Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 0457/13

Paper 1 Written Examination May/June 2019
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 70

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2019 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and
some Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) Candidates should identify the following figure from Source 1: 1

• 1 billion

1 mark should be awarded for the identification of the above from Source 1.

Further guidance – the only acceptable answer is listed above. However,

candidates may use their own words.

1(b) Candidates may identify the following causes of homelessness from 2

Source 2:

• Migration
• Natural disasters
• Unemployment
• Family breakdown
• High cost of housing
• Urbanisation
• War and conflict

1 mark should be awarded for each correctly identified cause up to a

maximum of 2 marks.

Further guidance – the only acceptable answers are listed above. However,
candidates may use their own words.

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Question Answer Marks

1(c) Indicative content 3

Candidates may identify one of the following causes of homelessness:

• Migration to cities
• Natural disasters
• Unemployment
• Family breakdown
• High cost of housing
• Urbanisation
• War and conflict

Candidates may give the following reasons, any of which could be used, to
justify their choice:

• The number of people affected

• The range of impact e.g. number of countries / regions / cities
• The depth of impact e.g. how much difference will be made to lifespan
• The timescale for making a difference
• Costs
• Availability of resources
• Other reasonable response

Further guidance – candidates are most likely to discuss causes from

Source 2 as listed above. However, the assessment is focused mainly upon
their reasoning / justification and therefore additional causes should be
credited.

The following levels of response should be used to award marks.

Level 3 (3 marks) Good response

Clearly reasoned, credible explanation explicitly linked to a cause.

Level 2 (2 marks) Reasonable response

A basic or partial explanation. The link between the explanation and a cause
may be implicit or unclear at times.

Level 1 (1 mark) Limited response

Limited explanation. The link between the identified cause and explanation
is implicit or tangential.

Level 0 (0 marks)
No relevant response or creditworthy material.

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Question Answer Marks

1(d) Indicative content 6

Candidates are likely to identify the following local consequences of

homelessness:

• create local danger to others

• make a mess / spoil the local environment e.g. from sleeping / eating /
cooking in street
• frightening for local people e.g. from appearance and begging
• local crime e.g. steal food and take illegal drugs
• reduce tourism e.g. poor reputation of the local area

Candidates are likely to identify the following national consequences of

homelessness:

• reduced national economic growth e.g. lack of investment due to poor

image; lack of tourists spending money
• higher taxes e.g. to pay for hostels / shelter / health care

3 marks are available for the explanation of each consequence. A total of 6

marks (3 marks + 3 marks) are therefore available for the questions as a
whole.

The following levels of response should be used to award marks.

Level 3 (3 marks) Good response

A clear and full explanation of the consequence explicitly related to the
context – local or national.

Level 2 (2 marks) Reasonable response

A basic or partial explanation of the consequence generally related to the
context – local or national.

Level 1 (1 mark) Limited response

An identification of a consequence with limited or no explanation related to
the context – local or national.

Level 0 (0 marks)
No relevant response or creditworthy material.

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) Indicative content 6

Candidates are likely to discuss the following evaluative points relating to

Source 3.

Strengths:
• strongly worded
• passionate argument
• uses personal experience as evidence
• gives an example to illustrate
• other reasonable response

Weaknesses:
• much opinion
• anecdotal evidence
• a rant
• exaggerated
• little authority
• poor knowledge claims
• little if any factual evidence
• no references or citation
• other reasonable response

The following levels of response should be used to award marks.

Level 3 (5–6 marks) Good response

Clearly reasoned, credible and structured evaluation; two (or more)
developed points clearly linked to the issue, with some other undeveloped
points; or a wide range (four or more) of undeveloped points.

Evaluation is clearly focused on the strengths and/or weaknesses of the

reasons within the argument and/or the way evidence is used to support the
claim.

Level 2 (3–4 marks) Reasonable response

Reasonable evaluation mainly focused on the evidence and/or reasons, its
strengths and/or weaknesses, and the way it is used to support the claim.
The response may contain one (or more) developed point(s), with some
other undeveloped points. Some (two or more) undeveloped points may be
sufficient.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) Limited response

Limited evaluation which is often unsupported and asserted. The response
is clear in part but is incomplete, tangential and generalised. It usually
contains one or two undeveloped points only. Answers at this level may
repeat source material with little understanding.

Level 0 (0 marks)
No relevant response or creditworthy material.

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) Indicative content 8

Candidates are likely to discuss the following ways to test the claim stated in
Source 3.

Possible types of information:

• compare statistics / information on homelessness in the area past and
present
• data from government, city authorities, charities on sleeping on the
street
• individual testimony or personal experience
• material like statistics, studies, media articles, images, video clips
• other relevant response

Possible sources of information:

• national and local governments and their departments
• international organisations, e.g. United Nations; UNESCO
• experts in homelessness
• research reports
• pressure groups, charities and NGOs
• media and the internet
• other relevant response

Possible methods:
• review of secondary sources / literature / research / documents
• interview relevant experts, carers, homeless
• internet search
• questionnaires
• surveys
• other relevant response

The following levels of response should be used to award marks.

Level 4 (7–8 marks) Very good response

Clearly reasoned, credible and structured explanation of a range of ways to
test the claim. The response contains three (or more) developed points, and
may contain some undeveloped points.

The response is clearly and explicitly related to testing the claim.

Level 3 (5–6 marks) Good response

Reasoned and mainly credible explanation of ways to test the claim. The
response contains two (or more) developed points, and may contain some
undeveloped points.

The response is explicitly related to testing the claim.

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Reasonable response

Some reasoning and explanation of ways to test the claim. The response
contains one (or more) developed point(s), and/or a range of undeveloped
points. The response may lack clarity.

The response is related to testing the claim.

Level 1 (1–2 marks) Limited response

Limited explanation of ways to test the claim. The response contains one or
two simple, undeveloped and asserted points.

There is little relevance in the response to testing the claim or the methods,
sources and types of information are generally not appropriate for the claim
being tested.

Level 0 (0 marks)
No relevant response or creditworthy material.

Further Guidance – if the response lists methods or sources without linking

to the issue / context, then it should not be placed above Level 2.

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) Candidates may identify one of the following opinions from Source 4. 1

• It is not their fault

• The number of homeless people there will increase
• It is right to help
• Everyone is equal
• We need cheap housing
• Everyone can help to pay through taxes
• Globalisation is making the problem is too big
• Only governments will be able to make a real difference
• This is much fairer than putting the burden on «
• World bank says local action can help homeless people
• Community leaders believe that the problem of homelessness has been
solved
• Homeless people have human rights / need help
• Movement of people needs to be controlled by governments
• Government housing (in India) is much better than living in a refugee
camp / shanty town / on the streets

1 mark should be awarded for the identification of one of the above.

Further guidance – the only acceptable answers are listed above. However,
candidates may use their own words.

3(b) The following examples are found in Source 4. 1

• The number of homeless people there will increase

• Only governments will be able to make a real difference
• With this support most get jobs / move permanently into new homes

Award 1 mark for correctly identifying a prediction from the list above

Further guidance – the only acceptable answers are listed above. However,
candidates may use their own words.

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Question Answer Marks

3(c) Indicative Content 3

A value judgement is a view or decision about what is right, wrong or

important, based a particular set of standards, principles, or values.

The following examples are found in Source 4.

• It is right to help
• Everyone is equal
• « is much better than living in a refugee camp / shanty town / on the
streets
• This is much fairer than putting the burden on «
• People have human rights

Award 1 mark for correctly identifying a value judgement from the list above.
However, candidates may use their own words.

Award an additional 1 mark for a response that demonstrates some

understanding of a value judgement. For example: It is a value judgement
that it is right to help homeless people because this view is based on moral
principles.

or

Award an additional 2 marks for a clear understanding of a value judgement

applied accurately to the example identify from Source 4. For example: It is
a value judgement that it is right to help homeless people because Pia is
taking a view on whether something is right or wrong (helping homeless
people) based on her own moral principles.

The response must include a correct example of a value judgement to be

awarded additional marks for the explanation.

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Question Answer Marks

3(d) Indicative content 15

Candidates are expected to evaluate the arguments presented in Source 4

and compare their effectiveness. They should make a supported judgement
with some explanation about which person has the most convincing
argument.

Candidates may support their judgement by considering:

Strength of reasoning:
• logic
• structure
• balance
• claims

Use of language:
• tone – emotive, exaggerated, precise
• clarity

Evidence:
• range of information and depth
• relevance
• sufficiency – sample
• source – media; internet
• date – how recent
• different types of information – fact, opinion, value, anecdote
• testimony – from experience and expert

Sources of bias
• local interest
• economic
• personal values
• experience

Likely consequences of the ideas presented

Acceptability of their values to others

• how likely other people are to agree with their perspective / view

The following levels of response should be used to award marks.

Level 5 (13–15 marks) Very good response

Clear, credible and well supported points about which argument is more
convincing. Coherent, structured evaluation of both arguments with clear
comparison.

The response contains three (or more) developed evaluative points, and
may include some undeveloped points.

A clear judgement is reached.

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Question Answer Marks

3(d) Level 4 (10–12 marks) Good response

Clear, supported points about which argument is more convincing.
Evaluation of both arguments, with comparison.

The response contains two (or more) developed evaluative points and may
include some undeveloped points. A wide range (four or more) of
undeveloped but clearly appropriate points may be sufficient to enter this
band at the lower level.

A judgment is reached.

Level 3 (7–9 marks) Reasonable response

Reasonable points about which argument is more convincing. Some
evaluation of both arguments, with an attempt at comparison. Judgements
and evaluative points are partially supported or asserted.

One (or more) developed evaluative points, possibly with some

undeveloped points; three (or more) undeveloped points may be sufficient to
enter this band at the lower level.

An attempt is made to give an overall judgement.

Level 2 (4–6) Basic response

Basic points about which argument is more convincing. There may be only
one argument considered in any detail, with little attempt at comparison.
Judgements and evaluative points are partially supported and lack clarity /
relevance at times.

The response contains two (or more) undeveloped points.

A basic judgement may be reached.

Level 1 (1–3 marks) Limited response

Limited and unsupported points about which argument is more convincing.
The response considers the arguments briefly and/or tangentially. There is
little clarity. Answers at this level may repeat source material with little
understanding or simply agree / disagree with the arguments presented.

The response may not contain any clear evaluative points.

Level 0 (0 marks)
No relevant response or creditworthy material.

Further Guidance – if only one argument is discussed then a maximum of

L3 9 marks can be awarded.

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Question Answer Marks

4 Indicative content 24

Candidates are expected to make a judgement about the best course of

action to reduce homelessness in the area.

Candidates may use and develop the material found in Sources 1 to 4, but
should go beyond simply repeating or recycling without adaptation. Other
material may be introduced but is not necessary to gain full marks.

Candidates may consider some of the following:

• reference to scale of impact on homelessness

• reference to different consequences and implications for individuals /
groups / government
• how long it might take to make a difference
• barriers to change
• the power of collective action, e.g. cooperation between countries over
homelessness issues
• the influence of individuals and groups on decision making
• the role of vested interests and power differences
• potential conflicts of interest
• difficulties in planning and coordinating improvements
• cost and access to resources to implement change
• other reasonable response

The following levels of response should be used to award marks.

Level 5 (20–24 marks) Very good response

Clear, well supported reasoning about the recommended course of action.
Different arguments and perspectives are clearly considered.

The response contains a wide range of clearly reasoned points and/or

evidence to support the views expressed, with four (or more) developed
points, and some undeveloped points.

The response is very well structured and a clear judgement is reached.

Level 4 (15–19 marks) Good response

Clear, supported reasoning about the recommended course of action.
Different arguments and perspectives are considered.

The response contains a range of reasoned points and/or evidence to

support the views expressed, with three (or more) developed points, and
some undeveloped points.

The response I generally well-structured and a judgement is reached.

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Question Answer Marks

4 Level 3 (10–14 marks) Reasonable response

Some supported reasoning about the recommended course of action.
Different arguments and perspectives are included.

The response contains some points and/or evidence to support the views
expressed, with two (or more) developed points, and some undeveloped
points.

The response is structured but at times difficult to follow and an attempt is

made to give an overall judgement.

Level 2 (5–9 marks) Basic response

Basic reasoning about the recommended course of action. Different
arguments are included; perspectives, if present, are unclear.

The response relies on assertion rather than evidence but contains one (or
more) developed point(s) or a range of undeveloped points.

The response lacks structure and is difficult to follow though a basic

judgement may be attempted.

Level 1 (1–4 marks) Limited response

Limited and unsupported reasoning about the topic in general. Different
arguments may be included.

Level 0 (0 marks)
No relevant response or creditworthy material.

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