Part 1

COMPARATIVE POLICING
SYSTEM

Patrolman Aldren Kit DV Estilles

License Criminologist
 COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

• A study of the organized structure, operations,

functions, ranks, and designated names of various law
enforcement agencies around the world.
• It is the process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police system to another in order to
discover insights in the field of international policing.
 POLICE

• -From the Greek word politeia or polis which means "citizenship,

administration, civil polity” or “government of a city”
• -Transformed into Latin word politia which means civil
administration
• -French changed the word to police or policier which means public
order, administration, government
 BASIC TERMS

• Abu Sayyaf - Abu means father and sayyaf means swordsmith, is a militant Islamist
group based in and around Jolo and Basilan,Philippines.
• Apostasy - is defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word
or through deed. It includes the act of converting to another religion by a person
who was born in a Muslim family or who had previously accepted Islam.
• Al Qaeda - literally means the base, a global militant Islamist organization founded
by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and
several other militants.
 BASIC TERMS

• Centralized Police - A country with only one recognized police force which operates
entire that country. It uses a centralized system of policing. Philippines is an example of
centralized police because the Philippine National Police has one central office with
many regional, provincial and local branches throughout the country.
• Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations
are independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal
government.
• Chowkidar - in India, means one who inhabits a "chowki", police station or guard house.
 BASIC TERMS

• Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims

become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing
crime multiply.
• Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of
children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
 BASIC TERMS

• Theory of anomie- progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people together.
• Confucian thought - The belief that social order can be achieved through moral and
political reform because man is by nature good or capable of goodness.
• Koban - is a small neighborhood police station found in Japan. Often translated to
English as Police Box. Koban are staffed by a relatively small number of police officers
(usually 3-5 officers).
 BASIC TERMS

• Taliban - means "students", is an Islamic fundamentalist political

movement in Afghanistan.
• Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and
intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
• Transnational Crime - offences whose inception, proportion
and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country.
 SOCIETAL TYPES

Folk Communal Society – a society which has a little codification of

law, no specialization among the police, and a system of punishment
that just let things go for a while without attention until things become
too much, and then harsh, barbaric, punishment is resorted to. This
type of society is often seen as primitive and barbaric.
 SOCIETAL TYPES

Urban Commercial Society- has civil law, specialized police forces,

and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh sometimes lenient.
Most of its law enforcers were obliged to prevent/suppress religious
offenses and others for enforcing the King`s Law.
 SOCIETAL TYPES

Urban Industrial Society- police in this society are specialized on

property crimes such as theft. It has codified laws but laws that
prescribe good behaviors and the system of punishment is run on
market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.
 SOCIETAL TYPES

Bureaucratic Society- has a system of laws, police who tend to keep

busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of
punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. It
is in this society where Juvenile Delinquency existed.
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

Common Law System- is also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is

distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and
judges are bound by precedents. Common law system is distinctive in the
significance that they attach to the importance of previously decided cases.
This system relies on the evidence in which in public trial is a main focal
point.
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

Civil Law Systems- also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic

justice. This system is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where
less right is granted to the accused, and the law is taken as gospel and
subject to little interpretation. Furthermore, in this system if the judge
knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue
attention to regulations of procedure and evidence. In contrast the common
law system requires a judge to suspend belief until the event of the trial is
over.
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

Socialists System- also known as Marxist-Leninist system that existed in

many places where there has been a Communist revolution. It is primarily
characterized by administrative law, where non legal officials make most of
the decisions. This system asserted that goods would allow people to pursue
their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into
performing labor for others.
 TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

Islamic Systems- these justice systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic
Justice and derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of
the Koran (Shariah Law). This system is based more on the concept of
natural justice where crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict
with tradition and religion plays an important role.
 TYPES OF COURT SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD

1. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty.

2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven

innocent.
 THEORIES OF POLICING

• Continental – maintains the idea that police officers are servants of

the higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental
countries like France, Italy, and Spain.

• Home Rule – states that the police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United
States. Decentralized policing also utilized this theory.
 CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

• Old Police Service – states that the gauge of police

proficiency/efficiency relies on the number of arrests made.

• Modern police Service- the yardstick of police

proficiency/efficiency relies on the absence of crime.
 OTHER CONCEPTS

• Deviance Control- is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to
reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China, and Japan.

• Civil Order Control- is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is
performed by regular street police in the country of England and United States. It is a
function that police use to respond to a situation where a crowd is possibly getting out of
control and disturbing the police. With Civil Order Control, even though the police is
attempting to quell the violence of riots and keep the peace, “police may end up being
adversaries of the citizens rather than part of the citizenry.
 MODELS OF POLICING SYSTEMS

•Traditional Policing- within this model the police officer would respond when a call came
in that a crime occurred. Once the officer responded to the crime, the officer would then take
a report and hand the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in nature.

•Problem Solving Policing- within this model there is an emphasis on trying and prevent
crime from happening. This policing has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help
understand when and how crimes are being committed.

•Community Oriented Policing- within this model, the officers will take more community
involvement stance. No longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a
crime has happened.
 THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in

several studies under various circumstances, the goal is to test whether
the theory and practice in policing needs modernization to meet the
demands of the present trends in crime fighting. Comparative
research is usually carried out by the “safari” method (a researcher
visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the researcher
communicates with a foreign researcher).
 GLOBALIZATION

Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order

to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration
of economics and societies all over the world. Globalization involves
technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made
possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and
infrastructure.
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell
things produced in any part of the world.

Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to

exist in the world earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing
up like Westerners.

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International

courts of justice where someone accused could be dealt with in any part of
the world.
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and
use English instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way.

Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it
has become much easier and faster to share information worldwide.

Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms
outside the country.

Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the
whole world, not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that
influences the whole of the world politics
 THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

•Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means
less-jobs for their people.
•Globalization has led to exploitation of labor.
•Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs.
•Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons
•Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries
•Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world.
People are consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on
their health.

•Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money,

typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.
EVOLUTION OF POLICING

• Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as

guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the
idea of policing said to have originated

• Officer de la Paix - a French term which claimed

to be the origin of the term Police Officer
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING

Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System - all male residents were required to guard the town (tun ) to preserve
peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.

- Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known as
the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named
the reeve.

- Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as
police authority.

B. Hue and Cry - A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a
criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest
the suspect.
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING

Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

C. Trial by Ordeal- A judicial practice where in the guilt or

innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word “ordeal”
was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which
means “a miraculous decision.”

Two Types of Trials during Anglo-Saxon Period

• Oaths (Compurgation)- the Compurgator system allowed other
people, preferably of high social position to swear that the
accused is an honest person. (this is known today as character
witness)
• Trial by Ordeal- a person is compelled to perform an act either
walking on a burning coal or through red hot iron. It was said
that the gods would protect the innocent
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING

2. Norman Period of Policing System

A. Shire-Reeve - Shire-Reeve was a policing system during the Norman Period when
England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the
Reeve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in
England are called shires.
-The shire-reeve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
- Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse”were appointed to each village to aid the
Reeve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable.
- The term “Shire-Reeve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge- A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly
being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This
was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING

2. Norman Period of Policing System

C. Legis Henrici (Laws of Henry)- An act that was enacted during this period with the
following features:
• Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
• Policeman becomes public servant.
• The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’s arrest.”
• Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. It eliminated the “Anglo-Saxon
Trial” or “Trial by Ordeal System. ”

D. Frankpledge System- A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male

residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the people
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

This period has the following features:

A: Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and
in daytime (ward)were defined
- Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the
peace.

B. Statute of 1295- The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which
demanded the closing of the gates of London during sundown.
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)- Three or four men who were learned in the law of the
land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They
handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was later
abolished about 75 years after.

D. Star Chamber Court (1487)- A special court designed to try offenders against the state.
The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as
the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality
on the part of the judges.
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING
Others
4. Keepers of the Peace- A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in
1195 that required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as
guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and
towns.

5. King Charles II of England (1663)- King Charles II passed an act which established or
promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"- A law promulgated by King John of England
upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with
the following features:
• No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his
peers.
• No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
 LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Henry Fielding- appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first
detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners

Bow Runners- a group of men organized by Henry Fielding tasked to catch

thieves and robbers.
- identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
- made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to
them by the volunteer constables and watchmen

1798- Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being
paid by local magistrates.
- initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock
workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo.
- widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world
 LONDON 1829

Sir Robert Peel- appointed as Home Secretary in 1822

Metropolitan Police - organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police

Act of 1829)
- the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include
the City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
- finest police force around the world.

TOTAL POLICING- motto of London Metropolitan Police

 LONDON 1829
Important Dates
1833 - Cold bath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
1836 -The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the
disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into
effect.

Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police

1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.

Commissioner - highest rank in the Metropolitan Police

Police Constable - lowest rank
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FRENCH IN POLICING

• Assigning house numbers

• Installing street lights
• Use of police ambulances
• Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to
arrest
Quiz

1-2. Give atleast 2 types of society

3. Father of Modern Policing
4. Type of Criminal Justice System also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is
distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges
are bound by precedents
5. Crimes has direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country.
6. A small neighbourhood police station found in japan.
7. What theory says that along with higher standard of living victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
8. Types of policing system where in the police force operates the entire country,
the PNP is one of the example of this policing system.
9. A study of the organized structure, operations, function, ranks, and designated
names of various law enforcement agencies around the world.
10. What is the meaning of Abu Sayyaf.
Quiz

11. The term “Shire-Reeve” is said to be the origin of the word “______?”
12. What is the motto of London Metropolitan Police?
13. A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word “_____” was
derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous
decision.”
14. Within this model, the officers will take more community involvement stance. No
longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime has happened.
What Model of policing is this?
15. The yardstick of police proficiency/efficiency relies on the absence of crime. What
police service is this?
Answer!

1-2. Folk Communal Society, Urban Commercial Society, Urban Industrial Society,
Bureaucratic Society
3. Robert Peel
4. Common Law System
5. Transnational Crime
6. Koban
7. Opportunity Theory
8. Centralized Police
9. Comparative Models in Policing/ Comparative Police System
10.Father and Swordsmith
11. Sheriff
12.Total Policing
13.Trial by Ordeal
14.Community Oriented Policing
15.Modern Police Service
Part 2
COMPARATIVE POLICING
SYSTEM

Patrolman Aldren Kit DV Estilles

License Criminologist
 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
(INTERPOL)

• It is the world`s largest international police organization,

with 195 member countries. It facilitates cross border police
cooperation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or
combat international crimes. It`s headquarter is in Lyon,
France. Its supreme governing body is the General
Assembly.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Grave
violation of Human Rights
International Humanitarian Law – Set of International
rules that set out what can and cannot be done during
armed conflict.
Example: Bombing hospitals, Schools, Civilian area. Is
prohibited in IHL.
 INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

Secure global
•Interpol’s global police communications system,
police known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
communication instantly in a secure environment.

services
Operational data
•Member countries have direct and immediate access to
services and a wide range of databases including information on
known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen
databases for or lost travel documents.

police
AFIS – Automated Fingerprint Identification System is a biometric
identification methodology that uses digital imaging technology to obtain,
store, and analyse fingerprint data. AFIS are able to search over billion
fingerprints record in a single second. The current algorithms are almost 100
percent accurate.

I-24/7 – It manage databases containing information related to criminals and

crimes. This data base contain millions of records with information on
individuals such as names and fingerprints; stolen property such as passports
and vehicles; weapons and threats such as firearms.
 INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

Operational •INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with

emergency support and operational activities. A Command and Co-

police support ordination Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and can
deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or
disaster

services
Police •INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives

training and
with the aim of enhancing the capacity of member
countries to effectively combat transnational crime and
terrorism.

development
 INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE

INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The International Criminal

Police Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following:
General Assembly- Compose of delegates appointed by the
governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s supreme governing
body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting
general policy, the resources needed for international co-operation,
working methods, finances and program of activities. Generally
speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the
form of resolutions. Each Member State represented has one vote.
 INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
• Executive Committee- The Executive Committee is Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets
three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly. Its role is to
supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly, prepare the agenda for sessions of
the General Assembly, etc.

Composition of the Executive Committee

• President
• Vice Presidents
• Delegates
The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984 - Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)
 INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
• General Secretariat- Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24
hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more
than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

• Note: The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General

Assembly for a period of 5 years. He may be re-elected. The Secretary General is
effectively the Organization’s chief full-time official. He is responsible for seeing that
the day-to-day work of international police co-operation is carried out.
 INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
• National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country
maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement
officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension
of fugitives.
 INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
• Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by
the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

• Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent body
whose mandate is to ensure that the processing of personal information by
INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, to advise INTERPOL on
any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of
personal information and to process requests concerning the information contained in
Interpol’s files.
 THE EMBLEM
•The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the
INTERPOL
•The olive branches in either sides of the globe
symbolize PEACE
•The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing
police action
•The Scales below the olive branches symbolize
JUSTICE
O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization internationale de
police criminelle'
ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police
Organization'
 THE INTERPOL NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU – MANILA

• Director General Philippine National Police--------------Chairman

• Director, National Bureau of Investigation----------------Member
• Commissioner, Bureau of Customs--------------------------Member
• Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue---------------Member
• Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration---------------------Member
• Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas---------------------Member
• Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board---------------Member
• Commissioner, Economic Intelligence and Investigation Bureau-------
Member
 INTERPOL NOTICES
1. Red Notice- a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of
wanted persons with a view to extradition.

2. Blue Notice- this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain
information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.

3. Yellow Notice- to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify
persons who are unable to identify themselves.

4. Green Notice- to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons

who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crime in
other countries or those considered to be a possible threat to public safety.
 INTERPOL NOTICES

5. Orange Notice- to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process

representing an imminent danger and threat to persons or property (disguised
weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous materials).

6. Black Notice- to seek information on unidentified bodies.

7. Purple Notice- issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects,

devices and concealment methods used by criminals.

8. INTERPOL- United Nations Security Council Special Notice- issued for

groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions.
 ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of

ASEAN Police
= Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)

Five Other Members

1. Brunei 4. Myanmar
2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam
3. Lao
 ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

Organization
1. ASEANAPOL Executive Committee = comprise of deputy heads
of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It
provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the
Head of the Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat = is on rotational basis

with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL
conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the
current year.
= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors
 ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and
Programs

*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in

2009, the Terms of Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL
Secretariat was finally endorsed.

Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat.

*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January
1, 2010.
 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF
POLICE (IACP)

It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police

Union. The primary goal of this organization was to apprehend the
return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which they
were wanted. Its goals involve advancing science and art of police
work, promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement
community and foster cooperation and information exchange among
police administrators.
 EUROPEAN POLICE (EUROPOL)

The European Union law enforcement agency that handles

criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improve the effectiveness
and cooperation between authorities of the member states in
preventing and combating all forms of serious international
organized crime and terrorism.
 UNITED NATIONS

-officially came into existence on October 24, 1945

-Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D.
Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation.
This declaration was made to officially state the
Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United
States, and the Union of soviet Socialist Republics)
 UNITED NATIONS

Branches of UN
1. UN general Assembly = This is the main decision- making and representative assembly
in the UN through its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states
, is headed by a President elected from the member states, and meets from September to
December

Functions of General Assembly

a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of
international law
b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget
d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council
e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments of charter
 UNITED NATIONS
2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerfulof all
the branches.

Functions
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict fromworsening, and may
involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPINGAND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces

Five Permanent Members of Security Council

1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the General Assembly
 UNITED NATIONS
3. International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands. This
branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN.
4. Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and
other data needed
5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by the
General Assembly for a 3 year term.

Efforts are Towards the Following:

a. Higher standards of living
b. Condition of economic and social progress and development
c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
 UNITED NATIONS
6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general assembly in
the administration ofthe International Trusteeship System

• UN Charter = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations

of international persons. Technically, it is a Treaty.
• Treaty = an international agreement concluded between states in written form
and sworn by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in
two or more instruments and whatever its particular designation.
Part 3
COMPARATIVE POLICING
SYSTEM

Patrolman Aldren Kit DV Estilles

License Criminologist
 UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

Types of US Police
1. Municipal Police- includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff
departments.

Types of Local Police

a. Country Sheriff- in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service
of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
b. City Police- most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that
occur in an incorporated municipality.

2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law
enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level
 UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law except
when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency

2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) - concerned with investigation of counterfeiting,
forging or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of
the president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds

3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigated all violations of federal law relating to
prohibited drugs

4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of immigration
and naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,
 UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
b. Protection of the National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - investigation of

violations of income tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - violations of internal
revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs - investigates
smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation laws.
4. Private Police - additional police protection made by employing sworn
officers through contract when they are not officially on duty
 UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

Two Basic Forms of Private Police

a. Proprietary Police - when a person wish to receive service, he

hires and security personnel directly
b. Contract Security - services of an independent security company
 UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

U.S. Police Agencies

New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organizedin the United States

New York Police Department - the largest police force in the United States

Texas Ranger - police force originally created in response to colonization

Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United
States

Pennsylvania State Police - the first state police agency established

Los Angeles Police Department - police force that hired the first female police officer named,
Alice Stebbins Wells
 UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the
large and varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff's office
have different ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:

• Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff

• Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/Undersheriff
• Inspector/Commander/Colonel
• Major/Deputy Inspector
• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Sergeant
• Detective/Inspector/Investigator
• Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal
 CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

= colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”

= is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the word
being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920 by
the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police (1873) with the Dominion Police (1868).

= headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

Commissioner - highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Police Constable 4th Class - lowest rank
 AUSTRALIA

Australian Police - a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement

organization, taking strong lead in the fight against 21 st century
crime.

Commissioner - highest rank

Constable - lowest rank
 HONGKONG

Hong Kong Police Force - is the largest disciplined service under the Security
Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police
agency to operate with a modern policing system.

• - It was formed on 1 May 1844. in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal
Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong
1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.

• - Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the
Hong Kong Police Force
 HONGKONG

Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations= supervises all operational matters including
crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner – Management= is responsible for the direction and
coordination of force management including personnel, training, and management
services.

Motto - We Serve with Pride and Care

 HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police College - is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong
Police except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training.
-Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training, etc.

Service Quality Wing - is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to
force customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review,
Research and Inspections, and Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II).

Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) - includes the Complaints Against Police Office
(CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally
and internally against members of the force.
 HONGKONG
• Ranks of HKPF • Inspector of Police (IP)
• Commissioner of Police (CP) • Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) • Station Sergeant (SSGT)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP) • Sergeant (SGT)
• Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) • Senior Constable (SPC)
• Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) • Police Constable (PC)
• Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
• Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
 TAIWAN

Taiwan Police Force = is the unified police force of Taiwan

- under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly
under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
- under effective civilian control

Functions
1) to maintain public order,
2) to protect social security,
3) to prevent all dangers, and
4) to promote the welfare of all people.
 TAIWAN
Types of Police Force In Taiwan
1. Administration Police - are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to
carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.

2. Traffic Police - keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to
smooth traffic flow.

3. Special Police - protects the Central Government, establishing contingent plans and assisting
local and specialized police units in maintaining public order.

4. Criminal Investigation Police - the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to
prevent and detect crimes.

5. Specialized Police - protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways,
airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
 TAIWAN
Ranks Of Taiwan Police Force

• Police Supervisor General • Police Officer Rank Four

• Police Supervisor Rank • Police Rank One
• Police Supervisor Rank Two • Police Rank Two
• Police Supervisor Rank Three • Police Rank Three
• Police Supervisor Rank Four • Police Rank Four
• Police Officer Rank One
• Police Officer Rank Two
• Police Officer Rank Three
 MYANMAR

Myanmar Police Force - formally known as The People's Police Force(Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae
Tup Pwe)
- established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was
reorganized on 1 October 1995.
- Consists of 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police
Forces

Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components

Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
Police Stations
 MYANMAR

Training Centers
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot - undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2
years; Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course
for Constables for 6 Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot - undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which
normally takes around 6 months to complete.
 INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia)

- is the official police force of Indonesia
- organized 1946
- also known as Polri

Markasbesar/Mabes - name of the headquarters of Indonesian National

Police located in Kebayoran Baru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia
 INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Polri Territorial Forces

1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda - provincial police

2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil - regional police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres - city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek - sub-district police
 INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM
Special Branches

1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass
demonstrations
- paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing
security for VIP and vital facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) - received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police - responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit - assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police - responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit - trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics - in-charge of laboratory examination of evidence
 INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM
Police Recruit Volunteers- At least sixth-grade education and should pass the
competitive examination. After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma
could enter into training to become NCO.

Ranking System Of Polri

Police General - equivalent of Director General of PNP
Second Bhayangkara - equivalent of police officer 1/patrol of the PNP
 MALAYSIA

Royal Malaysian Police (Rmp:Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, Pdrm) - police

force of Malaysia.
- headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
- The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and
powers of the police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967

Motto - Tegas, Adil Dan Berhemah = Firm, Fair And Prudent

 MALAYSIA
RMP Organizations
1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked with the
routine of management and administration affairs of the RMP. This department
is also the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support services platform for
the rest of the force.

2. Logistics Department =has the role to provide several equipments needed in

RMP

3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest and

prosecution of hard crimes (murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes (theft,
house-breaking etc). This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret
societies (triads)
 MALAYSIA
RMP Organizations
4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function is to fight against
dangerous drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous
drugs.
5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control and Search
& Rescue (SAR) operations
6. The Police Field Force(PFF) = organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the
Royal Malaysia Police. Also known as the Jungle Squad. Established in 1948
7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism
operations
 MALAYSIA
RMP Organizations
8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006
and it was fully operational by the end of 2007. Members received training from U.S
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan. Its role is riot
suppression, crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as well as special operations assistance.
Organized in 1955.
10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications,
Computer-Integrated)= based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia.
This unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.
11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin)= tasked with
maintaining law and order and coordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian
Maritime Zone and on the high seas
 MALAYSIA
RMP Organizations
12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP)= is a special unit of
Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining national security with thorough
surveillance and patrol from the air
13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national
security
14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's main function is to
investigate, arrest, and prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud,
breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.
16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue
to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their day-to-day function may be
picturesque or ceremonial, but they are also employed in crowd control because of their mobile
mass and height advantage
 MALAYSIA
Ranks Of RMP

Inspector-General Of Police - equivalent of director general

(Philippines)
Police Constable - equivalent of police officer 1 (Philippines
 SINGAPORE
Francis James Bernard- formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore
Police Force in 1819.

Singapore Police Force (SPF)- is the main agency task with the maintaining law
and order in the city-state. It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore
Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13)roughly modeled
after the military.

Headquarters at New Poenix Park in Novena.

Commissioner of Police- The highest rank

Police Constable - lowest rank
Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 - constitution of the SPF
 SINGAPORE
Recruitment/Training

• High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a career can be
recruited and those who are selected for officers had to be approved by the Public
Service Commission.

• Career development course were encouraged for

officer and senior officers are required to travel oversees for training such as in Police
Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat’l Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan.

• Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one year
probation period
 JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
 Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
 Japanese Colonial Government= the one which organized the first formal policing in
China.
 Japanese Yakuza= considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

Organization Of NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA)= a totally gunless police force, except for its special
attack team.
 JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
Organizations Attached to the NPA

a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and conduct academic
research
b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other
Imperial family. Responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and
provides support with the prefectural police.

Director General= heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission
General of the NPA.
 JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)= administrative commission functioning
under the representative system which supervise the prefectural police. Under the
Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to give order to the Commission.

5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs
and shopping areas and in residential districts which forms the first line of police response to
the public.

= Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho-
staffed by a single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned to Koban.
 CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
 Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public
security agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State Security.

 Ministry of Public Security = is the principal police authority of the mainland of the
People’s Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement . (It is the
equivalent of the National Police Agency in Japan).

 Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign
intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security matters.
 CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
Kinds of police
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP)- deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government
compounds and foreign embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes to back up local
police.

2. State Security Police = safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under
the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council.

3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and correction
units.

4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments and
some also executing death sentences.

5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some
unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.
 CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.

Central Military Commission = appoints police in China

People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.

Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of the Rank

promotion Examination for police officer.

Rank System In China

Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the PNP
Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP
 THAILAND POLICING SYSTEM
Royal Thai Police = formerly known as Thailand National Police Department (TNPD)
= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly
under the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police.
=The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the Director-General of the
TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police

Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok

Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police
Policeman / Constable = lowest rank
 BRUNEI POLICING SYSTEM
Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei – PDRB) = created
in 1921 which is responsible for keeping law and order and providing
law enforcement services throughout Brunei

Inspector-General of Police = highest rank

Lance Corporal = lowest rank
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
During the Spanish Regime
- Maintenance of law and order was a part of the military system for the defense of the colony;
- Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct of the colonial military
establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense.
- Police functions consisted mainly of (1) suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas; (2) detection of
local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of the people and; (3) the enforcement of tax
collection including church revenues.

Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It
mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this police
organization for 3 years. There services are originally not paid or gratuitous subject to some privileges although
in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the revenue
collection.
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM

Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the
regulations of the Department of State. This was armed and considered as the mounted police
who later discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police. It was later given special
commission by Royal Decree of December 20, 1842 and it was called – Cuerco De Seguridad
Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness for Public Security).

Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish
peninsula troops of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a body of Filipino
policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the province of Luzon
under the Alcalde Mayor.)
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
Philippine Commission Act No. of 175= (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and government of
an Insular Constabulary.

Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901= renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine
Constabulary

Henry Allen= the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.

Rafael Crame= the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.

Act No 70= (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized

E.O. 389= Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940.

R.A. 4864=It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President. Otherwise
known as the Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later
renamed as the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
P.D. 765= Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established the Integrated National
Police (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as
components, under the Ministry of National Defense.

E.O. 1012=transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and
direction over the INP units assigned within their locality.

E.O. 1040= Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the ministry of
National Defense to the National Police Commission

R.A. 6975= It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP , BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.

R.A. 8551 = Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998,
amending the provision of R.A. 6975
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
Act No. 181= created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of
Justice dated November 1938.

R.A. 157= created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947
and later reorganized by R,A. 2678

Republic Act 9708 (2009)- an act extending for 5 years the reglementary period
for complying with the minimum educational qualification for appointment in
the PNP.
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
Organizational Structure
• The head of the PNP with the rank Police General shall have the position title of Chief of the
PNP.

• The second in command of the PNP with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall be the
Deputy Chief for Administration.

• The third in command with the rank also of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy
Chief for Operations.

• At the national office, the head of the directorial staff with the rank of Police Lieutenant
General shall be known as Chief of the Directorial Staff of the PNP.

• The heads of the various staff divisions in the directorial staff shall have the rank of Major
General with the position title of Director of the Directorial Staff of their respective
functional divisions.
 PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
• The heads of the administrative and operational support divisions with the rank of Police Brigadier General

• The head of the National Capital Region (NCR) with the rank of Police Major General shall assume the position
title of NCR Director.

• The heads of the regional offices with the rank of Police Brigadier General shall assume the position title of
Regional Director.

• The heads of the NCR district offices with the rank of Police Brigadier General shall have the position title of
District Director.

• The heads of provincial offices with the rank of Police Colonel shall be known as Provincial Director.

• The heads of the district offices with the rank of Police Lieutenant Colonel shall have the position title of
District Director.

• The heads of the municipality or city offices with the rank of Police Major shall be known as Chief of Police
(COP).