CHAPTER

4 Structure of the Atom

SUB- TOPICS
• Introduction
• Discovery of electron
• Discovery of Proton & Neutron
• Dalton atomic theory
• Atomic model
• Rutherford model, Draw Backs
• Bohr’s model of atom
• Electronic configuration
• Valency of element
• Atomic Number, Mass number
• Isotops, Isobars, Isotones, Isoelectronic
• Introduction of s,p,d,f configuration

• INTRODUCTION
ATOM
Ø Smallest neutral particle of an element that is characteristic or unique to that
particular element.
Ø Atoms of no two elements can be similar in all respects.

MOLECULE
Ø Smallest particle of a pure substance (compound or element) which can exist
independently and is capable of showing all chemical properties of that substance. It
is made up of atoms.

• DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON
Ø It is discovered by J. J. Thomson (1897)
Ø The pressure of discharge tube when reduced upto 10-4 atm and high voltage about
10,000 volts or more was impressed across the electrode, cathode ray was produced.
Structure of the Atom Chemistry, Class : IX

Ø They emerge perpendicular to cathode and travel in straight line.

Ø They produce a green glow when strike the glass wall and produce light when strike
on ZnS screen.
Ø They produce heat energy when they collide with the matter.
Ø They are deflected by the electrical and magnetic field towards the positively charged
plate.
Ø They possess kinetic energy.
Ø They produce X-ray when fall on material of high atomic mass.
Ø The nature of cathode ray is independent of the nature of cathode and the gas in the
discharge tube.
Ø Charge/mass ratio has been found to be – 1.7588 ´ 108 colulomb/gm.
Ø Mass of electron is calculated from the value of e/m and the value of e.
e -1.6022 ´10-19
m= =
e/m -1.7588 ´108
= 9.1096 ´ 10–28gm
= 9.1096 ´ 10–31kg.
Ø Mass of electron relative to hydrogen atom is 0.000549 amu.
Ø The name of the particle is given by “stoney”.

Illustrations- 1 : The value of e/m of an electron was measured by:

(A) Millikan (B) J.J.Thomson
(C) Dalton (D) Rutherford
Solution: (A) fact

• DISCOVERY OF PROTON AND NEUTRON

Ø It is discovered by Goldstein (1886)
Ø When a perforated cathode is used and apply high potential difference between the
electrodes, anode ray produced along with cathode ray. They are also called as canal-
ray.
Ø They travel in straight line and cast a shadow of the object placed in their path.
Ø Like cathode ray they possess kinetic energy.
Ø The ray produce flashes of light on ZnS screen.
Ø They also produced heating effect.
Ø They rays are deflected by electric and magnetic field in the direction opposite to that
of cathode rays and attracted towards negatively charged plate.
Ø e/m ratio is smaller than that of electron which is found to be equal to + 9.579 ´ 104
colulomb/gm.
Ø It carries a positive charge equal to + 1.602 ´ 10–19 coulomb.
e 1.6022 ´10-19
Ø Mass of proton is calculated as Mass of proton m = = = 1.672 x
e/m 9.579 ´104
10–24 g or = 1.672x10–27kg
Ø Mass of proton relative to hydrogen is equal to 1.0072 amu.

DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON
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Ø It is discovered by James Chadwick in 1932

Ø It is produced by the bombardment on Beryllium or Lithium by a particles.
4 Be9 + 2 He 4 ®6 C12 + 0 n1
3 Li 7 + 2 He 4 ®5 B10 + 0 n1

Ø Its mass is 1.00871 amu which is slightly greater than the mass of proton (1.00732)
Ø Its mass is approximately 1837 times greater than that of electron.

Illustrations – 2: (i) The mass of the neutron is of the order of

-23 -24
(A) 10 kg (B) 10 kg
-26 -27
(C) 10 kg (D) 10 kg
Solution: (D) fact

(ii) The idea that led to the discovery of neutron was that
(A) Number of protons were less than they should be
(B) Number of electrons were less than they should be
(C) Mass of the atom was less than it should be
(D) It was a chance discovery
Solution: (C) Fact

• DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

Ø Matter is made up of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms.
Ø Atoms of same substance are identical in all respects, i.e., they possess same size,
shape, mass, chemical properties etc.
Ø Atoms of different substances are different in all respects, i.e., they possess different
sizes, shapes, masses, chemical properties, etc.
Ø Atom is the smallest particle that takes part in chemical reactions.
Ø Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a fixed, simple whole
number ratio to form compound atoms.
Ø Atoms of two elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one
compound.
Ø Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed, i.e, the atoms are indestructible.

LIMITATIONS OF DALTON’S THEORY

Ø It failed to explain how atoms of different elements differ from each other, i.e., it did
not tell anything about the structure of the atom.
Ø It could not explain how and why atoms of different elements combine with each
other to form compound atoms (molecule).
Ø It failed to explain the nature of forces that bind together different atoms in a
molecule.
Ø It did not make any distinction between atoms and molecules.

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Illustration – 3: Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of
conservation of mass?
Solution: Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or destroyed in a
chemical reaction.

• ATOMIC MODEL
J. J. THOMSON MODEL OF ATOM
According to this model, J. J. Thomson proposed that
a) Atom is spherical in shape of approximate radius 10–10 m.
b) Positive charge is uniformly distributed over it.
c) Electron (negative charge) may be regarded as embedded in this sphere.
d) Atom as a whole is electrically neutral since total positive charge is exactly balanced
by the total negative charge.

rn 10- 10 m

Positive Charge

Negative Charge

Although this model explain the electrical neutrality of the atom which is still
accepted, but this model fails to explain the various experimental facts carried out
later such as Rutherford’s experiment. This model is also called by the name such as
(a) PLUM PUDDING, (b) RAISIN PUDDING or (c) WATERMELON.
Ø The red edible part of water melon represents the sphere of positive charge whereas
black seeds embedded in the watermelon are like the electrons.

a Particle Experiment
Lead Box Radium Slit

a - rays Majority
of alpha
particles

a - particle Gold Foil

ZnS Screen

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[A] Experimental Setup and Procedure:

Rutherford and his students (Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden) bombarded very thin
gold foil (~100nm) by particles (positively charged mass 4u and a charge of +2
units) emitted from a radio active element radium enclosed in a lead box. The gold
foil is surrounded by a circular zinc sulphide screen. ZnS produce scintillation
whenever particles struck the screen.

[B] Observation:
Rutherford and his co-worker when performed their experiment, were expecting
some results based upon earlier model of the atom. But they were surprised to see the
amazing results.
Ø Most of the particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.
Ø Some of the particles deflected by some angles.
Ø A very few particles (~ 1 in 20,000) bounced back, i.e. deflected by 180°.

[C] Conclusion
Ø As per the old view of atom in which it was considered that mass is uniformly
distributed over the atom, it was, therefore, expected for particles to change their
path, but since most of the particle shows no deviation from their path it was
concluded that most of the space in an atom is empty.
Ø Like charge repel each other therefore it was concluded that since some -rays
which are positively charged when allow to pass through the atom they got
deflected i.e. they must meet a positive charge centre.
Ø Since only very few particle bounced back, they must meet a dense, hard mass,
which does not allow the particle to pass through it. The dense hard mass is of
very small size.
small deflected
a - particle rays a - particle

+
undeviated
large
deflected a - particle
a - particle +

Illustration– 4: (i) An a particle is

(A) a hydrogen molecule (B) a helium nucleus
(C) an electron (D) a proton
Solution: (B)

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(ii) Which amongst the following statement is true:

(A) a rays are cathode rays
(B) Electrons make up the cathode rays
(C) Protons make up the cathode rays
(D) Electro magnetic radiations make up the cathode rays
Solution: (B)

• RUTHERFORD MODEL, DRAWBACKS

On the basis of experiment, observation and conclusion Rutherford proposed the
following structure of an atom.
Ø Nucleus – It consist of a very small size sphere of radius 10–15 m which contains
positive charge and most of the mass of an atom.
Ø Orbits – They are fixed circular path around the nucleus in which the electrons
revolve.
Ø Electrostatic force of attraction between electron and nucleus is balanced by the
centrifugal force (directed away from the nucleus) which arise due to circular motion
of electron.
Extra nuclear portion

Nucleus

Orbits

DRAWBACK OF RUTHERFORD MODEL

Ø According to the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell, charged particles when
accelerated should emit electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, an electron in an orbit
will emit radiation, the energy carried by radiation comes from the electronic motion.
The orbit will continue to shrink [10–8 time an electron will take to spiral into the
nucleus]. But this does not happen. Thus Rutherford model cannot explain the
stability of an atom.
Positively
Charge nuclear

Negative
Charge
Ø Another drawback of Rutherford was that it could not explain the how the electrons
are distributed around the nucleus and what are their energies.
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Illustration – 5: (i) Rutherford’s model of the atom accounts for the

(A) Scattering of alpha particles by metal foils
(B) Stability for the electron orbits
(C) Stability of the atom
(D) Line spectra of lighter elements
Solution: (A) Fact

(ii) Rutherford atomic model does not obey

(A) Classical laws of electrodynamics
(B) Laws of electrolysis
(C) Both a and b
(D) None of these
Solution: (A) Fact

• BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM

Neils Bohr’s gave a theory regarding the distribution of electrons in the extra nuclear
space in an atom. The main postulates of his theory was.
Ø Electrons revolves around the nucleus in fixed circular orbits.
Ø Circular path are called energy levels or energy shells.
Ø These energy levels are designated as K, L, M, N...... energy levels or energy shell
and is of fix energy.
3
2
1
+K
L
M
1,2, 3... are energy levels
Nucleus
Electron

K L K L

Nucleus

Energy absorbed Energy released

Ø The shell nearer to the nucleus have low energy as compared to the shell which are
further away from the nucleus.
Ø The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time. However,
electron will move from a lower stationary state to a higher stationary state when
required amount of energy is absorbed by the electron or energy is emitted when
electron moves from higher stationary state to lower stationary states. The energy
change does not take place in a continuous manner.
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DRAWBACK OF BOHR’S MODEL

i) It could not explain the stability of the atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
ii) This model was unable to explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of
magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or an electric field (Stark effect)
iii) This model was unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen, e.g. He
atom which possess only two electrons.

Illustrations - 6: Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.

Solution:
3
2
1
+K
L
M
1,2, 3... are energy levels
Nucleus

• ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Electrons in an atoms are arranged in a systematic manner. This arrangement of electrons
in the various shells (or energy levels) of an atom of the element is known as electronic
configuration of the element.
There are two main point of deciding the electronic configuration of an element:
(1) We must know the number of electrons or we can say atomic number of the element.
(2) How many electrons can be filled in a particular energy shell.
For determining the electronic configuration of an element BOHR-BURY SCHEME
is used.
According to this scheme
1. In an atom, a particular energy shell contain maximum number of 2n2 electron where
n is the number of the energy shell or energy level.
Shell n Max No. of Electrons (2n2)
K 1 2 (1)2 = 2
L 2 2 (2)2 = 8
M 3 2 (3)2 = 18
N 4 2 (4)2 = 32
K <L<M < N
Starting from the nucleus energy level is ¾¾¾¾¾¾
increa sin g Energy
®
2. The outermost energy shell in an atom cannot have more than eight electrons even if
it has a capacity to take up more electrons according to first rule.

Study and Analyse carefully, the table given below for elements having atomic
number 1 to 18.

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Element Number of
Electronic
A Protons Neutrons Representation
ZX Electrons Configuration
(Z) (A – Z)
Hydrogen K
1 1 1 1–1=0 1p
1H 1
Helium
4 K 1p
2 He 2 2 4–2=2 2n
2
Lithium
7 K L
3 Li
3p
3 3 7–3=4 4n
2 1

Beryllium
9 K L
4 Be
4p
4 4 9–4=5 5n
2 2

Boron
11 K L 5p
5 B 5 5 11 – 5 = 6 6n
2 3

Carbon
12
6 C
K L 6p
6 6 12 – 6 = 6 6n
2 4

Element Number of
Electronic
A Protons Neutrons Representation
ZX Electrons Configuration
(Z) (A – Z)
Nitrogen
14
7 N
K L 7p
7 7 14 – 7 = 7 7n
2 5

Oxygen
16 K L 8p
8 O 8 8 16 – 8 = 8 8n
2 6

Fluorine
19 K L
9 F
9p
9 9 19 – 9 = 10
2 7 10n

Neon
20
10 Ne
K L 10p
10 10 20 – 10 = 10 10n
2 8

Sodium
23
11 Na K L M 11p
11 11 23 – 11 = 12 12n
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24
12 Mg
K L M 12p
12 12 24 – 12 = 12 12n
2 8 2
 2 7 10n

Neon
20
10 Ne
K L 10p
10 10 20 – 10 = 10 10n
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Sodium
23
11 Na K L M 11p
11 11 23 – 11 = 12 12n
2 8 1

24
12 Mg
K L M 12p
12 12 24 – 12 = 12 12n
2 8 2

Aluminium
27
13 Al K L M 13p
13 13 27 – 13 = 14 14n
2 8 3

Silicon
28
14 Si K L M 14p
14 14 28 – 14 = 14 14n
2 8 4

Phosphorus
31
15 P K L M 15p
15 15 31 – 15 = 16 16n
2 8 5

Sulphur
32
16 S K L M 16p
16 16 32 – 16 = 16 16n
2 8 6

Ø If the outermost shell of an atom, contain 5, 6 or 7 electrons, then it gains (accept)

electrons to achieve stable electronic configuration form an ion called ANION.
Ø IF an element has 4 electrons in the outermost shell then because of energy
consideration, we can say that it will prefer to share electrons with other atom, giving
rise to a special bonding called COVALENT bonding.

Illustration – 7: Draw the electronic configuration of Chlorine, Argon

Element Number of
Electronic
A Protons Neutrons Representation
ZX Electrons Configuration
(Z) (A – Z)
Chlorine
35
17 Cl K L M 17p
17 17 35 – 17 = 18 18n
2 8 7

Argon
40
18 Ar K L M 18p
18 18 40 – 18 = 22 22n
2 8 8

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• VALENCY OF ELEMENTS
The capacity of an atom of an element to form chemical bonds is known as its valency.
C valency is 4 it can combine with 4 other atom of hydrogen.
Whereas H valency is 1 it can combine with only 1 atom.
How to calculate valency of an atom:-
Ø The atoms having 1, 2, 3 or 4 valence electrons normally lose these to the combining
atoms and they show valencies of 1, 2, 3 or 4 respectively.
Ø The atoms having 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons generally take up 3, 2 or 1 electrons
respectively from the atoms of the other elements and show valencies of 3, 2 or 1
respectively.

Illustration – 8: The valency of an element is

(A) The mass of the element displacing 1 part by the mass of hydrogen
(B) The Mass of the element combining with 8 parts by mass of oxygen
(C) The number of atoms of hydrogen combining with 1 atom of the given
element
(D) the number of atoms in 1 molecule of the given element
Solution: (C)

• ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

ATOMIC NUMBER
The number of protons presents in the nucleus is equal to the atomic number. It is
represented by the symbol ‘Z’. eg.,
No. of Protons Z
a) H 1 1
b) Na 11 11
c) Mg 12 12
d) C 6 6
In order to keep the electrical neutrality of an atom, the number of electrons must be
equal to the number of proton. Thus we can also say that for a neutral atom, atomic
number is equal to the no. of protons, which in turn equal to the number of electrons,
present in that particular atom.
Atomic Number (Z)
= Number of protons in the nucleus
= Number of electrons in a neutral atom.

MASS NUMBER
In a nucleus, proton and neutron collectively known as nucleons. The total number of
nucleons is termed as mass number of the atom. It is represented by the symbol A.
Mass number (A)
= Number of protons (P) + Number of neutrons (N)
With the help of mass number we can calculate the atomic mass.

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Mass of 1 proton = 1 u (appr.)

Mass of 1 neutron = 1 u (appr.)
Now since atomic mass is the mass of nucleus or we can say Atomic mass is the mass of
nucleons in the nucleus.
Atomic mass
= [Mass of neutrons + Mass of protons]
Atomic mass
= (No. of neutron) × 1 + (No. of protons) × 1
= n+p
Atomic mass
= Mass Number
An element is represented as
Mass No. A

Atomic No.
Symbol or
Z
X
Illustration – 9 : Calculate the no. of protons, electrons, neutron, mass number, Atomic
number of .
Here Mass no = 23
Atomic No. = 11 = No. of protons = No. of electrons
No. of neutrons = 23 – 11 = 12
Analyze the following table carefully,

No. of No. of Atomic No. of

Mass No.
Proton electron No. Neutrons
23
11 Na 11 11 11 12 23
80
35 Br 35 35 35 45 80
32 2-
16 S 16 18 16 16 32
12
6C 6 6 6 7 13
13
6C 6 6 6 6 12
14
6C 6 6 6 8 14
4
2 He 2 2 2 2 4
14
7 N 7 7 7 7 14
16
8 O 8 8 8 8 16
24
12 Mg 12 12 12 12 24
27
13 Al 13 13 13 14 27

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• ISOTOPES, ISOBARS, ISOTONES, ISOELECTRONIC

ISOTOPES
Atoms with identical atomic number but different mass number. Difference between
atoms is due to the presence of different number of neutrons (N) present in the nucleus,
since number of protons (P) is same in each isomer. e.g. Hydrogen consist of three
isotopes.
Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Mass No.
No. Protons Neutron Electron
Protium - 11 H 1 1 0 1 1
Deuterium - 12 D 1 1 1 1 2
Tritium - 31 T 1 1 2 1 3
Chlorine atoms consist of two isomers
Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Mass No.
No. Protons Neutron Electron
35
17 Cl 17 17 18 17 35
37
17 Cl 17 17 20 17 37

NOTES – I
Ø All the isotopes of a given element show same chemical properties.
Ø Physical properties of the isotopes of an element are different:
Ø Isotopes occupy the same position in the periodic table.

APPLICATION OF RADIO ISOTOPES

Some element have isotopes which are radioactive in nature. These are known as
Radioisotopes. They are quite useful in different fields. Some application are provided
below:
(1) U – 235: It is used as a fuel in nuclear reactor
(2) P – 32 : It is used in agriculture field.
(3) I – 131: It is used to check the working of thyroid gland.
(4) Co – 60: It is used in cancer treatment.
(5) C – 14: Used to determined the age of old specimens which have died or perished
long back.
(Technique called Radio Carbon Dating)
(6) Radioactive isotopes are used as ‘tracers’ in medicine to detect the presence of
tumours and blood clots etc. in the human body.
(7) Radioactive isotopes are used in industry to detect the leakage in underground oil
pipelines, gas pipelines and water pipes.

ISOBAR
They are the atoms with same mass number but different atomic number, e.g.
14 14 40 40
6 C 7 N 20 Ca 18 Ar

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Mass No. 14 14 40 40
At. No. 6 7 20 18
Ø They belong to different elements since atomic number is different.
Ø They have different physical and chemical properties.

ISOELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
When two element and/or ions have the same electronic configurations it is said that they
are “isoelectronic” with one another.
Element No. of Electrons
Li+ 2
He 2
Be+2 2
Ø Their chemical property are same.

ISOTONE
Isotone may be defined as the atoms of different elements containing same number of
neutrons.
For example, 13
6 C and
14
7 N . For isotones, the difference of mass number and atomic
number is same

Illustration – 10: (i) Write down the isotope of corbon and oxygen
Solution: Carbon has three isomers.
Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Mass No.
No. Protons Neutron Electron
12
6 C 6 6 6 6 12
13
6 C 6 6 7 6 13
14
6 C 6 6 8 6 14
Atomic No. of No. of No. of
Mass No.
No. Protons Electron Neutron
16
8 O 8 8 8 8 16
17
8 O 8 8 8 9 17
18
8 O 8 8 8 10 18

(ii) Which of the these is a pairs of isobar ?

(A) 6 c12 , 8 O16 (B) 6 C13 , 6C14
(C) 20 Ca 40 , 18 Ar 40 (D) None of these
Solution: (C)
(iii) 7 N 15 and 8O16 are a pair of
(A) isotopes (B) isobars
(C) isotones (D) None of these

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Solution: (C)

• INTRODUCTION OF S, P, D, F CONFIGURATION
Each shell contain sub-shell

Ø K shell have s sub-shell

Ø L shell have s & p sub-shell
Ø M shell have s, p & d sub-shell
Ø N shell have s, p, d & f sub-shell

Capacity tohold no. of e– in each sub-shell

Ø s-subshell contain 2e
Ø p sub-shell contain 6e
Ø d sub-shell contain 10e
Ø f sub-shell contain 14e

Filling of electron in sub-shell

1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d

6s 6p

7s

Electrons are filled in the order

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d..............

Illustration – 11: Configuration of Fe (26)

Solution: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6

vvv

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KEY POINTS
Ø Cathode rays. Consist of negatively charged material particles called electrons.
Ø Electrons. Fundamental sub-atomic particles carrying negative charge (1.602 10–19
coulombs) and having mass 9.1 10–31kg. Discovered by J.J. Thomson.
Ø Charge to mass (e/m) ratio for electrons is 1.76 108 C/g.
Ø Anode rays. Consist of positively charged ions e/m ratio for the ions in the anode rays
depends on the nature of the gas taken in the discharge tube. Discovered by Goldstein.
Ø Proton. A sub-atomic positively charged particle, having charge 1.602 x 10–19 C and
having mass 1.67 x 10–27 kg. Mass of proton is nearly 1837 times the mass of an
electron.
Ø Alpha Particles. He2+ ions or helium nuclei.
Ø Rutherford’s experiment. Let to the discovery of nucleus. Radius of nucleus (–10–15m)
is very small as compared with radius of atom (-10–10m).
Ø Neutrons. Sub-atomic neutral particles having mass 1.675 10–27 kg. Discovered by
James Chadwick.
Ø Atomic Number (Z) = Number of protons = Number of electrons.
Ø Mass Number (A) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons.
Ø Isobars. Atoms of different elements having same mass number.
Ø Isotopes. Atoms of same element having different mass numbers.
Ø Isotones. Atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons.

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ASSIGNMENT – I
1. What is the value of e/m ratio for the particles in cathode rays ?

2. Who discovered protons ? What is the value of e/m for proton ?

3. Who discovered Neutron ?

4. Compare the mass of electron(e) , Proton (p) and Neutron (n).

5*. Write some property of cathode rays?

6. Which of the following statements is not correct regarding to cathode rays ?

(A) Cathode rays originate from the cathode
(B) Charge and mass of the particles constituting cathode rays depends upon the nature of
the gas
(C) Charge and mass of the particles present does not depend upon the material of the
cathode
(D) The ratio charge/mass of the particles is much greater than that of anode rays

7. Which is not correct about electrons ?

(A) Discovered by J. J. Thomson (B) Named by G.J Stoney
(C) Present inside the nucleus (D) It has maximum e/m ratio

8. The e/m ratio is zero for

(A) Electron (B) Proton
(C) Neutron (D) All

9. The e/m is constant for

(A) Cathode rays (B) Positive rays
(C) Visible rays (D) Infra red rays

10. Positive rays are

(A) Electromagnetic waves (B) Electrons
(C) Positively charges gaseous ions (D) Neutrons

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ASSIGNMENT – II
1. Rutherford experiment show the discovery of ?

2*. What is the approximate ratio of diameter of atom to the diameter of nucleus ?

3. Describe a - particle experiment of Rutherford.

4. Define Plum pudding or Water melon model.

5. What is the observation of Rutherford after his experiment?

6. Write down the drawback of Rutherford model.

7. Thomson atomic model can explain only

(A) Existance of Nucleus (B) Electrical neutrality
(C) Orbital concept (D) All of these

8. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of alpha particles showed for the first time that
atom has
(A) Nucleus (B) Electrons
(C) Protons (D) Neutrons

9*. Rutherford’s model of the atom accounts for the

(A) Scattering of alpha particles by metal foils (B) Stability for the electron orbits
(C) Stability of the atom (D) Line spectra of lighter elements

10. When a-particles are sent through a thin metal foil, most of them go straight through the
foil because (one or more)
(A) a-particles are much heavier than electrons (B) a-particles are positively charged
(C) Most part of atom is empty space (D) a-particles are negatively charged

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ASSIGNMENT – III
1. Write the electronic configuration of C, O, & N element.

2. Find the number of valence electron in Al, F, P elements.

3. Define mass number and Atomic number

4. Give one example of each of the following:

35
(i) Isotope of 17 Cl
40
(ii) Isobar of 18 Ar
14
(iii) Isotone of 6 C

5. Find out the mass number of the following element

(A) 6 C12 (B) 35 Br 80 (C) 1 D 2 (D) 8 O18

6. Choose the correct statement

(A) There are 20 protons in calcium atom
(B) There are 19 electrons in oxygen atom
(C) There are 18 electrons in carbon atom
(D) There are 12 protons in hydrogen atom

7. If an atom gains only one electron in its valence shell, then ion so formed will have
(A) One unit positive charge (B) One unit negative charge
(C) No charge` (D) Two units positive charge

8*. Which among the following pairs are having different number of valence electrons ?
+ 3+ 3-
(A) Na , Al (B) P , Ar
+ 2- -
(C) Mg , Ar (D) O , F

9. The total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc ion with mass number 70 is [30Zn70]
(A) 34 (B) 40
(C) 36 (D) 38

10*. Which of the following has more electrons than neutrons

(A) Al3+ (B) C
(C) O 2- (D) F

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ASSIGNMENT – IV
1. What are isotopes ?

2. What are isotones ?

3. s-subshell & p-subshell contain how many electrons?

4. Each orbital contain how many electrons?

5. Represent the number of electron in terms of K L M N.

6. Which among the following are isobars ?

(A) b X a ,b Y a +1 (B) b X a , b Y b
(C) b X a , b +1Y a (D) b X a , b -1Y a -1

7. Some of the element have fractional atomic masses. The reason for this could be
(A) the existence of isobars (B) the existence of isotopes
(C) the nuclear reactions (D) the presence of neutrons in the nucleus
8*. Two nuclides X and Y are isotonic to each other with mass number 70 and 72
respectively. If the atomic number of X is 34, then that of Y would be
(A) 32 (B) 34
(C) 36 (D) 38
9. Which of the following are isoelectronic with one another ?
(A) Na + and Ne (B) K + and O
(C) Ne and O (D) Na + and K +
10. The isotopes of chlorine can be represented as
30 36 33 36
(A) 12 Cl and 15 Cl (B) 17 Cl and 16 Cl
35 37 30 29
(C) 17 Cl and 17 Cl (D) 12 Cl and Cl 13

11*. Number of neutrons in the three isotopes of hydrogen (H,D,T) respectively are
(A) 0,1,2 (B) 1,2,3
(C) 1,1,1 (D) 0,0,0
12*. Choose the correct representation of carbon isotopes
(A) 14 C,14 12
6 C,5 C (B) 12 13 14
6 C,6 C,6 C

(C) 11 14 12
3 C, 4 C,7 C (D) 10
2 C,16 14
2 C,7 C

13. Choose the isotopes of nitrogen

(A) 147 N,157 N (B) 16
6 N,195 N
12
(C) 3 N,144 N (D) 14
6 N,147 N

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COMPETITIVE CORNER
Straight Objective Type
This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. Choose the correct option.

1. The charge of an electron is

(A) 3.2 ´10-19 C (B) 1.6 ´10-19 C
(C) 4.8 ´10-19 C (D) None
2. Rutherford’s experiment, which established the nuclear model of the atom, used a beam
of
(A) b-particles which impinged on a metal foil and got absorbed
(B) g-rays, which impinged on a metal foil and ejected electrons
(C) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
(D) helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil and got scattered
3. Rutherford’s model is related to explain
(A) Discovery of neutrons
(B) Spectrum of Hydrogenic species
(C) Planetary motion of electrons around nucleus
(D) All of these
35 37
4. 17Cl and 17 Cl are______________
(A) Isotopes (B) Isobars
(C) Isotones (D) None of these

5. Nuclide symbol is expressed as

(A) AZ X (B) x
A Z
(C) Az X (D) None

6. In Rutherford gold foil experiment most of the a-particles pass through the gold foil
without any deviation from their paths. This indicates that [NSO 2007]
(A) The atom is spherical
(B) There is a positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom
(C) The entire mass of the atom is concentrated at the nucleus of the atom
(D) Most portion of the atom is empty space
7. Number of neutrons is given by
A
(A) A + Z (B)
Z
(C) A - Z (D) A + 2Z
8. Rutherford’s a - particle scattering experiment concludes ?
(A) All –ve ions are deposited at small part
(B) Proton moves around the nucleus
(C) All + ve ions are deposited at small part
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Structure of the Atom Chemistry, Class : IX

(D) Neutrons are charged particles

9. According to Niel’s Bohr each orbit has
(A) Definite shape (B) Definite energy
(C) Definite volume (D) None

10. The first, second, third and fourth orbits are respectively designated are
(A) P,Q,R,S (B) A,B,C,D
(C) K,L,M,N (D) S,P,D,F

11. Which of the following is a correct representation of Cl-? [NSO 2008]

17p 17n
18n 18p
(A) (B)

18p 17n
18n 17p
(C) (D)

12. Rutherford’s model of an atom could not explain its stability. This was overcome by
another atomic model. The postulates of the new model of the atom are
(i) An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the electrons are embedded in it.
(ii) Only discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the atom
(iii) While revolving in orbits, electrons do not radiate. [NSO 2008]
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i) and (iii) (D) (i), (ii) and (iii)
13. “All matter is made up of very small particles which cannot be further broke down. These
particles are called atoms”. This statements is one of the assumptions of _____
[NSO 2008]
(A) Rutherford’s nuclear theory (B) Bohr’s theory
(C) Dalton’s atomic theory (D) Kinetic theory of gases
Multiple Correct Answer Type
This section contains multiple choice questions. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C), (D), out of
which ONE or MORE is correct. Choose the correct options.

14. Which of the following is / are correct ?

(A) Electron has unit negative charge. (B) Proton has unit positive charge
(C) Neutron has no charge (D) None of these

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15. Identify the incorrect statements in the following

(A) Mass of neutron is same as the mass of proton
(B) Neutron is lightest particle in the atom
(C) Neutrons are present out side of the nucleus
(D) Neutron has neutral charge

35
16. 17Cl indicates , nuclide
(A) Contains 17 electrons (B) Contains 18 neutrons
(C) Contains 17 protons (D) None of these

17. Nucleons are

(A) The fundamental particles present in the atomic nucleus
(B) The protons present in the atomic nucleus
(C) The protons and neutrons present in the nucleus.
(D) The particles emitted in radioactivity.

18. The orbits of atom can be represented by

(A) K shell (B) L shell
(B) M shell (D) N shell

Linked Comprehension Type

This section contains paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph multiple choice questions have to be
answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Choose
the correct option.
Anode rays are also called as canal rays or positive rays. The specific charge (e/m ratio) of the
anode rays was not constant but changed with the gas in the tube. The specific charge of the
anode rays was found to be maximum when gas present in the discharge tube was hydrogen.

19. Specific charge (e/m) of anode rays depend on _____________.

(A) Temperature (B) Pressure
(C) Gas in discharge tube (D) depends on the anode

20. Anode rays contain___________ particles

(A) Positively charged (B) Negatively charged
(C) Neutral (D) Both (B) and (C)

Assertion – Reason Type questions

This section contains certain number of questions. Each question contains Statement – 1 (Assertion) and
Statement – 2 (Reason). Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is
correct Choose the correct option.
(A) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(B) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement–1.
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False.
(D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True.

21. Statement-I : Most of a - particles went straight through the foil.

Statement-II : Atom is mostly empty
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22. Statement-II :In a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are same
Statement-II : Neutron has no electric charge

Matrix Match Type

This section contains Matrix-Match Type questions. Each question contains statements given in two
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column–I have to be matched with
statements (p, q, r, s) in Column–II. The answers to these questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
illustrated in the following example.
If the correct matches are A-p, A-s, B-q, B-r, C-p, C-q and D-s, then the correctly bubbled 4 ´ 4 matrix
should be as follows:

23. Match the following :

Column-I Column-II
(A) Mass of proton (p) Hydrogen
(B) Proton (q) 1.67 ´10-24 g
(C) Lightest element (r) Electron
(D) Highest e/m value (s) H+

24. Match the following :

Column-I Column-II
(A) Proton (p) Chadwick
(B) Neutron (q) 1.007277
(C) Electron (r) 1.008665
(D) Number of neutrons (s) A-Z
(t) J. J. Thomson

25. Match the following :

Column-I Column-II
(A) Tritium (p) 2
(B) 16
8 O
(q) 8
(C) 17
37
Cl (r) 7
(D) 13
6 C (s) 20
(t) 30

Integer Answer Type

26. How many fundamental particles are present in an atom?

27. Nucleons are made up of how many fundamental particles?

28. What is the number of electrons present in 2 He 4 ?

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KEY & HINTS

Structure Of The Atom
ASSIGNMENT – I 3. Alpha particle
Rutherford
Experiment of

1. Value of e/m for the cathode ray = Rutherford and his students (Hans
1.76 × 108 C/gm. Geiger and Ernest Marsden)
2. Proton is discovered by Goldstein, bombarded very thin gold foil
value of e/m for proton (~100nm) by particles (positively
= 9.65 × 104 C/gm. charged mass 4u and a charge of +2
3. James Chadwick. units) emitted from a radio active
4. element radium enclosed in a lead box.
Mass Electron Proton Neutron The gold foil is surrounded by a
Relative 1/1837 of »H- »H-atom circular zinc sulphide screen. ZnS
mass H-atom atom produce scintillation whenever
Absolute 9.1 1.66 ´ 1.67 ´
Mass ´ 10-31 kg 10-27 kg 10-27 kg
particles struck the screen.
5. (i) Cathode rays are made up of Observation:
material particles. (i) Most of the particles passed
(ii) Cathode rays carry negative through the gold foil undeflected.
charge. (ii) Some of the particles deflected by
(iii) They produce X-ray when they some angles.
strike against the surface of hard metal (iii) A very few particles (~ 1 in
like tungsten and molybdenum. 20,000) bounced back, i.e. deflected
(v) They affect the photographic by 180°.
plates. 4. Thomson model is know as plum
6. (B) pudding model. According to this
7. (C) a) Atom is spherical in shape of
8. (C) approximate radius 10–10 m.
Charge/mass = zero, for neutron, b) Positive charge is uniformly
because charge on Neutron is 0.
9. (A) distributed over it.
Because it does not depend on the gas c) Electron (negative charge) may be
taken in the discharge tube. regarded as embedded in this sphere.
10. (C) d) Atom as a whole is electrically neutral
since total positive charge is exactly
balanced by the total negative charge.
ASSIGNMENT – II 5. Following observations are observed
1. Nucleus is discovered during by Rutherford.
Rutherford experiment. (i) Most of the particles passed
2. Ratio = through the gold foil undeflected.
diameter of atom 10-8 cm (ii) Some of the particles deflected by
= -13 =105 some angles.
diameter of nucleus 10 cm

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Structure of the Atom Chemistry, Class : IX

(iii) A very few particles (~ 1 in 9. (B) 30Zn70

20,000) bounced back, i.e. deflected So mass number = Number of P +
by 180°. Number of neutron
6. Drawback of Rutherford model : (i) 70 = 30 + number of neutron
Rutherford model cannot explain the Number of neutron
= 70 – 30 = 40.
stability of an atom.
10. (C)
(ii) It could not explain how the
electron are distributed around the ASSIGNMENT – IV
nucleus. 1. Isotopes : Atoms with identical
7. (B) atomic number but different mass
8. (A) number is known as isotopes
9. (A) 1 2 3
1H , 1H , 1H
During his experiment Rutherford 2. Isotones : Atoms of different elements
bombards a-particle on the wooden containing same number of neutron
foil and discovered the nucleus. 39
19K and 20Ca
40
10. (B) 3. s-subshell contain ® 2e-
ASSIGNMENT – III p-subshell contain ® 6e-
4. Any orbital contain maximum 2
1. Electronic configuration of :
electron.
K L M
C = 2, 4 5. Number of electron in K shell
O = 2, 6 = 2n2 = 2 × 12 = 2
N = 2, 5 Number of electron in L shell
2. Number of valence electron in = 2 × 22 = 8 e
Al = 3; F = 7; P = 5 Number of electron in M shell
3. (a) Mass number : Sum of the total = 2 × 32 = 18 e
number of proton and neutron present
Number of electron in N
in the nucleus.
(b) Atomic Number: It is the number = 2 × 42 = 32 e
of protons present in the nucleus. 6. (C)
37
Cl (ii) 1940 K (iii) 16 Isobar are having same mass number.
4. (i) 17 8 O
7. (B)
5. An element is represented like
Z ® mass number 8. (C)
Atomic number ® XY
9. (A)
So mass number of C = 12, Br = 80, D
Isoelectronic elements are those
= 2, O = 18.
elements in which number of electrons
6. (A)
are same.
7. (B)
10. (C)
When an atom gain an electron,
11. (A) 1H1, 1H2, 1H3
negative charge is present on that
Number of neutron = 0, 1, 2
atom.
8. (C) respectively.
Number of valence electron for 12. (B)
Mg+1 = 1 13. (A)
Number of valence electron for
Ar = 8

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13. (A)
14. (A, B, C)
15. (B, C)
COMPETITIVE 16. (A, B, C)
35
17Cl
C O RN ER Number of proton
= Number of electron
1. (B) Number of neutron
2. (D) = 35 – 17 = 18 neutron.
3. (A)
17. (A, C)
4. (A)
Nucleons are proton and neutron
Isotopes are atoms of same element
present in nucleus
which mass number is same.
18. (A, B, C, D)
5. (C)
19. (C)
6. (D)
Because it depend upon the nature of
7. (C)
gas which is taken in the discharge
8. (C)
tube.
X and Y are isotone it means
20. (A)
number of neutron in X = number of
It come from perforated anode and
neutrons in Y
goes to negative terminal so it means
Atomic number = number of proton.
contain positive charge particle.
Number of proton of X = 34
21. (A)
Number of neutrons in X = mass
22. (B)
number - number of protons
23. (A ® q),(B ® s),(C ® p),(D ® r)
= 70 – 34 = 36.
24. (A ® q), (B ® p, r), (C ® t), (D ® s)
so atomic number of Y = mass number
25. (A ® p), (B ® q), (C ® s), (D ® r)
– number of neutron
26. 3
= 72 - 36 = 36
Three fundamental particle are there
9. (B)
(i) electron (ii) Proton (iii)
10. (C)
Neutron
First orbit are represented like – K
27. 2
2nd orbit are represented like – L
Nucleon are made up of 2-
3rd orbit are represented like = M
fundamental particle i.e., proton and
4th orbit are represented like = N
neutron.
11. (A)
28. 2
Number of electrons in Cl- Number of electron = 2
= 17 + 1 = 18 Because number of proton = Number
Atomic number = 17 of electron for neutral atom.
= number of protons.
12. (B)

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