COMPARATIVE

MODELS IN
POLICING

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLICE SYTEM

A. COMPARATIVE= relating to or based on or involving comparison

 B. POLICE
▪ Polis= a Greek word which means “city-state” or a system of organized civil
enforcement to preserve life, liberty, property, food sources, community health
and the enforcement of laws.
▪ Politeia= an ancient Greek word derived from the word “Polis” the conditions
and rights of the citizen, or citizenship”, analogous to the Latin “civitas” system
of government, state organization, form of government, and, more recently,
regime.
▪ Police= the governmental department charged with the regulation and control of
the affairs of a community, now chiefly the department established to maintain
order, enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime. (French word).

C. SYSTEM= a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
▪ It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It
covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.
▪ Process of outline the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international policing.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING
A. First Theory
▪ “Alertness to crime theory”
▪ Society develops awareness to crime is heightened.
▪ They report more crime to police and demand the police to become more effective in
solving crime problems.
B. Second Theory
▪ “economic or migration theory”
▪ Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation
C. Third Theory
▪ “Opportunity theory”
▪ Those with higher standards of living become more careless of their belongings for
committing crime multiply.

D. Fourth Theory
▪ “Demographic theory”
▪ It is based on the presumption that when greater number of children is born delinquent
subcultures are developing out of the adolescent crisis.
E. Fifth Theory
▪ “deprivation theory”
 ▪ Those people at the bottom level develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top
don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
F. Sixth Theory
▪ “Modernization theory”
▪ It sees the problem a society becoming too complex.
G. Seventh Theory
▪ “theory of anomie”
▪ It suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms.

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

Common law system
▪ “Anglo-American justice”
▪ It exists in most English-speaking countries of the world, such as the US., England,
Australia and New Zealand.
▪ There is strong adversarial and rely upon system of evidence in which the public trial is a
main focal point.
Civil law systems
▪ “continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice”
▪ It is practiced by most of the European Union as well as in a place such as Sweden,
Germany, France and Japan.
▪ They are notable by strong inquisitorial systems where less right is granted to the accused
and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
Socialist systems
▪ “Marxist-Leninist justice”
▪ It is practiced in African in Asia, where there had been a Communist revolution.
▪ They are renowned by procedures intended to revitalize or retain people into satisfying
their responsibilities to the state.
Islamic systems
▪ “Muslim or Arabic justice”
▪ They derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran.
▪ Islamic systems in general are distinguish by the absence of positive law and are based
more on the concept of natural justice.
▪ Religion plays an important role.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

▪ It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It
covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.
▪ Process of outline the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international policing.
DIFFERENT STYLES OF POLICING (James Q. Wilson)
▪ Legalistic: an emphasis on violation of law, and the use of threats or actual arrest to solve
disputes.
▪ Watchman: an emphasis on informal means of resolving disputes.
▪ Service: an emphasis on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing the law.

SIGNIFICANT CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICING

▪ Crime has become a global phenomenon.
▪ Transnational crimes like terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering, human
smuggling, etc…goes global.
▪ Thus, it has the potential of wear down the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful
community of the United Nations-A THREAT TO LAW ENFORCEMENT.
▪ Given that assumption, policing itself must become global in its scope.
GLOBALIZATION
▪ The increasingly global relationship of culture, people and economic activity.
▪ Transnational circulation of ideas languages, and popular culture.
▪ This process ha effects and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies
around the world.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT

▪ The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
▪ There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organizations in
the world is vital.
▪ Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance
computer to prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with
cybercrimes.
▪ Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
▪ Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theories
of crime.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
▪ Crimes that take place in one country, but their consequences significant affect another
country.
▪ Crimes that are not only international but crimes that by their nature involve border
crossing an essential part of the criminal activity.
▪ A continuing illegal activity of group of person which is primarily concerned with the
generation of profits, irrespective of national boundaries as a result of globalization.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
▪ Crime perpetuated by organized criminal group which the aim of committing one or more
serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain directly or indirectly, a financial or other
material benefits committed through crossing of borders or jurisdictions.

According to the United Nations Convention of Transnational Organized

Crime (Article 3:2, an offense is transnational if it:
▪ It is committed in one state.
▪ It is committed in one state but a substantial part of preparation, planning, direction or
control takes place in another state.
▪ Is committed in one state but involves an organized crime group that engages in criminal
activities in more than one state; or
▪ Is committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
A. Drug trafficking – the illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market
consisting of the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal drugs.

B. Trafficking of Persons – recruitment, transportation, transfer or harbouring, or receipt of

persons WITH OR WITHOUT THE VICTIM’S CONSENT OR KNOWLEDGE, within
or across national borders by any means for the PURPOSE OF EXPLOITATION (e.g.
prostitution, forced labor, slavery, servitude, removal or sale of organs)

R.A. 9208- Anti- Trafficking in Person Act of 2003

Qualified Trafficking in Persons:
▪ When it involves a child;
▪ When used through adoption under R.A. 8043;
▪ Committed by syndicate or in large scale;
▪ The offender in an ascendants, parents, siblings, guardians or who exercise authority over
the trafficked persons or by public officer or employee;
▪ When the offender is a member of the military or law enforcement or infected with HIV
or AIDS.

CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

▪ Poverty
▪ Uneven economic development
▪ Family orientation & values
▪ Weak enforcement of laws
▪ Corruption
▪ Immediate benefits of working abroad
 TRACCKING vs. HUMAN SMUGGLING
TRACCKING SMUGGLING
▪ Usually involves coercion ▪ Usually does not involves coercion
▪ Characterized by subsequent ▪ Characterized by facilitating, for a
exploitation after the illegal entry of a fee, the illegal entry for a person into
person into a foreign country a foreign country
▪ Considered a human rights issue ▪ Considered a migration issue

ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT R.A. 8042 (RA 10022)

RA 10022- AN ACT AMENDING RA 8042 IMIGRANT WORKERS AND OVERSEAS
FILIPINO ACT) Illegal recruitment shall mean any act of canvassing, enlisting, contracting,
transporting, utilizing, hiring or procuring of workers which include referring, contact services,
promising or advertising for employment abroad, whether for profit or not, when undertaken by a
non-license or non-holder of authority.
MODUS OPERANDI OF ILLEGAL RECRUITERS
▪ Tourist Worker Scheme- workers leave the country but are actually leaving for
employment abroad.
▪ Escort Services- workers are “escorted” at the airports and seaports and allowed to leave
even without the required documents.
▪ Blind Ads- advertisements for overseas employment published in the dailies do not
indicate the name of the recruiter but provides a P.O. Box to which applications may be
submitted.
▪ By Correspondence- applicants are encouraged to submit their requirements through
mail together with seemingly minimal fee.
▪ Back door Exit- workers leave through the southern ports of exit where immigration
control is lax. They usually leave on cargo ships or on boats.
▪ Assumed Identity- workers leave under another name either using name of another
worker or through the “baklas system” or obtaining passports through fake birth
certificates and other documents. Minors are usually deployed through this scheme.
▪ Direct hiring- workers are recruited directly by the foreign employer and deployed either
a tourists or through any of the other illegal means.
▪ Trainee-Worker Scheme- workers are recruited and deployed as trainees on a training
agreement. More often, HRM students leaving in the guise of a traineeship program for
hotels abroad but eventually landing jobs in hotels/restaurants abroad.
▪ Visa Assistance or Immigration Consultancy Scheme- entities operating under the
guise of consultancy or offering placement abroad on immigrant visa. Some of them also
operate through the conduct of orientation seminars, which are actually recruiting
activities.
 ▪ Mail Order Bridge Scheme- marriage is arranged by brokers between Filipino women
and foreigners. The Filipino wife ends being a domestic helper to her husband and his
family or in worst situations abroad.
▪ Tie-Up or Kabit System – unlicensed recruiters tie-up with licensed agencies and recruit
workers through the facilities of the latter. Workers are either deployed under job order of
the licensed agency but actually worked for another employer abroad or, the foreign
principal of the unlicensed recruiter is registered or accredited under the licensed
agency’s name.
▪ Family Tours- organized by unscrupulous, travel agency to have one “bogus family”,
somebody will pretend as parents and children will use tampered documents to complete
the bogus family.
C. Smuggling of Firearms – transnational importation of illegal firearms mostly small arms,
by governments and insurgents in war zone regions.
D. Money Laundering
▪ The monetary proceeds of criminal activity are converted into funds with an apparent
legal source. (Manzel, 1996)
▪ Money laundering suggests a cycle of transactions in which the illegitimate dirty money
comes out clean after being processed into a legitimate legal source.
(Fairchild, 2001)
R.A. 9160 as amended by R.A. 9194 – an act defining the crime of money laundering,
providing penalties therefore and for other purposes.
STEPS IN MONEY LAUNDERING
▪ Placement
- Process of moving money form the location of the criminal activity
- Getting currency into the bank, around the reporting system, at home or abroad.
- “Smurfing”.
▪ Layering
- Involves the frequent series of money transfers and transactions used “to cover the
tracks” of the illegal funds.
- The use of electronic methods is the most cost effective layering.
- “Heavy soaping”.

▪ Integration
- When the money is returned to the regular economy through purchase of investment.
- The launderer then makes the proceeds available to the criminals in apparent
legitimate form.
- “Spin dry”

E. Cyber Crimes
 ▪ Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a
network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the
commission of a crime.
▪ All illegal activities that are committed by or with the aid of computer or information
technology or in which the computers are the target of the criminal enterprise.
S
▪ CYBERSPACE – a term coined by sci-fi- novelist William Gibson in 1999. It is used to
refer to the spaces within computers and the spaces between computers (across networks)
when people interact with information and with each other.

FAMOUS VIRUSES AND WORMS

▪ I Love You Virus – Onel De Guzman (May 4, 2000) Filipino Science Student
▪ Internet Worm - Robert Morris
- The world famous worm
- It almost brought development of internet to a complete halt.
▪ Melissa Virus – David Smith
- He was sentenced to 20 months of imprisonment
▪ Ms Blaster Worm /W32
- Attacks the Microsoft Windows.

CLASSIFICATION OF CYBER CRIMES

Against Individual
▪ Cyber Stalking/Harassment
- A form of electronic harassment, often express or implied Physical threats that
create fear in the victim.
- Any unreasonable intrusion into the private life of a person that causes the person
to suffer mental statement.

▪ Cyber Defamation
- The making of a false statement of fact that injuries someone’s reputation.
- The public natures of bulletin boards and even email presence the opportunity to
publish defamatory statement.

▪ Credit Card Fraud

- Occurs when scammers send mass e-mail posing as banks, credit card companies,
or popular commercial web-sites, asking recipients to confirm or update personal
and financial information in a hyperlink to a look like coming from the original
web site.
Skimming Device
 - It is a device used to illegally capture a consumer’s credit and debit card account
information.
- The captured data is them used to commit fraud.
▪ Identity Theft
- A form of fraud or cheating of another person’s identity in which someone
pretend to be someone else by assuming that person’s identity, typically in order to
access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person’s name.

Against Individual Property

▪ Virus Dissemination
- A software or a code which modifies or destroy data, steals data or allows
unauthorized access, or exploit or damages a system in a manner not intended by
the user.

I LOVE YOU VIRUS

▪ May 4, 2000: The “I Love you” virus spreads to 55 million computers around the world.
The damage reaches billions of dollars.
▪ Hacking
- Act of Illegally accessing the computer system/network of an individual, group or
business enterprise without the consent or approval of the owner of the systems.

KINDS OF HACKER
✔ A black hat hacker is one who breaks into computer systems with malicious intent,
usually for some criminal purpose.
✔ A white hat hacker identifies and exposes a weakness in a way that allows system’s
owners to fix the breach before others take advantage of it.
✔ A grey hat hacker includes network vigilantes who shut down pornography site.

▪ Cracking
- A higher form of hacking in which the unauthorized access culminates with the
process of defeating the security system for the purpose of acquiring money or
information and/ or availing of free services.

▪ Web Defacement
- Usually the substitution of the original home page of a website with another page
(usually pornographic or defamatory in nature) by a hacker.

▪ Online Scam
- It is a fraudulent business scheme through computer system.

The Department of Justice Categorizes Computer Crime In Three Ways:

▪ The computer as a target – attacking the computer of others (spreading viruses is an
example).
 ▪ The computer as a weapon – using a computer to commit “traditional crime” that we
see in the physical world (such as fraud or illegal gambling).
▪ The computer as an accessory - using a computer as a “fancy filing cabinet” to store
illegal stolen information.

F. Terrorism
▪ Latin word “TERRERE” which means “to frighten or to instill fear”.
▪ Greek word “TREIN” which means “to be afraid”.
▪ The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property
▪ To intimidate or coerce government, civilian population, or any segment thereof,
▪ In furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997)

ORGANIZED CRIME TERRORISM

▪ Profit Motivated ▪ Motivated by ideology (e.g. communism)
▪ Seeks to form a ▪ Seeks to overthrow the existing government (e.g.
Parallel government communism)/ seeks to establish their
While coexisting government ( Muslim secessionist in Mindanao on
With the existing establishing the so-called “Bangsamoro Republic”
government
▪ Refers to carry-out ▪ Carries their activities openly by seeking to
Their activities in maximize media coverage and to promote their
Secret. message and publicize their goals (e.g. admission
By the Al-Qaeda on the 9-11 bombing).

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TERRORISM

▪ Ethnocentric – is the category of terrorist organization which is aimed at
Establishing a dominant or superior race that will be looked upon by the entire
Populace in the world.
▪ Revolutionary – is the category of terrorist group which is dedicated to
overthrow an established order and replacing it with a new political or social
structure.

▪ Political – is the category of terrorist group which aims in restructuring the

society.
▪ Nationalistic – those who commit acts of violence due to their loyalty or devotion
to their country.
THE FIGHT AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
The key struggle against transnational crime is dynamic cooperation base upon:
1. Mutual trust;
2. Common perception of the threat;
3. Realization that crime must be influence beyond national borders;
4. Understanding of the limitations of domestic intervention and unilateral action; and
5. Signaled attention to work with order interested nations in the interest of protecting
national integrity and sovereignty.
BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADDRESSING
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
1. UN Convention Against Transnational Crime
Features:
a) Creation of domestic criminal offenses to combat the problem;
b) Adoption of new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal assistance, extradition,
law enforcement cooperation, technical assistance and training.
2. UN Protocols on Specific Areas of Transnational Organized Crime
Features:
a) Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women
and children.
b) Protocol against smuggling of migrants by land, air and sea; and
c) Protocol against the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking of firearms, its parts,
components and ammunition.
PHILIPPINE RESPONSE TO TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
The Philippine Center for Transnational Crime (PCTC)
Legal Basis
1. Executive Order no.62 Series of 1999 (January 15, 1999) – PCTC is created to
Establish a shared database among concerned agencies for information on
criminals, methodologist, arrest and conviction on transnational crime in all its
forms.

2. Executive Order no.100 Series of 1999 (May 7, 1999), Executive Order

No.295 (September 28, 2002) and Executive Order no.146 (October 22, 2002)
– strengthen the operational, administrative and information support system of the
PCTC. Under these E.O’s, the center shall exercise general supervision and
control over the following:
 a. Loop Center of the National Action Committee on Anti- Hijacking and Terrorism
(NACAHT)
b. International Criminal Police Organization ICPO – INTERPOL - NCB Manila,
which has been reconstituted to serve as the national liaison office and main
coordinating body for international police cooperation against transnational crime.
c. Police attaches of the Philippines National Police, and
d. Political attaches/ councillors for security matters of the department of Interior
and Local Government (DILG).

Four Major Concerns of PCTC

▪ Information Exchange
▪ Strategic Studies
▪ Capacity Building
▪ Law enforcement Coordination

Activities of the PCTC to underscore or Role in the Fight against Transnational Crimes
▪ Strong Regional Coordination – the PCTC serves as a focal point in seeking the
assistance and support of member countries in the ASEAN and Asia Pacific Regions by
strengthening international cooperation.
▪ Support to the United Nations – PCTC in involved in the drafting of the main text of
the UN Convention against Transnational Crime and other related protocols.
▪ Capacity Building of Local Government Units – PCTC conducts simulation exercise to
assist local government units in the country in coping with the issues and concerns
relative to crisis situation.
▪ National Cooperation – PCTC hosts various technical working group meetings
formulating proposed legislation.

Presently the PCTC have two (2) Executive Offices and Four (4) Directorates:
Executive Offices:
1. Office of the Executive Director (OED)
2. Office of the Deputy Executive Director (ODED) – act as chairman of the following
committees:
● Committee on Decorum
● Grievance Committee
● Travel Board Personnel Selection and Recruitment Committee

Directorates:
1. Directorate for Support Service (DSS) – performs its function through its three
(3) Divisions namely:
● Administrative Divisions
● Security Service Division
 ● Budget and Finance Divisions

2. Directorate for Operation (PO) - performs its function through its four (4)
Divisions namely:
● INTERPOL Command and Coordination Division
● Case Management Division
● Capacity Building Division
● Fugitive investigation and International Notices Division

3. Directorate for Research (DR) - performs its function through its six (6) Division
namely:
● Public Safety and Terrorism Division
● Drugs and Criminal Organization Division
● Financial And High-Tech Crimes Division
● Special Crimes Division
● Human Trafficking and Smuggling Division
● Information and Technology Division

4. Directorate for Plans and Policies - performs its function through its three (3)
Division namely:
● Strategic Research Division
● Policy Formulation Division
● International Cooperation Division
INTERPOL
● The world’s largest international police organization
● Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946.
Organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat
international crime.

The current emblem/ logo of Interpol was adopted in 1950 and according to their website
Has the following symbolism.

● The globe indicates worldwide activity

● The olive branches represent peace
● The sword represents police action
 ● The scales signify justice

The flag has been in use since 1950.

● It has a light – blue background;

● The logo is in the centre;
● The four lightning flashes arranged symmetrically around the emblem symbolize
Telecommunication and speed in police action.

THE OFFICIAL ABBREVIATIONS

OICP – organization international police criminal

ICPO – international criminal police organization

INTERPOL’S CORE FUNCTIONS

Interpol’s activities are guided by the following four core functions.

A. Secure global police communication services

▪ Interpol’s global police communications system, known as 1-24/7, enables police in
all member countries to request, submit and access. Vital data instantly in a secure
environment.

1-24/7 – network that enables investigators to access INTERPOL’S range of criminal

databases.

B. Operational data services and databases for police

▪ Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases
including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or
Lost travel documents. INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime related data through a
system of international notices.

C. Operational police support services

▪ INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in field with emergency support
and operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas.

D. Police training and Development

▪ INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the
capacity of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and
terrorism. This includes sharing knowledge, skills and best practice in policing and
establishing global standards.
 INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE

Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL, Comprises the following:

A. General Assembly
● Supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates appointed by each
member country.
● Takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working, methods, finances,
activities and programs.
● Also elects the Organization’s Executive Committee.
B. Executive Committee
The Executive Committee is Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three
times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.

Role of Executive Committee is enumerated under Article 22 of the Constitution

● Supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly.
● Prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly.
● Submit to the General assembly any program of work or project which it considers useful
● Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General.

Composition of the Executive Committee

▪ President
▪ 3 Vice President
▪ 9 Delegates
In accordance with Article 15 of the constitution, the Executive Committee has 13
members comprising the President of the organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9
 delegates. These members are elected by the General Assembly and should belong to
different countries; in addition, the president and the 3 vice-presidents must come from
different regions.
▪ The president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3 years. They are not
immediately eligible for re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates to the
Executive Committee.
▪ Johann Schober – the first president of the Interpol.
▪ Mireille Ballestrazzi – elected at the 81st INTERPOL General Assembly held
in Rome in November 2012. She will serve as President until 2016.
▪ The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980-1984- Jolly R. Bugarin
(Philippines)

C. General Secretariat
Headed by secretary general appointed by general assembly maybe re-elected.
▪ Located in Lyron, France, the general secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year.
▪ Oskar Dressler – the first secretary general of Interpol.
▪ Ronald K. Noble - was elected Secretary General by the 69th INTERPOL General
Assembly in Rhodes, Greece, in 2000, and was unanimously reelected to a second
five-year term by the 74th INTERPOL General Assembly in Berlin, Germany.

FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL SECRETARIAT

▪ Coordinates the international activities of member countries
▪ Holds Library of international criminal records, and
▪ Organizes regular meetings at which delegation can exchange information on police
work.

D. National Central Bureaus

▪ Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by
national law enforcement officers.
▪ Be designated contact point of the General Secretariat for all INTERPOL Operations,
regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

The Interpol National Central Bureau- Manila

The first four were designated by the President, and the last four were unanimously chosen by
members of the NATIONAL Law Enforcement.
 NALECC SUB- COMMITTEE ON INTERPOL
STRUCTURE OF NCB-MANILA

Coordinating Committee (NALECC) as authorize by the president thru NALECC

Resolution 93-10 dated 21 July 1993.

E. Commission for the control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) - this is an independent body whose
mandate is threefold:
▪ To ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with
the organization regulations.
▪ To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving
the processing of personal information
▪ To process request concerning the information contained in Interpol’s files.

INTERPOL’S CRIMINAL INTELLEGENCE ANALYSIS (C.I.A)

Criminal Intelligence Analysis- The identification of and provision of insight into the
relationship between crime data and other potentially relevant data with a view to police and
judicial practice.

DIVISION OF THE C.I.C

A. Operation Analysis
▪ Aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome.
▪ This might be arrest, seizure or forfeiture of assets or money gained from criminal
activities, or disruption of a criminal group
 ▪ It has a more immediate benefit.

A. Strategic Analysis
▪ Intended to inform higher level decision making and the benefits are realized over the
longer term.
▪ It usually aimed and managers and policy-makers rather than to support senior
decision-makers in setting priorities to prepare their organization to be able to deal with
emerging criminal issues.

INTERPOL’S NOTICE SYSTEM

▪ Red Notice- To seek the arrest to provision arrest of wanted persons which a view
extradition.
▪ Orange Notice- To warn police, public entities and other international
organizations about potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bomb and
other dangerous material.
▪ Yellow Notice- To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify
persons who are unable to identify themselves.
▪ Green Notice- To provide warnings the criminal intelligence about persons who
have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other
countries.
▪ Blue Notice- To collect additional information about person’s identity or activities
in relation to a crime.
▪ Black Notice- To seek information on unidentified bodies.
▪ Purple Notice- To provide information on modus operandi, procedures, objects
devices and concealment methods used by criminals.

▪ INTERPOL- United Nations Special Notice Issued for groups and individuals
who are the targets of UN sanctions against AL Qaeda and the Taliban.

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE USED BY THE INTERPOL (SAFE)

▪ Spanish, Arabic, French, English

UNITED NATIONS
▪ An international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in
international law, international security, economic development, social progress,
human rights, and achievement of world peace.
 ▪ It was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to
stop wars between countries , and provide platform for dialogue.
▪ The United Nations Headquarters resides of international territory in New York
City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna.

OFFICIAL LANGUAGES USED BY THE UN (SAFE-CR)

● Spanish, Arabic, French, English, Chinese, Russian

PURPOSES OF THE UN
1. Prevention of war.
2. Maintenance of international peace.
3. Development of friendly relations among the members of the international Community.
4. Attainment of international cooperation and harmony in the actions of nations.

PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF UN
A. General Assembly
● The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations.
● Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly
sessions under a president elected from among the member states.
● The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in
London and included representatives of 51 nations.
● When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of
those presents and voting is required.

FUNCTIONS
a. Deliberative- initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of the
International law.
b. Supervisory- receiving and considering annual and special reports form another organ.
c. Financial- approval and appointment of the budget.
d. Elective- election of non- permanent members of the security council.
e. Constituent- admission of members and the amendments of charters.

B. Security Council
▪ It is charged with maintenance of peace and security among countries. The
Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member
governments have agreed to carry out.
 ▪ Composed of FIVE (5) PERMANENT members, namely: CHINA, FRANCE,
RUSSIA, the UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN and the UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA; and TEN (10) ELECTIVE members, elected for two
years by the General Assembly.
▪ The presidency of the Security Council is rotated alphabetically each month.

Functions:
a. Preventive Action- consists of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from
worsening, the may involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPING and/ or OBSERVER
missions.
b. Enforcement Actions- consist in the deployment of air, sea and land forces, or in the
institution of blockade.

C. Secretary-General
▪ Acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN.
▪ The Chief administrative organ of the UN.
▪ The SECRETARY GENERAL is the HIGHEST representative of UN.
▪ The current Secretary- General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over from Kofi Annan
in 2007 and has been elected for a second term to conclude at the end of 2016.

D. International Court of Justice-Hague Netherlands

▪ Primary judicial organ of the United Nations.
▪ Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946
as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice.
▪ Composed of 15 members who are elected for a term of nine (9) years by absolute
majority vote in the General Assembly and the Security Council.

E. Economic and Social Council

▪ The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in
promoting international economic and social cooperation and development.
▪ ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by the General Assembly for
a three-year term.
▪ The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or
middle powers represented on ECOSOC.

ASEAN CHIEFS OF POLICE (ASEANPOL)

▪ It was established in 1981.
▪ Regional platform for all the heads of Asian nation police forces to interact and discuss.
▪ After 24 years, it has grown from 5 police chiefs to a solid force of the ASEAN TEN,
 Signalling the emergence of a regional alliance that is determined to secure not only our
own individual sovereignties but also the peace and progress of our community.

ASEANPOL MEMBERS
▪ Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Brunie Darussalam,
Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Cambodia

Objectives of ASEANPOL
▪ Enhancing Police Professionalism
▪ Forging stronger regional cooperation in police work.
▪ Promoting lasting friendship among the police officer of ASEAN countries.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

▪ The world’s oldest and largest non-profit membership organization of police executives,
with over 20,000 members in over 89 different countries.
▪ IACP’S leadership consists of the operating chief executives of international, federal,
state and local agencies of all sizes.

PARTICIPATION OD PNP PERSONNEL IN U.N. PEACEKEEPING MISSION

“RULES AND PROCEDURES ON THE SELECTION OF THE PNP PERSONNEL FOR
SECONDMENT, DETAIL TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS PEACEKEEPING
MISSIONS”
UN Special Team (UNSAT) PNP MC 2009-06

QUALIFICATIONS

A. Age Requirement
▪ Must not less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon actual deployment.
B. Rank Requirement
▪ For police Non-commissioned Officers (PCOs):PO3 to SPO4.
▪ All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present
ranks.
C. Service Requirement
▪ Minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding cadetship, officer
orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)

D. Special Requirement
▪ Passed the latest physical fitness Test (PFT) conducted by the PNP DHRDD, as well as
medical, dental, and neuropsychiatric examinations.
 E. Special Skills Needed
▪ Computer literacy Requirement
▪ Driving Proficiency Requirement

NOTE: Have at least one (1) year experience in vehicle driving reckoned from the date of
issuance of his/her valid driver’s license;

F. Unit Recommendation Requirements

▪ Must be recommended Evaluation Commanders (Command group or Directors of their
respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or Police Regional Offices).

G. Other Requirement
▪ Must hold the Performance Evaluation Rating (PER with a minimum Very Satisfactory
evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters.
▪ Must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have no pending
administrative/ criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court.
▪ No applicant should to be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially those
covered by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing with unresolved cases.
▪ Without firearm accountability as certified by the Directorate for Logistic (DL).
▪ Have not been repatriated from previous UN Mission for disciplinary reason/s.

TERM DEPLOYMENT
▪ All PNP Personnel who are deployed as a part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall
have one (1) year tenure, extendable to 6 months.

PRIORITY for DEPLOYMENT

1st priority- PNP Personnel without previous UN Mission deployment
2nd priority- PNP Personnel with previous UN Mission deployment
Personnel who obtained the highest exam rating, or those superior in rank, length of
service, educational attainment, or with fewer missions, in such order shall have priority to
deployment.

DEFAULT
▪ Non-submission of documentary requirements to the secretariat on specified date,
▪ Failure to report for processing for deployment.
▪ Non-Attendance to the scheduled Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar (PDOS)
Salary and Fringe Benefits

DAILY SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCE (DSA)

 MISSION AREAS; AMOUNT (USD)
HAITI (MINUSTAH) $150
DARFUR (UNAMID) $143
SOUTH SUDAN (UNMISS) $136
LIBERIA (UNMILL) $128
TIMOR-LESTE (UNMIT) $119

COVERAGE FOR DEATH &DISABILITY

AMOUNT (USD):
DEATH$................................................................................ 50,000
TOTAL DISABILITY……………………………………... $50,000
PARTIAL DISABILITY……………………………………% of $50,000
SERIOUS ILLNESS……………………………………….. % of $50,000

WORKING HOUSE &LEAVE/CTO

No. of Duty Hours/Day > at least 8 hours
No. of Days/Week > 7 days/week
Leave accumulation > 1.5 days/month
Compensated Time Off (CTO)
Accumulation >0.2 days/ day worked/ 2 hours per day

Future Plans
▪ Deployment of Formed Police Unit (PPU)
▪ Gender Balance in Deployment
▪ Upgrading of Standard for Screening and Selection
▪ Enhancement of UNPOC Capability.

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS POLICE SYSTEM

 POLICE HIGHEST LOWEST
COUNTRY DEPARTMENT
FORCE RANK RANK
AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan Ministry of the
National Police Police General 2nd Patrolman
Interior
(ANP)
ARMENIA Police of the Ministry of Police Colonel
Republic of Junior Sergeant
Defense General
Armenia
AZERBAIJAN National Police
Ministry of
of the Republic unavailable unavailable
Internal Affairs
of Azerbaijan
BAHRAIN Bahrain Ministry of
unavailable unavailable
National Police Interior
BANGLADESH Inspector
Bangladesh Ministry of
General Police Constable
Police Home Affairs
(ICP)
BUTAN Ministry of
Royal Bhutan Gagpeon (Chief
Homes and Gagpa
Police (RBP) Of Police)
Cultural Affairs
BRUNEI Royal Brunei Home Affairs
unavailable unavailable
Police Ministry
BURMA Burma National Ministry of
unavailable unavailable
Police Home Affairs
CAMBODIA Cambodian Ministry of Brigadier
Office Cadet
Police Force Internal Affairs General
PEOPLES
People’s Armed Ministry of Commissioner Constable 2nd
REPUBLIC OF
Police Force Public Security General Class
CHINA
CYPRUS Cyprus Police Ministry of
Chief of Police Constable
Force Justice
EAST TIMOR National Police
Ministry of
of East Timor unavailable unavailable
Internal Affairs
(Timor-Leste)

GEORGAIA Georgian Department of Commissioner of

Constable
National Police Public Safety Police
HONGKONG Hongkong Operations Commissioner
Constable
Police Force And Support of Police
INDIA Ministry of
Indian Police
Internal Commissioner Police
Service
Affairs
INDONESIA Ministry of
Indian Police Second
Internal Police General
Service Bhayangkar
Affairs
IRAN Ministry of
Iranian National
Interior and Unavailable Unavailable
Police
justice
IRAQ Iraqi Police Ministry of
Chief of Police Patrolman
Service Interior
JAPAN National
National Police Commissioner
Public Safety Constable
Agency General
Commission
JORDAN Public
Security
Public Security Directorate of
Unavailable Unavailable
Force The Ministry
of
Interior
KAZAKHSTAN National
Security
National Police Procurator
Committee of Ryadovoy
of Kazakhstan General
Ministry
Internal Affairs
NORTH KOREA National Police Ministry of Daewon Chonsa
Agency Public Security (Grand Marshall) (Private)
SOUTH KOREA Ministry of
Government
Korean National Commissioner
Administration Police Officer
Agency(KNPA) General
And Home
Affairs
KUWAIT Kuwait National
Ministry of Lieutenant
Police Constable
Internal Affairs General

KYRGYZSTAN Ministry of
Kyrgstan Police General Police Officer
Interior
LAOS Laos national Ministry of
General Constable
police Public Security
LEBANON International Ministry of
Director General Gendarme
Security Forces Interior
MACAU Macau National Ministry of
Superintendent Guard
Police Force Internal Affairs
MALAYSIA Inspector
Royal Malaysia Ministry of
General of Police Constable
Police Home Affairs
(ICP)
MALDIVES National
Commissioner of
Maldives Security and Lance Constable
Police
Defence Branch
MONGOLIA Ministry of
Mongolia Public
Justice And Home General Private
Security Force
Affairs
MYANMAR Myanmar Police Ministry of Police Major
Private
Force Home Affairs General
NEPAL Nepal Police Ministry of Inspector
Constable
Force Home Affairs General
OMAN Royal Oman Ministry of Lieutenant
Conscript
Police Interior General
PAKISTAN Ministry of Inspector
Police Force Constable
Interior General
PAPUA NEW Royal Papua
Commissioner of Kiap
GUINEA New Guinea Unavailable
police (patrol officer)
Constabulary
PHILIPPINES Department of
Philippine
Interior and
National Police Director General Police Officer I
Local
(PNP)
Government
QATAR Qatar National Ministry of
Unavailable Shurti
Police Interior
RUSSIA Ministry of
Militsiya Internal Police Colonel Police Cadet
Affairs
SAUDI Department of
Unavailable Unavailable Unavailable
ARABIA Security
SINGAPORE Ministry of
Singapore Commissioner Police
Internal
Police Force of Police Constable
Affairs