnh ldSrd prcdu@r of polyotctrj _ sd poltTapyloe - bo$ Eed 6 inpub h plslics lMur!.M. Prcduroo ffhldo boo hish otrd los dlsiry polymB. Drc<tu.r a. Pyc ona Pofatu: loty.:h {ur.d in Grrit6), poryltyE. (u.d ir iNul&o4 inde'll !r.L.sin8. md disp6lbt. cuttdy)i polymyt chbnd. evc) (u!d ir p'piq wir., clblc botiles' dd p6cl,p.gi dd crrnin, (u.d in rdi6iv6,
poryeoryio.
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d+b|nilltc rsrn, polyetu fibcB. ondm.teo. s. FdjlteB: onc ofd. wdLc's ldS. prcduceBofEc*w.Us.bbidds. of Dilroecq phorpn&, s.d @dpould tcnilim_ pdftiprt pbdlct e u.4 pbdphli., lrd ruliEic &id. 'lm;, 6. M@&j rh. hrgdt Dfulf'.rrE of cl pFd@ s *cI s fam dtoF D rh. CrCC ed n ils dgrsd b otTrbmdl:Md F.du.ri@ hot.ti4e in B.btu P opd poducb m i@ bor fd @td rcUcd dal. GinI@Dr b;. *F rcds, rcUd corb, ed rlminm. SAttC is hr.m. dg,ged jn rh; p;du6on oi porypeprtm* ed polredrld in omrn! rd lhe Ncrhcrhd!.
rlbisB, surfe. codilgs, rnd @ldin! co,npou{rs B wU s , l[. tmlbtu ofarFr. r.xrila, bodte ed or[a parlrinS, &d hoebotd ur.ortr.) pri0cip6t prcducr outpur! inclu& potyroto.. polyvinyt cblsd., poty.rhytm.
crdtonq: rsntlsn d in t9?6 b dcvolop Sludi Afrbn', vst hyd&sboo 6om6, SABIC i, onc of 6e *odd! llrgd pd)c!@icd ompoie botdrg i c wcn a on. of rh. LreBr indut,at @np.D6 D l[.
Middl. E$t It i! . 7o./cloe,t public.Fv.r. @m!ry
rhre ftgFnol jont venrlB b Babon w'rh br.l sprnl inv.fuo6 m iE b4ic rd6l'q mw oppoeblng $30 b, im. r 6e ro'tmsl Mirr@r cor+uy i! b6l clpuhdiod _ ,nd bd.y ruls s lh. I td \' t,!c6r potcrlyl.na &d 66 hts6. polrTFpyrtu '8sl ryte[:Tr1k,tr & @mirnds r sidifd eortd ru*cl posld in rulTmly 8rod'y. FldEine 8ly@ls, mtheol, MIBE. &d t rtitia. Majorjoinl vdturd includ.: SADAF, . s0!5C06 joi,t vdtu. wid Sh.tr; yaNpET ed KEMYA, both 50J07o joinl vcntus wtu rnm Mohil SHARe, a js.5oplo joid.vdllr wilh Mrlrubishr: and SAMAD, a so-sooa joinr v.ntu with Trsd
So@ 13 billion i. n* iN6tud ovd lh. nai h,tfdd.r. @ ehcduLd b dd 20 dllim dric roE of Ftetrmdl produc.ion orscity. ru,n8 l!. djon\ rod bom rt5 p|!qt {5 mitl@ mhc ioN to D6ty 70 nilid by 2OIO. b Jw, 2005, il @uc.d thor it wnl floar t6 bilio! 3he to urdwite c@irv npaBir: &d in July, 1005. s.udi ,nd Smomo lmhFd ple; ror; rujor p.lrehcmical flcility al Rabigh.
Ia insury !rcdudd rctivitiB @ rcw mid our by .ighrcd lifilar.d 6mpoid, mc! ofvbcn @ bcaEd in rh. .sh Fn alJ;br,t, ,noush Mo * baed in Yebu oD ft. R.d Ss md onc h.LD'l11]r@, SABIC F .tso;Dda in
Mul
Affi
Mdsr} tor Mind,l Red6 {D\{IIR) h4 iddtified I.2713,8 of p@oB mlii!" primtly Bold ?!d rtvs, Md r,l7l lnd of tr(l|rfriod m.bla luch G coppe. zinc, nicl(d, iro( lad, h.qitc cbrn , wi@ ud d8Eite Oi deF_sna,64 snow sigdfoer c@ercial pbnis.. Of 6do i, opdtion in 2m3, sNdi Aabia produc.d 228,194 oucd olgold, 3OO,OOO oucer or 3irve,, 900 tod of 6ppq. md 3.0m bB of zhc tn alt, ir is tjrurd b pdrs 20 nithon b6 ot gotd
S.udi ADtut h.rd mb*j d.D.$E. h tu . nctudc babnir, dotomrq ir&D.r, ghe( Smr., SEpbri gJp.u\ Unfuq drbL. pbd!p[r6, r* wot,
c.olo8icd shrdics brvo lik wi irdic.t d a snitojar pG.nce ofphosphah deDdil! poldti.lly dploit bG ld th. ndr r oo y@ st looati@ ,.qui.ins inv6r@l!;f up io 12.5 billim b dracr e 6rimrcd 6@ thm l@ hillio. aoD of ,n@hri. ek in al hLdd .R or E nonber @ wdr Mud yj.l& p,ojetcd ir tr nurrd
studie tuo bwe dal.d ovd 240 nilljon oons ofbauit. oft berwen sl-Qsin md lnl'il. Sinc. April 2003, fsibit'ry sd nerditrg rEdG have ben ongoilg ar at@M orNrc pmspet. Inbbt: thn m qgcrd b ac..d ll.2 bjltion idlldila ! 1.4 nllion ro. slmin. Efinar rnd ! 620,000 idE .lninu smlla 4h,bMn8. liL cyct. of .?5 Fm. Amrfid @gd.d d.r.top'@, ,ir. is zeshd,s rr 2 7 mllion ron mr8narr. deposrts d u mu y )i.ld 2O,OO0 roD, of h8b. groc .r4cMd ro3n.ik.
Inv6toB in the ninir8 *tor 6joy cxctuirc qplddoa rishts wjdin rhcir dcdroB ud @ obuir *t6v. mim.s md d{loEDoD t.e Th. *pro.ariod 16. is valid ro. 6v. y.6, meeabt. fo! s addrho..t fou ye4: wh ; nimg 166 lst lor 30 yan, iqcwable tor 20 ycm. To drtc, l,loo ptusp.cb hav. be;
lice6cd, prcsendy gmddins 93 bittion in
pd.r.
POWER CENERAAION Custo_a.rjJhe Mini$y of Elecriciry &d Wslq s 25 ycu olelritic.iio. pto. ca s foJ-US $l u bnlion in clpi(al invellncnt |o inorece btal ffiuol oopcciiy filn aboDr 3q000 M,w lo n@ lhm 70,0m Mw by 2020, rc{uinns mili;un mMr Dv6tmhb o or 12 FurE Pllsteriv. Mk t d.@d k .qu y mnlllMLl lD 1999, 309d of th. S.udr popula hlrt ro .tdiciry Ay 201l. th. nanoml "Sddr ehchcity Coeo'ition- (SEC) hs pla$ b p@(;u oi
ds
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Eonomic Coucil . 6nriNjD8 @ to 6t:]llmdE ur{l clrlctw 6. powd grid _ imludirg hbhdling rh. RudioG or powe 8mmto4 rrsbision, dd dbr.ihnior _ wirh ttc ultiftnc lim oa
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Nov.nbq,2ml, S.udi
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lolllc dper dd.liMtid ro ttmid a mj6, ildwtry in sudi Ahbi, tor seneEnoN !o @me - *ih ih. sovmnmr ptMins ro blitd 16 d..atimriotr
Ind6Ly
tb. n.rr 17 ,qF pGDg -oq pf d!y. rh6c R ediE, @bbilcd 6F.iry ot bld or 6;,,.y, ! MErry bm4 pr.dicr rhlr url4 w{6 dejtD.rd pojd G iEpt ffir4 s!r.r rhorils6 will ech mr. tho'w niuim cuhic ,lffi pd dr, by il2o fou
wit d."Salm uau C.nv6ion CoEDdlioD. {SWCC) now *rituring thrr rto tunon w'll n.{d lo sD.rd $s3 b llion on wlror pel* lhroueh 2020, r nN SWCC
td ddctopilg rh. 6uby,, ftu ;.cr 6* d.v.topi4 o "dionrl,rt r plo".o lfd f.cigD N6ioR.' Db rh. sero.. Thc Mr!f, *p*r rh. pt& to bc in fi!.1 aom by 2ooi. r R curog. B hpGrng s u ordd !o D.c qpEr.d ir.'en.r gbfih rq w!r.., rb. rq gw.lmr w'x bna. b hv6t mE tbD 160 bjlion d l] bi jon F murA E ryrmc mlrafunIrt dd.ropRnr ovs rh. Bl lvary y6. Th. Silh. w@ cdvs&d Corponron (SWCC) - *hicr ovm.6! ,!. nrtion! phnqpd hufu consurprive wrr.r sourc, "derljmlon. _ fosl! rtd.r.Md ror d4arrmled qaro wi ns by 60 p.r cdt to ro.7 m ion 4brc rur.,, pd dry by zu'ui .ad oh M avrace per c.p'6 cmmpnon of.100 Lh a d.y. To nd rhB l9d, rlw'll build 20 dsolimrion phn$ od r@. rh. piFU!. n.Mo,t b 4,OOO kilonFld.r.Il4 4 D oo robt invdtur
|elle..Atugy.
rl E
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t r'thbrr Sardi Aribi. lisn d lnc .N.w yo* Convfrrim of t9j8" on foEisn trtihhor a*rds m Ia94 Mod govnmar agencr!, howrls, e gaedry nor *.-** 4bhroo s'lour rh. , p4bz +DDvd ;f ,nc
uHr",ffTl"
ff priwk *b'Eabo i! b b..ten.d. rulq b6.d on htmic las Ahcraly ippt,. arb'rr.toE e mp6tbt. ror r. conducr of bd ngs sd ror aI ai<,i"**ij"i. tr rb mtcR|8red m!trs.. iDdutug app.d6, widin tu juidrrm oi rt . "tr,t.i"ry ii
M@?Erys,arlr&
-Sie
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mrmzc Nch4ge_!i8k for lh. pnlaG s4ror. sbbre dlt - SR t.745 sinc. Jue. t986
&1da.4i rT slldr sbddr olsMudim" s all pbduigd.n.dd rppheud ot md eNnng conptrMe (s{so,rh. ch{scd qh ^nbiA si!h,
puur qed.rc.
Lb
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neon.5
publ,.hiDS D.r,onrl
'kd.d
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cerdiuriig dltud.rdr ed
|ctiviti6
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8tob.r
wirh
To d.r., th. SASO b iqEd o 2,0t0 S.ld'{p.ddc .d t,OaO Golt- ri,b .d.ldr -d s rnvdy FrDitr3 FEuls.tiE of hrdtqt of Ew @. S SO b$
D.ptr,mr
Ia@rdr A dFre in@@ t r ir ldicd otr s td!'s! i!v..tor's ,6e of bxbr. of joid ret 6q6i.q [oiEd tiblny Fbarhila b.x.[. ot 6rdg! dtocfi&rr dtlrlci .rd DmeBidrl Bi:a.
i6E
su6.ror oNDe rnd sotq ro virir ctos Elabv6, sd ftr Fdlit hd c[glo6 vn'b visd ror rousm @ issucd onty for rppDvcd bu grcuDs to owDs ors;ed rMmn6, AAon ur spod lisarr.no( lvanabh Alt vBe r.quiF, rpoNtr. cm bk *Eral mooUlr ro prce$, .nd mur b. obhin.d prior ro mvat. Womd vbnoE d '6ldml5 @ rqliEd b b. !k{ by r}.r spoM, upon mtd. Womd hvelilg tutr wbo c oor mr by rpolls@ h.v. qpdjac.d d.hye bctoE h.i!S.Xord r; qEr s. couny or 6 (ontjnue on olla nid,6
vNrcrsro Srud' tuabn 3m* t "O*tr.*O* lMrc.r E on o' phrnal Mina on E r.quutd
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Rd&nB wdki,g in SNdi AFb,r gcnc6ly slllmdo rtFir pdrporrs qbit. ,n 'rNr De nhglom rk spoBq (oorully rh. flployd) obbjN $o,k dd Esrden(o p,ms br rc opioy.. ud fo, uJ tmty mmb6. pqdmts c,.ry. S.udi B'(tde pmir Oqam) for ldmtfiaron In d@ ot lh.n p.s!DA.
hospihl6
Me.li..l Lctltde: Baic modeE mdical @ dd @dicin* ft availabt. in s.vrnt si healh C.nbs in Saudi Arrbia. Sdious n dicsl prcbl@ roquirin8 hoslibl .clion &dor m.dical evscu.rion b tbe Unicd S10a cd @$ troulrd,
CurtoD Rtulrtio4: Sludi cGloc audbnriB dloe srricr ftgutarioB @ming ibpdtarion inb Saudi Adbi. ofsuch bdacd ilm s llcohol prcdlcrs, wcap"m ana MJ irem thd is bdd ro bc sbtrry b rh! tentu oihrd. Tbts trtud no;.b,mc EtereB, turnob. porl prodrcB. &d pomgnpby. Srud cubN ,rtd p6rt Drnqd! bbrdl, drfift sh{ 6 6nr.ry io lsb4 ud rhdfoE pbbbit d cb*itN .s!gg6riv.. vidd dy b. anlsrd a@6!ofi, rstoor nuarz$q md r[. '!d ownd subJc( lo p.n trid rnd 6!6.
Crlbtnrl. P.trrlU6: Pcnollia for rbc impo4 mmficte, pos.$jon, md ! oBur'9hd ornlohol or dn8l e wm conqd.d oF;d.6 cM *par 'tLsll $nr.lG.^tus, plbtic rroegins, ud/o dcpoisuon 1te padry ad ;tue |ar tftM3 rn sad anbi' is daa. s.url officiot, tut. Do *c.pdoB. c\do6 r9Lnom d potu of.nry m inoou8h Th. U.S. Enbss, sd CoButd.s CeoeEI hrvc m srhdins in Scudr colrE b obram tmdcy to! m Aneno cdvied 6f
B6id.s d@hol pr.dwrs dd i icir dru$, soudi aibi. ,t$ pbhibil3 th. imFr! c., or posssim or mv r.n dur ,q h.td ro b coor,ry ro da ren.6 or htm (sa
LNrm iK.sdaioN- seron ibo\o. ft. privdc ohdshD of ,.opds h pmbibrd. od dobajc audD\su,l mdii ud 'hpone{ c6ad. Holrr@!.t iorivity is 6tuid.E<i 10 6. . crimin:nrcad[g miE e dllm od rhor @reicLd ruy bc srdccd to ldbire rad/or a p.ie! stac., or d.ad,
Saudr
h. plbk petrc. ot r.tigioE otncr rh.! kl.a rldouSh pnve EBhip on mn-MBIim 3adrlD r pdrDtud. Non-M6Ld s6per.d ;r viordrB ;6c dbrchoN hic be! ixt.d
prcn,b,6
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or lhc
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IIow to obldr . bGhor vi$ ror.ign 6uir6snen 8cndclly like lo virit SNdi Anbja io re tnc DB@b of.ncn prod(d!frF rhft Hosevs, pdcdro inrctvd in obtuS [*.* rouoqn8 ln. @ro1 pDccdlE. " "i..
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Soo{,s
sln blsine is !o or.blish initiir coniiclr vilh po&nlial Saldi omspondoe Hos.v.i to. soB .xpoM, rhe cdvMbse ol
B6iner vh, c.d b. obtrlmd by lhc foltoetm oetbod, vi!. thbugh . srudl tEpoftr: Th. .ry ut b M bsin$ r ro .!r.bhh Did,t o.@ts wirhjbt rtid S$d: inpol6 rtwusb c{nBpod.oe Th. tilr or irqorrqx oru.,qtev. pd&t o b obbj^.d tln de coDrulid
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prpe u invit rion Llts, vLich st I bc,ner.dby Cb.nbq of Comce &d Indlrry md ,]!o by Sedi Fom8l Minrry. Tt! 6gd o' b,l InstarM b4 io b. 3d lo rh. palrbrd o.rlld.
Tn sdudi @rr'rry *ill
Thc lattutani conpdy
(b) Alrmdidr
ln. s.!di @otoy m obt in vi$. T!. FoEisr Midijt / wil *nd rh. orisi..l vi$ slip b S.udi coButarc or Ehb4sy in p*i!&,;y 6. diplomlic b!9. nE phoroepy ofde vis slip lnat hav. r,o &nr to rh. Lkistali onDMy.
By slbDiliin lhis viq stip io rhc cm s.r tb. vi$ sr.d!.d. t4ta thtu,ah
di Cosda,rdEnbsy, ltc
rir&i.ni .onleny
$. S.ud, Embory r htambd/Sudi sith tt. h.tp of l[e F.ddrid ot p&i!t,I C}hbm ot :jonTc^& t'9ury (FpccD, hh@bdxlc cn&$s or c.rhqE/Erpon Pomrion Coucil @tffi.4 Dden 0NUSh Mnid.y of C.drec or Mini$y of Exrmi iF
^It
Culd.lbq .!d b.ructioG l$ud .o XiledoD,3 Dtptob.ll. Mrsior Ab@d Fl.:di.a_Etr|r-y vi._q6'r36d rdd rrv6ror E;ky ro |l. xr.sdob ,o,.r M'Nay d,roE'gn Afi'rR (.oBujr s.c1d) EUcd r oMbs or cortot! md msmcrons ror Sming rhc bB n6hd od lne invdbis 4uy D qsr oqr @ll.rpft iilm rhe m*ioE dedy slho 'lmt.hm6.of @mutrinS rh. MrilEy tn hs Esard,0'. Diptomtic- Misbs of rh. (\abdis of lha Ts. Hoiy vo"q^ L* md a@ e brbw'ng lDstuiotu ud Cuid.lm6:
Repqentatives of toEisn
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of lne fo,.,8n 66pqni6 ed ebburm for che6 io ingrig.rc .!d ,tudy Siudi Mrtd m &eH In tn.n @uh6 rt lt. uon ed Boer& otchDb@ o, od coms.e m . rh. r4@r for rh. $ne 'nauqe!
Ttc
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ApplirioN ld@mercid vtrirr for bsi!*m.n Ed rva0oE lbar e fitcd virh l[! nisioN by tu by S.udr @mpu6 ed eribr l@E rtrek r@ ipptiqtim ftod Srudi CbMbd of Ldu$, rnd Mjcb h!v. [email protected]., b. s*epr.d. Bd rhe Bov.m.nr conpda, , e. Srudr Axtjns sd 'ill A!a@, s'l $.6rptui4 h lhjch rhe @ury h6 mE lhh 5o9o ot$. Lopro, r... s.b(, (ro @r n.cd io !ft6t rhu lpDhcdioB tron l!. Cbznhd of
no by 1:1:* .T r.. F.'q "i* eilrtssaud. visrcns of6re of rhe hshb.,rns auhe ,Id rtc lppli@ts @Illl4d ct ffi hs ban ctekcd !eeL::q mun brv. ! mfimbo, tcnd &m rh. crmba or :6c Forcr8n
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IoEign
6.
vis_for bum$woN 6 bc r$!.d ukm.ly Saudi CompMre, b rhc i4@Fy or r.Ers. Af!i6 or on. of jL brud6 b md,te d b isu.d fd bd h ce bq bBbed or btood Etlli r@tt:fuv [d
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:T:T:1 1' " @hDu.d prcgalmerX mchejc!" on8inc.n. reqch6,!, pDr$roFi bsye. docbu, ud othh wm @ nor bvc om*id chnck,, *ho vEjl rbmugh Sordi abpuie
'Ifurlns cmor bc eppti.d o d. p6pte who hit. o'rwrcrj rhcv e ccrur&s, c'itun en,
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lo obr.in
woA
vis
lhe paaicrpmrs D conl|lm,at cxilb,rm hrtd in Krsdom dd 3F lcq,cd by rhe vinisry of comrce cm bc inrhal, d.b-p6.'ed by s,!di o4eG stuE! otgeizns lh. 1l1nq .'. .T. ror rh. Mfrry ot Co'lr|lr@ omrd crbbnioG onhlro u. ('!b cd b. [email protected] ,o rb. MEisEy ofAft.i ,todyilS &d Fo6sD k mr ro tbe @rqd @$ioDs ,.codins !o rhc T.t.gEn NoAfi;n lo 250lDa d'cd trlil1422H. mgondm! b2o/tnoo2 iss.d by H.r. TX. Minisb
I"6l: v- o
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Vi@ tor.ddod{or whom $. hospibb pcmr ver apptrc{im for tinired rdc cin h TsGd inrcmly an.r rh.. onc.m.d hosp,rd ptlsE o I.rGr frm rb. MhBry ot H4tih ob6mns d. oEy of rhc Fiunrd ddloj rhs R vrld ..c@n8 ro orc Gt.gtu No. t2r4t .rr.d l&t t/r,t22H oE p.ldinS b 28/l/2002 issu.d by E.E. Thc Minista ofH6ttn. Visa covdhg omoftrd ed indsrd.l infomtion @ b. ilrued inthrlty by u.i<insdob (nr. Mitristry of FoFs. AJIi!B o &y or iB br .b6) !n; arrs4: thi! sourd b. vrtid .@ir,ns b T r.r.&m No. 2039/2t d.rod zt2lt422H 6@Dondmg u. ro t5llroo2 of H.E. The Muid6 ot bfomolio,
tt.
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2.
Valdiry oI 6m.rci.t vs ,su.d b, @dut.re E fd m Mlb wiM ror lom sMlory @oE rhc vie @ h. isu.d ror mE de onc mnrL up b ihEc mnrh! mimM.
13.
Had of C.Bjld S-rim cs Smr oddpl. viril w. limn mbt6s d ml t|m dld orc mdrh f@ -ch visn for.h. sho e 'urmxm u Dc.d io r.par q!i6 forhd p.ri.ds @d for rfie apphqB D6plc ro visrr wbhilg u. conpm'.! and stablisbments fd conhcnngbdDve ns
To.!DIy
14.
r,
Uns Bbuch rt ro o*il3 condidoD, mtrn E cr: visilo' mBr hrv. a vrtid pcpoG rhc vEdor tu Ao b&t b his coury or lo dotha coulry. He Nsi mnk lhca. vhiis on ldit
b) 4
vnibr ha b p@nr . r.trd tm bi. @npmy odc{rins smftixt cnome or to! u$q purp* dd dft of lh. v6ir, od tl|rc ot rt @drpdy o. dbblbhmdl lh.r [. vill vhii Tl. nihc of rh. cohprny or *tlblirhmnr l[at h. will virt shoutd bc
r..rsrng
tne
RArero !
kindoo
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ona silb lt. tdq of @trtrruron by S.udi @np^ny rh.r nurr b. IooM sd bs allllrEi.l l is o m.hbd of my of rb. Chdbq, orcotlftEc d
E.orony Fh.r,
rnd Rlguhriod
AurhB R.gulrtioN .nd Prece.tutu Studi AmbD p6G a Lb-at Frd. policy s[h no q@aEllve o! prie GmcDoN rrporLR Hw.vq. rIft & ! dubbe oa Egutatjo$ dd 'or pc.{tuE govdinB bNrne Md od. r rh. Kingdoh and .dh@ lhdlo .ourd b. vcry h.tptit ror rh6. dr.ndhg bdo bBjn.$ srh S&dI Anbu
Thc l/rn3don ol Srud Anbi! [email protected] 6 . @Db.r of 6? cCC Udfred Cutom udd atons w"i BanFin. Kuea'. Orr,ll dd r[. UniEd AEb BmjnB s Ul Jarury 2003 b6ughr rhe nhs oi ihpofl duiy @ a uitom t% ob @jl ot lhe nom. w,uh be tLtL. gootu witb rr tot ,40 pd c.nr of rlu. ad.ted jDt.fu y
ee,
@ oqlctaly 6&
of
t rifi!,
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AccordbS to Royal Dc@c No. rrtl3 dar.d lO,5.l43O H, con6poD.lin8 ro 11307193?, lnd to d\e Srudi Cou.il ot Miniski! orda No,s6 drred io/5/l4i8E (lzl9l3?), dE fou@ins csioB dulid.t t6 havc b.d h effcct line l3l5/(O8lt (oEpoding b Jdurry 2, t938) . Md orllc basc @lllilfu pr.ducB G dury fr6...8. !ueq, ricci r.q llmsrd cdr4, qdino4 bftcr. rcrA li\ d*k &d n.d (G.rh tioh) t (bbm .luls of 20yo !e rmpos.d on emo npoi.d comnod[,e! fo, $. pu.pot. or pmh.tne 0'. ndion l inthr ndeid . In onnury oD olla n@ r 12% .d trlom oD rhc 6! iBullM ed ltj8br
tG . MmLB of rh. anb t{3k wbo G rigD.1on6 ro rb..a'mr b h.,tGt tu. dd .rche3. rd ro orgod. tusn bd*.4 lh. Arr! Lcrgu. s1!r6 e gMled lpecial conc@ion6. . Inpon fton lhe A4b Slll6 with which Saudi Aahja ns bit e6j rh. l|ldo .g@Lr e a$d.d to ndher ,!d!crj6B of dut
A limicd nmba ol ikru m subj*r b curom du[.s otculocd o0 6e b,!is or noc s.reht or c.pac'ry. 6ds tha vololo. Howdd ih. ror rh4.
R.yil D$e. No. V 56 nckd lo,to ta?OH. coBp.ndinS b Ju. tt, 1087, hd +prcved o.lnteturorrt Btuseb agRamor or ta Jue ,o81, on illr HmDjz.d r oM@rry u.spra eld codinS syrh tHs, A@dng 6 rlr. Mrjj6 of nn'M do Nluood hroDony Odcr No. ]/t30) dlrc ta4Ol4tOH, aBpondh8 to Mry l4--1990i lhc Kingdofr hs b.o imptmndng lh. H,tmn,&d Sysidn nM; ,r/dr4r rH,
mspondhS
ro
I/t/t991.
dc, b $inulat rD*d' M. b. @mDv @mpdjllvc. vid. s Roruiid or rhc Mbin.rist cou;t No ]? 9:d,5 r ro 23 5.2001, r!. br Royar Ddr No. M.., o dd.d s.1.r422, (ftpo' dhg lo?I.,good Srud, Oov.mme Educd rh. curon dJti6 on dt co]mdnn fal m t29o-bd 7qo skronB b 5 Fq wnh .xcepron of lh. -'nd ronosng. with .ffer from 29i
of
fNl3l
Mav, :o0l.
For
ro3 on to
w.bitc.
dcldlci nfmod on dur.s t6rd m dtfftn! poduft, ud m rdvis.d b ou kbriE h@/u44silgkkb.e9E rnd ctjcr d c.@ft61 seri@.
bb:/,^rw.eudiasb6
nd/d.f.utr2 hdr
Inpod Sr.d.rdr & Prc..dw..: Saud Anbis Shd,rdr OrStuiarrm (SASO) romutd6 dnonrt shldsds for i 6'lffib6 d prod(l! a {tl a sbnd.rds lffid *ia[ Gsloey. ..lbnriol! making dd iddniiarid of omDditiB &d Fodwls, neiho& o, s.qling ed
In Nownb.r 1995. th. Slud MiuFy of .{)@ ijut.mrcd r!. h6u|ldd confmity Csrficlrid pogllm (tCCp) in @din rim w,th SASO. S.ASO Flie primrily m inrh.rimd srmds& wbft !$ing Sard, lp.ci6cedg &d SASO sp.(ili6rd cmfomrry is appt,.d ro ajt poducts, b.ri toca y prcduod Md
'hpon [email protected],
lnr.DrtioMl Srrndlrds
@B!mr pmkllFn. Alt or lho +prcved SASO wlhin rhc suditG of rt. Orsdzton.
om.6. hs rufonad R.&onjl tim,^C CcnGm b Dc Earshbon pl1)ls. cdry our vqitic.bon ot @ntooiry hd ,sE SASO T}T. .ppD'd limB_ tn $tu N, rh. SASO cobE, Offie eiu rts t quie @dod !.rnpliig ofth. p.{tu lr ud rdirS.
ron:lM
Th pmcedure for
I .
. Ilit. I
prodwt!
tuconpey Oe sbipping doc@nrs. If the.prcducts do noi h..t lhe SASO cquiMor!, tie .xponcr wil b. givd a @rpl.l. .rpl@rion of $. dr[c,.nc, tI &..pbbte @livc riion-js nor t 14 oo Caiitror. *iU bc Bu.d rnd lh. Mrn,rry of Conumq SASO EpEdutrvs d |n. rmlotu si| bc ldvE d @xllldy ibe pon ot dby in rhe KinSdom, l[. M,ntsry ot ( ollmE-qd SASO.wilt requ.sr d. s@npsy,ng Cslrfic.k of Confomry. b< chel.d fd rurharciry Dd tuhiD3 d.hils. Anq $rsrirbry ch4tl' sAso wiu s4 a l.rhr ofElas
ro b. rdplcd for Eslin3. prodfb e. nor rsrsl.lcd, d.y wU b. llnptd dd lclEd a@rd,n8 ro sasrj EqMIIHE. AlslruB rhc rerDs md/d itr FbM plod@ sj,ndiory @opruc. G'j|l. . C.nind of Confomiiy i! $ud Tft Cedtioc fiouft
O6t. chphb rlc ncc.*",y rcps rpp-p,,oro ro U" prca*r ,n n.d SASOEq'ircImb ftae 3bps w l d.pao ur!, a*mgpbMl @(!nom {d sbdq u. pndud j, 6vsd b, ! vatd Eguhioo, d w.ll s oc r.quocy Mln whicr lhc prodd 6 *pon d. tr th. Ftrducb e Es,d6r{ o. @uEy ube wr sr up e itup..rion plrr, which my d my ,or EquF
ods-ro
rNperd ud 6in8 ot rbe prcdud ,lquiinS ! cdifidc of c;.nr(hty, qdnn eith ltll d.6il! of rre codrmnnr
obtrtnt.g I Cc.rnote of Cotrforntty !.e B (o|lo*r: hfld Eq@r b $. ,ppoprjaL SASO Couby ome for
A lilr
oflsduB
ww.iao.sn
cr
be
ec.sod
WiA_.fe-t fiom Dedbd l, 200t, n.w jr..drd! for th. I.b.ling ot bodif!.d food hrrc b6 itrDh@!.d Th. Siudj Fo.d Sdcry CminaSmctidlty d a d; p@t thftshold nuimn tu dcfrton8 r gdctrc. y trDdrfi; rood, Md 3uppheE choose to d*lm $eir DrcduG 6e of g@icdry modr6cd n.m. IrG un:tl1* ed Ind6ry B qDecd ro @Ddd tudoo r4 otDrldd forVnj;;y oi rh. e of gu-.tialy m{ifi.d prcd@ S,udr Mi,nFy otAgriculM Bu.d nd Esu&uoN
m-l"rbD!ry 2001in
or
. . .
EBlauoo e a follo*: Corpul$ry l.b.linS d Sadid y ,.odi6.d 1t6 fn r[c foUowug pr.d@: E1h eui.g. *s"Ebl". ond dGi caulr u$d s rodd6 rd @di Mb d b&Ly, dunr, mn4$],t6, ch!fi,shw ed 6. h4et of dt iB 9?eiplmtins seod, dd rg.tcllhr,l Euptets sd deoEtd oLdE A hia.Alcnur h.thfr on lI trbcl wjrl thc rqr.Cd6is Cadioly Modificd Pe<ld (sr ed lna sc'd nBr b. cte,ty hda in AEbic.!d r;dbn.d panr.d pmruM y sith an Ink cotor ditTffir from rhd of th. main prcd-ud Es. Go.lcrlly mdifred pbdm or gmdcaly 6gb..r.d poducB dpon d io J.@ /@r. hun b. .ppsrd for @d,qrior r thd @uEy of origh Elch shrptunt md b. [email protected] by a hcatrt cdlrtec i!!u.d by r!.6nqnd govtu:r.sd.y ct@ry fl.tin8 lllt de sen.riqlly modlfi cd iryr.diar(s) ed oppDv.d in th. 6uby of disb to bu@ or milEl
epd
of lab.hng for
Btrdquy
mod,fi.d food.
SalhnitarG
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ri6 good ,rdduill rets. [email protected] tDt([email protected].. r!l@ a -d& rit tb lflidy d Ib.&, ft. Mu-y E6b- e El)e |f.nlnfpto dh t-|i.r cGDro 6. td6.da. Fddrd bord. 9r!in8 . |je*, Pd ll'tta hsFrioo! c&rrd: DiErd o@rt. [email protected] ridd.! orMatol dd Ee..didl rjd.rr Uirndy odB.lnr $rre r.t 966'l-46{!l I lr: 96Gl{lt4t53d
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TBdr, l.-hrury 08.2005 (t{2 pST): To tbs.ft.! Srudt Minrnd td Cdrrlrc aJld Indunrt Df H6him A. Yr'l@r c.lt.d oo Co':1l11* Mhurd of poLsrm
Hum}ln Alhto! Kb.n in his ofiic at lhc Ministry oI Com@e. Srudi Mjnisld va! Mnpani.d by high ofi.iab fron Saudi tuabia. Minj$d of s1rL Co,mM H@jd Yr Hiaj m do pemt d lnis o6id. 'or
Bolt sidq diw.d !fu of nlu.l inr@r suh s bjLrEl rad., iGh:61 mplntion md c6pq.don hulM r@6e devctopm. Humyu AkI6 Kbs 'n 4p' sed rh. SrJd Mhilr.r ot d. overalt conaron of patiM @rcny ind u!de. od lh. 4nobic rddm Dderr.t6 by rh. Oov.Ir@nr of lllisrin in l[. Il@l
'It C.mft.
Mirisla .le epriscd rh. Sudi Milisra of rhe djftcujtiq li. P*rstur bsinsmn w.r sltt frcing h 8.fir1g bwjn6 lis od uged bm 6 bor tlb $n is$c io r&ifillG bu
irJ. Khe hforn d ln. S.udi d.t.g,hd rh.r pfisb! lad bhx, tlbcElir.d jk !:d. *'b inc^to*6r briltta in lh. Egon dd ,ihrlifiqt dlty sdk@ r plie. '.glm prhsh hld bomc I safc haven ror compEh.n$ve
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s.!di Anhr L rh. hlB6 Mrddt. uffi Mr,td [.vjr8 eud ts & hnic orov.r urr rw br roo. Asdrt clobt impon oi srudi AEb'a h us$ l0 biuim r wbjch i,atlqu! ,hm n 0 42.,{ wh'cb is of @uk vdy trnt.. Dhnr 1999_2000 od 2000 2001 P.kirb s bad. pcrlomoe lhowcd m ,nprcv;dd bul rh. grwrh
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In td 2001-04 rh.lohl bllft oflr d. t s6 p.tnb! 6d S.udi Anbir ru us$ 2127.225 milion, whioh oEtitlrcd us| 3{3.520 dillion dpois im pikist!, ud^Us$^l?78705 milion-rmpotu Inro prtBb, lhu,.gNrmne a radc deficir wont\ p4Erol bd. d.ficn qlb siudr Anbtr is @. ro
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Dencnb8
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lgriculrtE dd dlq f.m.g h pd}Jsb sher Sludi imprr6 @utd uv6r lh.n c.piur dddtertnro jotnr votor6 qrh prl([email protected]. An,.l.\ m b.mbq sardr d.t.sa!o tcd by pl@ T\!h sin Bdd.r Al S&d duros dqDa-b@ iodrt *irb lll. F.dmt M,iErq for privarzbo & tnvBurcnr Dr ADdrr HlP shr*t srd rhd Al B4d@ tnerution l Goup aatu) m ogs ro {prore 8nd ,ix6 on the pos,hitirGs orbusines dd hde Ehnons ,n !siou fietd, hcrulD8 r'Me, Ideo4 blomuon Te.t&to$,, Ag.icutulq Me!f&r!uS, scd sftE m ns ts.* snd mu.r r..sa yl"g1'''e.r"TT osr3. d. Ddrcdcd rx.r ro ehioc""d f bry.a BtO ws in rh. pmcs l|. ot sdinS-up m opcEimr ome r pal[6 ro rlnh.r n;ve ,!.ad rowsrd! dprmns rh. 16 or ldea Md lo idftliri rh. plnru 6om de pnwr. 3ebr or prj.sh for tbc Joinr
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por,cy ror or lMdhc
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wh.n in Middk E6t cowuid .v?ryon. kio* pahdm s unoduakd ed uka.rcd co.rdy d bd.kloped coury whrl. tump.ntrg $e occ co{ha slora De'B[houing @Ddt r $. EAbns m EB/D! Sno !!d ,oide. rho lfu ftouah. r c4 b. da .v.d thd paptc rD Srudi A4bii c s. c jn CCC .nd Mddtc bar amtslc! do4n1 kros nuc\ abod de &gEe or devetophmr patilh bs
rh. s,udi M,nG,6 oalh. oveial coDdhon of plritu by resh m rE.nr ys md d. Srldr Anbiu Mintrte said: (ih!l lh. covomr of Seud bujD.fu .wn8 rhc mnic p,.8la mde 6y p.trsra,. l_::,,1y.Y,"T b@h. @tc did.l ror s.udi aDbia od kc m oss for Drdphs or bolh brcthfly MBt,m skr.rt Ag.h, d cs be und4rood rhll econony 'ppriscd od lEdc and dF M0oni( Etom udcturo
Nrv.nneBqrh. wir of Saldi M,nisrq ot Colrrlr].e &d Indubies H6him raDe. b rshhcbtrd o Febru.ry 9.2005 &o hd qrh comme lvtinsh bn of fMrb Humyu arbb Khe ro die6s ,|@ of dunDl ifuc! $cb s b aErrt @c dv6trcN [email protected] md @p.Errm in b|fu t&@c dd.topmr Th.
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Th. Bo4d of Gi6md hs $. erclErc p.wr ro de{jdc dspre ovo Saudr !"ovtl:md dErds dd ruy delid. sonc rlT6 of @irl dispure Tl,. Bord or un*me oery6 0 syn.m of prcdmr Dar,oG of ri. Bolrd of cn.vm6
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SNcdl olhd tibulals dlo twtr dispuB D .p{i.tEt .4 of Saudi hq. Tb. ovr Krabb D,rloEk i! prjtuity 6podibt. fd .ntftil3 rh. j,,igl1gr of . S&di rib(it Th. Negoriabt. Irtuab (omn.. d*id6 cses mvorlrng Drs or nches.i prcmi*or, not6. od ch.qLes. Th. SAM_A Comine
ArblElrim i! s icpkd prerce for csolrmg dsr{rcs D Saudi AFbra. Arbjlr.lob mnbm ro . rlerailcd d of r'llir.'mts rhlr 3ov4 rh. stocdd of b. la8rx or lnc ob'hbn, sd Evr* of tb. .rhihroB, d.cBid. Th. ctutu of 'bilrioi, lhc ebit loE nnn bc dpd in Sbaia or Saldi comdirl tow. S.!di llw EqliB ! c.trn ro appov. the dbiFalioo aw&d. In rh. c4. of ebitntions *fti. saudi Anbi!. ih. Civil tugbts Di*tomr. 6lbrB dl aditrntion .wfdr. IL. bo.fici,,y p{g mi n v. b pditioD a @ud b 6f@ m albidid dc.tion.
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Rrguhbo6 Dd tbe Rhrcd Lnqtddtitrs Rd6, rov@ md ^ftci6 dishtdodhips. Tt. rute.nd ESuhho; Esr. a runop.tJ, for .hdrns, ervire. rridms whorry om.d l::-,.T9"":': Td impon rid lo.:t soud dr.! on ,chvrl6 rdud. rI. p@he of Sood! ,or 6r9.a as.&ns in such .cliviri6 dut M srudi Igle Ttftfotq foEig; 6m@id asaB ;d dilEibliod who nN Egjla rheir ASocy Agendis wid rhe MOa Asmy tctrsrs. I b. asmr nBl hold i vrld sa jdi mmejll Egislrnon pmidnS him ; ad s u agcnt or distribu@r ud de dt!fuE rnd .udorizod !.Fsdbr,vc of lh. a8ot mt b. S.udi mioMh Bolb rh. llbiratio, ed rh. c;;!c Bdrd .pply
Tt Co@id
$. r3ncis
mh6
S,udr
FMcb*inS
b.cordis popuL,
ondr.d
bsiBe r
dd gNi.g d.y
siudr adbi&
hy &y.
r b.r$ ehhtBb
anbir onDt.tety Eq&d ,E Egutrbod for tm,sn invehFr In lLroo. Tb. d rt. S.udr Anlih Co.r,I lrv6rmr Alrhonry tsllhr. undd $.lsw. (h. .mur inv6r.d tbould nor b. tcs rfi,n sR 2, mllld ror tlncdtu.rl pro.ecB. SR < mthon (' m ionr on ,ndrort p,olecu, snd SR 2
nilli@
(S533000) on
olnq pDj.cl*
rh:r.B.: Agd rodd bord,nd *ery gov.@r e@y bs contur4e e$onD.,In 2001, thc S.udi C.w'l of Msh plcd thc x.'a oLr b; EquuEs tml8! @trr.oE !o h,v. ! S.udr |aan i, oit , .o bid fd dh.rr Howdq, ! @mpL my iDprcE ft to.iri@ by dinS.tcty trtn s.ud! jrLss
whd biddina
for 6
gov.m.d
cmh6cr.
Uddd lh. porict ol Sudiz$o l[ S!ur|| Cotquhl sftoSly tivou q@n etb .xtdivc S.udi ptrlidpni@ d nv6b@r. Sm @hci, qn ECUiE . m'nu mu! ol $bontsins w h saudj @npdi. A bdds oo gdc|mnr @tfu de nBl p6vi(rc bul gll!rot.s. At bi&Ils s88.. ! mmpe, nM s'@r.. @ pq FIur of thc hid r rb. gov@. lwd.Li ih. @h&q @ @npey @r gu@r6 5 p.rdr't!mriot r @lrr&raMi ofl!.
lttn://M.rsb.6m
P O.Bd J00l I Madrd ymbu arsiM.yah (]'/obu rod6r tCq) Kingdoo oI s*d AE!tr T.t 00a6oa12t.245 Fu: 00O55_4-3963mt w.tsib:
H. E. MOE{MMED BIN ABDIJLAZIZ A!.JOWAISBR DiElor C6c6l for Ro)arl @mi$ion T.l:04-3216t00 Fd: 04,396800r E-tuit dqawb.6m
/ re64roj F*: o4
Mr, Khdid KhabouL Exccltive prsid.ni Mr. Ssleb A. S. H,sub.b. Pocu@cnl Md,ae!
Th. lndnshl.l C|lt6.r Jub.[.nd y.trbu Thc rwin uduiilt!r[6 ot Jubtut ud yhbu @ @mddcd s 6hcgrc arcs Ior byl]lll,{fub mdsr'6:Jd oagy inr.N,v. prin ry ,ndusFie. Th.v wdc r.r rp ro .Br. ur.Lrarion of de Kingdom\ ns@t Eou(s *rh lwitu @n;c .nrrh4 As.xpa-led. rhc pntuD Ind$be drar we.sbbhsh.d re$lrcd in rh. cldopmtrr or I sf,B of snd.ry dd do\rrrfu ,ndshe rt4 e lintcd ro pnd,ry rdrh4 lbtuu3h rh. Ee of rhctr plrdrctl s cw rur.rid md d r(d3rxr nodu(on oI fi6. r,cron.s i5 urs.r.d ro md 5_5 pmd, Md.,y of wdtl
"
D.valoDmot of bsic
hdsrie
in Jublil
ed y&bu
tu
rm Pr-l** ot-ry{l:*!. rhe 6* or Durus.ror or rpt.Mndon rd d.v.ropmmt lne Tvo c{iq b ud.tutfl by rh. com$on d! Yeb wh'ch nB qhbli.ben s p.r Roydt Dd*Royal[r75 in Il95 to, Jubel No (ry5) b Pu M ,mpr.nor lb. d..d.d in6*h.tuE
coNdded rcal
,n
Th. luba.l
,co of tOI6 eqlm kh ud 16 poputrtion sa by (2004,. r:lT.y ': Tot t410 (20 | 0) rbe crty wrl rh. md of r.24l25lhousd r, 6 aviss.d ur Dy he dd ir'o*:11-g:*.ld [email protected] 2a0 iDblbrurrs:
'ndah..
crry 6veE m
Ar rhe end of t42d4) rl004r, Jubai tusnatcny hd bfrone rod, b a..onno&r. mE 06,c. rdond4 srl suppon idwm.s. var of ttud s.r. t.v.ta4 filt.d-
ea
In ed ohplct d. Ilcidou.t qu!tuR previdcd w,rh E-rqtiout tiriLrd yh 6kb[$.d Iq.rdoyd Md mr|.6 Mmvd. l4,Ol I Biddb.l uts h.v. bm bu i.
or
$. ciiy wifi *li{uffic,ncy f!.roE. pd(ulrty in w.rd, nGsry nm bE ban [email protected] b bcI!4 iobt paory ol rh. qi6 dBdilarbn plelr lo 238 tboElld cub,c mds Dq &y. oFnr.d b rt. Royd Com$ioD od th. Srtin Warn Convhrcn CoDoEion. The t.nS$;f hc ;n wotq nclwork t mrtly 366 hn, rnd the cspacity of *eBg. Md indutrirl vNrcwd.r ndwork ir I32,0m cubic nc16 pr d.y_ This inolud4 rh. indufid wa@dcr ltEt@r plar xd s.w.dgc [ah. pter wilh cqeiti6 of 60,000 cubrc @Ln F day .!d ?2,000 dbic n ld pa dly Gpetircly. Th. tmsth of rh.
In ordq b- pFvd.
6ewage nctwork
@h.d
864
tn.
TteRoy.l^Cl)'rmsro hB isEl.d u alcrdory neort w,rh , t.nglh of t?to k . u! * 4e t |:jffi pDvrm.) 6 GDoEible fo, pow suppt 6 A,yscm of6O,00O Gr.ph& qrhtug. IiB hrh a lohl tdsrh of J36 kn h6 abo ben @qtd.d ,nd
24,246 klcphom lDe! luMrt) in oFrlon. Infr6Ntu hE comptcr.d ^m srtn rb. @Nhd on o1859 tqn offr.jn ud erprss ror{b. An airpod hs ben builr wh(h include 4650 sque mrd of kmndr od olhd &crlrti6. Olmdy. rha G 2l b.nns at rbe indNtri.t s!.rts.
bd
W'd Rsp.ct b prcviiion of re.dsiry he,ln ce b rhe populition of lhc ciry, mm.or aulocr hNe btn eEblLhcd inctudhg rso bosp,b\ 4 dsp.lrse, d;d crn6. Md I Dnor4 ndlh (e 614, sbcb e now b op.nrion. Fu,lbmoE, { mos{E a wcl s | 5 FndlyqngElrtion mosque h.v. b6 @lllillllM
wirhin ft. conkrl or hinpowd dev.toph{r ud liDt ud h,tuns Se $$ lh. rcquEmftr ol md@d d.v.topror nlnbd or educruon Irad rnd ofsd.nE, sFdule,i-t& lbdatsi.l coucsc ofJubail hs l@hcd oboul t935 hy (hc dd of
l421n5 Q@4\.
FdhmoE, vdrry of (hotr tor boye dd gnk d. ope! ng n -tud,ry I I ' _qde maqgmnr, ry pnmt, I I inrmcdjaE, / soDdiry schook and Mo scboot! tor
19 bsic idurilt cotr ptd6, 2l *re.l sd risn nd6ri6,r,ublir b.cM. o;mroar l*:"d",y..9:!:s--Il9-tl] All b' tn.-fld or-1.24lx (2004). ot $cm ic cap,hr-imen,ve ed it is dpi*d inar oy 4ru (/u u) b6e udEfjB q pbvi& lb.d 07 thollsd lw pb6. Cllmdy, |n.y urrr mMJ ss shjch *4 bcins ned-up *irtod &, md! g6 wd coDrne b b. fitizd 6 tu.t ud s a prinury npur for pEdlrioD of r..t, 'fu. Tfic dmjh. Dtar( dd hnrlheE tndude a, Jubail ind@rrid cily coutd be d,vid.d
r
rnb
Me
c.exonee
s tdloqs.
?1i: ,!.9ry!1., rh6. irdBnis @ ddat r.n b) sAarc Md sauDl /l.lrN!u. Nddh ba( uddElat pldts hrvc dHdy bh oopkEd ,nd e l'llfuriy m. opfarion. In &tdir.on. 2 ptujs rE uds conlruod, od B
prol4ts
ud prmhc.
. Seldrr
hdund6: Th6e i.duslrid e Btrbtijn d by dc Fivic ae1or sd on prcduca of lh. b6ic ,rd6ni6. c\m y 2l Dtd6 e in p6jel is urr* .dltucrion dd m|n6 ? pbjdlr @ in dclign md ota ioo, I
$.y d.!ad
Suomn .pd Lllht Indurriq: The DtoB prlduc rurcrhls wbrb m nccd.d hy ollq irdudie d by boB'.3 pqaE drilg 6lfud sbg. or for op.r.tid dd uintmtuce .c$vnia, rt* re 6Lbli!h.d {d orrd by rbc priv . s.fu Omnrl', riq. r. lll ptors in opdnon d lud,t. 26 p,;jd undd enstsulron .nd orhd 26 proJccb In sirdy md plMnS sbg..
lta
PId fd
h.v.
odpldld
of rh. ory @cicd 85.979 rr 6 dvi$gcd thar by rle r4lo (2olo). 'n!abir.nB. 6. ciry wiu hav. ! populolioD ol t50 dousd. Cd6Eudim wdk'@ ft. ini6l.l; to, .'ly h4 b*n complcl.d to sommodllc th. bsic md @nd.ry indNlri.!,
s!uof 803qleloBy
City md i|!
l{2425
lFdd 6irt
(2oo4),
rn Fpotdjotr
nti.l a&itiri6
By thc md or r42,t2t (2004). t2,7J9 ho6,ng mir3 b.vc ben 6nptd.d ft. ciy ba r dohs. c.p&'ty or )80 doBlld cubic elcd ot salq tor dntunc ud itrdurid p(Doss: 5a7 k n ol we disriburd eNo'l(; 27 rhousnd cubic ;d6 pd dry of sewdla. rrqlrn.nt ptdri 24 tioudd cubic nd6 pa dly of jDdlstrirt w4rcwold tEatn dr planr 518lmofwige neFoA. Th. crpriry ot mling "Mr pbrb mftaed b 460 lho6$d .Lbr mdm ps bour ln dditior\ ctdia.y gdcEron car&rt 4. ro 45 t Mw sd ttc ldgrh of.larici., djsriburid n.sort Ar rirD.n wid J.2-km
comprcrcd.
sreb
runhm@j
Muly
m6
tu.Is
h6
'
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by SABIC ud SAuDt AMMCO. lO b6ic indurial pt.nrs havc bm csrlbli$.d ehic[ e Dow jn
udBri6 lt@
lrdulrrtd: Th@ plmlr prcdlce mtqi.r, wllion @ n .dcd by oiho indusie o rt. ho@$s ffir dunng co@ron ,bso r tor op.nri;n dd
[email protected]
dd opmad
by rhc privar.
Itrdu .Ll ltd.lopr.li tiI.E tr rt. Xtn.doD Okrlh. pd l[F. da.de, d.Ktopm. p6t dd..vor suc..cd.d m. !!h ins0 1ft be ot pomiqing hdei,t d.v.lopDonr h rb. Kinrdon Tb. bq hr $;e @dry'ry ru nslry lhd hdude sev.El ru(.$tu1 [email protected] bdiq miningoo or hoshs *hrch bost a6d qu.liry 4d @@ew. DEd(ts $,1 hrv. nude aNdcnbl. @.aibudon b ltl@c pr.druon. ov6tets. &d o,rd.l dFrll'
Meag.mnt ed ttrvelopmot of rh* indutj6 @ undsirton b, tbE gioi udond colporrid, !.ndy lne S.udi Bsic rdudiq CorDddon (S,qBrq; $. ,1e?.9it.co?or.tion (sudi ed n sludi Aab@ Miliry :oud Corpol'on (I',la .dd) All rh6e corpoErion. 4oy a s*bte p.sdon in rh. ddionci ^RAi/rcol @Dody, l.1fu ot Drodmtio0 votume. rhe qoltd repu$ion of d.n qmhry 'n prcdEb od tb. advecd t*.1 ot rr. kchIotos, ,r.y sa b 6.r, c@rd oi d6: rio66 se I tu dB|lrdirs exmptc of s@ of rhe dfvctopMt ds {d u. porici6 th.t pac w fi m M b ,.c.tdr. udeid dd.toD[mr krhin rh. ftuMrk ot rh. rourry s rud.g' b J,vhiry prcdlcron bsc md ro cduc. cxmce 0n cru& oii plldudjon ed d@tu
Bsi. t!d!.Hd Corpor.rrotr AaIC) SABIC*senblis[.dm t]9ortoT6Jwi(hrptudupspl6tofSR tObru6q]hi.b SR 15 brllD'. ot *n,cb 70 p4.nr r oM.d b, 6. Saud. sd 30 pa6r hy Siudi ed CCC tuu[ie citizs, SABIC,S apjnl 8ovffint hs ben ni*4 s n mndy sbDdr.t SR 15 bilio! In addnioA SABIC ei!;iE SR 7.s bilioD c sraruiory lffi, SR l_j 6i im $ c;h ud reh@lo6/ r.&flB, SR I1.9 6illion 6 8en@l rsd.! dd SR 13.2 bilid of rllind cdinE:
S.udi Anbl.D
qro$v. pbgEm uds-blo b, SAatC R coBdad s r 'nd6Er.t@noD nildo.. in rb. Kredon! Ddreirl d.Etopnoi prGE epedly h rhc ha3ic,
The
oov$hr
lnd suppon whi.fi ublr. rhc [email protected] mcr.I] Frrcuhrly rh. r in to ruimiz lh. v,luc add.4 of ih* mou@r
rcrud pduchon orabolt 42.c mnlion m.hc 6nr ofb6rc cb.niqh,,nr.rn diar chhcd&,letuldeN, m.bts ud potyn.u. ftd.p,od(ts we tuuretur.d w,rho :|:_:*--::"'I ..f rbr.fo[o*h8 anpe6. $udr rrod .nd ser conpoy 1L3*^?'; yudr_ Mcrhhor coq&y GxR^zr)i Jub.il Fqrl46 c.nisy
B, r!. end of t424l?5 t2@41. SAATC @mrtcEd opmriob of 16 *o,td{ts, Ddrh.l onpdie in ,ubrl ..d ydbq ot *bjcb G Jo,n( vonG *irtr mmbonar mmprid sNh a S[eU. Eironl'd Mob,t. MjalbBb Chmc.t.r., *itn
Jub.it
Conwny KEMYAIi Siudi P.t*hmob CorpMy (SADAR: NitjoD,l Mcrhuol pclrEhdiqtr Corroey (PETROx!|v{yA): umpoy lEN srNA)i *h^pcr*bmicab compey (SHARe). srudi Adbiu Fcnrri2$ cornpet ^Bb'il (5sI u). Nalonal Ch.miol Fdihzer Compey rlaN AL BA\TAU: Nad;n; Pra5t6-conDdy (IBN IiAyyANli N ioDat bdutrjd ce Conp;y (cAS), s.uo [email protected] p.tsmnhcd comFsy 0BN zAIR)i Anba sy hcrc Fib.r comp^6y {lNB RUSHD), &d rbn HrD,M plahc Cotrpry (IAyb crd s^!tc ruo p.rolhmak
aoeh.Dcab.
Jubsil
unikd
conDj, &NtrED).
Tobl l@powd .rDploy.d by SAAIC ed ill ,mldd @npoj6 by thc dd of 142415 (200it) @hcd t6 l}ollsd of yhjch S.udi uro.rls fq a2 |l.tql
11
q..
&:yL^"|
Ddu
ot ln. N.lionrt
'@ur n.r Md m,*{ins @p.Erro. pdicll.jly elln ccc IshaE i1!h. Blbrm AtmMconioy {ALBA) ,l_ adf Arhinlm Ro ins Mi co,leey (cAriico) 6 11"
Cl,m6& TMponins Coettuy. tr,tso
ow
lhin of fi. cndl Pcrebencab Inde6 Compdy (CptC), dd owB 2< pdcd sbe in Eoerg), cornpoy for Jubqit ud ymbu *hict $6fi6 fl6By &d w.t6 rr rwo iil .irie. ta. Mour of sAllc adl6 ot ro 'ndult E@pe,!@hcd 6 mllon-mtrlc bn., whilb onpriss of Dddtdioh beiL rbmiqb;
ode InleffEd,aGri Dolvdlefi n
s, PVC
udD6lv.su.
SABIC i. e*ina hed ro minbi" r,* *,t,o.r*.*,n m@ rbd IOO c@tsle @ad 6. *ald. SAttC "o-*@ntiM ro 3ct &tCitiotut oDporbnjriB aLo ovcGes thdr 6cy tu *nh its 6D eriviricr,
By tt dd !i t42,t45 (2004), SABrC @k{t lod eons lh. wo d,s brgdl pcrreh.mcd @r4aid lc produlon homEd 7 p.ear of *oaa p.rel-il* prcowon. ss( .rpon! kGLbird! of iB prcduclon, wtucb @hcd 42.o rFlrjc @-Dc. SAAIC conrrs of $ c.gl( brrhes u6: Brtic ch.mi(rk: mklmdhr.!, poD okfin !i PVC md potyqrn, tdi ia! od dut! Its dporr! rccch ro mor. thtu 100 @ubB-of rhe sortd s ro ows: 40 p.wl b Ari4 28 p.nc to ltudd]c E$q z! p.'r b rdp. dd r0 rMr b orhs 6u6e Srrdl Adbl.n Oit Compuy (SAUDI ARAMCO) on Safar 4, 1352, (May 29. 1933), thc Saudi AEliu
mc46n asrctod wnh Stad'd Ol Codrp.ny of c.troni. (s-ocAt ). bdic kDk a {CH-E\IRO!r, dd rt. AnbiD Affiitu O,t Coqmy (ARIMCO) noe ws lm.d in.r3t2 0atJ) !o op@k rh. mnc?sion dg. tn Dat fl973), rhe sABIc i,
ligned
cotudt
r.
eqru
ed b
wor*inC hmd ro
r o[
100
FE.nr in
natroin ttuBdom lcqri,ed a 25 ,erenr $uity inbd m dd 3d hdwtry 6s.ts, *hi(b [email protected] to 60 p4.nr in | \aa ( I97a)
l40O ( 1980).
rylvcqbr tppbimg romtren ot lbc Srud, Amb.s Oit Compsy TSAUDI ARAMCOT 6 asmc lMcg.nrtod opcFlrdd BpoEibitifie Roy.t DmNo M,t *s su.d l4l4 (r!lt t. tqal), 3ud@ng s disio by ot Mh$4 b n6g. 6b |n. Conrpany, r of lh. KiDSdomt oit rb. Co@t{d Etneie p.bokf producls (llrhbdon tuk.rrng ta.it[Gs. W,rh ih.s. &lded duricq 'nd bccam ,6p.nsibt. for mod ot 6c KinAdon,. pcfttch p.rorut sh{. h ax do;Lic ro;, Dmr*r T! o9-yl" **_oo*. io :',.:y:j,il" d.c6jd NoryT. 'r.n rdEd l4l?sAUDr rreMco * po (^o6d d Mrnr3d_s 29. diEd 22 S.fs
i$ucd.
O.4 Ribf lr
rao9
tJ,
1938r. Rorrt
DeF
No. \4,8
ws
lflli
":*i'h.*:
In lhc
fi.tdofflc,s).
:ITy :lllii. rry @mpmr is mNidoed s ! vtir pivot oiadvued ud hMas.mnl sylltu i4d e .teft or a bro.d tinkasc \ h $e opftrion
j" oc aub6edd pibd(doD T-1* -:hdBtr'6 6 w.ll a lh.su of oitrhnoto6, ud apo( od El.r.d dl)llfuh advlncd Equ@EnB.
;vs(cd
1q!.1R1y:o aNntoB d hsic pr e of rhc M@ @oony, *hEh qhDuB rgtohtr y rd intue otCDp,rd gddrriod of publr
ffiu {d
In 142425 r2OO!), SatDI ARAITCO ws EDonrbt. tm dfugnS c0 o,t ficlds urougholr rhc Kqgdom IncludDs lt. Rd So .E MoMva, 6v.; fields bd .
ga i.ld ir lh.
Plnirioned Nolrat Zonc & udcr de dponsibitiry ot oin6 ojl conpanB while thcir producrion is shorcd bctw.cn tlE Kingdm 6d Kuwd!. Thc p6vd.\tu6nh ctud. oit Ecfr6 in ur. fi.tdt l:)had by SAUDI A.R]\Mm,nd @ oh @q.rrq ro 'murcd 26{.3 br rofi berL ir t42rr25 ttOO4). Tt6. Iffi4 bNtituk rbd o qqs otrh. trorlot brl mdr18 srudr AFbra oe coxay Mb $. ttrget o In $c rorld. '!@ Funh.fuq rsdB ot ss. DcludlB NmEr.d tdrslv.d 's4op gb) Md Dotrenr.d g4 tohtcd 2at.4 ed hton errrrd,abic t4t by 6..nd of I124A5 (2qNr, rhR6y dntrng ri. N4aom d re rounn larget rn rm of 3@ EsB.
DutrS rbr p.nod 1,t09 I t 939) Md t42 t 4, t2@t L sa tjDt A&{lv.o.! dplmrion eflbB ehieved succss in rh. Cahl, Wesrn dd .{onhh pbtuqt $bn 0E Br ol ndd q djscovs.d u Hub m in 1409. fouowcd by, oMbq ot oit ud as ,nkr b tb. c.nud Ptuhe r t410. shicb nhitr vqy '*d Npcr tigbr @d. oil. r!n[n dl dlcodiB wlc md. m t4rdr7 (t99O !r Ueylah.'wi$; cap ot r$ocratcd BE ar Sbjb at. Abu Sbid.d bd Vutcyh. tn $. Eslm provibe, rcnasocrlrd sar ga ud @Dd.NG w.,. dsv.r.d in | 4l&t 5 I r99{) D rh. pF KbutrJouf lts.mir in Hrwiyd aa ot Chl*d 6old s wcu d 3wd lon-.ssnr.d gd in rh. Urhnurya! aa of lbe Chlwtu field ,n Jouf d@o/. Shadrn fi.td of sw..tnon-ssoci.t.d ss w4 dMveEd in l4l9roil999).
Thr fidr mi.Nmd.d gs disv?.y ws nE& m t4ll (lc{\) whm SAUXI axM( o drsvdcd 96 on de Rqr S.a co6ot pt&n, berv..n Unnuiaid At-W h. rnd dlo.diMvcEd oilD Mdyb tuo d 6c nonhcm pd oflhe Ra So @4r. i y@ d[6. gs sd md.Drc mE dievd.d in rb. s.ft |6 t |4lI(t99|),u d9lmtory ell iD Al-Joufbsin B!.lci! de.xisr.ncc ofn.lunt g6, whft SAuDr AMMCO Ealiz.d 3uc$ in i|! fNt cxploElion .fon in th. nonn:eql.h r.sion,
is d6ignd ro l@k fr oth.. tud6 of Frmjln oil dd no0-asialed.sn m bc vrcjniry of th. .rBug oir ed ss f& b;. A! pd of ilr edd.3y.to ebl.\. mft prcfirable podufton, SAt Dt ARAn .O sgn,fimtly hrcae.d l-D *ihjc sb.ymg u t4l2 (ta92) b roE ctfdv.ly d.tiEr. rh;
T1E
qpldtim pFglm
dd. ! ered@ ril h,$d 5u se b udtu.yx\ sb.dgm sd :ei6:!r:.n@ry*he sdir N lmv.d md ss ir lho d.tiv.r.d io rctl
As pln of ib sbucs,
t424l25 t2OO4r, SAUDj AR]\I,CO ws oDrding n@ly tj.20o iphn6. Tb. Comp!.y @mddd ! vd, @rv. 8na or op!h6 to trituDon tude orl. 96. nlNDl s6 |,qu,& (NcL), coDd.$ares m r.rDed podu.lr Tbe dd. oL p,pdm. ryrh tuporl, five lTs ot crud. o,l mm o. nd@ rMtcn in su rd, nodtd od pmdad8 b rh. phE ror prMns -nc ror aDod vi, rh. tnh potu;f l",nr;"h Rs co6r hd ydbu on lb. w.dd coad. Tt. rjtun itb drn$oir oil ro domsrL cnncna Th. Mab cs sysi.n @;i,B of
B, thc-.nd,of
'd
6hl
-d
g6 do ro r.l
b rcdue d.!ad.ne oo rbc Fodu.d qudb of .ssilGd grc"mg domd. d.tMd for gs, SAUD, ARAMCO s
syt.m
implmatrg dbrkB d@ ro b6osr iL! m.-seill.d gs prcdunon fioust a p6J(r stucn Dvoke @mhruon of rso sat Drcc6n3 ptdb od .bou 2oo0 K,rcm.cft,or prptrre *hrch m Do* rn the dei!, &d @Nturion phed Ir B Mudp.red lhll rrs poj4r w, inc@. rhe rube clprcity or lhc Mlc cs
by abou 3e0o
mittid 3todrd
obr f..t
pq dry (MSCirDr.
In I4l1
@ c+&,ry
l4l.lt99Jr SjUDI
kit YMbuo$.R.dSs@er,B, t4t6/t417 ilqs6) BmCs ptatlBs.ivingotrd prcc* ng arpb\ iroEIy 100 MqCFD ofsou C6 troh fie.ds tdokd D ri. loLrh, Dqde toer gn supplie ro Jubd itrduhsl dry on $. Anbru Cut(@di Thb Ero ptE.@ by b. @npt.ron orr tj7-bn tong dd,O0 MSCfD pjFbr. for rb. $u Ss,coquJlc hom Abqi,q b am aa pthr h t4l8/14t9 (t998t, r[e p.trdM
pMucr tuha$m pipctin. fiom Eskm prcvjnc. ro tuyodh *o niugmrer, w,rh a linl ro Al.Hog {d m$s b 'n. e4sjm coveriru o ro6t d$!@ ot
|urmm
AXIMCO conptcrd M ,mpo^m, Foj.ct ro rrftde 1.200-}m loo3 E6/W6r @d. oit fiom j..2 MBD b a or 5 MAD. ThL pFelin. ryncm urk Abqlq ir pbvie
!r s.
rp.h. esh
tiloffi
8rl
SAUDI ARAMCo opfllr.6 fiv. don.drc Ffinei.s ar ,endd, Rabrgn, ymhq Riy.db md Rs Te@ m rddtioo b rh. KDedomt sb@ h Jublt SASiE Ffin.ry sAl,{RII EE4y hr} . @mbiocd pEddioo @paciry of 2 05 MBpd :io ITh No M/1, orMuh,mm r L r4l4 Udy L lo3, nmr.rEd lo SA|DI io_y:1y]Ie AqM( u,hc Esponsibiliiy olopedllng yedu. Joddat &d &y!{b r.nncrjB ald n. r.tud D.hreM pod(r dishhubon n.rwrt wbcb ld6 niltioE ot @Bu]rm.r@ (hc Kingdon S UDI AXTMCO ah. bdm GpoBibh ra op.6nna b. ffi rmimb .t 1ue. R bE6, Dub, md yuoJ oD rc.lr.d sea ro.r( snd R,s tmm Md lu,rlrmon,.d.bl, ; iddiroo ro rhc Cu.r cosr. Ttese Gmmk bdd and rerrc ort, \OL md rfin d ptutcuh prcducB. A! ps rhe -dd. ::*131:g_rtar sk. in romcvonE Ero;6 D ir. Kj;g{,on
TO
{saMRfF)
SAUDI AI{AMCO.
dt Jubail, in oddirion ro
Rlhigh rcfrnary.
Tb6' R'DftI E
SAUDI A.RAi'@
*: r.1-r AMMco hs t'r6 tuI p.s@n or tubBn l-':_119 r. 14 15 oun. r. r{5,. rn rarT r ree6r, ud by r d.cri;n i::11"1-y o, rm (ohoror Mhds. sALiDt AMMco,cquird perronint scr,l In ,y:1"y dr bl@riB d r.d{hn: vir: ptunin Lubicdjna rwo oir l.ll:l_1T *.p-l rr"x"D -d pcmdjn Llbnonns o,l conwly {pc!oiub.). frlll! yt:.l.:..: r:"dr owr.d nrr Erxon vob,r. rhis mnprd.d rr. ,'_::-il rsSftnon or ritol Kingdom r peuot.umr.fning mddEflburion t&,liri6.s lcu s reaotu . Jod+mhre dohqc Efinin8 llrtEB ,nio SAUDI AXnMCO ln ra20/21 ()000), d. F.ddbn of uiJod.d g&tiD. rbrted for thc [d rim. ro hc
:Tpl* '".g*
rn
h.tuc
Krgdo(,
bricf prent. 6
fl&
tufin.r, sen
on lrrcm u 1360 rlo4l) wr$ , oit. *hile thc pDodrcn (,p,crty cwtritv
!6!& Butu
ar 325,000
BPD in .drilion io 2@
caft s p.d of de Etindy *pM!jo, pm,.d war d r4l3 oc98) lhrchy &b$Ds rh. min obj*tN. of lhl Enndy utgEd., ic oNrtilg ln e6ndy ton a hydrHti@ing f4iliq inio 'r m.v6'oD fmility for ir@ed p@dudm fl.ribiti9 in roB of 8sotin ed di*l outpu 6 v.I e podd qurlity, 0nd coGeqnally [email protected] nmciir crms of rlc Eaoin8 poc4!cs.
wbic'r
J.ddo! R.l!:":1!j' Eiiay sd!onsftu jD lrss(re68).srbiprcd@o! qpeiryot12,000 BPD of ddc ort. h hdw.Dt s.vfrtqpu$oD pceses b b.ost prod@lion ro i$ cuffit cQooity of34,OOO B?D.
. W !:ry2' prc&clo mmocd d D94 {le?4) wirh . o!@,ry or l5-0m BPD Ine (,in.ry hs ud.rgd. sdt dp@ion ph4.
briasins rh.lmdltuon opeiry oil ton tlc Eat-Wan PiFlina
lr.OOO BpD.
d;by
. .
y.nbu R.fi'.ty:
215.0008PD.
Drtdv\6
Rabist' R41'.ry: r\c t{Ecty wmr m sr@ iI r4ro (|989) s i r nc rorogn prrlnsr 50 ps.dr shrE wd acquiFn D t4 t 99i)
roinchM
tre
pbdmdon
Th. Don6ttc
Nd EuoD,/Vobit R.fiD.r, Comp!try Lrd. TSAMREF): !i yMbu on ft R.d Sa c@( E . 5CV50 J@lvcnhe wit AxnMco dd EuoD4rob,t, rd hd onffic.d oFilrid in t4oi tAtDIMo . producnon qpdry {rrej ot 160,000 BpD $nr 6tu d b ,B chd kkt or 400.000 BpD. SAMREF F5r6 p.tut.rn hs ben pntut) Cor prcdud
SALTDI ARAMCO r rc rMery, tomrcd S.AlrDl (SASREF): Thc ,tD.ry. l@rd oar. is a 50/50 ionlv.,hm wir Sh. , md comscd-op.rahN m r40J 98rr siih e D,odkdd c,p&ity of lo5,0m D|!"uB fthlcd p.rDleM plbd4 sd cn Djc,t pt jB, . r..dstrk pntuity for !al. d mrcm.uonrl
:.y : .1"
tutd
. llP.l^jl^Mc_g Lubricr bs o R.'|rrtrs co (L!bar: sArrDr Al<sr u ha r 70 p.ed mt r Lub.rf wbit. Eqon/Mobit ow
oomeno.d opdariaft in
1419,20
(
. 30 Flld lb4. This johr-vah@ ws dblirh.d D t394 (tt4, md @moc.d rB rdrn lub. oit in 1393. A sdd tub. oil reEn.ry. tocar.d ( yanbu,
1999).
I-!b.E_f f!.1oil ion SAUDI AxAMm,s Jcdd.h ed y&6u Efndiq '@ive ed Fitrd I into wh b knom 6 bse ort!, which G.tporlcd. ptulub. ud os.r rcmpuF r |no Kingdom bl.nd suh ort, nb ru@r oit prcdkb. Tt. cotuDd ope'ry of borh E[ftne s a.2 niltjoD b.fttt po yd,. q@!ry
. il"-tlt-cg 6udMd 3$
t
uld.nurk "pftmin o,t!, biud @; p'@cts aE xkd by 25 Fhl of SaJdr Eker p.htub. btd& dd and ir! prck pru!6 ror rbrd-?'ny npu6, ttl prod4 e Nra&d in mc d; ll 6hb6 dd ln. 6!Doy hs btcndins .nd li.4i.g agEm.nrs alrrrt
Ky.d 'n Rnnse e. joi ly osned bt SAUDT r!qn8 /t ps(nt,ed 29 p.rsr Epdiv.ty. tl prod@ mb oit phd@ ft'r r ior.t Fciry of 6.5 nitLd h6Eb pa yE. l:o]ll-ts iT^b'.idry e'&r n rur* | ru prod(r (dd rhc
,no
rI
n.
@DF'y
SAIIDIAi/rMCO
sun.red @
Co,: This@mpoy M.lbbLsbed h pebrury, d opElod oa lh. KitrSdoot sh& in l[G ot lb. p.nniond anc nonhw6t ot rb. AEbh cutt
GurWdk
D&trlburim: fte $le .f SAUDI AxaMCO 6oh r.fDd prcdkE d rhc @@uc mra lu.b.d 434 5 mi im bmts ud 51.2 mj ionFydoi tudc
urE rrs.
SAUDI ATAMCO
nun
ow 20 mi" drsb rion poinrs D.ddilrm b 17J.r tu.tD8 p.urr ed uiB spDty cfin.d Fldur, to ,6. don*ic Id4 an r; tusporMbn [email protected] s w.u a b privac, pubti. &d indlsfirl seron_
l**!!1. om':rlinr voor.: s,nc. th. eEbtrsh4.nr of s^rr jj AxAMco ir tao, jn obje$6 bs bar b ill.Jw cud. oir muSn fhrbodloi v4tE, ro pnvide grar.r mkd ed pri*lhbitiry.slla sd o E n4^rddrdd ncom for the Kmsdor llom rctirjns sd rok dng @e;tiorr @rcd s d ammm bo m* barmc ptu in rhe Colowhs firc intmboMr
:lllty hk='ln 're P.bn c.rponrd *hich ampdy (PNoc),_rhc t.red 6mpey ro,
Ptun
Co-tpotadon: tn-t4r4n5
B ft. phitjppD. N.uond o,l EfDjn cdd. ;,r pplipD,I p.ron rctud 40 perem of rhe .d dsbibutrls omp!ry.3 N.6
20
ar4). S^L DI
AJrArm ,cqlu.d
, 40 preDr
@hpt;tio, r hxd drmrbJte b.E. wr. SAUDI ARA 4CO h6 q emibEDr @ Pbvc s pdoi ot L\c Ffin.ry's .rud. oit rlllltl]bk
or
iT!^:"cydtrdd^, ercld ,t , 4pE:d.d r6.roinr- vatoF E6ms op4rry 6!h N,@ bpd ro I 30.000 bpd. tn I,{ | 9/20 I | 9cct, jt !dd.d ! conbtrbE R.romr uit /cCR) Md mkEd rh. p.tuchmcd rukd wi6 .hc cbd}\ric
pe6rro,
pubtic tubsriptron.
t4i84'a (le9s),
(:!:,^E:'.r,t"., Moriva $brpisc h r roinlvdr@ o.e.cn s{uDr I 150 p.reru, ind I h olmMg oD rhe Cutf @ 4cm 6- | of fi. usA. ft. joinr v.nlw owN aou E6ndi6 *,rh :Gr ! bl.l :.er,iy of 880.000 hd tr hs 50 sbng. md didibuion 6r.,s ud IukE.b pbducts uwugh d,jmburrd hrs' tb b6t sslc. otfrobr tuclr
Hcncd
6()0
rhoMd bd.trdlv.
'
2000, SMg yons O,t R.nnin8 ConpoJ, Lld. chss.n ib_!M. b S.O corFdron. SAUDr .cq;,.d . j5 sT-s-I:"c ^naMCO itrrud.d tul(djDs conpa,y Lrd m raet lbar 43.6 ud a | 00,000 BpD RfDdy in lbc R.plbtic of sourb KoRe sy 1997 s-oi-l rnc@ed iB cftua capccrq b 525,000 BpD lbmueh D. oNfkrob ot s tuer ort turing ficitiy d ,B E6rdy in A.tdjron,l upgndB,@ &d d.s pe4qB uill w.E drdtcd j, rbc r.rin.fy lhI dobt.d th. compMy b.rt r ne peuochen@t mter rhrc!8h rle prcdlcroo orpddytdo SAUDI AIAMCO-\a ! @mmd @ :uDpry 90 pqc;r of ihe i'qud. or s4il 3uppL6 bBpon tu.t, to rhc rdoil scsMl ot tb.
vtrh
.*, i ul}
q R{-s
Fcd
|re
Os
r[;.r]
SAUDI AXAMCO rb. $1. EmnrnS ind@hat sheholdcr In lh. @nDmy. wirb an!!l of 50.065 pent of ttc sh@ itu .ntid.d !o vor. d rh.
bais vi, 1,150 btud.d snie !buo6. In l4lc20 (laq9l, SATDI AXaMCO p'lfur.s sbm u S-O wa, std ,utjng
;tr;;yh
h4 t00,000 BpD fun-convGion ctin.ry ar 'M.im ,O Corjnrh, klomcrd *r ofAfi.N. dd SAUDI AMMCO prcvid6 ir wjlh ir crudc o Eqtr'Mftt . H.Uas sugpla Enr..t prodxr b Avin uc b. avrn br.nd lm.dFrghod crcc. vii6t0 Ort whicb Et.!, lr ln.m rdire sdio! lbo supplra mmnc cnd i.r tu h ro major fttuileF h c,qe, sho ,n M sell lhe. pbdrLr d L\. tDtention l lMt r
co.mpuy. H.llas
Ul E 116 ud-/vta Oit: b l4l6 ( 1996) SAUDr A!AMCo lcqun d , 50 D.:6r she in l[c Cdt Etuins @dp.ny Moior o GI.[G) co;6 ud e eci.r.d ruAdng finn AvD Oit. e bdurrjal otlrllRot ed oil
Motot
. 1t-,1:HI..!aor,8 coip.n! (swEDt n E6,r,j rn r.{rs (ree7), f! RUid s pd qt shft in SUMED rb,fqEd b sA uDr A^Alvcd
' Th.,conp&y pbhdc!
15
chdpq.tr.ruuqe "s6pod md. oit io rh. Euopa ro n6e by rr$Ftus $bd4ual q@!d6 of crudc o r,onth. R.dss;u. Mrd'i.fu.e So rbroueh pip.|lne ot SUMED. r!. op@rdrl c.prc,ry of
s
b..mrdohrr Mrt.ritra .!d Inrpod.lo.: tr t42lr4 (2001), sAuDl MMr u @nrN.d to ud6rd. alt ot $. Krgdon\ ,nr.h.ronol et6 of E6n.d prcouBi NUL 4d sulJi!. ddudi4 ourpur 6om $. p4lonod Ntu@l zone. Tic shpdny poduc.d l0 I MB oi LpO. @NEnng of pbpde ud bLbe u zool b,b dorctc
mns
AMM( o m- r.l.d 8lJ er(3r q6dd4 of rc6n.d proddr lmouhne b In z@ m dbon to 51 2 mi ioD betsofcmd.6rl
mdloDt FfEi6 !d t0/.5MBof gehi( i! 200j, jon or{rtu.,[ Mk cd rh. se. qusntjry ,n rh. pP,o6&d ob6( 2.t ni ye, (tOO2). Sod
414 5
vB
142241 t20o2r, vssets ou.d by V. i tnrmronsl Mdnc Con!tuy LrmiEd, sn AXAMCO s rbsid'ary, hsponed on a\eag. r.s nthon bMch pcr day ot crud. ori lo mk6. V.tr a.so udpon d 29J dIiotr baftl! ot ,.frncd p@lm. 6y br..nd or llis ya, V.t c@ lo oh ! ULCrytf fi*! n addir,m io
r@
lupponcd by ode_ Lr*h ch@Ed by vcr, :lcj.-ol lr:1y I'yo on kry^^tuBol sLndnrdr bars. ln l42tl22 l2OOl) SAUDI AR]AJi,CO obbnd ,JU yw @trr. ror mrrog@t hd opeErim of shipl h 0 sl. rh.r
r.hr3
ie
rlifuj
nd
'llec
Ca G!rt.ln! Pmlnb:
Uqtridr: SAlrDt ARAMCO i! 6|md.d ro r!. d.FloDnd! of Bo.ied n$!rl g6 supptiB prcduced D $. B6rd rrcwce b!.ae o wrtt'dertimuon, ct{blc D.wcr godrjoD ud !o Dtrovdc FEI Cs Md NCL ptu<tuc.d 60o utord Ss rlppon mdGElar dddoptEr od [email protected] pioddion i, ir. indutE.l cjri6 ot.,;h.il Md lid ,retd LPC for .rpon. ln pfteirg ntul EB, toxjc bydn!6 ,Yeb!. $trh. !, rcm@ed ond @wdi.d lo yr.ld sjtu ior opod. G.ik! q@dri6of pbp8ne tuLn. ed mMI gsollne _ $. @i, smpon@lr ot NcL _ftb.bs orErd bs.rr,l KiDgdotubs.d Fteb.nidl udei6 U! ltd vch. ro de r.6dr s $rcugb .rpo( a p.l eh.miqh Alt qcs NGL @nbue io bc
prov$'oo
Fu.l
C! .!d Nrtont C!
fd
Dud4
pductoD
41940 ti9oo). propee prcdudon bbtd t2O8 mj ,6 barr.t4 butu. @!d 7o.t nittrd bafttr od Mur.t g@tD. prcducuon ,9.8 ni im
seprEior ptdB, inctudrg rhe non. plbr!, Iou NGL firrtoorriz.nd f& rlb6 _ .l Ybbu. ru ilm.n, Abqaiq &rd Rr Tuu _ ud lh. Ersl-wd NOL Th. l. 170 tjioncG O?6 mit.l prDllin.. whrch bg'N d Sh.dgu so tw FFlinc. htn p,r,l t.t Ymbq hs or 9:,*i*:::i...99ll'p'lb'svsr.m tD be8u lho contuhon 2e0.000 bpd ot 'c!p4,rv of , ns treeo,. 6. compoy 3c pl.b3 prdi .nd Mi.rcd ff,tjri6 .r Hrwirln .E of rh. Chrw fcl{t. -Tb. tbl4( E 6. Nr signitr@r dFsid otdc MCS,iM iE uccpdo .@ dq l j ys ago. Tn. gs gar[6n3 pogM cltlmUy grlhR dd [email protected] rb.Di 4.67 D rrcn rtu@d dbtr tect pcr d.y of os*D'ed sd non.sscrri.d gs frm o,t &d g6 li.l& prodB th. tollowing pbducls:
in8
dsnm rh. KnSdomr Nt6rq Cd Sysrm *bch hs ilr bp@Mtt It0 nitm cubic trh{4.5 bdtdiMCS), f4l}F&rof cubrc Moral cd M_cs @lld alm'cd sc frm olboE,nd ofilhoE i.r.r!,;d T. non-uscdtcd ga lilm d..p fi.tds in rho ConDeyt soqhem !R MUs mmDo.ntr
tnclud. n@ty
4l gs.drt
'!d
F dry pri@ y of tu.I gs (minty fttDe., Bed ror rh. Md .r.ckic po*.r g$duon ptd6. tr E atlo u!.d s ree6o.k ind tirl tor SABIC F oleds Md olhs domBbc irdBhq in Lhe Esrm
2
c brtt'd cubc
frr
. I .
cubic
fa
pd dly
md
'ndurtn.!
or Jubail
ysbu
ot.rtft,
uen
tcd.rck o,
ikl
for
fr
expo(
Podec 4.600
rons
only I I pffi r.r l'J b lion cubrc me|m of prcdued dhlnl BA^wx 4euvdy uriiz.4 rhe cr *s drhe einl*Fd d ,tar.d Si@ t4O4 (ry4r. odry dt natunr gd pEdc.d hs b urihz.d. Supph.! olnd.'s,rcd
190 (19?0r.
In l3Ao/r
ga.Iron d.-KuF iomhor weE rappcd s or 1404 (t984) duc b dehnc rn lhe prmufton-or gs.Ascidcd w.rh.tud. dt ud iro@d l.|smt denwd tor S6. *n1:' s.* ri'.b.d 2.8er bruio, cubr 0]|6 in ra2425 ed4). ,1T,ITT1:1ol:' uriried uch.d wor. @ur aG 60. I br 6n (ubrc tu
Itrfitrc md T_r-!totos: SAUDT AR]IVCOT work force by lh. dd ot 142445 :.-Yxl rM! hoid .g*d .,!ror.B. 'b. rojority d ,hon !.uos f-f ..1: l0o pohl of rfi. Cohpur,r bp tl]@g.1Gl {85 Fcnr) eI pos,ri6 ud B p.rd oi r. cohpdy! hior D.6i!ion5.
s hbin! prcehq on. ofrh. t&gcd of,ts hnd in r!. sort4 air5 rebnitos| b rlcsludi rupo*d Thn pDge B md.@ld by a d rndutur rMr.s cmh, TTc bm(h6. Th. min hhjns cenh rob sL, . rn_la lcnEF do I nhrn8. Mrca!*tr contu.ti$mN sAUDr AR MCO prcvde Elinbe ro rhosedr of S.udi ,* rErnins proslm @u..! :Lli"l: g@8, mm6 D deyelopinS h.rnde [email protected] E{nn& uB6ty :l.1 prcf*i@l .nd pod-gnduc sor6. h. ampey enrhuA rts pDsrn ro .nhre pioddivity _a r i.po* woft pedol]Mc. ed rb oq up ltrou3h rupfl,erylbffnlinms.
SAIJDI.{Ri-\,CO
ar
mMn3
l:Mjj,ryll I
@lle. ed .rmsr
SAUDT
7{6
.m
*k
.d d
rbour l5B3 pn,c,pets h lob-Et.rd rc.d.dc .tob 3*jtb ,nd on_6Gjob IrrnDg DtuE'.s.
onng'ng
r953_
AXrMCO6bblNh.d erSbr gorcmor sohoob, in 142425 (2004), lh@by b. rorlt .Mber of *heL ebhr,+.,i by ARAMCO to 139 sc[@h sim.
sbcbe Dusarhi rtrd DuruD, ^9,q'h. 6r prc,h.r. m ^r w.di Ar u sshd dd ^u!nrh. ror rablt Ab( sd Jlhst At Rur.!M, ror am in Ar Kbrurquiirh; ror,Kdto^c lob.l KaBb a 4 ticn,B to 'o 'dr mro, qu,,tc .rptorarion ot inddlrDt non;.iatrc In ribrt !,.{l|n. Po[oM8 lh. .i oc coopor.
Sr{di Anbl.r MtoioS Cohprtry tMA. DEN) I bc sM Arrb'bt iniIg cor@4y (MA ADENj hs bar dbbt,sbed s pf d. M/rT rLrd r,s lr4r? s d .ubmmu joh !to.*.or4oy tr11-5T.by lrc aowmEer s't ! @ptul oa SR 4OOO ruuy oMd muror. Th. qd.|lrM svdd nrtrs rtiviri Ftlr.d b,lr s.s6 of nitun8indBby C.;m; inctudin; f nin,n3 indBry od producE 6 we s ,.kkn j:^iTT,T: ll.. :pa on ommfthr b6r ro Mrik uuc or Mrur6 rGolurioo No. I09 dalcd t/.VI42, !D@v!d rb.p,onr A! pe *btirhrd or MA ADEN Cor@any .nd its pnvrtratiod widm ;; pnv,.iz.riotr ruftrurc. h. compey om M d Adh Drhlb Mhe bd fto sfldi sEgy pr(i;u Mclris Compeyrsultraybbt Mr.r. MA.ADSN rtso obbin d .xptoEuoD h.cB6
i:
i.ry:y
fTPi
e
!""""
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qd^loo i:.::. l!d.d .bod 69J14 oulu m r.o8 rre3e) dd ,s prodlcrod r r420,2t rrwj '":1": '6e orgo|lr 10,t89 offis ot3it, s?3 6D oa
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1983
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