Pre- Calculus  Guidelines:

o No y in the equation.
FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS
o Exponent of y is even number.
RELATION- pairing of some kinds that can be: o Y is in the absolute value symbol.
o The relationship isn’t in equality
 One-to-one
form.
 One-to-many
 Many-to-one REMEMBER!
FUNCTION- relation in which an element in  Set of ordered pairs can be transformed
domain corresponds to one and only element in into table of values.
the range, it can be an association between  Write all the x-coordinates of the given on
quantities either be: the first set and y-coordinates on the
second set.
 One-to-one
 A table of value is a function if there are
 Many-to-one
no common coordinates in the row of x-
REMEMBER! coordinates.
 If there is only one point of intersection
 All functions are relations and not all between the graph and the vertical line,
functions are relations. then the graph is a function.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUNCTIONS &  If there are more than one point of
RELATIONS intersection then it isn’t a function but a
relation.
SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
 Composed of 2 coordinates x (abscissa) FUNCTION NOTATION - functions written in
and y (ordinate). different ways like:
 Can be considered if and only if; every
element in the set is composed of different  f: x-> x+3, read as, under function f, x
x & y coordinates, no common x- maps to x+3.
coordinates exist in the given set.  x-> x+3, read as, x maps to x+3.
 {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8), (5,10)} functions.  f= {(x,y): y=x-5}, read as, the function f is
the set of all ordered pairs (x,y) such that y
TABLE OF VALUES equals to x-5.
 A= (1,1), (2,2), (3,3)  f(x)= x-4, read as, f of x equals x+4.
 Y=x+4, read as, y equals x+4
X 1 2 3
y 1 2 3
REMEMBER!
 the last 2 notations are commonly used in
MAPPINGS
the field of algebra and calculus.
 Matchings
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
1. Substitute the given numerical value for
the given variables.
GRAPH 2. Simplify the resulting expression.

 Vertical line test can be used to determine Example:

if the graph is a function. f(x) = -x +15 at f(-3)
f(-3)= -(-3) + 15
=3+15
EQUATION =18
 A function and a relation can be expressed OPERATION ON FUNCTIONS
by means of an equation.
SUM OF 2 FUNCTIONS  When a plane is perpendicular to the axis
of the cone and intersects each of the
 Given 2 functions f&g the sum of 2
functions f+g is defined by the equation generators.
(f+g)(x)= f(x) + g(x).
Example: ELLIPSE (a>b)
(f+g)(x)= f(x) + f(g)
(f+g)(x)= 6x-1 + x+5  When the plane is tilted slightly so that it
(f+g)(x)=7x+4 intersects each of the generators; but
intersects only one nappe of a cone.
DIFFERENCE OF 2 FUNTIONS
 Given 2 functions f&g the difference of 2 PARABOLA (a=b)
functions f-g is defined by the equation (f-  When the plane is tilted further so that it
g)(x)= f(x) - g(x). is parallel to 1 and only 1 generator and
Example: intersects only 1 nappe of the cone.
(f-g)(x)= f(x) - g(x)
(f-g)(x)= 6x-1 – x+5
(f-g)(x)= 7x-4 HYPERBOLA (b<a)
 When a plane intersects both nappes.
PRODUCT OF 2 FUNCTIONS
 Given 2 functions f&g the product of 2 REMEMBER!
functions f.g is defined by the equation
 When a plane intersects a double circular
(f.g)(x)= f(x) . g(x).
Example: cone, 2 dimensions curves called conics
x²+3x+2 are formed.
x²-5x+  3 types of conic section:
x⁴-3x³+12x² Ellipse
-5x³-15x²-10x Hyperbola
4x²+12x+8x⁴-2x³- 9x²+ 2x+8 Parabola
QOUTIENT OF 2 FUNCTION  2 double circular cone is cut by the plane
so that the angle between the plane and
 Given 2 functions f&g the quotient of 2
the axis is greater than the vertex angle
functions f/g is defined by the equation
the ELIPSE is obtained. When plane is
(f/g)(x)= f(x) / g(x).
perpendicular to the axis, ellipse is
(g/f)(x)= g(x)/f(x) = 2x-2/x-1 changed into a CIRCLE.
=2(x-1)/ (x-1)  If a double circular cone is cut by a plane
so that the angle between the plane and
=2
the axis is equal to the vertex angle,
PARABOLA is formed.
CONICS
 If a double right circular cone is cut by a
 Geometric figure plane so that the angle between the plane
 Curves generated by intersecting a right and the axis is less than to the vertex
circular cone with a plane. angle, HYPERBOLA is formed.
 Distinguished properties in Euclidean
Geometry

CIRCLE (90®)
CONIC SECTION PARAMETERS
FOCUS  Point on the axis where conics cut the
axis.
 Points about which a conic section
created, it also defines the certain types FOCAL CHORD
of conic.
 Chord passing through the focus of conic.
Number of focus:
 Cuts the conic section at 2 distinct points.
Circle:0 Parabola:1
Ellipse:2 Hyperbola:2 FOCAL DISTANCE
DIRECTRIX  Distance of a point (x,y) on the cone from
any foci.
 Line drawn perpendicular to the axis of
the referred conic. LATUS RECTUM
 Every point on the conic is defined by the
ratio of its distance from foci and  Chord that is perpendicular to the axis of
directrix. conic.
 Length of LT: point from the parabola- LL’ = 4a
 Number of directrix:
Circle:0 Parabola:1 Ellipse & hyperbola: 2b2/a
Ellipse:2 Hyperbola:2
TANGENT
 Line touching the conic externally at one
ECCENTRICITY point.

 Ratio of the distance on the conic section

from focus and directrix.
 Non-negative real numbers denoted by VERTEX WITH VERTEX AT (0,0)
“e”. PARABOLA
 If 2 conic sections have the same
eccentricity, they will be similar.  Set of all points in the plane equidistant
 As eccentricity increases, conic section from a given line (D) and a given point not
deviates more and more from the same of a line (F).
the circle.
 Value of e for the different conic sections:
Circle:(e=0) Parabola: (e=1)
Ellipse:(0≤e<1) Hyperbola:(e>1)

RELATED TERMS
PRINCIPAL AXIS
 Axis passing through the center and foci.
 Aka major axis.
CONJUGATE AXIS
 Axis drawn perpendicular to the principal
axis and passing through the center of
conic.
 Aka minor axis.
CENTER
 Point of intersection of the principal axis
and the conjugate axis.
VERTEX WITH VERTEX AT (h,k)
VERTEX
  Use the standard form (y-k)²= 4a(x-h) for
parabolas that have an axis of
symmetry parallel to x-axis, and (x-
h)²= 4p(y-k) for parabolas that have
an axis of symmetry parallel to y-axis.
SITUATION 1: V(h,k), F(h,k), axis of symmetry
parallel to a coordinate axis; a>0.
 F(h+k,a)
 D: x=h-a
 Equation: (y-k)²= 4a(x-h)
 Axis of symmetry: parallel to x-axis
 Opens to the right

SITUATION 2: V(h,k), F(h,k), axis of symmetry
parallel to a coordinate axis; a>0.
 F(h-k,a)
 D: x=h+a
 Equation: (y-k)²= -4a(x-h)
 Axis of symmetry: parallel to x-axis
 Opens to the left

SITUATION 3: V(h,k), F(h,k), axis of symmetry

parallel to a coordinate axis; a>0.
 F(h, k+a)
 D: y=k-a
 Equation: (x-h)²= 4a(y-k)
 Axis of symmetry: parallel to y-axis
 Opens to the upwards

SITUATION 4: V(h,k), F(h,k), axis of symmetry
parallel to a coordinate axis; a>0.
 F(h, k-a)
 D: y=k+a
 Equation: (x-h)²= -4a(y-k)
 Axis of symmetry: parallel to y-axis
 Opens to the downwards

REMEMBER!
 x²= -------- opens up or down.
 y²= -------- opens right or left.
 Transformations:
-Shift horizontally h units.
-Shift vertically k units.