Geology - Petrology

PETROLOGY
Engr. Jomar Llanto

Define Petrology
Petrology means “STUDY OF ROCKS”
Petro = Rock
Logy = Study
The branch of geology deals with the various aspects of rocks
such as, Origin, Association, Occurrence, Mineral composition,
Chemical composition, Texture, Structure, Physical properties of
rocks.
2
Define Rock
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one
or more minerals combined together in an orderly manner.
Petrography deals with the descriptive part of rocks.

Petrogeny deals with the mode of formation of rocks.
3
Classification of Rocks
Rocks
Geological Physical Chemical
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Stratified Siliceous
Intrusive Extrusive Clastic Foliated Unstratified Argillaceous

Deposits
Hypabasal Volcanic Chemical Non Foliated Calcareous

Deposits Foliated
Plutonic Organic
Deposits
4
Igneous Rock
Igneous rocks are the primary rocks, which are formed due to
cooling and solidification of magma.
Magma is a hot viscous, siliceous melt, containing water

vapour and gases.
Magma comes out from the greater depth below the earth
surface, such magma is called LAVA.
5
Classification of Igneous Rock
Rocks
Geological
Igneous
Intrusive Extrusive
Hypabasal Volcanic
Plutonic
6
Igneous Rock
Intrusive igneous rocks
Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and
solidifies within the crust of a planet, surrounded by pre-
existing rock (called country rock).
The magma cools slowly and, as a result, these rocks are coarse-
grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be
identified with the naked eye.
7
Diorite Granite
8
Gabbro Pegmatite
9
Classification of Igneous Rock
Rocks
Geological
Igneous
Intrusive Extrusive
Hypabasal Volcanic
Plutonic
10
Igneous Rock
Hypabasel Rock
These Rocks are formed at intermediate depth generally up to 2
km below the earth surface and exhibits mixed characteristics of
volcanic and plutonic.
11
Diorite
12
Igneous Rock
Plutonic Rock
These Rocks are formed at considerable depth generally up to 7-
10 km below the earth surface. Because of very slow rate of
cooling at these depth coarse grained rocks are formed.
13
Gabbro Pegmatite
14
Plutonic Rocks
Gabbro Hypabasel Rock
Diorite
15
Igneous Rock
Extrusive igneous rocks
It is also called as volcanic rocks. These rocks are formed due to
cooling and solidification of magma at the crust surface.
The magma, which is brought to the surface through fissures or
volcanic eruptions, solidifies at a faster rate. Hence such rocks
are smooth, crystalline and fine-grained.
16
Igneous Rock
Extrusive igneous rocks
Volcanic Rocks
These rocks are formed due to cooling and solidification of lava
erupted from volcanoes. since lava cools down very fast rate.
The grain size of the crystal formed in these rock is fine.
17
Volcanic Rock
18
Basalt
19
Basalt Diorite
20
Rocks
Geological
Sedimentary
Clastic
Deposits
Chemical
Deposits
Organic
Deposits
21
Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rocks are those, which are formed by the
accumulation, compaction and consolidation of sediments. The
sediments are the particles produced from the disintegration of
pre-existing rocks (Igneous/metamorphic rocks) through the
process of transportation and deposition by various natural
agencies like wind, water and glaciers .
22
Sedimentary Rock
23
Sedimentary Rock
24
Sand Stone Conglomerate
25
shale Lime stone
26
Sedimentary Rock
Clastic deposit rock
They are mechanically formed rocks. These are formed due to
the process of weathering, erosion, transportation and
deposition of pre-existing rocks.
Rudaceous rocks-If the grain size are more than 2 mm in dia,
Arenaceous rocks-If the grain size is in between 1 and 2 mm.
Argillaceous rocks-If the size of the particle is < 1mm in dia,
27
Conglomerate Breccia
28
Quartz Sand stone Grit
29
Shale and Mud stone
30
Sedimentary Rock
Chemical deposit rock
They are formed by precipitation, evaporation or crystallization
from natural aqueous solution.
When water is rich in dissolved salt evaporates and left behind
minerals. (Halite)
Limestone can form when calcite minerals dissolved in lakes,
sea and underground water comes out of solution and form
crystal.
31
Lime Stone Halite
32
Sedimentary Rock
Organic deposit rock
Sedimentary rocks which are formed exclusively from remains
of organisms like plant / animals deposited in a thick layer.
33
34
Coal Lignite
35
Rocks
Metamorphic
Foliated
Non
Foliated
36
Metamorphic Rock
The word "Metamorphism" comes from the Greek: Meta =
change, Morph = form, so metamorphism means to change
form. Metamorphic rocks are those rocks that are formed as a
result of transformation that takes place in the pre-existing
rocks (Igneous/sedimentary rocks). When the pre-existing rocks
are subjected to higher temperature, pressure and chemically
active liquids and gases, the minerals present in the original
rocks changes to new environmental condition.
37
Slate Slate
38
Gneiss Gneiss
39
Metamorphic Rock
Foliated
When pressure squeezes the flat or elongate minerals within a
rock so they become aligned. These rocks develop
a platy or sheet-like structure that reflects the direction that
pressure was applied in. Slate, schist, and gneiss are all foliated
metamorphic rocks.
40
Slate Schist
41
Metamorphic Rock
Non Foliated
Non foliated metamorphic rocks are formed around igneous
intrusions where the temperatures are high but the
pressures are relatively low and equal in all directions
42
White Marble Marble
43
44
Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Stratified Siliceous
Intrusive Extrusive Clastic Foliated Unstratified Argillaceous
Hypabasal Volcanic Chemical Non Foliated Calcareous

Deposits Foliated
Plutonic Organic
Deposits
45
Physical Classification
Stratified rocks
These rocks are having layered structure. They possess
planes of stratification or cleavage. They can be easily split
along these planes.
Sand stones, lime stones, slate etc.
46
47
Un-stratified rocks
These rocks are not stratified. They possess crystalline and
compact grains. They cannot be split in to thin slab.
Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples of this type of
rocks.
48
Granite Marble
49
Foliated Rocks
These rocks have a tendency to split along a definite direction
only. The direction need not be parallel to each other as in case
of stratified rocks. This type of structure is very common in case
of metamorphic rocks.
50
51
Chemical Classification
Siliceous rocks
These rocks which have silica as the
main constituent.
The silica in the free state is called
sand and in combined state is
silicate.
Examples: Granite, Quartzite,
Sandstone etc.
52
Argillaceous rocks
These rocks which have clay or
alumina as the main constituent.
Examples: Kaolin, Laterite, Slate
etc.
53
Calcareous rocks
These rocks which have calcium
carbonate or lime as their
leading constituent. These rocks
are readily acted upon by
even dilute HCl.
Examples: Limestone and Marble.
54
Forms of Igneous Rock
Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Extrusive
Concordant Discordant
Sill Batholith
Phacolith Dyke
Volcanic
Lopolith
neck
Laccolith
55
Concordant intrusive bodies The
magma intrusion is parallel
to the structure of the country
rock, they are called ‘Concordant
intrusive bodies
56
Concordant intrusive bodies
Sill
It is a concordant intrusive igneous bodies. Sills are formed
due to the penetration of magma into bedding planes of
enclosing sedimentary rock. Their spreading capacity is mainly
depends upon viscosity of magma, its temperature and the
weight of overlaying rocks. The thickness varies from few
centimetres to several kilometres.
57
Sill
Eng- Geo [6K473]- Unit1 59

Phacolith
When thick sedimentary strata are folded, along the crust and
trough, some empty space occurs. These spaces are readily
occupied if magmatic intrusion get access to them.
On solidification these appear as lens shaped across the

axial plane.
59
Phacolith
60
Lopolith
This is basin or saucer shaped concordant intrusive igneous
body of enormous size. Its top is nearly flat and bottom is
convex downward bowl-like bodies, which are sagged
downwards due to the weight of the intruded magma.
61
Lopolith
62
Laccolith
This is a mushroom like concordant intrusive igneous bodies. It
is nearly flat bottom but it is convex upward i.e. dome shaped.
When viscous magma is injected along the bedding plane, as it
cannot spread easily, it pushes up the overlaying rocks and
piles up more at the place.
63
Laccolith
64
Laccolith
65
Discordant intrusive bodies
Batholith
These are the largest known discordant intrusive igneous
bodies mainly occurring in mountain ranges. Batholiths have
side sloping away from each other which makes them larger
and larger downwards and they have extended to very great
depths covering several kilometres.
66
Batholith
67
Dyke
Dykes are discordant igneous body of more or less tabular
shape and exhibit a cross –cutting relationship with the
country rocks they occur commonly n the forms of wall like
masses of exactly or nearly vertical attitude. If the rocks
constituting the dyke are hard and compact, they can resist
weathering and Erosional process.
68
Dyke
69
Dyke
70
Volcanic neck
The vents of quiet volcanoes have become sealed with the
igneous intrusions and is called volcanic necks/plugs. These
forms may be circular, semi circular or irregular and in varying
diameter.
71
Volcanic neck
72
Structure
Structure are physical features associated with the rocks. They
are primary in nature they occurs along with the formation of
rocks
Structure contribute the strength and weakness of the rock.
Structure helps to distinguishing features of rock group.

Structure reveals the mode of formation.
73
Structure of Igneous Rock
Vesicular Structure
Structure is porous in nature.
Commonly observed in Volcanic rocks.
Magma is a mixture of rock melts and volatiles, (Gases).
The gases present in the magma are lighter and escape into
atmosphere.
Empty cavity of various sizes and shapes are formed on

surface. These cavity called Vesicles.
74
Vesicular Structure
75
Amygdaloidal Structure
The empty vesicles in the vesicular structure are filled by
surface water or under ground water or sediments.
The in filled cavity are called Amygdales.

When empty cavities are filled with amygdales that
structure is called Amygdaloidal Structure
76
Amygdaloidal Structure
77
Columnar Structure
The volcanic igneous rock appears to be made up of
numerous parallel polygon prismatic column bundled
together. This results of the contraction of lava during
cooling.
78
Columnar Structure
79
Sheet Structure
The rocks appears to be made up of a number of sheets,
because of the development of nearly horizontal crack .
Plutonic rocks are formed at a great depth which means under
the great pressures. When erosion takes place in the over
laying strata gradually dis appear ultimately exposing of
plutonic rock in the form sheet.
80
Sheet Structure
81
Flow Structure
These structures are linear and nearly parallel features
occurring in volcanic rocks which develops as a
consequence of the flow of lava.
82
Flow Structure
83
Pillow Structure
The Volcanic igneous body appears as a pile of numerous
overlapping pillows.
It occurs only in soda rich basalt rock.

The pillows are generally interconnected vesicular and
glassy tops.
84
Pillow Structure
85
Textures of Igneous Rock
Texture mainly refers to Mutual relationship with constituent
minerals of rocks in addition to crystallinity, granularity and
shape of minerals in the rocks.
86
Equigranular Texture
In this type, the mineral grains are all of approximately same
size. This is because all the minerals are simultaneously get
consolidated. Ex: Granite, Basalt
87
Granite Basalt
88
Textures of Igneous Rock In
In this type, the mineral grains show marked difference in their
grain size. This is because different mineral grains consolidate
at different level and hence different minerals exhibit different
sizes.
Ex: Syenite
89
Textures of Igneous Rock In
Syenite Basalt
90
Porphyritic texture
It is a type of inequigranular texture, where tabular or large
sized minerals called phenocrysts are fully embedded within
the fine grained minerals known as matrix
Ex: Syenite Porphyry
91
Porphyritic texture
92
Poikilitic texture:
This is the converse of porphyritic texture, which is
characterized by the presence of fine grained crystals within
the body of large sized crystals. Ex: Peridotite
93
Poikilitic texture
94
Ophitic texture
This is similar to porphyritic texture, which shows the
phenocrysts are partially embedded within the matrix. This is
observed in dolerite rock whose lath shaped of mineral Augite
enclosed within small Plagioclase mineral. Ex: Dolerite
95
Ophitic texture
96
Pegmatitic / intergrowth texture
Two or more minerals crystallize simultaneously in a limited
space. Here one crystal intrudes another. An alternate bands of
dark and light coloured minerals are seen (quartz and
feldspar).
Ex: Pegmatite
97
Pegmatitic / Intergrowth texture
98
Vesicular Texture
Most lavas are heavily charged with gas which escapes as
soon as it comes in contact with Earth’s atmosphere. The
escape of these gases leads to the formation of different sizes
/ shapes of holes in the cooled volcanic rocks.
99
Vesicular Texture
100
Structure of Sedimentary Rock
Stratification and Lamination
The sedimentary rocks are bedded in nature. A bed is called
stratum and a number of beds are called Strata.
A bed is generally homogeneous in composition, texture and
colour. These are called Bedding planes. The different layers
of beds may vary in grain size, mineral composition, colour,
texture etc., depending upon the environment and
formation. This feature is called stratification.
101
Stratification and Lamination
102
Graded Bedding
In some beds at the bottom, there will be bigger particles
and very fine particles at the top. There is a gradual decrease
in the size of the particles from bottom to top. This
phenomenon is called Graded bedding. Here individual layer
is said to be graded with different particle size.
103
Graded Bedding
104
Current Bedding
Generally, the sedimentary beds are parallel to one another.
Some times the beds are deposited slightly inclined to the
major bedding plane because of change in the velocity and
direction of flow of stream. This structure is known as
Current Bedding.
105
Current Bedding
106
Ripple Marks
This is a minor structure in sedimentary rocks formed due to
mechanical origin. They are the undulations structure formed
on the surface of loose sediments due to action of wind in a
shallow water body. It is also called wave marks. If the ripple
marks are formed by stagnant water then the feature will be
symmetrical and if they are formed by
moving water then they are asymmetrical.
107
Ripple Marks
108
Mud Cracks
These are common structural features of fine grained
sedimentary rocks. The development of mud cracks is because
of the drying of huge masses of fine grained sediments under
sub-aerial condition. It is also called Sun cracks since they are
formed due to the effect of solar heat.
109
Mud Cracks
110
‘Tracks and Trails, Rain Prints
The movement of organisms on the surface of loose sediments
develops a marking or impression and is called ‘tracks and
trails’. On the other hand ‘Rain prints’ are formed on the top
surface of loose sediments due to impact of ‘drops’ of
rainwater.
111
Tracks and Trails, Rain Prints
112
Texture of Sedimentary Rock
Clastic Texture
Grains do not interlock but rather are piled together and
cemented. Boundaries of individual grains may be another
grain, cement or empty pore space. Overall rock is generally
porous and not very dense. Because Clastic are only cemented
together, grains are relatively easy to “scrape off" using a rock
hammer point or metal nail.
113
Clastic Texture
114
Microclastic texture
This texture is the same as the Clastic texture except that the
clasts are not visible to the eye. Because the grains are
invisible, examining the ease in which grains (silt or clay) may
be knocked off is the best test to perform.
115
Microclastic texture
116
Bioclastic texture
The texture is similar to Clastic texture except that all of the
clasts or grains are fossils.
117
Bioclastic texture
118
Crystalline texture
Crystals are visible and form an interlocking network. Unlike
igneous crystalline textures, however, sedimentary crystalline
textures are typically formed from one mineral throughout the
entire rock.
119
Crystalline texture
120
Microcrystalline texture
No crystals are visible but the rock is composed of interlocking
microscopic crystals. Such rocks are dense and typically
nonporous. Microcrystalline rocks break with a characteristic
Conchoidal fracture. That is, the broken surface may smooth
concentric lines resembling the inside of an oyster shell or
broken glass.
121
Microcrystalline texture
122
Structure of Metamorphic Rock
123
Porphyroclastic Structure
It is produced under stress and in absence of high temperature,
where by rocks are subjected to shearing and fragmentation.
Only the durable mineral partly survive the crushing force and
the less durable ones are powdered. Thus, when resistant
minerals and rock fragments stand out in a pseudo porphyritic
manner in the finer materials, it is
known as 'porphyroclastic’ structure.
124
Porphyroclastic Structure
125
Maculose structure
It is produced by thermal metamorphism of argillaceous rocks
like shale. Here, larger crystals of cordierite and biotite are
sometimes well developed giving a spotted appearance to the
rocks. The well developed crystals are known as
'porphyroblasts' with increasing degree of metamorphism, the
spotted slates pass into extremely fine grained granular rock
known as Hornfels.
126
Maculose structure
127
Schistose structure
Here the platy or flaky minerals like the micas and other
Inequidimensional minerals show a preferred orientation
along parallel planes, under the effect of the stress
dominating during metamorphism. The longer directions are
parallel to the direction of maximum stress. Schistosity is the
property or tendency of a foliated rock, whereby it can
be readily split along foliation plane.

128
Schistose structure
129
Granulose structure
This is found in the rocks composed of equidimensional minerals
like quartz, feldspar and pyroxenes. They are formed by the
recrystallization of pre-existing rocks, under uniform pressure and
great heat. The typical texture is coarsely granoblastic. These
structures are also known as
Quartzite's and marbles are typical examples of this structure.
130
Granulose structure
131
Gneissose structure
It is a banded structure due to alter nation of schistose (dark
coloured) and granulose (light coloured) bands and is produced
by highest grade of metamorphism, typically by regional
metamorphism. The bands differ from are another in colour,
texture and mineral composition.
Gneisses typically show this type of structure, hence the name.
132
Gneissose structure
133
Texture of Metamorphic Rock
Gneissose structure
It is a banded structure due to alter nation of schistose (dark
coloured) and granulose (light coloured) bands and is produced
by highest grade of metamorphism, typically by regional
metamorphism. The bands differ from ore another in colour,
texture and mineral composition.
Gneisses typically show this type of structure, hence the name.
134
Gneissose structure
135
ROCK CYCLE
136
IGNEOUS
Crystallization
MAGMA
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystalliza
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
MAGMA
Weathering
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift MAGMA
Weathering SEDIMENT
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift MAGMA
SEDIMENT Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Volcanic Deposition
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift MAGMA
SEDIMENT Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Volcanic Deposition
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift MAGMA
SEDIMENT Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Volcanic Deposition
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
Plutonic Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Burial
Uplift MAGMA
SEDIMENT Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Volcanic Can you see Deposition
IGNEOUS any shortcuts? SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift MAGMA
SEDIMENT Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Volcanic Deposition
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift MAGMA
In Conclusion…
• The rock cycle demonstrates the
relationships among the three
major rock groups
• It is powered by the interior heat of
the Earth
• As well as earth’s momentum
and…
• The energy from the sun
• It involves processes on the
Earth’s surface as well as the
Earth’s interior
• It connects the “hydrologic cycle”
with the “tectonic cycle”.
SEDIMENT Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Volcanic Deposition
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift MAGMA

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PETROLOGY

Engr. Jomar Llanto

Petrography deals with the descriptive part of rocks.

Geological Physical Chemical

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Stratified Siliceous

Intrusive Extrusive Clastic Foliated Unstratified Argillaceous

Hypabasal Volcanic Chemical Non Foliated Calcareous

Magma is a hot viscous, siliceous melt, containing water

Argillaceous rocks-If the size of the particle is < 1mm in dia,

Geological Physical Chemical

Geological Physical Chemical

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Stratified Siliceous

Intrusive Extrusive Clastic Foliated Unstratified Argillaceous

Hypabasal Volcanic Chemical Non Foliated Calcareous

Eng- Geo [6K473]- Unit1 59

On solidification these appear as lens shaped across the

Structure helps to distinguishing features of rock group.

Empty cavity of various sizes and shapes are formed on

The in filled cavity are called Amygdales.

It occurs only in soda rich basalt rock.

Ex: Syenite Porphyry

be readily split along foliation plane.

Quartzite's and marbles are typical examples of this structure.

Plutonic Increased P&T

Volcanic Can you see Deposition

IGNEOUS any shortcuts? SEDIMENTARY

Plutonic Increased P&T

Plutonic Increased P&T

Plutonic Increased P&T

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