Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technology

AUTO 4311

Chapter 1
Introduction

By Elias H.
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March 2023
Outline
▪ Fossil sources of energy
▪ Crude oil from the earth
▪ Common hydrocarbon fuels

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What are some of the different types of energy resources?

Solar
Biofuel Coal
Wind
Natural gas
Biomass
Nuclear

Hydroelectric
Geothermal

Energy mix - the specific combination of different energy sources a

country uses to meet its energy consumption needs
Fossil sources of energy
▪ Fossil sources of energy include coal, oil, and natural gas.
▪ These sources are formed by decomposing the remains of dead plants and animals
buried under the earth for a long time.
▪ They are non-renewable sources of energy, meaning that they cannot be replenished
once they are used up.
▪ Fossil fuels are burned to generate electricity and are also used to power vehicles and
other machinery.
▪ Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon: hydrogen ratios like methane
to liquid petroleum to non-volatile materials composed of almost pure carbon like coal.
▪ Therefore if we use them, they will eventually run out. Future generations will not be
able to use these sources of energy.

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Fossil sources of energy
▪ ENERGY
▪ The energy causes the changes we see around us.
▪ Our society uses more energy all the time.
▪ There are many types of energy, such as mechanical, chemical, heat, and electrical.
▪ Energy can be transformed.

▪ There are two types of energy sources:

▪ Renewable sources of energy do not run out.
▪ Examples are firewood, sunlight, geothermal, biofuel, biomass, and wind turbine.
▪ Non-renewable sources of energy run out as they are used up. Can’t be replenished in a short
time. Their reserves are limited and are considered very precious.
▪ Examples are coal, natural gas, or petroleum.
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Fossil sources of energy
▪ Traditionally, most of our energy comes from combustible fossil fuels.
▪ Two main types of energy are used in everyday life:
▪ Electrical energy and combustible energy or fuel energy such as petrol, diesel fuel, and
natural gas.
▪ The power plants that produce most of our electrical energy are thermal power plants.
These burn coal, natural gas, or petroleum products.
▪ These are also contributing to global environmental pollution.

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Type of Fossil Fuels
▪ Coal
▪ Most common source of energy in the last three decades.
▪ The world switched over from coal to oil as a Major source of energy because it is simpler
and cleaner to obtain useful energy from oil.
▪ Coal is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
▪ Small amounts of nitrogen and Sulphur, compounds are also present in coal

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Type of Fossil Fuels
▪ Oil
▪ It is a dark-colored, viscous, and foul-smelling crude oil.
▪ Petroleum means rock oil. It is usually found under the crust of the earth trapped in
rocks.
▪ crude oil is a complex mixture of several solid liquid gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with
water, salt, and earth particles.
▪ It is a natural product obtained from oil wells.

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Type of Fossil Fuels
▪ Natural gas
▪ It consists of about 95% Methane and the rest of ethane and propane.
▪ It occurs deep under the earth’s crust alone or with oil above the petroleum deposits.
▪ It is a product of petroleum mining.
▪ As technology increased and the harnessing and transportation of natural gas became
more feasible, the uses for the fuel became endless in relation to energy.

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Fossil Fuels
▪ Advantages:
▪ A major advantage of fossil fuels is their capacity to generate huge amounts of electricity
in just a single location.
▪ Another major advantage of fossil fuels is that they are a reliable and abundant source of
energy.
▪ They are also relatively inexpensive and easy to access.
▪ Additionally, they are a mature technology, meaning that they are well understood and
have been used for many years.

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Fossil Fuels
▪ Disadvantages:
▪ The main disadvantage of fossil fuels is their negative environmental impact.
▪ Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere,
contributing to global warming and climate change.
▪ Fossil fuels are also a finite resource, meaning that they will eventually run out.
▪ Additionally, the extraction of fossil fuels can be damaging to the environment, as it can
cause air and water pollution, as well as land degradation.

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Crude oil from the earth
▪ Crude oil is a valuable resource because it can be converted into various products, including
gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, and many other products.
▪ Unrefined petroleum products composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.
▪ Formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms, such as plants, algae, and bacteria buried
under intense heat and pressure.
▪ Crude oil doesn’t always look the same, it depends on where it’s from.
▪ It can vary from black to colorless.

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Crude oil from the earth
▪ Crude oil Composition
▪ Carbon 84-87 %
▪ Hydrogen 11-14%
▪ Sulfur 1-5 %
▪ Nitrogen 0-1 %
▪ Oxygen 0-2 %
▪ Color: Light brown to dark brown
▪ Sp.gr: 0.81—0.985
▪ Boiling range: 25 – 400oC
▪ Hydrocarbons C1- C70 (4000 compounds)
▪ Sulfur compound:
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Types of Crude Oil
▪ Crude oil is a black liquid found in geological formations.
▪ But not all crudes are alike. There are three primary qualities that differentiate one oil
from another: Weight, Sweetness, and TAN count.
▪ There are six types of crude oil: expressing the relative density of petroleum liquids to
water; the greater the API gravity, the less dense the
▪ light/sweet material.

▪ light/sour
▪ medium/sweet
▪ medium/sour
▪ heavy/sweet
▪ heavy/sour

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Separating crude oil
▪ Crude oil is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons.
▪ Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
▪ Because crude oil is a mixture, the long chains need to be separated before they are
useful.
▪ The hydrocarbons that make up the crude oil mixture vary in size.
▪ The larger the hydrocarbon the higher its boiling point.

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Separating crude oil
▪ Fractional distillation diagram - because they have different boiling points, the substances
in crude oil can be separated using fractional distillation.
▪ Crude oil is evaporated and hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures in the
fractionating column.
▪ Each fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms.
▪ Larger molecules have higher boiling points and do not ignite as easily so they condense
low in the fractionation column e.g. bitumen used on roads and fuel oil for ships.
▪ The smaller molecules have lower boiling points so they condense high up in the
fractionation column, these hydrocarbons such as bottled gas and gasoline ignite more
easily which means they make better fuels.

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 The Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Average number of
Fraction Boiling pt. C atoms in chain

Liquid petroleum gas < 25oC 3

40oC Petrol (gasoline) 25 – 60oC 8

Naphtha 60 – 180oC 10

Paraffin 180 – 220oC 12

Diesel 220 – 250oC 20

Fuel oil 250 – 300oC 40

Lubricating oil 300 – 350oC 80

Bitumen > 350oC 120

350oC
Heated
Crude Oil
Common hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane, and natural gas.
Separating crude oil
▪ Crude oil extracted from the Earth must be
refined in an oil refinery by fractional
distillation to turn it into different fuels like
petrol, diesel, and jet engine fuel
▪ The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated
using fractional distillation in a tower called
a fractionating column.
▪ In the fractioning column the hydrocarbons
in crude oil are separated as they have
different boiling points.

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What are 10 different petroleum products that are made from
crude oil?
▪ Petroleum products are fuels that are made using crude oil and other hydrocarbons that
are contained in natural gas.
▪ Here are ten different petroleum products made using crude oil:
▪ Petrol
▪ Diesel
▪ Jet fuel ▪ Paraffin
▪ Kerosene ▪ Heavy fuel oil
▪ Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG)
▪ Petrochemical feedstock
▪ Solvents
▪ Lubricants (Mineral oils ) 19
VL 1 - 20
coal
▪ Coal mine from the ground so that we can burn it for heating or to make electricity.
▪ Pros
▪ Coal is very abundant and it is a cheap energy source.
▪ Cons
▪ When coal is burnt it releases lots of carbon dioxide even more than oil and gas so it is
one of the worst contributors to global warming.
▪ When coal is burnt it also releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide into the
atmosphere which contributes to acid rain.
▪ Coal mining is harmful to the environment and to workers, coal miners are exposed
to toxic dust and face the dangers of cave-ins and explosions at work.

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coal

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 Coal

Coal burned to steam propels Electricity

heat water turbine

• Coal is cheap and there is lots of it!

• When coal is burnt it releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
and nitrogen dioxide into the atmosphere contributing to
global warming and acid rain.
• Coal mining is harmful to the environment and mine workers –
burned for heat toxic dust, cave-ins, and explosions.
Oil and gas
▪ Oil and gas can be burnt to produce electricity, to do this oil/ gas (chemical energy) is burned in power
plants to heat water and produce steam.
▪ The kinetic energy of the steam then propels the blades of a turbine. The turbine is attached to a generator
and when it spins it produces electricity.
▪ Oil is also used as fuel in cars, planes, buses, and trains (chemical energy mechanical energy kinetic
energy).
▪ Natural gas is mostly made from methane and can be used for heating and cooking as well as generating
electricity.
▪ Natural gas can be condensed into a liquid-liquid natural gas (LNG) which is much cleaner than any other
fossil fuel and takes up less space so can be it transported and stored easily.
▪ Pros
▪ Oil and natural gas are relatively inexpensive to extract.
▪ Natural gas is a much cleaner fossil fuel than coal.
▪ Cons
▪ When oil and gas are burnt they release carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere.
▪ CO2 is a greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming.
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 Oil and gas

Oil & gas burned to steam propels Electricity

heat water turbine

• Crude oil is refined by fractional distillation into kerosene, petrol, diesel,

etc. before it is used as a fuel.
• Relatively inexpensive to extract.
• Reliable and dependable source of energy.
• Natural gas can be converted into liquid form
• When oil and gas are burnt they release gas into the atmosphere.
• carbon dioxide
Oil and gas

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Nuclear fuels
▪ The main nuclear fuels are uranium and plutonium which are radioactive chemical elements.
▪ Nuclear fuels are not burnt to release energy, they are involved in nuclear reactions where atoms are split
to release large amounts of energy as heat in a chain reaction (nuclear fission).
▪ This heat is used to boil water generating steam that spins turbines ad drives generators to produce
electricity.
▪ Pros
▪ Nuclear fuels do not release harmful greenhouse gases.
▪ They are very efficient, a tiny amount of nuclear fuel produces a lot of energy
▪ Cons
▪ Nuclear power produces radioactive waste, which is very dangerous. When animals (including humans) and
plants are exposed to large amounts of radiation, it can be very harmful to their survival.
▪ Radioactive waste must be removed and disposed of from power plants it has to be sealed in containers
and buried for thousands of years until it is no longer radioactive.
▪ Nuclear power is reliable but a lot of money has to be spent on safety so it is expensive. 27
 Nuclear

steam propels
Nuclear Heat turbine Electricity
reactions
• Uranium and plutonium are nuclear fuels – fission reactions
• Nuclear fuels do not produce harmful greenhouse gases
• Nuclear power is very efficient
• Produces radioactive waste which is dangerous and has to be sealed in
containers and buried for thousands of years.
• Nuclear cores can melt down releasing harmful radiation
• Safety is expensive
Nuclear Plant

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Oil and gas

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Nuclear power plant

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Renewable source of energy

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Thank you!
Keep your mind fresh and alert

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