Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Cancer

INGLES MEDICO
MEDICAL ENGLISH
PROFESSOR: GEORGIA PACHECO TORREBLANCA M.Sc.

UNIT 4: Enfermedades Transmisibles y no Transmisibles – Communicable
Diseases and Non-Communicable Diseases
• Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis
• Diabetes - Diabetes
• Cáncer – Cancer
Tuberculosis – Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of

bacterium called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
It's spread when a person with active TB

disease in their lungs coughs or sneezes
and someone else inhales the expelled
droplets, which contain TB bacteria.
Not everyone with TB is infectious.

Children with TB or people with a TB
infection that occurs outside the
lungs (extrapulmonary TB) do not spread
the infection.
Latent or active TB
Symptoms
TB that affects the lungs

(pulmonary TB)
• Most TB infections affect the

lungs, which can cause:
• A persistent cough that lasts
more than 3 weeks and
usually brings up phlegm,
which may be bloody
• Breathlessness that gradually
gets worse
Symptoms
TB outside the lungs

• Less commonly, TB infections develop in areas outside the lungs, such as the small glands that
form part of the immune system (the lymph nodes), the bones and joints, the digestive system, the
bladder and reproductive system, and the brain and nerves (the nervous system).
• Symptoms can include:
• Persistently swollen glands
• Abdominal pain
• Pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint

• Confusion
• A persistent headache
TB affecting other parts of the body is more common in people who

have a weakened immune system.
Diagnosis
A person with latent TB Have spent time with someone who
will have no symptoms, has or is at risk of TB
but the infection can
Have spent time in a country with
show up on tests. high rates of TB
People should ask for a
TB test if they: Work in an environment where TB
may be present
Diagnosis
A doctor will ask about any symptoms and the person’s medical history. They will
also perform a physical examination, which involves listening to the lungs and
checking for swelling in the lymph nodes.
Two tests can show whether TB bacteria are present:
• The TB skin test

• The TB blood test
However, these cannot indicate whether TB is active or latent. To test for active
TB disease, the doctor may recommend a sputum test and a chest X-ray.
Everyone with TB needs treatment, regardless of whether the infection is active

or latent.
Treatment - Pulmonary TB
You'll be prescribed at least a 6-month course of a combination
of antibiotics if you're diagnosed with active pulmonary TB, where
your lungs are affected and you have symptoms.
The usual treatment is:
• 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months

• 2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-
month treatment period
Taking medication for 6 months is the best way to ensure the TB

bacteria are killed.
If you stop taking your antibiotics before you complete the course
or you skip a dose, the TB infection may become resistant to the
antibiotics.
Treatment - Extrapulmonary TB
Extrapulmonary TB – TB that occurs outside the lungs – can be

treated using the same combination of antibiotics as those used to
treat pulmonary TB.
If you have TB in areas like your brain or the sac surrounding your heart
(pericardium), you may initially be prescribed a corticosteroid such
as prednisolone for several weeks to take at the same time as your
antibiotics. This will help reduce any swelling in the affected areas.
As with pulmonary TB, it's important to take your medicines exactly

as prescribed and to finish the whole course.
• https://youtu.be/19UbJWjd80A
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a
metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar.
The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your
cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your
body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t effectively
use the insulin it does make.
Untreated high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your

nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.
Diabetes
There are a few different types of

diabetes:
• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks

and destroys cells in the pancreas, where insulin is made. It’s unclear
what causes this attack. About 10 percent of people with diabetes have
this type.
• Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, and
sugar builds up in your blood.
• Prediabetes occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it’s
not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
• Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar during pregnancy. Insulin-
blocking hormones produced by the placenta cause this type of diabetes.
Diabetes
• https://youtu.be/bblQecVzvxY
Diabetes - Diagnosis
Doctors use these blood tests to diagnose prediabetes and

diabetes:
• The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test measures your blood sugar after you’ve fasted
for 8 hours.
• The glycosylated hemoglobin test provides a snapshot of your blood sugar levels over
the previous 3 months.
To diagnose gestational diabetes, your doctor will test your blood sugar levels
between the 24th and 28th weeks of your pregnancy.
• During the glucose challenge test, your blood sugar is checked an hour after you drink
a sugary liquid.
• During the 3 hour glucose tolerance test, your blood sugar is checked after you fast
overnight and then drink a sugary liquid.
Diabetes Treatment - Type 1 diabetes
Insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes. It replaces the hormone your
body isn’t able to produce.
There are four types of insulin that are most commonly used. They’re differentiated by
how quickly they start to work, and how long their effects last:
• Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 15 minutes and its effects last for 3 to 4
hours.
• Short-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes and lasts 6 to 8 hours.
• Intermediate-acting insulin starts to work within 1 to 2 hours and lasts 12 to 18 hours.
• Long-acting insulin starts to work a few hours after injection and lasts 24 hours or
longer.
Diabetes Treatment - Type 2 diabetes
Diet and exercise can help some people manage type 2
diabetes. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough to lower your blood
sugar, you’ll need to take medication.
These drugs lower your blood sugar in a variety of

ways:
CANCER
Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any
organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow
uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade
adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs.
The latter process is called metastasizing and is a major cause of

death from cancer.
A neoplasm and malignant tumour are other common names for

cancer.
Cancer
• https://youtu.be/_N1Sk3aiSCE

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INGLES MEDICO

PROFESSOR: GEORGIA PACHECO TORREBLANCA M.Sc.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of

It's spread when a person with active TB

Not everyone with TB is infectious.

TB that affects the lungs

• Most TB infections affect the

TB outside the lungs

• Pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint

TB affecting other parts of the body is more common in people who

Two tests can show whether TB bacteria are present:

• The TB skin test

Everyone with TB needs treatment, regardless of whether the infection is active

The usual treatment is:

• 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months

Taking medication for 6 months is the best way to ensure the TB

Extrapulmonary TB – TB that occurs outside the lungs – can be

As with pulmonary TB, it's important to take your medicines exactly

Untreated high blood sugar from diabetes can damage your

There are a few different types of

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks

Doctors use these blood tests to diagnose prediabetes and

These drugs lower your blood sugar in a variety of

The latter process is called metastasizing and is a major cause of

A neoplasm and malignant tumour are other common names for

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