HISTORY

The first police force (Metropolitan Police Force of London or Scotland Yard) created in 1829, by Sir
Robert Peel, he created 17 metropolitan police divisions in London. In 1856 the rest of the country was required
to establish police force.
Since then, many different models of policing have been developed and experimented with,
developments in policing and crime control were fairly rapid during the 1990s this is due to any reasons such
as; changing patterns of crime, changing demand on the police, and changing expectation of the police and their
role in communities.

 POLICING - is the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and for the security
of the
community.
It is the methods practice by police officers for the maintenance of peace and order.
Types of Policing
1. CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A system wherein there is only one police force that is
recognized and operates entire a certain
country.
2. DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM- A police system wherein police administration and
operation are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.
3. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening.

This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help
understand when and how crime are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways to
prevent crimes from happening. This model has more proactive stance than the traditional policing.
A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach which takes
community concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with issues
underlying police relevant community problems, the origins of this
method is under the work of Goldstein (1979). It incorporates an explicit conception of nature and role of
Modern Policing, with officer imagination, local discretion and community resources being used where it is
relevant to doso (Tilley 2003).
It stresses that substance and effectiveness over process and style, it is predominantly evidence
based. Goldstein outlines several purposes of this method of policing as follows;

 To prevent and control conduct which threatens life and property

 To aid victims and protect those in danger of physical harm
 To protect constitutional guarantees
 To facilitate the movement of people and vehicles
 To assist those who cannot care for themselves
 To resolve conflict between individuals, groups or citizens and their government;

Comparative Police System is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of
nations. It covers the study of police organizations. trainings and methods of policing of various nations.
While Comparative Criminal Justice is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that
compares justice systems worldwide .Such study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It
studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals. punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the
history and political structure of different systems.
Furthermore, International Criminal Justice is the study and description of one country'
s law, criminal procedure, or justice process (Erika Fairchild). Comparative criminal justice system attempts to
build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another
country, culture or institution.

Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice?

According to Harry Damner there are many reasons we need to compare but the basic reasons are:
 To benefit from the experience of others
 To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to problems.
 To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today.

 COMPARATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

A. ‘‘Safari” Method (a researcher visits another country) or " collaborative (the researcher communicates
with a foreign researcher)
B. Published works tend to fall into three categories;

a. Single-culture studies - the crime problem of a single foreign country is

discussed
b. Two-culture studies - comprehensive textbooks (It covers three or more countries). The examination of
crime and its control in the comparative context often requires a historical perspective since the phenomena
under study are seen as having developed under unique social, economic, and political structures.
C. Historical- comparative method - the most often employed by researchers. It is
basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called
historiography or holism.

 THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY

1. Alertness to crime theory - as a nation develops people' s alertness to crime is heightened. so they report
more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems.
2. Economic or Migration Theory - crime is everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity Theory - along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because
as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation Theory - holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom
develop unrealistic expectations. and people at the top don' t see themselves rising fast enough.
6. Modernization Theory - sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Theory of Anomie and Synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values), suggests
that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together .

 GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people. companies and governments
of different nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
In law enforcement parlance globalization is the process of interaction and integration among police
officers, and law enforcement organizations of different nations aided by information technology purposely for
combating crimes and attainment of a more peaceful local and international world.
Nowadays, there are few places a person can' t get to within a day of travel, and few
people a person can' t reach via telephone or internet. Because of modern modes of travel and communication,
citizens of a nation are more conscious of the world at large and may be influenced by other cultures in a variety
of ways. Time and space matter less. and even language barriers are being overcome as people all over the
world communicate through trade and social internet forums, various media sources, and a variety of other ways
.

CHARLES TAZE RUSSELL - who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897 early description for
globalization.
SASKIA SASSEN - writes that "a good part of globalization consists of an enomous variety of micro-processes
that begin to denationalize what had been constructed as national - whether policies, capital, political
subjectivities, urban spaces, temporal frames, or any other of a variety of dynamics and domains.
TOM G. PALMER - defines globalization as "the diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on
exchanges across borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and
exchange that has emerged as a result.
THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN - argues that globalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and political forces
have changed the world permanently, for both better and worse.
TAKIS FOTOPOULOS - argues that globalization is the result of systemic trends manifesting the market
economy' s grow-or-die dynamic, following the rapid expansion of transnational corporations.
People who are in favor of globalization are often called globalist, and people who are
against globalization are often called anti-globalist

 Measuring globalization
Four main economic flows that characterize globalization:
a. Goods and services ,e.g., exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita of
population
b. Labor/people, e.g.. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by population
c. Capital, e.g.. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of
population
d. Technology, e.g.. international research & development flows; proportion of populations (and rates of
change thereof) using particular inventions (especially 'factor-neutral' technological advances such as the
telephone, motorcar, broadband).

 Negative Effects of Globalization

a. It hinders the efforts of poor countries to work their way out of poverty.
b. With globalization, countries are forced to conform to the dictates of competition that force them to lower
social standards in order to be competitive .
c. They are oppressed instead by competition.
d. Other negative effects of globalization are job insecurity.

 Positive Effects of Globalization

a. a)It reduces poverty and raise the standard of living, globalization spreads democracy.
b. b)Globalization also introduces new technology into developing countries
c. c)It makes the world a better place because economic and social indicators like poverty rates. infant
mortality and education reflect that many people are better off than they were before globalization, even
though they are still very poor.

 Globalization as Internationalization

Is planning and implementing products and services so that they can easily be localized for specific
languages and cultures.
This process requires a combination of both international and technical expertise, and generally involves
both deploying new systems and reengineering existing ones. Once the internationalized platform is in place.
rollouts in new countries or cultures should be significantly more cost efficient, timely and market effective.

 Globalization as Universalization
 Universalization - to make universal.
 Universal - including or covering all or a whole collectively or distributively without limit or exception;
especially: available equitably to all members of a society

 Description of Universalization
In the 1940s,globalization was thought to mean universalize. In this usage, 'global' means 'worldwide', and
globalization is the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all corners of the Earth.
Ex.- Globalization of automobiles, Chinese restaurants, decolonization, cattle farming, etc.

 Frequently, globalization-as-universalization is assumed to entail standardization and homogenization with

worldwide cultural, economic, legal and political convergence. Scholte stresses that the assumption of
globalization-as-universalization means the same as globalization-as-homogenization is WRONG.
Ex. - some economists have assessed globalization in terms of the degree to which prices
for particular goods and services become the same across countries.
 Universalization is an age-old feature of world history.
Ex.- The spread of the human species, the extension of world religions across large expanses of the earth,
transoceanic trade has distributed various goods over long distances.
 Universalization (in respect to globalization) is the spreading of new ideas. technologies, and practices to
all parts of the world. Including, religion, McDonalds, school curricula, tobacco, coffee, etc.

 THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under diverse
circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs innovation to meet the
demands of the present trends in crime fighting. Comparative research is usually carried out by the " safari"
method (a researcher visits another country) or " collaborative" method (the researcher communicates with a
foreign researcher). Published works tend to fall into three categories: single - culture studies (the police and the
crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed), two-culture studies (the most common type), and
comprehensive textbooks (which cover three or more countries). The examination of crime and its control in the
comparative context often requires historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having
developed under unique social, economic, and political structures. Hence, the method most often employed by
researchers is the historical-comparative method. On the other hand, whatever method used in comparative
research in this subject matter, one thing is evident - police systems are now moving towards innovative law
enforcement.
 GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
Every nation has its own law enforcement agency called the Police. One thing is common, The police
symbolize the presence of a civil body politics in everyday life; they symbolize the capacity of the state to
intervene and the concern of the state for the affairs of citizenry. It is therefore timely to discuss the connection
or globalization to policing.

 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT

Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected to be the protector of the people' s rights.
Globalization has great impact on every human right.
The emergence of an " international regime" for state security and protection of human rights. growing
transnational social movement networks, increasing consciousness and information politics have the potential to
address both traditional and emerging forms of violations. Open international system should free individuals to
pursue their rights, but large numbers of people seem to be suffering from both long-standing state repression
and new denials of rights linked to transnational forces like international terrorism and other acts against
humanity.
The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable flows of migration and open markets present new
threats, which are not amenable to state-based human rights regimes. while the new opportunities of global
information and institutions are insufficiently accessible and distorted by persistent state intervention.

Threats on Law Enforcement : Some threats brought about by globalization are:

 Networking of criminal syndicates had been strengthened;
 Integration of local and national criminals like terrorist. It increased their cooperation in illicit activities;
 Emerging and development of modern crimes like cybercrimes;
 Accessibility of information by the criminals as regards to local and national security concerns.
Sidestepping to law enforcement investigation is easy;
 Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open economics to establish front companies and
quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitate smuggling, money laundering, financial frauds, intellectual piracy
and other illicit ventures.

Opportunities for Law Enforcement : While globalization brings the threats and many other threats to law
enforcement, opportunities like the following are carried:
 Networking of police organizations around the world;
 Creation of international organizations like INTERPOL, EUROPOL, ASEANAPOL, IACP etc. to upgrade
police training and equipment;
 Faster investigation of transnational crimes;
 Creation of International tribunals to deals with human rights problems;
 Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement power
of states;
 Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes; Global groups for conflict
monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.