Infection – invasion, implantation, replication, multiplication Latent disease – inactive but can become active

Carrier – no symptoms but with disease, harbors organism 2 types of communicable disease
Contact – association with infection Contagious – direct, easy to transmit
Communicable period – etiologic period of transfer indirect or Infectious – direct inoculation, break on skin
direct from infected to non-infected.
Disinfectant – substances that destroy pathogens, used in Period of communicability
inanimate object Incubation – non specific s/s
Anti-septic – inhibit but not destroy Prodromal – nonspecific to specific
Bactericidal – chemical that kills Illness – max impact of s/s
Bacteriostatic – chemical prevents spread but doesn’t kill all Convalescent – s/s gone, subside
Asepsis – absence, free from infection
Sepsis – Presence of infection Types of infection
Medical asepsis – reduce transfer, clean technique Recurrent
Surgical asepsis – free from pathogen, sterile technique Reinfection
Reinfection - after initial infection, another strain of infection. Superinfection
Autoinfection – reexposure, own direct self is source Autoinfection
Recurrent infection – reappearance of symptoms, same agent.
Superinfection - additional infection Components of immune system
Illness period – max impact, evident symptoms 1. Antibody-Mediated Defenses B cell (Humoral)
Incubation period – entry to body, nonspecific s/s Defenses in B lymphocytes mediated by antibodies produced by B
Etiology – study of causes cell. Extracellular phase of viral and bacterial infection
Virulence – degree/intensity of disease produced
Nosocomial infection – infection after hospitalization 2. Cell-Mediated Defenses T cell (Cellular immunity)
Opportunistic infection – susceptible or weak person Lymphoid tissues release large numbers of activated T cells into
Resident flora – normally lives in person lymph system.
Transient flora – picked up by skin, temporary Cell mediated immunity lost = immunocompomised, defenseless,
Convalescent period – manifestation gone weak
Reservoir – human, inanimate object, animal
Prodromal Period – non specific – specific s/s B CELLS – ANTIBODY PRODUCTION, IG
Susceptible host – final link of chain infection T CELLS – THYMUS DEPENDENT SYSTEM OF CELLS, AUTOIMMUNE
Pandemic – Worldwide, simultaneous RESPONSE, ALLERGY REACTION, REJECTION OF FOREIGN CELL,
Pathogens – disease producing microorganism HEMOLYSIS
Pathogenecity – ability to produce disease
Quarantine – limitation of freedom of movement Classes of IG
Colonization – strains become resident flora IG G – most abundant, extravascularly (interstitial), natural passive
Fumigation – gas destruction of vector immunity in newbord, transplacental, blood borne, tissue
Isolation – separation infections, enhances phagocytosis
Contamination – invasion of surface (wound), article (things), IG A – external secretions, saliva, tears, breastmilk, saliva, mucus
matter (food and drinks) of bronchial, genitourinary, digestive
Disinfection – chemical/physical destruction, vitality of pathogens IG M – largest, intravascularly, rapid protection, first antibody
Concurrent disinfection – ongoing after antigen infection, 1st IG class produced as 1st response to
Terminal disinfection – after disease, disinfecting belongings virus and bacterial, first IG to synthesize by neonate
Communicable disease – toxin/infection transmitted IG E – hypersensitivity, combat response, parasites, allergy
directly/indirectly through agency IG D – small amount, unknown function, located in B lymphocytes,
remains.
Classification of disease (occurrence)
Sporadic – intermitted, isolated case, occasional, irregular Main group of T CELLS
Endemic - few, continuous, constantly present in locality Cytotoxic T cells – attacks antigen, altering cell membrane, causes
Epidemic – unusual large number short period of time lysis
Pandemic –worldwide, simultaneous, many countries Helper T cells – activated by recognition of antigens, cytokines,
activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, Natural killer cells, macrophages
Portal of exit Causative agent
Suppresor T cells – suppresses function of T cells and cytotoxic T
Respiratory Virus
cells, decreases production of B cell, compatibility level.
Genitourinary Parasite
Memory T cells – recognizing previous antigen exposure
Gastrointestinal Fungus
Skin & mucous membrane Bacteria
CDCP – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
July 1, 1946 Atlanta Georgia US
Classification of disease (duration)
Dr. Joseph Mountin
Acute – rapid onset, short time
Public health issue advocate, disease isolatation
Chronic – slow onset, long period
Sub-acute –rapid & long duration in between acute & chronic
Edward Anthony Jenner – Father of Immunology 1st smallpox Why infection occurs
vaccine. Founder of vaccinology 1796 West Resistance to antibiotic
Francis Home (1757) Scottish, measles Many strains
Maurice Hilleman 1963 measles vaccine. 1968 – improved Resist antiviral
Giovanni Filippo 1500 – chicken pox Occasionally arises
William Heberden 1767 – smallpox is not chickenpox Localizes in area of body
Michiaki Takahashi Dr. – Japan, 3yr old son, vaccine/chickenpox Immunocompromisity
George de Maton 1814 – German measles is not measles or Air travel increase spread
scarlett fever. Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare use organisms as weapon
Friedrich Hoffmann 1740 – 1st clinical description of rubella Expanded use of immunosuppressive drugs
Norman Greggg 1941 – teratogenic property of infection
Emil Adolf Behring – german, diphtheria antitoxin Nursing care
Pierre Bretonneau 1826 – coined DIPTHERIA from French Self-protection
“DIPTHERITE” an greek “DIPTHERA” Prevention
Jules Bordet 1906 – pertussis Physical care
Octave Gengou – pertussis vaccine Emotional Support
Waldemar Haffkine July 1892 – Russian jewish, cholera vaccine Provide spiritual aspect
Filippo Pacini 1854 – V cholera of Italian anatomist
Kiyoshi Shiga 1897 – Japan, shigella bacteria causes dysentery CHAIN OF INFECTION
John Snow March 15, 1813 – June 16, 1858, English, Father of Causative agent – microbe capable producing disease
modern epidemiology Reservoir – environment, microorganism survives and multiply
Edwin Klebs 1875 – 1st observe bacteria in airway Portal of exit – way how organism leaves reservoir
Robert Koch 1882 – german, mycobacterium tuberculosis in tb Mode of Transmission – organism passes through
Gerard-Henrik Armauer Hanser – Norweigan, Mycobacterium Portal of entry – venue of entrance
Leprae Susceptible host – weakened host, next victim
Theodor Bilharz – Schistosomiasis, Egypt
Claud D. Johnson/Ernest W. Goodpasture 1934 – mumps in saliva CAUSATIVE AGENTS
Meningitis 1805 Geneva 1st record Bacteria – one-celled, double cell membrane, most common cause
Gaspard Vieusseux 1746 – 1814 Describe of fatal infection
Andre Matthey 1778 – 1842 Meninggocal Spirochete – flexible, slender, spiral with cell wall
Elisa North 1771 – 1843 (Epidemic) Treponema
Leptospira
Charles Louie Alphonse Laveran 1880 – French, army surgeon, Borilia
Constantine, Algeria, parasite in blood with malaria Viruses – smallest,can’t replicate by self
Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser, German, Gonorrhea 1879 Rickettsiae – small, gram (-), threathening infection
Girolamo Fracastro, Italian – French Disease term syphilis 1530 Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Fritz Schaudinn/Erich Hoffman 1905 – Treponema pallidum Typhus fever
syphilis Q fever
Arthur Nicolaier – toxin tetanus, antitoxin, C. Tetanus in soil Chlamydiae – smaller than ricketssiae, larger than virus, sexual
George Carmichael Low 1900 - microfilariae in proboscis (tubular Fungi – everywhere on earth, live in organic materials
sucking organ of mosquitoes) Identify MOT Protozoa – larger than bacteria, simpliest single-celled, parasitic
Jonas Edward Salk, American - Polio vaccine research virologist protozoa absorbs nutrients from host
Karl Landsteiner/Erwin popper – poliovirus 1908, paralysis is not Parasites – doesn’t kill host but live in it
bacteria but virus
Sir Walter Scott 1773 – 1st poliovirus infected RESERVOIR
Giovanni Cosimo Banomo, 1663 -1696, Italian – scabies mites HUMAN
1687 Incubatory carrier – person incubating the illness
Karl Joseph Erberth, 1880 – bacillus of thyphoid Convalescent carrier – recovery stage but still sheds
Almroth Edward Wright/Mary Mallon – 1st vaccine for typhoid, Intermittent carrier – occasionally sheds pathogens
Mary Mallon – Typhoid Mary, US 1st carrier of Thyphoid Fever Chronic/sustained carrier – always has infection in system
ANIMALS
Fingers, Food, Flies NON-LIVING THINGS
Habitat – where organism lives
Host – parasites depends on PORTAL OF EXIT
Reservoir – where parasites live and reproduce Respiratory system
Surveillane – watching Genitourinary tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Skin and mucous membrane
Placenta
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Contact Transmission – most common LEVELS OF PREVENTIVE CARE
Direct contact – person to person 1. Primary prevention – true prevention, immunization, physical
Indirect contact – contaminated object and nutritional fitness
Droplet spread – secretions 2. Secondary prevention – for patients experiencing illness
3. Tertiary prevention – defect, disease, disability irreversible
Airborne Transmission – fine particles/dust/air/inhaled Minimize long term disease.
Vehicle Transmission – articles or substances ingested/inoculated
Vector-borne Transmission – intermediate carriers, like mosquito PREVENTIVE ASPECT
1. Health education
ENTRANCE OF ORGANISM DEPENDS ON 3. Immunization – introduction of antibodies
1. Age, sex genes, constitution Immunity – being secured against disease.
2. Nutritional, fitness statuses, environmental factors 3. Environmental sanitation – still a health problem in country
3. Absence of immunoglobulin, abnormal IG
4. Underlying disease, DM, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Neoplasm TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Uremia Natural Passive – trans placental
5. Treatment with certain antimicrobials, corticosteroids, Natural Active – acquired from recovery from illness
immunosuppressive drugs Artificial Passive – antitoxin, antiserum, convalescent serum,
GAMMA globulins
Universal Precaution – all patients assumed infected Artificial Active – Vaccines, toxoid
Contact Precaution – nurse wears PPE at enrty and removes when Sub-clinical – acquired through constant exposure to organism
leaving the room
Standard Precaution – major features of universal, all who receive TYPES OF ANTIGEN
care, mucous membrane, non-intact skin, body fluids, secretion. 1. Inactivated (Killed organism) short lasting immunity, needs
Airborne Precaution – client confined in a private room and multiple doses, booster
caregivers wears mask in entering the room 2. Attenuated (Live organism) single dose, long lasting immunity
Protective Precaution – burn patients
DAMAGE TO VACCINE
Gloves, Mask, Gown, Cap, Shoe cover Heat & sunlight, especially on live
Gown, Mask, Gloves, Cap, Shoe Cover Freezing, especially on killed and toxoid
Antiseptics, disinfectants, detergents, alcohol, lessen potency
Bodily Fluids Not correct cold temperature (0-8 degrees Celsius)
Blood
Semen Cold chain system – maintenance of correct temperature for
Vaginal secretions vaccines
Synovial fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid Water supply sanitation program – DOH EHS, set policies
Pleural fluid
Peritoneal fluid Level 1 – Point of source (Well)
Pericardial fluid Level 2 – Communal Faucet System or Stand-Post (Pipe)
Level 3 – Waterworks system house connection
Less precaution
Feces Proper excrete, sewage disposal
Nasal secretion Level 1 – Non water carriage toilet facility
Urine Level 2 – Water sealed and flush type with septic tank
Vomitus Level 3 – Water carriage system connected to septic tank and
Sweat treatment plant
Sputum
Saliva Blind drainage – rural type of waste collection

CONTROL CARE PRIMARY CLINIC Nursing responsibilities – health education

Masking
Handwashing CONTROL SYSTEM
Gloving Isolation and quarantine
Gowning Disinfection
Goggles Disinfestation
Environmental disinfection Fumigation/fogging

Health promotion – maintain, enhance current level of health CURATIVE ASPECT

Wellness education – teaches people how to care for themselves Nursing management
Illness prevention – motivates people to avoid decline in health Medical management
REHABILATIVE ASPECT
Activity
Nutrition

Controlling spread of communicable disease

Elimination of cause
Interruption of transmission
Protection of susceptible host

PURPOSE OF ISOLATION – confine infectious disease, prevent

escape of infection

!st level – Standard precaution, all patient

2nd level – Transmission-based precaution, for infectious patient

7 CATEGORIES OF ISOLATION
Strict Isolation – prevent highly contagious infections
Contact Isolation – prevent close contact infection, direct
Respiratory Isolation – prevent transmission through air
TB isolation – precaution from TB patient positive from xray
Enteric isolation – prevenet transmission through feces
Drainage Isolation, secretion – prevent transmission directly or
indirectly from purulent materials or drainage of body
Universal precaution- HIV patients, blood, bodily fluid