1

LESSON 0.1 SLOPES, LINES, CALCULATOR REVIEW

The slope of a line is symbolized by the letter “m”.

rise y 2 − y1 y
Slope = m = = =
run x2 − x1 x
Examples: Find the slopes of the lines containing each pair of points.
1. y 2. (− 2,0) and (4,2) 3. (3,2) and (2,2) 4. (3,2) and (3,5)

x
− 

−
5
m1 =
2
y

Parallel lines have equal slopes ( m1 = m2 ).

Perpendicular lines have slopes which are
x
opposite reciprocals  m1 = −  .
1
 m 2 
2
m2 = −
5

Equations for lines

point-slope form: y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
slope-intercept form: y = mx + b (where b is the y-intercept)
general form : Ax + By + C = 0 (where A, B, and C are integers)

Examples: Find an equation of each line described.

5. a line through (2,3) with slope m = −3 6. a vertical line through (− 1,2 )

7. a line through (− 1,2 ) parallel to the graph 8. a line through (− 1,2 ) perpendicular to the
of 2 x − 5 y = 5 (in slope-intercept form) graph of 2 x − 5 y = 5 (in general form)

Examples: Draw a graph of each line.

9. 2 x + 3 y = 9 10. y = 2
y y

x x
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Calculator Examples:
11. Find a window to show a complete graph
of y = f ( x ) = −0.2x3 − 2.2x2 + 1.6x + 1 .
Indicate the scale on the graph or
give your window setting.

12. Find the zeros of y = f ( x ) = −0.2x3 − 2.2x2 + 1.6x + 1 .

13. Find the points of intersection of y = − x 3 + 12x 2 + 9 x − 3 and 3x − y + 5 = 0 . Write

the equation you are solving.

14. Use a calculator to solve x 2 − 5  4. Write your answer in both inequality notation and
interval notation.

ASSIGNMENT 0.1

Find the slopes of these lines.

1. 2. through (2,−6) and (5,−12)
3. through (3,6) and (− 2,6)
4. through (− 6,5) and (4,3)

Find an equation for each line.

5. through (1,2) with m = −2
6. through (2,0) and (3,1), in slope-intercept form
7. through (1,7) with undefined slope
8. through (1,7) with m = 0
9. vertical with x-intercept at 4
10. through (− 1,−3) parallel to the graph of y = 3x − 5 , in general form
11. through (2,3) perpendicular to the graph of 2 x − 3 y = 7
12. through (2,−3) perpendicular to the graph of x = 5

Graph without using a calculator.

13. y = −3x + 2 14. x = −2 15. 2 x + 5 y + 10 = 0

16. Show work to determine if (3,5) , (7,0) , and ( −1,11) are collinear (lie on the same line).
 3
Use a calculator for problems 17-27. Answers should be accurate to three or more decimal places
(rounded or truncated).
17. Find an appropriate window to show a complete graph of y = x3 + 4 x 2 − 5x . Your window
should show all zeros and all local maximum and minimum points (turn-around points). Draw
a window rectangle on your own paper and accurately draw the graph. Indicate the scale on the
graph or give the window setting.
18. Find the zeros of y = f ( x ) = x3 + 4 x2 − 5x . Write the equation you are solving on your paper.
x f (x )
19. Copy and complete the
7
table at the right for this
same function from problem 18. 7.1 524.051 Be sure to show
7.2 three decimal places.
7.3
7.4
20. Find f (− 2.1576) for this same function.
21. Find the x- and y-coordinates of the local maximum and minimum points of f (x).
22. Find the intersection points of the f (x) function and g (x) = −3x 2 − 5x + 15 . Write the equation
you are solving.
23. Solve x 3 + 4x 2 − 5x = −3x 2 − 5x .
24. Solve x 3 + 4 x 2 − 5x  0 . Write your answer in interval notation . No work is required.
25. Find the points of intersection of the graphs of x 2 + y = 4 and 2x − y = 1 .
Write the equation you are solving.
26. Find the x-coordinate(s) of the point(s) of intersection of the graphs of x + y = 7 and
2x − 3 y = −1 . Write the equation you are solving.
( )
27. Solve log 2 x 2 − 5 = 0 .

28. Show algebraic steps (without a calculator) to find the intersection point(s) of the
 x 2 + 2, x  1
two functions f ( x ) =  and g ( x ) = − x + 8.
 3, x 1

29. Verify your intersection point(s) from Problem 28 without using a calculator by
graphing f(x) and g(x) on the same axes.

LESSON 0.2 FUNCTIONS, INVERSES, GRAPHING ADJUSTMENTS

Relation: any set of ordered pairs (any set of points on a graph)

Function: a special type of relation. y is a function of x if for each x-value there is only one
y-value. The graph of a function passes the vertical line test. This is written y = f ( x).
Domain: the set of all x-values 
Range:  assuming y is a function of x
the set of all y -values 
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Examples: Determine whether each is a function of x.
1. x + y = 1 2. x2 + y 2 = 1 3. y = − x2 + 1 4. x + y 2 = 1
y

Given: f ( x ) = 3x −1 and g ( x ) = x2 . Find the following.

5. f (10) = 6. g ( x + x ) = 7. g ( f ( x ) ) = 8. (f  g )( x ) =

y
Determine the domain and range for each function.
1
9. f ( x ) = x − 1 10. g ( x ) = 11.
x−2 x

Do: Do:
Ra: Ra: Do: Ra:

One-to-one Function: a function in which not only is there only one y for each x, but there is also
only one x for each y. The graph passes the horizontal line test as well as the vertical line test.

Inverse Function: found by switching x and y and solving for the new y. f -1 ( x ) is the
symbol for the inverse of f(x). Only one-to-one functions have inverse functions. Since x
and y are switched to produce inverse functions, the domain of f is the range of f −1 and vice
versa. If (a,b) is in the f function, then (b,a) is in the f −1 function.

Examples:
12. Which of the relations in Examples 1-4 above is a function with an inverse function?

13. Find the inverse of f ( x ) = 2 x3 −1.

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Piecewise Function: a function defined differently on different pieces of its domain.
This piece This piece
is part of is part of
 x, x0 y = 2 − x. y = x2 .

Example: f ( x ) =  2 − x, 0  x  1 
 x2 , x 1

− 

This piece −
is part of
y = x.

Examples:
14. Graph this piecewise function and give the domain and range.

 x , x 1
f ( x) =  Do:
 x + 2, x  1 Ra: 

− 

Zeros: x-values for which y equals zero.

Conventionally, zeros are written as single values (e.g. x = 2 or x = 5) while
x-intercepts are written as ordered pairs (e.g. (2,0) or (5,0)).

Find the zeros without using a calculator.

x2 − 4
15. f ( x ) = x2 − 3x − 4 16. y =
x2 + 4
 6
Parent Graphs
These graphs occur so frequently in this course that it would be worth your time to learn (memorize) them.
y=x y = x2 y = x3 y = x4
  


  

−  − −   − −   − −  
− − −
− −
− −

2
y= x y=3 x y = x3 y= x
   

   

− −   − −   − −   − −  
− − − −

− − − −

1 1
y= y= x2 + y 2 = r 2
x x 2
 

  r
− −   − −  
− −

− −

Graphing Adjustments to y = f ( x )
1. y = − f ( x ) reflect across the x-axis
2. y = f ( − x ) reflect across the y-axis
3. y = f ( x ) + d shift up if d > 0, shift down if d < 0
4. y = f ( x + c ) shift left if c > 0, shift right if c < 0
5. y = a  f ( x ) vertical stretch if a > 1, vertical squeeze if a < 1
(assumes a is positive, if a is negative a reflection is needed)
6. y = f ( b  x ) horizontal squeeze if b > 1, horizontal stretch if b < 1
(assumes b is positive, if b is negative a reflection is needed)
7. y = f ( x ) reflect all points below the x-axis across the x-axis. Leave points above the
x-axis alone.
8. y = f ( x ) eliminate completely all points left of the y-axis. Leave points right of the
y-axis alone. Replace the left half of the graph with a reflection of the right
half. Your graph should then show y-axis symmetry.
Note: Adjustments to functions always produce functions.
 y 7

Examples: Use the graph of y = f (x) shown to
sketch the following: x
−  

17. y = f ( x + 2) 18. y = − f ( x ) + 2 −

y y
 

x x
−   −  

− −

f (−x) 20. y = f ( 2 x ) 21. y = f ( x )

1
19. y =
2

y y y
  

x x x
−   −   −  

− − −

ASSIGNMENT 0.2

1. If f ( x ) = 3x − 2 , find the following.

a. f ( 0 ) b. f ( −3 ) c. f ( b ) d. f ( x − 1)

x
2. If g ( x ) = , find the following.
x
a. g ( 2 ) b. g ( −2) c. g ( x 2 )

f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
3. If f ( x ) = x2 − x , find .
x

Without using a calculator, find the domain and range of the given function and draw its graph.
When possible make use of the parent graphs in this lesson.
4. f ( x ) = x + 1 5. g ( x ) = x2 + 2 6. h ( x ) = 4 − x

Without using a calculator determine whether y is a function of x.

7. 2x + 3 y = 4 8. x2 + y 2 = 4
 8
9. Use the parent graph of y = x to graph the following.
a. y = x + 2 b. y = − x c. y = x − 2 d. y = 2 x

10. Use the parent graph of y = x 2 to determine an equation for each graph.
a. b. y
y






x

− −
x
− 

11. If f ( x ) = x and g ( x ) = x2 −1 , find the following.

a. f ( g (1) ) b. g ( f (1) ) c. (g  f )( x )

1
12. If f ( x ) = x + 1 and g ( x ) = , find the following.
x
a. (f  g )( x ) b. the domain of ( f  g )
c. (g  f )( x ) d. the domain of ( g )  f
13. Are the two composite functions ( f  g ) and ( g  f ) from problem 12 equal?

14. If f ( x ) = 2 x2 , g ( x ) = x + 5, h ( x ) = 2x − 7, and k ( x ) = 3, find the following.

a. k ( 2 ) b. f ( k ( x ) ) c. (f  f )( x )
d. k ( g ( x ) ) e. (g  h )( 3)

Find the inverse function for each of the following showing organized work.
15. y = 2x −1 16. f ( x ) = 3 x − 1 17. g ( x ) = x 18. h ( x ) = x

19. Draw a graph of h ( x ) and h−1 ( x ) from problem 18. Did your answer on problem 18
include the domain restriction needed for h −1 ( x ) ?
1
20. If f ( x ) = x − 2, g ( x ) = x 2 , and h ( x ) = , find the following.
x2
a. g ( f ( x ) ) b. the domain of ( g  f)
c. h ( f ( x ) ) d. the domain of ( h  f)
 9
21. Without using a calculator graph this piecewise function.
 x + 2, x  −2

f ( x ) =  − x, −2  x  2
 x − 6,
2
x2


Find the zeros of these functions without using a calculator.

x 2 − 3x + 2
22. f ( x ) = 23. g ( x ) = 2 x3 − 8x
x −1
2

Use the graph of y = f (x) to draw accurate graphs of the following. y

24. y = − f ( x ) 25. y = f ( − x ) 26. y = f ( x ) x
− 
27. y = f ( x ) 28. y = f ( x ) − 1 29. y = f ( x − 1)

30. y =
1
2
f ( x) 31. y = f ( x)
1
2
32. y = f ( x ) − 1 −

Use a calculator for the rest of the assignment. Write answers to three or more decimal place
accuracy.

33. Find the zeros of f ( x ) = x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 4 .

34. Solve x3 − 2x2 + 5 = 3x + 10 .

Find the domain and the range for each function.

x−2
35. y = 2 x2 + 3x + 6 36. y = 37. y = 7 − x 2
x−2
Use graphing adjustments to draw an accurate graph of each of the following without
using a calculator. If necessary, use the parent graphs shown on Page 6.
1
38. y = x + 2 39. y = x + 2 40. y = 41. y = x
x −1
1 1
43. y = − 2 44. y = 45. y = ( x + 3) − 2
3
42. y = 2 3 x
(−x)
2
x

y
46. Write an equation for the curve shown. 

x
47. Check your answer by graphing with
− 
a calculator.
−
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LESSON 0.3 INTERCEPTS, SYMMETRY, EVEN/ODD, INTERSECTIONS

x - and y - intercepts
x-intercepts are points where a graph crosses or touches the x-axis. The y-coordinate is zero. To
find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x.
y-intercepts are points where a graph crosses or touches the y-axis. The x-coordinate is zero. To
find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y.

Example 1.
Find the x- and y-intercepts for y 2 − 3 = x .

Symmetry
y
y
( x, y )
y
( x, y )
( − x, y ) ( x, y )
x x
x
( x, − y ) ( − x, − y )
y-axis symmetry x-axis symmetry origin symmetry
reflection across reflection across reflection through
the y-axis the x-axis the origin (0,0)

Graphs can be symmetric to other lines and points. However, we will concentrate on these three.

Formal tests for symmetry:

1. y-axis: replacing x with –x produces an equivalent equation
2. x-axis: replacing y with –y produces an equivalent equation
3. origin: replacing x with –x and y with –y produces an equivalent equation

Informal tests for symmetry:

1. y-axis: substituting a number and its opposite for x give the same y-value
2. x-axis: substituting a number and its opposite for y give the same x-value
3. origin: substituting a number and its opposite for x give opposite y-values

Note: These informal tests are not foolproof. Think about whether other numbers would work the
same. If your substitution produces zero, try another number.
 11
Examples: Find the type(s) of symmetry for the graph of:
2. y = 2 x 3 − x 3. y = x − 2 4. y = x−2

Even/Odd Functions
A function is defined to be even if f ( − x ) = f ( x ) for all x in the domain of f (x). Even functions
have graphs with y-axis symmetry. Examples: y = x2 , y = x4 , y = x2 + 3, y = x4 + x2

A function is defined to be odd if f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) for all x in the domain of f (x). Odd functions
have graphs with origin symmetry. Examples: y = x , y = x 3 , y = x5 , y = x5 − x3

Examples: Determine whether the following functions are even, odd, or neither.
5. f (x) = x 3 − x 6. g (x ) = x 2 − 4 7. h(x) = x 2 + 2 x + 2

Points of Intersection of Two Graphs (without a calculator)

Method 1. Solve one equation for one variable and substitute into the other equation.
Method 2. Solve both equations for the same variable and set equal.

Example 8. Without using a calculator, find all points of intersection for the graphs of
x − y = 1 and x2 − y = 3 .
 12
ASSIGNMENT 0.3

Find the x- and y-intercepts for these graphs. Write your answers as ordered pairs.
1. 2. 3.  y
 y
y
x
−   x x
− − − 
−

− −
−

Find the intercepts for the graphs of these equations. Do not use a calculator.
4. y = 3x − 2 5. y = x 2 − 4x + 3 6. y = x x 2 − 9
x−2
7. y = 8. xy 2 + x 2 + 4 y − 4 = 0 9. y = x 2 − 9
x+3

Check for x-axis, y-axis, or origin symmetry. Do not use a calculator.

10. the graph of Problem 1 on this assignment.
11. the graph of Problem 2 on this assignment.
12. the graph of Problem 3 on this assignment.
x
13. y = x 2 − 2 14. y = x 3 + x 15. y = 2
x +1
16. y 2 = x − 2 17. y = x 3 + 3

18. Which of the graphs in Problems 1-3 represent(s) an odd function?

19. Which of the graphs in Problems 1-3 represent(s) an even function?

Without using a calculator determine whether the following functions are even, odd, or
neither.
20. f (x ) = 4 − x 2 (
21. g (x ) = x x 2 − 4 ) 22. h(x) = x 3 − 1

For Problems 23-25 find intercepts, symmetry, and sketch a graph without using a
calculator.
1
23. y = x + 2 24. y = 25. y = x 2 + 3
x

Find the points of intersection for the graphs of these equations without using a
calculator. Show algebra steps!
 y = x3  x 2 + y 2 = 25
26.  27. 
y = x  y − x =1

28. Is the point (1,4) on the graph of 2x − 3 y = 10 ?

29. If (2,−1) is a point on the graph of y = kx 3 , find the value of k.
 13
Use a calculator to determine whether the following functions are even, odd, or neither.
30. f (x ) = x 2 − x 4 31. g (x ) = x 3 − x
32. h(x ) = sin x 3 33. j (x) = log x 3

For Problems 34-36 (using a calculator):

a. list the intercepts
b. identify the symmetry
c. draw a window rectangle and sketch the graph

34. y = −2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 35. 3x 2 + y 2 = 4 36. x + y 2 = 4

Use a calculator on Problems 37-40. Answers should be accurate to three or more

decimal places.
37. If y = x 3 + 4 x 2 − 5x , find the value(s) of x when y = 20. Write the equation you are
solving on your paper.

38. Solve 3x − 7  9 .

39. Draw a window rectangle and sketch a graph of y = ( x − 5) 3 .

2

40. Draw more than one window rectangle to show all local maximum and minimum
points and end behavior of f ( x ) = x 4 −
1 19 11 2
x3 − x + 5x .
4 6 4

Find the slope for each of the following.

41. a line through (2,3) and (2,7)

42. the graph of 2 x + 3 y = 8

43. a line perpendicular to x = 4

Find an equation for each of the following.

2
44. a line through (0,2) with slope m = −
3
2
45. a line through (1,2) perpendicular to the graph of y = x
3
 14
LESSON 0.4 REVIEW OF BASIC TRIGONOMETRY

Basic Right Triangle Trigonometry:

The basic right triangle trigonometric ratios are given by SOH-CAH-TOA
opp 1
sin  = (SOH) csc  = Hypotenuse Opposite
hyp sin  side
adj 1
cos  = (CAH) sec  =
hyp cos  
Adjacent side
opp 1
tan  = (TOA) cot  =
adj tan  0    90
When using right triangle trigonometry, angles are usually measured in degrees.

Example 1: Use the triangle at right to find


5
a. sin  b. cos c. tan  d. sec 3

Trigonometric Functions Defined as Circular Functions:

Angles in a right triangle must be positive and less than or equal to 90 . A less restrictive way of
defining trigonometric (trig) ratios is to use angles which can be any measure.
At right is an angle in standard position. The vertex of the angle (x, y)
is the origin. The initial side of the angle is the positive x-axis.
In the figure shown, the terminal side was formed by a counter- y r 
clockwise rotation, so the measure of the angle, ( ) ,
is positive Clockwise rotations produce negative angles. x

When trig functions are defined using rotations from an initial ray (side) in the coordinate plane,
they are called circular functions. In Calculus, angles are usually defined by circular trig functions
and are almost always measured in radians. (2 R = 360 )

The circular function trig definitions are (see figure):

y r
sin  = csc  =   is any measure
r y

x r 
cos  = sec =  r = x 2 + y 2 (Positive)
r x 
y x 
tan  = cot  = x and y may be +, −, or 0
x y
 15

Example 2: Find sin  , csc  , and cot  , if  is an angle in standard position whose terminal
side passes through the point (−5, 2).

Circular function trigonometry makes use of reference angles in triangles and is really not much
different than right triangle trigonometry. Think of it as an extension of right triangle trig.
30 − 60 − 90 and 45 − 45 − 90 reference triangles can be used to find trig ratios of angles
which are multiples of 30 or 45 .

Example 3: Draw angles in standard position and make “reference triangles” to find:
a. cos 210 b. tan315

Example 4: Since 2 radians = 360 , it follows that  R = 180 , and the following common
radian measures should be easy to think about in degrees. Convert each common radian measure to
degrees.
   
a. = b. = c. = d. =
2 4 3 6

Example 5: Convert from radians to degrees or degrees to radians without using a calculator.
5
a. = b. 270 = c. −120 =
4

Examples: Draw angles in standard position, and make “reference triangles” to find the
following without using a calculator:

6. tan
5
6
7. cos ( )
−3
4
8. csc
5
3
 16

A unit circle is created by letting r = 1 when dealing with the circular trig functions.
y 
Then, sin  = y, cos  = x, and tan  = .
x 2

Example 9: Use a unit circle to find:

 1
a. sin b. sin 0 c. cos 0 y
6 
 
d. sin e. cos f. sin  x 0
2 2
3 3
g. tan  h. sin i. cos
2 2

j. cos(− ) k. ( )
tan −
2 3
2

As you can see from Example 9, the unit circle is particularly useful when finding trig ratios for the
quadrant separators (since no “reference triangles” can be built for them).

Sine and cosine are the two most important trig functions. The other trig functions can all be built
as ratios of the sine and cosine functions.
sin  cos  1 1 1
tan  = cot  = = csc = sec  =
cos  sin  tan  sin  cos 

Example 10: If sin  = , find the possible values for

3
5
a. csc  b. cos  c. tan 

Solving trigonometric equations requires you to “work backwards” from ratios to angles.

Example 11: Solve the following trig equations without using a calculator. Find all of the
solutions in the interval 0, 2 ) .
−2
a. csc x = b. cot  = 3
3

c. 2cos2  − 1 = 0 Note: cos2  means (cos  )2 . This is trig symbolism.

For these problems, you must be very careful with your “SIGNS.”
 17
ASSIGNMENT 0.4

1. Use the triangle at right to find the following

without using a calculator. 4
a. cos x b. sin x c. tan x 8
d. cot x e. csc x f. sec x x

Use the following points on the terminal sides of angles,  , in standard position to find the trig
ratios in Problems 2 and 3 without using a calculator.
2. 3. Point: (5, −2 )
 Sketch a diagram (like the one in Problem 2)
containing the given point before you
find the trig ratios.
(−3, −7)
a. cos b. csc c. cot 

a. tan  b. sin  c. sec

For Problems 4 and 5, use either a 30 − 60 − 90 reference triangle or a 45 − 45 − 90
reference triangle to find the trig ratios without using a calculator.
4. 5. Sketch a diagram (like the one in
Problem 4) before you find the
330 trig ratios.
−30
a. sin135 b. csc(−225 ) c. cot135

a. cos330 b. tan330 c. sec(−30 )

6. Convert from radians to degrees or degrees to radians without using a calculator.

3 −4
a. b. c. 225 d. −150
2 3

7. Use a calculator to convert from radians to degrees or degrees to radians.

11 R
a. b. −2.5R c. 312 d. −8 
15

For Problems 8 and 9, find the trig ratios without using a calculator. Sketch diagrams
with reference triangles first.
5 5 5
8. a. sin b. cos c. tan
4 4 4
2 2 2
9. a. cos b. tan c. csc
3 3 3
 18
10. List the quadrant in which  lies if:
a. sin   0, but tan   0 b. cos  0, but cot   0
−1
11. If cos  = and sin   0, find:
3

a. sin  b. tan  c. sec

12. Without a calculator, find two values of x, where 0  x  2 such that:
a. tan x = 3 b. csc x = −2

For Problems 13 and 14, solve for  , where 0    2 , without using a calculator.
13. sec2  − 4 = 0 14. sin 2  = cos2 

LESSON 0.5 TRIGONOMETRY WITH A CALCULATOR,

GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

When using a calculator with trig functions, it is important that the calculator is set in the correct
mode (radians or degrees). In Calculus, we will deal almost entirely with radian measure.
Example 1: Use a calculator to find:
a. sin 2 b. tan ( )
−
5
c. sec1.3
Example 2: Use a calculator to find the missing measure in each triangle.
a. b. 5 cm.
x Find x 
5 2 cm.
.5R
Find 

Graphs of Trig Functions:

Trig functions are periodic (their graphs repeat after a certain period or cycle).
The sine, cosine, cosecant, and secant functions all have a period of 2 .
The tangent and cotangent functions have a period of  .
 3
You should be able to easily graph the trig functions by using trig values at x = 0, , , , and by
2 2
using the fact that the functions are periodic.

(You should also use x =  4 for the tangent and cotangent graphs.)
 19
Example 3: Graph each of the following.
a. y = sin x b. y = cos x c. y = csc x

y y y
 

  
x x x
− −   − −   − −  
− − −

− − −

d. y = sec x e. y = tan x f. y = cot x


y
y  y

 
 x
x x
− −   − −  
− −   −
− −
−
−
−

Remember: Each of these last two functions has a period of  .

You should be able to use the parent trig graphs to graph functions of the form
y = a sin ( b( x + c) ) + d .
The chart below provides an aid, but remember to think of “adjustments to graphs.”

FUNCTION PERIOD AMPLITUDE HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

SHIFT SHIFT

y = a sin ( b( x + c) ) + d 2
a −c d
b

y = a cos ( b( x + c) ) + d

y = a tan ( b( x + c) ) + d 
None −c d
b

y = a cot ( b( x + c) ) + d

y = a sec ( b( x + c) ) + d 2
None −c d
b

y = a csc ( b( x + c) ) + d
When c is positive, the horizontal shift is to the left. When c is negative, the horizontal shift is to
the right. Horizontal shift is often called phase shift for periodic functions.
 20
Example 4: Without using a calculator, sketch two cycles of:

a.
 x
f ( x ) = −5cos  
2
(
b. g (t ) = sin 2t −

2 )
y
y
 

 t
x
− 
− −  
−
−

−

The sine and cosine functions are related to each other by the basic Pythagorean Identity:
sin 2  + cos2  = 1 or sin 2 x + cos2 x = 1

Example 5: Use the Pythagorean Identity to rewrite 2cos  − sin2  = −2 in a form which only
contains one trig function. Then, without using a calculator, solve for  on the interval 0, 2 ) .

Use your calculator to verify your solution.

ASSIGNMENT 0.5

1. Use a calculator to find (to 3 or more decimal place accuracy):

a. cos
3
5
b. csc(−2.9) c. tan ()
5
8
d. cot(−1.6 )

For Problems 2-5, use a calculator to find the values of x in each triangle.

2. 3.
4.1 cm. x
6.7 in.
2.5 cm. x
R
1.1

4. 5. 7.2 ft.
x
10
5.3 ft.
.6 x
 21

Use a calculator to solve for x on the interval 0, 2 ) for Problems 6 and 7.

6. sin x − 2cos x = 0 7. tan x = csc2 x − 2

For Problems 8-11, find:

a. the period
b. the amplitude (if there is one)
c. the horizontal shift (phase shift) including direction
d. the vertical shift including direction

8. f ( x) = −4cos(2 x) + 1 9. ( ( ))
g ( ) = tan   −
1
8

x
10. P(t ) = 112sin(3t +  ) y = 2 sec   − 12
11.
2
Without a calculator, graph each of the functions in Problems 12-15 in a separate coordinate plane.
Sketch two complete cycles for each graph.
12. y = 2cos x + 3 13. (
f ( x ) = tan x −

4 )
1 x
14. y = − sin 15. g ( x) = csc(−2x)
2 2
List the discontinuities for the functions in Problems 16 and 17. Do not use a calculator.
x
16. f ( x) = sec( x) on [0, 2] . 17. g ( x ) = tan   on 0, 4  .
2
18. Find equations in the indicated forms for y

the graph at right.

y = a sin ( b( x − c) ) + d
x
a.
− −  
b. y = a cos ( b( x − c) ) + d −

sin( − x ) −
19. Use a calculator to find lim .
x →0 sin(3 x )

20. Without a calculator, find all six trig ratios for an angle  (in standard position) whose
terminal side contains the point (−2, −7) .
21. Without a calculator, find all six trig ratios for an angle  whose measure is:
a. 5 b. 11 c. 5 d. −
4 6 2
First, sketch a reference triangle (if possible).
If sin  = and cos  0 , find cos and tan  .
3
22.
4

Without a calculator, solve for  on the interval [0, 2 ) in Problems 23-25.

cot  = tan  − sin  = 0 2sin 2  = cos +1
1
23. 24. 25.
3
 22
LESSON 0.6 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

An exponential function is a function represented by a constant base with a variable exponent. For
example, f ( x ) = 2x , y = e x , and g ( x ) = 3x −5 are exponential functions.
2

These basic properties of exponents are used when working with exponential functions.

For a and b positive real numbers and x and y any real numbers:
ax
1. a =1
0
2. a a =a
x y x+ y
3. y
= a x− y
a
x
a
4. ( )
a x y
= a xy
5. ( ab) x
= a x x
b 6.  
b
=
ax
bx
1
7. a− x = x Note: (a + b) x  a x + b x
a

When simplifying, do not leave answers with negative exponents.

Examples: Simplify without using a calculator.

0 2
4  1  e5  e−3 
e + 
3
1. 27 2. 3.  e4 
 e  

4. 53  25−2 5. Solve 9x = 27 without using a calculator.


6. Use a calculator to carefully graph y = 2 , y = 5 ,
x x 

and y = e x in the same coordinate plane. Do you 

see any similarities in the graphs?
−
− −
− −
− −
−−
−  

Graphs of Exponential Functions: If f ( x) = a x and a  1 , then

1. The domain of f (x) is (−, ) . 2. The graph of f (x) is continuous,

The range of f (x) is (0, ) . increasing, concave upward, and
one-to-one (has an inverse function).
3. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote 4. The y-intercept is (0, 1).
to the left: lim f ( x ) = 0 . * Another key point is (1, a).
x →−

(Also, lim f ( x ) =  ) *
x→ 

*This notation using limits will be developed completely in the next unit.
 23
The letter e used as a base in Examples 2, 3, and 6, is not an unknown. It is a number called the
natural base for exponential functions. It is the most common base in Calculus, because functions
with base e are easier to differentiate and integrate than functions with other bases. By definition,
1
e = lim(1 + x) x . To three decimal places, e  2.718 .
x →0

 y

Example 7: Without using a calculator, 

sketch a graph of y = ex . 

x

− − − −  
−

Example 8: Using adjustments to the graph from  y

Example 7, graph f ( x) = e− x + 1 without using a 
calculator. Write an equation for the graph’s asymptote. 
 x

− −  
ASSIGNMENT 0.6
Simplify without a calculator.
2 −3
1. 83 2. 25 2 3. 30 − 50 4. (3 − 5)0
4 82
5. 6. (3−2 )−1 7. (3−4 ) (93 ) 8.
43 43
−3 2 3
2  −e 2   e2  e−1 
9.   10.  −2  11.  −4  12. (e + 3)2
e e   e 
Solve for x without a calculator.

()
2x
13. 2x = 16 14. 32 x−3 = 27 15.
1
=8
2
3
4  e2 
16. x = 16
3
17.  x =e
9
18. (5 − e) x = 1
e 

For Problems 19-24, sketch a graph without using a calculator. List all intercepts, and write an
equation for each asymptote. Use a separate coordinate plane for each graph.

19. y = 2x 20. y = 2− x 21. y = −2x

22. y = 2 x +1 23. y = 2x − 1 24. y=2
x
 24
LESSON 0.7 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
y (1,e )
Since f ( x) = e is one-to-one (continuous and increasing), it must have
x

( e ,1)
an inverse. However, if you switch x and y in the equation y = ex f ( x ) = ex
to get x = e , you cannot isolate the new y by using algebraic
y

methods. So, we must define f −1 ( x) for the function f ( x) = e x . x

For f ( x) = e x , f −1 ( x) is called the natural logarithmic function, f −1 ( x) = ln x
and we write f −1 ( x) = ln x (so that x = e y and y = ln x must be
equivalent). In general, if f ( x ) = a x (a  0), then f −1 ( x ) = log a x y=x
(so that x = a y and y = log a x must be equivalent).

Note: loge x is usually written as ln x and log10 x is usually written simply as log x .

Graphs of Logarithmic Functions: If f ( x) = loga x and a  1 , then

1. The domain of f ( x) is (0, ) . 2. The graph of f ( x) is continuous,

The range of f ( x) is (−, ) . increasing, concave downward, and
one-to-one (has an inverse function).

3. The y-axis is a vertical asymptote 4. The x-intercept is (1, 0).

downward: lim f ( x) = − * Another key point is (a, 1).
x →0

(Also, lim f ( x ) =  ) *
x→ 

*This notation using limits will be developed completely in the next unit.

Compare these graphical characteristics of f ( x) = loga x to those of f ( x) = a x from Lesson 0.6

(page 22).

Example 1: Use a calculator to graph y = ln x
and y = log x in the same coordinate plane.     
Do you see any similarities in the graphs? −

−

y
Example 2: Without using a calculator, sketch 

a graph of y = ln( x − 2) . Write an equation for 

the graph’s asymptote. x
  

−

−
 25
For changing forms of an equation involving exponentials or logarithms, we use the following
Change of Form Definition:

 x = e y  y = ln x 
Exponential form   Logarithmic form
 x = a  y = log a x 
y

Example 3: Change the following equations from exponential form to logarithmic form or vice
versa.
a. 34 = 81 b. e0 = 1 c. log(.1) = −1

Example 4:
a. Since e0 = 1, ln1 = b. Since e1 = e, ln e =
c. Because the natural exponential function and the natural logarithmic function are inverses,
ln en = eln n =

Example 5: Use the inverse idea from Example 4c. to simplify.

b. eln(3 x ) = c. 10log2 = d. log 2 2 x =
2
a. ln e 2
=

Properties of Logarithms:
1. ln(ab) = ln a + ln b These properties work for any bases,
a
2. ln = ln a − ln b but only if a  0 and b  0
b
3. ln an = n ln a

Example 6: Expand using Logarithm Properties 1-3 above.

5
a. ln b. ln 3
x2 + 1
8

Example 7: Condense into a single logarithm. ( x  0 and y  0)

1
a. −3ln x + 5ln y b. ln x + ln( x + 1) − 3ln y
2
 26
Example 8: Solve for x.
2 x −5
a. y=e +6 b. log 2 x − log 2 ( x − 8) = 3

log b x
Change of Base Formula: log a x =
logb a
Since the only two logarithmic bases on your calculator are 10 (log key) and e (ln key), you will
change bases on your calculator in one of two ways:
log x ln x
log a x = or log a x =
log a ln a

Example 9: Use your calculator to find log7 112 to 3 or more decimal places.

Example 10:
a. Find an exact value for x, if 3x+2 = 6 .

b. Use your calculator to find a decimal value for your answer from Part a. to 3 or more decimal
places.

ASSIGNMENT 0.7

Decide whether each statement in Problems 1-8 is true or false for a  0 and b  0 . (Check your
answers before working on the rest of the assignment.)
1. log(a + b) = log a + log b 2. ln(a + b) = ln a  ln b
log a a log a
3. log a − log b = 4. log =
log b b log b
5. (ln x)3 = 3ln x 6. ln x = 3ln x
3

7. ln x = 2ln x, for all x

2
8. ln x2 = 2ln x, for x  0

For Problems 9-12, change each equation from exponential form to logarithmic form or vice versa.
1
9. 5−3 = 10. e x = 17
125
11. log3 729 = 6 12. log x = −2
 27
Simplify each expression in Problems 13-16.
13. eln(2 x+1) 14. ln ea+b
2
15. log5 5 p
16. 3log3 m

For Problems 17-20, solve for x without using a calculator. Simplify your answers.

17. log2 x = 3 18. ln x = −1

19. x − 1 = log3 27
2
20. log x 64 = 3

For Problems 21-26, sketch a graph without using a calculator. List all x-intercepts, and write an
equation for each asymptote. Use a separate coordinate plane for each graph.

21. y = log2 x 22. y = log2 ( x + 3) 23. y = log2 (− x)

24. y = log2 x 25. y = log2 x

In Problems 26 and 27, f ( x) is given. Without using a calculator, find f −1 ( x) , and graph both f
and f −1 in the same coordinate plane.
26. f ( x) = e 2 x 27. f ( x) = ln( x −1)
Remember that your graphs should be reflections of each other across y = x .

Use Properties of Logarithms to expand the expressions in Problems 28-30.

(All variables represent positive quantities.)
( a + b) 2
29. log ( xy 2 )
a
28. ln 30. ln
bc c

Use Properties of Logarithms to condense the expressions in Problems 31-33 into single logarithms.
(All variables represent positive quantities).
1
31. log x + 2log y 32. 3ln x − ln y 33. ln a − (2ln b − ln c)
2

For Problems 34-36, solve for t without using a calculator.

−t
e2t −1 − 3 = 0
2
34. ln et =6 35.
36. log2 t + log2 (t + 2) = 3

Use a calculator to solve for x in Problems 37 and 38. (Express answers to 3 or more decimal
place accuracy.)
37. 3e− x+1 = 5 − x2 38. ln(.5x) = .2 − e x

Find the values of the logarithms in Problems 39 and 40. (Express answers to 3 or more decimal
place accuracy.)

39. log3 20 40. log5 (.02)

 28
ADDITIONAL PRACTICE

Lesson 0.1
Draw accurate graphs for the following without using a calculator.
−x + 4
1. 4 x + 2 y = 6 2. y =
2

3. Find equations for lines passing through ( −1,3) with the following characteristics.
2
a. m = b. parallel to 2 x + 4 y = 7
3
c. passing through the origin d. perpendicular to the x-axis

Use a calculator for Problems 4-6. Remember to show three or more decimal place accuracy for all
answers that are not exact.
4. Solve 3x3 − 3x + 1  0 .
5. Solve 3x + 5  2 .
6. Find the x-value(s) of the point(s) of intersection for the graphs of
x − y 2 = −7 and 2 x − 3 y + 12 = 0. Write the equation you are solving.

Lesson 0.2
Draw accurate graphs for the following without using a calculator. Use the parent graphs on Page 6
to help you whenever possible.
2
1
7. y= +1 8. y = 3 x − 2 9. y = x 2 − 2 10. y = x 3 − 1
x
11. y − x2 = 0 12. x = y 2 13. y = x3 − 1

14. For which of the relations in Problems 7-13 is y not a function of x?

15. If f ( x ) = 1 − x2 and g ( x ) = 2 x + 1 , find the following.

a. f ( x ) + g ( x ) b. f ( g ( x ) ) c. (g f )( 2)

Find the zeros without using a calculator.

 2 x − 1, x  0
16. f ( x ) = x4 − 7 x2 + 12 17. g ( x ) =  2
 x − 4, x  0
18. Find the inverse function for f ( x ) = x3 − 1 . ( )
5

Use the graph of y = f ( x ) at the right to  y

draw an accurate graph for each of the following.
x
f ( x) 20. y = f ( 2 x )
1
19. y =
2 − 
21. y = f ( x − 2) − 2
−
 29

 x − 1, x0
 2
22. Without using a calculator sketch a graph of g ( x ) =  x − 1, 0  x  2
 4, x2

Lesson 0.3
Without using a calculator, find the point(s) of intersection of the graphs of the following.
Show algebra steps!
 y = x+5  x2 − y 2 = 9
23.  24.  2
 y = −2 x + 8 x + y = 9
2

For each function in Problems 25-27, without using a calculator:

a. find the domain and the range. b. find the intercepts.
c. discuss the symmetry. d. tell whether the function is even, odd, or neither.
e. draw an accurate graph.

25. y = x 2 − 4 26. y = − x + 4 27. y = x 3 − 2

Use a calculator for Problems 28-30. Remember to show three or more decimal place accuracy for
all answers that are not exact.
a. find the domain and the range. b. find the intercepts.
c. discuss the symmetry. d. tell whether the function is even, odd, or neither.
e. draw an accurate graph.
x
28. y = 29. y = − 5 − 2 x 2 30. y = 3x2 − 3x − 5
x −4
2

Are the following functions even, odd, or neither? Do not use a calculator.
x x −1
31. g ( x ) = 3 32. h ( x ) = 3
x −x x −x

Lesson 0.4

33. Without a calculator, convert from degrees to radians for Part a. and radians to degrees for
Part b.
5
a. 300 b. −
2

For Problems 34-36, find sin  , cos  , and tan  without using a calculator.

8
34. 35. 36. The measure of  is .
3
3 (−2, −1)

5
37. Find x. x
10 m.

6
 30
Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator.
3 4 5 7 −3
38. sin  39. cos 40. tan 41. sec 42. csc 43. cot
2 3 4 6 2
−5
44. Given tan  = , sin   0, find cos  .
12

Solve the following equations on the interval 0, 2 ) .

45. 3tan 2  −1 = 0 46. 3csc2  − 4 = 0

Lesson 0.5
Use a calculator to solve tan x = sin(2 x) + 3 on [0,  ) .
2
47.

Do not use a calculator for Problems 48-50.

−3
48. Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift for y = cos(3x −  ) .
4

49. Sketch the graph of y = − 1 sin x −  .

2 2 ( )
50. Find the discontinuities of f ( x) = csc(4 x) .

51. Write an equation of the form y = a tan ( b( x − c) ) + d for the graph below.

y



x

− −  
−

−
 31
Lesson 0.6 and 0.7
For Problems 52 and 53, find the inverse of the given function, and then sketch the function and its
inverse in the same coordinate plane.

52. f ( x) = ln(− x) 53. g ( x) = e2 x + 1

Simplify the expressions in Problems 54 and 55 without using a calculator.

1 e10
54. log3 55. ln
27 e3

56. Use Log Properties to expand ln x y − 1 . ( )

57. Use Log Properties to condense 2log p − 3log q − log r into a single logarithm.

Solve for x without a calculator:

58. e2 x−3 − 5 = 0 59. 1 − 3ln x = −5

60. Without using a calculator, list the domain, two points that the graph of the function contains,
and the asymptote for the graph of the function. Then sketch each graph in the same
coordinate plane.
a. y = ex b. y = ln x

61. Using adjustments to the graph of y = ex from Problem 60, sketch y = e− x − 3 . What is the
asymptote for this graph?

62. Find the inverse of y = e− x − 3 , and sketch its graph in the same coordinate plane that you used
for Problem 61. What is the asymptote for this graph?

For Problems 63-67, solve for x without using a calculator. Simplify your answers.

63. log5 x = −2 64. eln( −2 x+3) = 5 65. ln 2 x −1 = 0

66. log3 x = log3 (2 x + 1) − log3 ( x + 4) + 1 67. 43 = 82 x−1
 32
UNIT 0 SUMMARY

y2 − y1
Slope: m =
x2 − x1

Equations for lines:

Point-Slope form y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
Slope-Intercept form y = mx + b (where b is the y-intercept)

Domain: all possible x-values

Range: all possible y-values

Inverse functions: found by switching x and y and solving for the new y.

Parent graphs and graphing adjustments: see Page 6

Intercepts:
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x.
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y.

Symmetry:
Informal tests:
1. y-axis: substituting a number and its opposite for x give the same y-value.
2. x-axis: substituting a number and its opposite for y give the same x-value.
3. origin: substituting a number and its opposite for x give opposite y-values.

Even/odd functions:
Even functions have graphs with y-axis symmetry.
Odd functions have graphs with origin symmetry.

Exponential and Logarithmic Graphs:

(e,1)
Graph of f ( x) = e x
y
Graph of g ( x) = ln x
e0 = 1 (1,e) ln1 = 0
e1 = e ln e = 1 (1,0) x
(0,1)

All basic exponential ( f ( x ) = a x ) and logarithmic ( g ( x) = loga x ) graphs with a  0 are similar to
the graphs shown above.

f ( x) = e x and g ( x) = ln x are inverse functions, so ln e = e = x .

x ln x
 33


 x = e  y = ln x 
y

Change of Form Definition: Exponential form   Logarithmic form

 x = a y
 y = log a 
x 

Properties of Logarithms: only true when a  0 and b  0

a
1. ln(ab) = ln a + ln b 2. ln = ln a − ln b 3. ln an = n ln a
b
ln x
Change of Base: log a x =
ln a