Department of Mechanical Engineering

Lab Manual

Solid Mechanics Lab

(MEC 204)

Laboratory Location: Ground Floor, Room No-002

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of

Mines) Dhanbad-826004
 INDEX

Sl .No. Particulars Page

1 Safety in the lab 3
2 Lab report format 4
3 List of Experiments___ SOM Lab_________ 5
4 Instruction Manual____ SOM Lab________ 6-44
 Safety in the Lab

 You are only allowed in the laboratory when there is a 'responsible person' present such as
a demonstrator or the laboratory staff.
 Do not touch any equipment or machines kept in the lab unless you are asked to do so.
 A tidy laboratory is generally safer than an untidy one, so make sure that you do not have a
confused tangle of electrical cables. Electrical equipment is legally required to be regularly
checked, which means it should be safe and reasonably reliable: do not tamper or attempt to
repair any electrical equipment (in particular, do not rewire a mains plug or change a fuse -
ask one of the laboratory staff to do it). Never switch off the mains using the master switches
mounted on the walls. Please make yourself aware of the fire exits when you first come into
the lab. When the alarm sounds please leave whatever you are doing and make your way
quickly, calmly and quietly out of the lab. You must always follow instructions from your
demonstrators and the laboratory staff.
 You must keep walkways clear at all times and in particular coats and bags must be stowed
away safely and must not pose a trip hazard.
 It is important that you make a point of reading the "Risk Assessment" sheet included in the
manuscript of each experiment before you start work on the experiment.
 Please take notice of any safety information given in your scripts. If an experiment or project
requires you to wear PPE (personal protective equipment) such as gloves and safety glasses,
then wear them.
 Always enter the lab wearing your shoes. It is strictly prohibited to enter the lab without
shoes.
 There must be NO smoking, eating, drinking, use of mobile phones or using personal
headphones in the laboratory. This last point is not because we dislike your choice of music
but because you must remain aware of all activity around you and be able to hear people
trying to warn you of problems.
 Keep the lab neat and clean.
 Lab Report Format
Title:
 Provide a title that is a description of your lab followed by a lab number.
 The title should clearly identify the experiment’s variables (independent & dependent)

Objective/Purpose/Problem:
 This is the place to explain what you are trying to find out or what you are going to do
in the lab.
 Include information about the variables involved.

Hypothesis: “If………then………because………”
 This is a cause/effect statement.
 This is a prediction of what the expected outcome of the lab will be.
 Relate the hypothesis to the purpose/problem of the lab.
 Try to focus your hypothesis on the information/research you collected.

Materials:
 List all items in a column.
 Make sure to record the exact size and amount of each item required.

Procedures:
 List and number each step.
 Use complete sentences (begin with a capital letter and use end punctuation).
 Should be clear enough for someone else to use as instructions for repeating your
experiment.

Observations/Data:
 Be sure to accurately record your observations/data in a chart or table.
 Create a graph to provide a visual of your data.
 Provide a verbal description of your data.
 List all quantitative (numbers) and qualitative (words) data.
 List all variables and explain what your control was.

Conclusion: “When…………….then… ........................ ”

 Match your conclusion to the purpose or the problem.
 Base your conclusion on your analysis of your observations and any data that has been
collected.
 Explain: (The following are just suggestions and DO require elaboration.)
 What you did in the experiment
 What you observed (trends/patterns in your data that supported or did not
support your hypothesis)
 What you learned from the lab
 If you think it was a fair test (i.e. – was there anything that may have impacted
the accuracy of your results)
 Questions for further research and investigation
 Application: Can you think of an analogous situation that applies to real life?
 S.NO. Name of Experiment Experiment no. Page no.

01. Tensile Strength Testing of a given mild steel on UTM 01 06-10

02. Compressive Strength testing of a given specimen on UTM 02 11-12

03. Hardness testing of given specimen using Rockwell and 03 13-21

Vickers/ Brinell testing
04. Torsion rigidity test of shaft 04 22-23

05. Impact testing on Impact testing machine: - Charpy and 05 24-28

Izod.
06. Coefficient of friction between sliding belt(rope) and a fixed 06 29
pulley
07. Efficiency of screw jack by raising & lowering condition 07 30-31

08. Cam profile and follower movement 08 32-33

09. Coriolli’s component of acceleration 09 34-36

10. Speed of gear in the output shaft of a compound gear train 10 37-38

5
 EXPERIMENT NO:-01

Name Of Experiment: - Tensile Strength Testing of a given mild steel on UTM

Apparatus Required: -
(i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
(ii) Mild steel specimens
(iii) Graph paper
(iv) Scale
(v) Vernier Caliper

DIAGRAM:-

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Theory:-The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this
test ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load
measuring device. If the applied load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is
entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid will return to its original form as soon as load is
removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The
initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As
elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic
deformation is termed plastic. The stress below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is
known as the yield strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by
a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not
exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot
compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to
decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”’ which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to
original cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually Cause ‘neck’
formation and rupture.
Hooks law:-When material is loaded within proportional limit, stress is directly proportional to strain produced
by the stress. It is observed that there is a limit up to which the applied stress is directly proportional to the
induced strain. The limit is called limit of proportionally.
Yield strength:-This is the stress of the material where it changes its elastic behavior to Plastic behavior. At
this particular stress the material starts deforming permanently, it can be measured as the load at which
material.
Ultimate Strength:- this is measured by the maximum load that a material can take Divided by the original

7
area of the section.

Elastic limit:-It is maximum stress that the metal can withstand without experiencing a permanent Strain that is
when it is unloaded; it comes to its original position.
Proof stress:-It is the stress required to produce a strain of 0.2% of mild steel sample.
% Elongation= (l1-l0)/l0x100

Stress strain diagram

Technical data of the Machine/Instruments used.

Name of Machine UNIVERSALTESTING MACHINE

Model AMT-100
Make ASI
Maximum Load 1000KN

Specification Max Capacity 1000KN

Range ,120KN,300KN,600KN,1000KN
Motor 3HP,3.5HP
Max. slide
Grips 10mm-40mm
Sample Standard as per is specification
or for rod(non standard)
Diameter of Sample

PROCEDURE:-
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of gauge
section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the specimen.

8
 2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler & vernier calipers
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and diameter of
specimen.

OBESERVATION:- A) Material: ---------------------------------------------

Original dimensions _____ _____ Length = ------------ Diameter = --------- Area = ---------

Sl.n Diamet Nomin Yield Ultimat Breakin Yield Ultimate Breaking %

o er al cross load(K e g Stress(MP Stress(MP Stress(MP Elongatio
section N) load(K load(K a) a) a) n
al area N) N)
in mm2

RESULT:- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION:- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
Sample Calculation:-

(i) Yield strength

Yield load
= Original area of cross-section =….N/mm2

(ii) Ultimate strength

Maximum tensile load
=Original area of cross-section =N/mm 2
(iii) Breaking Strength
Breaking load
= Original area of cross-section =….N/mm2

(vi) Percentage elongation

9
 Final length (at fracture) – original length
Original length

Machine Diagram

10
 EXPERIMENT:-2
Name Of Experiment:- Compressive Strength testing of a given specimen on UTM

Apparatus Required: - 1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

2. Specimen to be tested
3. Vernier caliper
4. Steel ruler
Theory-
This is the test to know strength of a material under compression. Generally
Compression test is carried out to know either simple compression characteristics of
material or column action of structural members.
It has been observed that for varying height of member, keeping cross-sectional
and the load applied constant, there is an increased tendency towards bending of a
member .Member under compression usually bends along minor axis, i.e, along
least lateral dimension. According to column theory slenderness ratio has more
functional value. If this ratio goes on increasing, axial compressive stress goes on
decreasing and member buckles more and more. End conditions at the time of test
have a pronounced effect on compressive strength of materials. Effective length
must be taken according to end conditions assumed, at the time of the test.
As the ends of the member is made plain and fit between two jaws of the machine,
fixed end is assumed for calculation of effective length. Effective length is taken as
0.5 L where L is actual length of a specimen

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PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the length and diameter of the test pieces.
2. Place the test piece at the centre on lower block
3. Lower the middle block up to the top face of the test piece
4. Set the proper scale and load as per test piece size.
5. Set the deformation measuring scale.
6. Set the graph plotter.
7. Start the Hydraulic pump and allow the piston slowly to load test piece
8. Take the reading of load at the internal of 1 mm of deformation scale.
9. After rupture stop the motor.

READING AND CALCULATION:-

a. Initial length of specimen in cm.
b. Initial diameter of specimen in cm.
c. Area of specimen in cm2
d. Length after fracture in cm
e. Diameter after facture in cm
f. Area of section after facture in cm2
g. Total load at breaking point in tones. Stress is in tones/ cm 2 at breaking point.
Contraction is the length (a – d)
Percentage contraction in length = [ ( a – d) / (a)] X 100
Percentage Increase in area = [(f – c) / (c)] X 100
Plot the bar graph for Load Vs Contraction

REMARKS:-

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 EXPERMENT NO ;- 03

Name of Experiments:- Hardness testing of given specimen using Rockwell and Vickers/
Brinell testing

(A) Rockwell Hardness test

Apparatus Required:- Rockwell Hardness testing machine, specimen.

Theory: - Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and
cutting, hardness after gives clear indication of strength. In all hardness tests, a define force is
mechanically applied on the piece, varies in size and shape for different tests. Common
indentors are made of hardened steel or diamond.

Rockwell hardness tester presents direct reading of hardness number on a dial provided with

the m/c. principally this testing is similar to Brinell hardness testing. It differs only in

diameter and material of the indentor and the applied force. Although there are many scales

having different combinations of load and size of indentor but commonly ‘C’ scale is used

and hardness is presented as HRC. Here the indentor has a diamond cone at the tip and

applied force is of 150 kgf. Soft materials are often tested in ‘B’ scale with a 1.6mm dia.

Steel indentor at 60kgf.

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14 | P a g e
Technical data of the Machine/Instruments used.

Name of Rockwell Hardness Tester

Machine
Model
Make
Maximum Load
Load range 60kgf,100kgf,150kgf,187.5kgf,250kgf
Indenter 1/16”steel ball, Diamond cone of 120.
scales A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H AND K
Method of load Lever type
application

Sl.no Indente scal Load in RHB1 RHB2 RHB3 RHB RHB Averag
r e kgf 4 5 e RHB
1 Mild 1/16” B 100
steel steel
ball

120. C 150 RHC1 RHC2 RHC3 RHC RHC Averag

Tipped 4 5 e RHC
Diamon
d cone

PROCEDURE:-

1. Insert ball of dia. ‘D’ in ball holder of the m/c.

2. Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc.
3. Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack
adjusting wheel.
4. Push the required button for loading.
5. Pull the load release lever wait for minimum 15 second. The load will
Automatically apply gradually.
6. Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made.

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 7. Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.

OBSERVATION /DATA TABLE

SAMPLE:-MILD STEEL(Unhardened/hardened)

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The specimen should be clean properly.

2. Take reading more carefully and correct.
3. Place the specimen properly.
4. Jack adjusting wheel move slowly
5. After applying load remove the load.

Result:-

Conclusion:-

Sample Calculation:-

(B)Vickers Hardness Test

Apparatus Required:- Vickers Hardness testing machine, specimen
Theory:- It is the standard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly for
the very hard surfaces. The surface is subjected to a standard pressure for standard length
of time by means of standard diamond pyramid indinter.The apex angle of the the pyramid
is 136.The indenter is pressed against the specimen at a fixed load ranging from 5kgf to

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120kgf and the VHN is calculated like BHN as the ratio of load and surface area of
indentation in mm2.

VHN= Load applied in kgf

Area of indentation in mm2
The Area is calculated by measuring the diagonals of the impression left by the indenter.
Thus Vickers Hardness value is.
VHN= 2P sin(θ/2)
D2
Where P=Load applied=length of the diagonal, θ=Angle between the opposite faces of
pyramid (1360)

Technical data of the Machine/Instruments used.

Name of Machine VICKERS HARDNESS TESTER.

Model VM-50
Make FIE
Maximum Load 30kgf
Load range 10kgf,20kgf,30kgf
Indenter Diamond pyramid 1360
Magnification 70x
Least count scale 0.001mm

Procedure:-

OBSERVATION /DATA TABLE SAMPLE:-BRASS OR ALUMINIUM

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Sl.no Indenter Load in Diagonal Diagonal Diagonal VHN
kgf (D1) (D2) (Average)
1 Brass 1360Diamond 30kgf
pyramid
2.Aliminium

Figure of setup/sample

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(C) Brinell Hardness Test

Apparatus Required: - Brinell hardness testing machine, specimen..

Theory: - Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching

and cutting, hardness after gives clear identification of strength. In all hardness testes, a
define force is mechanically applied on the test piece for about 15 seconds. The indenter,
which transmits the load to the test piece, varies in size and shape for different testes.
Common indenters are made of hardened steel or diamond.
In Brinell hardness testing, steel balls are used as indenter. Diameter of the inventor and the
applied force depend upon the thickness of the test specimen, because for accurate results,
depth of indentation should be less than 1/8th of the thickness of the test pieces. According
to the thickness of the test piece increase, the diameter of the indenter and force are changed.

The Brinell Hardness Number (BHN)= Load in kgf(p)

Indentation Area in mm
A= Area of contact between the ball and indentation.

The load on the ball will be suitably selected depending on the ball diameter and the material
property .the standard constant values (p/d2) are provided to find the laod as listed below
metal wise.

Metal Constant(c)=p/d2 Diameter of Load in kgf

indenter in mm
Steel hardened 30 10,5,2.5 3000,750,187.5
Zn alloys 15 10 1500
Al alloy 10 10,5 1000,250
Area of contact=

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Procedure Of Experiment

1. Insert ball of dia ‘D’ in ball holder of the m/c.

2. Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc.
3. Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack
Adjusting wheel.
Technical data of the Machine/Instruments used.

Name of Machine Brinell Hardness Tester

Model
Make
Maximum Load
Diameter of Ball
Brinell Microscope
Ability to determine upto 500BHN
hardness
Method of load Lever type
application
4. Push the required button for loading.
5. Pull the load release level and wait for minimum 15 second. The load will
Automatically apply gradually.

6. Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made.

7. View the indentation through microscope and measure the diameter‘d’ by

Micrometer fitted on microscope.
8. Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.
OBSERVATION /DATA TABLE SAMPLE:-MILD STEEL

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Sl.No Diameter of Diameter of the impression Load IN Kgf
indentor
Ød1 Ød2 Ød3 3000

BHN1 BHN2 BHN3 BHN(Average)

PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The specimen should be clean properly.

2. Take reading more carefully and correct.
3. Place the specimen properly.
4. Jack adjusting wheel move slowly
5. After applying load remove the load.

Result:-

Conclusion:-

Sample Calculation:-

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 EXPERIMENT NO: - 04
Name of Experiment: - Torsion Rigidity Test of Shaft
Apparatus Required: - Torsion Testing Machine
Vernier Caliper
Specimen To Be Tested
THEORY:-
Shear Stress at Yield point = Kg/cm2

Shear Stress at breaking = Kg/cm2

𝟐𝑻𝑳
Modulus of Rigidity = Kg/cm2
𝝅 𝑹𝟒 𝜽

Before starting the experiment, the value of torque at yield point and at breaking point
should be determined assuming the value of shear stresses at these two points.
The shear stress at yield point and at breaking point is calculated as following:-
Shear stress at Y.P = 0.6 X the elastic limit of M.S
Subjected to tensile load = 0.6 X 2835 = 1700 Kg/cm2

Shear stress at Breaking point = X breaking stress of M.S.

Subjected to tensile load = = X 4725 = 4000 Kg/cm2

Therefore, The theoretical torque at Y.P =

And, the theoretical torque at breaking point =

PROCEDURE:-

 The mean diameter, Length of the test specimen is noted and then the specimen is
fixed on the machine.
 The torque is applied by giving a twist of 10 and the corresponding torque reading is
noted. Like this 5 to 6 reading are taken up to the yeild point. Again the test is
continued further, till the specimen breaks.
 The shear stress at Y.P and at breaking point should be calculated from the observed
final reading of torque at Y.P and at breaking point respectively.
 A graph of torque against twist up to yield point and a similar graph for the entire test
are drawn in the same graph sheet.

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 From the graph by taking any point of the graph. Torque and corresponding twist are
noted. Then substituting these values in the formula,

𝟐𝑻𝑳
Modulus of Rigidity (C) =
𝝅 𝑹𝟒 𝜽

Thus, Module of Rigidity of M.S specimen is calculated.

OBSERVATION TABLE
s.no. 𝜃 (In Degree. ) Load

RESULT:-

PRECAUTION:-

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 EXPERIMENT NO:-05

Name of Experiment: - Impact testing on Impact testing Charpy and Izod

(A) Charpy Impact Test

Apparatus Required: - Charpy Impact Testing Machine, Vernier Caliper, Specimen

Diagram:-

Theory:- An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always
reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by
impact test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material.
Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in
service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly

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 applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by
applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock
loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly
and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition.
This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material
occurring due to lowering of temperature.

Technical data of the Machine/Instruments used.

Name of Machine IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

Model RI-300
Make Ratnakar
Maximum Impact Energy 168/300 Joule
Angle of Impact 90/141
Hammer Weight 21.79kg/20.54kg

Procedure:-
1.With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold

the steel specimen in impact testing machines vice in such a way that the notch

faces s the hammer and is half inside and half above the top surface of the vice.

2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is
Already there, and lock it at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the
Operating manual supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen

Through its momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it

continues to swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator

stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost

final position.
5. The specimen is placed on supports or anvil so that the blow of hammer is opposite to
the notch.

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Observation Table
Sl.no Specimens Absorbed Energy Striking Velocity
1
2

Result:-

Sample Calculation:-

Conclusion:-

(B) Izod Impact Test

Apparatus Required: - 1.Impact testing machine, a specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
Diagram:-

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Theory:-
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unnotched specimens do not
always reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is
determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of
the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied
loads while in service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths
achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are
most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture
a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of
material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to
design problems directly and are highly arbitrary.
Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various
materials or toughness of the same material under different condition. This test can also be
used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due to
lowering of temperature.

Technical data of the Machine/Instruments used.

Name of Machine IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

Model RI-300
Make Ratnakar
Maximum Impact Energy 168/300 Joule
Angle of Impact 90/141
Hammer Weight 21.79kg/20.54kg

Procedure:-
1. with the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel
specimen in impact testing machine’s vice in such a Way that the notches face the
hammer and are half inside and half above the top surface of the vice.
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and
lock it at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing.
At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back

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Obeservation Table
Sl.no Specimens Absorbed Energy Striking Velocity

Result:-

Conclusion:-

Sample Calculation:-

Precaution:-

1 Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.

2. Hold the specimen ( lzod test) firmly.
3. Note down readings carefully.

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 06

Name Of Experiment: Coefficient of friction between sliding belt(rope) and a fixed pulley

Apparatus Required: fixed pulley, a belt, a rope, weight hangers and weights

Theory: When a belt slide over a pulley with uniform acceleration, the equation for co
efficient of friction is given by:
T1/T2=e
⇒µ=
Ɵ
Where,
T1=tight side tension in kgf
T2 =slack side tension in kgf
µ =co-efficient of friction
Ɵ=Angle of contact between the belt and pulley in radian
When a rope slides over the pulley with uniform acceleration
T1/T2=e
⇒µ=
Ɵ
Where α=Half of the grove angle=750

Observation:
Belt →Ɵ=1800=π radians
Rough Side:
S.No. T1 [N] T2 [N] µ= Avg. µ
Ɵ

Smooth Side:
S.No. T1 [N] T2 [N] µ= Avg. µ
Ɵ

Rope→α=750 Ɵ= π radians
S.No. T1 [N] T2 [N] µ= Avg. µ
Ɵ

Result: The coefficient of friction between pulley and belt [smooth side] is _______between
pulley and belt [rough side] is _________and between pulley and rope is _________.

Source Of Error:
1. The pulley might not be frictionless.
2. The surface of belt/rope is non uniform.
3. The standard weights might not be accurate.

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 07

Name of Experiment- Efficiency of screw jack by raising & lowering condition

Apparatus Required: Screw Jack, standard weight and hanger

Theory: It is a device used for lifting heavy loads which are usually centrally loaded by
applying smaller effort. It works on the principle of inclined plane. The device consists of a
nut and screw. The load is carried by screw head. The body consisting of a nut is fixed and
screw is rotated by means of a lever. The axial distance moved by the screw when it makes
one complete revolution is known as the Lead of the screw. The distance between two
consecutive threads is called Pitch of the screw. For single threaded screw Lead = Pitch, and
for double threaded screw L = 2p

Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) =

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

. .
Efficiency (ƞ) =
. .

Procedure:
1. Some weight are placed on the hook (i.e., load side)
2. Weight is placed on the hanger so that the load is just raised
3. Weight are noted down
4. Pitch and diameter of pulley is noted
5. Velocity ration and Mechanical Advantage for each set of reading is calculated
6. Three reading each while raising and lowering of screw are noted down.

Observation:
Rope dia. D2=5mm
Grove dia. Of pulley, D1=150mm
Pitch of Screw=5mm
Weight of support=104kg
Hanger weight (load) =100gm
Hanger weight (effort) =50gm

( )
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =
,

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While Raising:

SL No Load (kg) Effort (gms) M.A. V.R. Efficiency

Average Efficiency while raising=

While Lowering:

SL No Load (kg) Effort (gms) M.A. V.R. Efficiency

Average Efficiency while Lowering=

Result: The average efficiency while raising is------% while average efficiency while lowering
its------%
Comment: Efficiency of screw jack is greater when load is moving down while is less when
load is rising up.

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 08

Name of Experiment- Cam profile and follower movement

Theory: A cam may be defined as a rotating or a reciprocating element of a mechanism

which imparts a rotation, reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element termed as
follower.
In most of the cases the cam is connected to a frame, forming a turning pair and the
follower is connected to the frame to form a sliding pair. The cam and follower form a
three-link mechanism of the higher pair type. The three links of mechanism are:
a) The cam, which is the driving link and a curved or straight contact surface
b) The follower, which is the driven link and gets motion by contact with the surface of
the cam.
c) The frame, which is used to support the cam and guide the follower.
The cam mechanism is used in clock, printing machine, automatic screw cutting
machine, internal combustion engine for operating valves, shoe-making machinery
etc.

Description:
The machine is a motorized unit a camshaft is driven by D.C. Motor. The shaft runs in a
double ball bearing. At the end of the cam shaft a cam can be easily mounted. As the
follower is properly guided in gun-metal bushes and the type of the follower can be changed
to suit the cam under test. A graduated circular protractor is fitted coaxial with the shaft and
a dial gauge can be fitted to note the follower displacement for the angle of cam rotation. A
spring is used to provide controlling force to the system. Weights on the follower rod can be
adjusted as per the requirements. An arrangement is provided to vary the speed of
camshaft. The machine is particularly very useful for testing the cam performance for jump
phenomenon during operation. The machine clearly shows the effect of change of inertia
forces on jump action of cam follower during the operation. It is used for testing various
cam and follower pairs, i.e.
1. An eccentric arc cam with mushroom follower
2. Tangent cam with roller follower
3. Circular cam with knife-edge follower

Utilities Required:
Bench area: 0.6m x 0.33m
Power supply: 220volts DC, single phase 5Amp. Socket

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Observation & Calculation:
Data:

The cam & follower assemblies are:

a. An eccentric arc cam with mushroom follower
b. Tangent cam with roller follower
c. Circular cam with knife-edge follower

Stiffness of the spring =3.05Kg/cm

Acceleration due to gravity, g =9.81 m/s2
Weight of the follower rod =0.627 kg
Weight of mushroom follower =0.134 kg
Weight of roller follower =0.206 kg
Weight of knife-edge follower =0.120 kg
Radius of circular arc cam, r =17.15 mm=0.016 m
Radius of Eccentric cam, r =17.15 mm=0.01775 m
Radius of Tangent cam, r =16 mm =0.016 m
Length of spring =40 mm

Observation Table:

SL.No. Cam’s Angular Displacement (ɵ) Follower Vertical Displacement (h)

00

100

SL.No. Total Weight of the follower Jump Speed (rpm)

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 09

Name of Experiment- Coriolli’s component of acceleration

Objective: to find out velocity and acceleration of a moving point

If a point is moving along a line, with the line having rotational motion, the absolute
acceleration of the point, is vector sum of –ω.
i. Absolute acceleration of coincident point over the link relative to fixed center.
ii. Acceleration of point under consideration relative to coincident point and
iii. The third component, called Coriolis component of acceleration.

Theory: Consider the motion of slider ‘B’ on the crank OA. Let OA rotate with constant
angular velocity of ω rad/s, and slider B have a radial outwards velocity V m/s relative to
crank center ‘O’. B’ A’
A A b’
B
slider V+ΔV b
crank dӨ V
dӨ B T
a' a
V V
Ꞷ
V dӨ
Ꞷ
o o Ꞷ Ꞷ(r+dr)
o

In the velocity diagram, OA represents tangential velocity of slider at crank position OA, and
ab represents radial velocity of slider, at same crank position, Oa' is the tangential velocity
of slider at crank position OA and a'b' represents radial velocity of slider at same crank
position.

Hence, bb' represents the resultant the resultant change of velocity of slider. This
velocity has two component b'T and bT in tangential and radial directions respectively.
Now,

Tangential component, b'T

(i)
 b 's sT  Vsin d    r  dr    r   Vd   dr

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Therefore Rate of change of tangential velocity

d dr
V    V   V  2V (ii)
dt dt

Equation (ii) represents coriolli’s component of acceleration. This acceleration is made

up of two components, one due to increase in radius and other from change in the direction
of crank.
Hydraulic Analogy

Ꞷ v

r dr

Consider a short column of fluid of length dr at radius r from axis of rotation of the tube.
Then, if velocity of fluid relative to tube is V and angular velocity of tube is ω then Coriolis
component of acceleration is 2V ω in a direction perpendicular to rotation of tube. The
torque dT applied by the tube to produce this acceleration is then

dW
dT  .2V  r
g
Where, dW is weight of short column of fluid.
If w be the specific weight of fluid and a is cross sectional area of tube, then,
dW  wadr
wadr
dT  2V  r
g
Total torque applied to column of length l,
l
w w
T   2 V .a.r.dr  wV .a.l 2
0
g g

ˆ ˆ  2 gT
Hence, coriolli’s component of acceleration, CA (iii)
wal 2

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Apparatus: The apparatus consists of two brass tubes connected to a central rotor
distributor. The distributor is rotated by a variable speed d.c. motor. Water is supplied to a
distributor by a pump through rotameter. When tubes are rotating with water flowing
through tubes, with various measurements provided, coriollis’s component can be
determined experimentally and theoretically.

Specifications
1) Pipes- 7.7mm I.D. 329 mm. Effective length- 2Nos.
2) Drive motor 0.5 HP, 750 rpm d.c. series motor, swinging field type with speed
control.
3) Torque arm- Radius 0.125 m with 5 Kg (capacity spring balance)
4) Pump- 05 HP, Rotameter 400 to 4000 liters per hour capacity.

Observation Table:

SL No Torque (Kg-m) Speed (RPM) LPS

1 0.06 189 0.45
2 0.08 242 0.45
3 0.10 299 0.45

Calculations:
1) Bore dia. of tubes = 7.7 mm, Area of tube = 4.6566×10-5 m2, Total flow area =
9.31325×10-5 m2
Q
2) Flow rate = Q = LPH/3.6×106 m3/s, Velocity of water through the tubes, V  m/s
a
3) Length of torque arm = 0.125 m, T = (spring bal. diff.) ×0.125 Kg-m

ˆ ˆ  2 gT m / s 2
4) Now theoretically, CA  2.V   2V  2 N / 60  and Practically, CA
w.a.l 2

Where, w = specific weight of water = 1000 Kg/m3, l = Effective length of the tube = 0.329 m,
a = Flow area of tube = 9.31325×10-5 m2 and T = Torque in Kg-m.

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 EXPERIMENT NO- 10

Name of Experiment: Speed of gear in the output shaft of a compound gear train

Objective: To study various types of gear trains- simple, compound, reverted, epicyclic
and differential.
Apparatus Used: Arrangement of Gear train system.
Theory: -
1. Definition of. Gear train
2. Classification of Gear train
3. Diagrams of different types of Gear train.
4. Working & Construction of different types of Gear train.
5. Advantages & Disadvantages of Gear train
6. Applications of Gear train .
7. Examples of Gear train

Gear Train: - A gear train is a combination of gears used to transmit motion from one
shaft to another. It becomes necessary when it is required to obtain large speed
reduction within a small space. The following are the main types of gear trains:
(i) Simple gear train
(ii) Compound gear train
(iii) Reverted gear train
(iv) Planetary gear train

Simple Gear Train: - A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion from
one gear to another is called a simple gear train. In it, all the gear axes remain fixed
relative to the frame and each gear is on a separate shaft.
Train Value = Number of teeth on driving gear / Number of teeth on driven gear

Compound Gear Train: - When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two
or more gears rotate about an axis with the same angular velocity, it is known as
compound gear train. In this type, some of the intermediate shafts.

Train Value = Product of Number of teeth on driving gear / Product of Number of teeth
on driven gear

Reverted Gear Train: - If the axes of the first and last wheels of a compound gear
coincide; it is called a reverted gear train. Such an arrangement is used in clocks and in
simple lathes where ‘back gear’ is used to give a slow speed to the chuck.

Train Value = Product of Number of teeth on driving gear / Product of Number of teeth
on driven gear

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Planetary Or Epicyclic Gear Train: -
When there exists a relative motion of axis ingear train, it is called a planetary or an
epicyclic gear train (or simply epicyclic gear or train). Thus in an epicyclic train, the axis of
at least one of the gears also moves relative to the frame.
Consider two gear wheels S and P, the axis of which are connected by an arm a. if the arm
‘a’ is fixed, the wheels S and P constitute a simple train. However, if the wheel s is fixed so
that the arm can rotate about the axis of S, the wheel P would also move around S.
therefore, it is an epicyclic train.

Differential Gear: - When a vehicle takes a turn, the outer wheels must travel farther than
the inner wheels. In automobiles, the front wheels can rotate freely on their axis and thus
can adapt themselves to the conditions. Both rear wheels are driven by the engine through
gearing. Therefore, some sirt of automatic device is necessary so that the two rear wheels
are driven at slightly different speeds. This is accomplished by fitting a differential gear on
the rear axle.

Observation & Conclusion:

1. Comparison between simple, compounds reverted, epicyclic and differential. Gear
train.
2. To calculate the train value.
3. To calculate the speed of any gear.
Applications:
i. Gear trains are used in automobiles.
ii. Reverted gear train are used in clock and simple lathe
iii. Epicyclic gear are used in transmission, computing devices.
iv. Gears are used in different machinery.

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