Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/13
Paper 1 May/June 2020
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75

Published

Students did not sit exam papers in the June 2020 series due to the Covid-19 global pandemic.

This mark scheme is published to support teachers and students and should be read together with the
question paper. It shows the requirements of the exam. The answer column of the mark scheme shows the
proposed basis on which Examiners would award marks for this exam. Where appropriate, this column also
provides the most likely acceptable alternative responses expected from students. Examiners usually review
the mark scheme after they have seen student responses and update the mark scheme if appropriate. In the
June series, Examiners were unable to consider the acceptability of alternative responses, as there were no
student responses to consider.

Mark schemes should usually be read together with the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. However,
because students did not sit exam papers, there is no Principal Examiner Report for Teachers for the June
2020 series.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the June 2020 series for most Cambridge
IGCSE™ and Cambridge International A & AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) United Arab Emirates / UAE 1

1(a)(ii) the largest percentage of the population who were born there = Kuwait 2

the same proportion of guest workers from India and Pakistan = Qatar

2 @ 1 mark

1(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Biggest percentage in both is from India;
UAE has greater proportion from India;
More from Pakistan in UAE;
Kuwait has larger percentage from Egypt;
Kuwait includes from Bangladesh but UAE does not;
UAE has migrants from Philippines but Kuwait does not;

3 @ 1 mark

1(a)(iv) Benefits such as; 4

Low skilled employment;
Local people do not have to do dirty work/physical work/menial jobs;
cheap workforce/low pay
Etc.

Disadvantages such as:

Pressure on jobs / unemployment for some locals;
conflicts with/resentment of local population;
need to find areas to house guest workers / pressure on accommodation;
pressure on food/water/electricity supplies
Etc.

4 @ 1 mark

1(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Being away from family/children;
Low wages;
Poor/cramped accommodation / have to live in one room;
Language difficulties;
Cultural differences;
Only one day off each week
Etc.

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

There is no/little employment in their home countries;
higher pay;
regular pay;
they are able to send home remittances;
workers have more rights;
better education for their children;
better entertainment / bright lights;
reliable water supply;
reliable electricity;
good food supply
Etc.

5 @ 1 mark or development

1(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which explain why its natural population
growth is high.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain why its natural population growth
is high.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain why its natural
population growth is high including some place specific reference.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
High birth rates
High IMR
Lack of contraception/family planning
Lack of education about contraception
Tradition
No pensions
Economic need for large families
Reducing death rates/IMR
Improvement in health care
Etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Named parts/settlements of the chosen country,
Population data
Etc.

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Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Central Business District 1

2(a)(ii) A street which is pedestrianised = The Corso / Manly Plaza / Market Lane 2

a form of public transport which serves Manly CBD = Bus

2 @ 1 mark

2(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

It is only a small area;
Pressure on land / lots of competing land uses;
High values;
More economical way of using the land
Etc.

3 @ 1 mark

2(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

Cheaper land values in rural urban-fringe;
Can afford land to build a bigger store;
With room for parking;
Easier road access / can access by ring road / avoids congestion in CBD;
Attracts customers from other towns/rural areas;
More pleasant environment/scenery
Etc.

4 @ 1 mark

2(b)(i) jeweller = high order shop 3

theatre = high order service
fruit/vegetable shop = low order shop

3 @ 1 mark

2(b)(ii) Ideas such as low order: 5

will have a smaller sphere of influence;
people will not travel as far to use them;
threshold population will be smaller;
people will use them more frequently;
they sell convenience goods but high order sell comparison/specialist
goods;
they sell lower cost goods
Etc.

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

2(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which describe how traffic problems have
been managed.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe how traffic problems have been
managed.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate which describe how traffic problems have
been managed with some place specific reference.

Content Guide:
Management of problems could be anywhere within the urban area. This
could include:
New road building,
pedestrianisation,
developments in public transport,
congestion charging
Etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Locational details,
Specific details of the schemes,
Named areas/streets within the urban area
Etc.

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) An area of land drained by a river (and its tributaries) / the catchment area 1
of a river / the area within the watershed of a river

3(a)(ii) Groundwater flow moves water through the rocks; 2

Infiltration occurs when water soaks into the soil

2 @ 1 mark

3(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Precipitation exceeds infiltration;
Heavy rainfall;
Saturation of rock/soil ;
Melting snow/ice;
Water within the rock/soil could be frozen;
After deforestation;
When an area is covered by concrete/tarmac etc.

3 @ 1 mark

3(a)(iv) Ideas such as when it moves away from the source it becomes: 4
wider;
deeper;
faster flowing;
more gentle/even long profile;

4 @ 1 mark

3(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Steep/vertical;
Layers of rock;
stepped;
white water;
plunge pool;
high/long drop;
water is at one side of channel only/does not occupy entire channel
Etc.

3 @ 1 mark

3(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Erosion by river;
Hydraulic action/abrasion;
Hard rock layer;
Softer rock underlying hard rock
Hard rock resistant to erosion;
Overhang develops;
Undercutting of soft rock;
Collapse of hard rock;
Retreat of waterfall
Etc.

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

3(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which describe the attempts to manage
flooding.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe the attempts to manage
flooding.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe the attempts to
manage flooding including some place specific reference.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
dredging,
channel straightening,
raising / strengthening banks / levees,
overflow channels/ spillways,
dams/reservoirs,
afforestation
Etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Locational details,
Places along river,
Specific details/costs of methods etc.

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Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) On Fig. 4.1 1

4(a)(ii) Ideas such as: 3

B has more sand than A;
A has more shingle than B;
A has pebbles but B does not;
A is very different near the cliffs and near the sea but B is very similar etc.

3 @ 1 mark

4(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 2

A has a steeper section;
A is higher than B at top of beach;
B has a more regular profile

2 @ 1 mark

4(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

some materials are from the cliffs;
some are deposited by waves;
materials are graded/sorted by sea;
strength of waves carries/removes different materials;
boulders/large rocks are deposited during storms;
Longshore drift can add to beach etc.

4 @ 1 marks

4(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Various heights;
Mainly bare sand;
Steep slope (in foreground);
Vegetation on higher parts
Etc.

3 @ 1 mark

4(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Onshore wind;
Wind blows sand;
Obstacle/plant/litter/rock at top end of beach;
Sand trapped by obstacle;
Builds up over time;
Colonisation by vegetation
Etc.

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

4(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which explain the effects of coastal
erosion on the people who live there.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain the effects of coastal erosion on
the people who live there.

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain the effects of
coastal erosion on the people who live there, including place specific
information.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
Loss of farmland,
Damage to properties,
Loss of gardens,
Danger from falling rocks/collapsing cliffs,
Access restricted,
Loss of tourism,
Damage to roads/railway lines,
Cost of management including /increased rates/taxes,
Unable to insure properties
Etc.

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) Assembly 1

5(a)(ii) Ideas such as: 2

easy transport of inputs/outputs
Water readily available for processes/cooling/washing

2 @ 1 mark

5(a)(iii) workers who carry out research and use it to design new machines = 3
Quaternary

drivers of lorries transporting products from the factory = Tertiary

people operating machines in the factory = Secondary

3 @ 1 mark

5(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

Governments encourage industrial growth in some areas/industries;
Development Area/Enterprise Zone status;
Availability of grants/subsidies,
Lower tax rates in some areas;
Infrastructure/ready built sites provided;
Government may offer low interest loans;
Planning permission is not possible in all places;
Government protects certain areas from industrial growth/pollution
Etc.
4 @ 1 marks

5(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

The plantations provide the main raw material;
Lowers transport costs;
The raw material is readily available;
Tea is fresh on arrival at factory
Etc.

3 @ 1 mark

5(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Local labour supply;
Local market;
Railway (for transport of raw materials/finished products);
Road / track;
Electricity supply;
Cattle kept in area supply leather/raw material for shoes;
Flat land
Etc.

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

5(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)
Statements including limited detail which describe the different methods
which are used to supply energy.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe the different methods which are
used to supply energy.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe the different
methods which are used to supply energy, including some place references.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
Fossil fuels;
E.g. coal,
Oil,
Natural gas
Renewable energy;
E.g. wind power,
Wave power,
Tidal power,
Solar power,
HEP,
Biomass,
Geothermal power
Other forms of energy:
E.g. nuclear,
Charcoal / wood
Etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Specific details of locations from where energy is obtained
Specific details/statistics about energy sources
Etc.

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Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) Ability to be able to read/write 1

6(a)(ii) the area with the highest life expectancy in 1990 = South America and 2
Caribbean

the increase in the literacy percentage in South Asia between 1990 and
2016 = 27 (%)

2 @ 1 mark

6(a)(iii) Ideas such as differences in: 3

investment in health care;
availability of medicines/drugs/vaccination;
sanitation;
water supply;
food supply;
impacts of specific disease(s) e.g. HIV/AIDS/Malaria

3 @ 1 mark

6(a)(iv) Indicators such as: 4

GNP per capita;
Human Development index;
Average amount of energy used per person;
Percentage in secondary education;
Infant mortality rate;
Percentage with Internet access;
Percentage with access to clean water/improved sanitation;
People per doctor
Etc.

2 marks for stating the indicators with a further two marks for explanation of
why it is a useful indicator of the level of development of a country.
E.g. percentage in secondary education (1), the higher than percentage the
higher the literacy level (2)

4 @ 1 mark

6(b)(i) the country where the new mobile phones are being manufactured = 3
China

The country where the research and development took place = Italy

A continent where the new mobile phones are sold = North

America/Europe

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

6(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Improvements in/faster transport;
Quicker/cheaper air travel;
Development of containerisation/container ships;
Development of communications systems/networks;
Rise of Internet/e-commerce;
Instant/electronic movement of money;

5 @ 1 mark or development

6(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which describe impacts of a TNC at local
and/or national scale.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which describe impacts of a TNC at local
and/or national scale.

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements which describe impacts of a TNC
at local and/or national scale, including some place references.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
employment,
infrastructure development,
transport improvements,
exploitation of workforce,
economic growth,
exploitation of resources,
exploitation of workforce,
specified pollution
Etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Locational details,
Named places/countries
Specific details of TNC
Etc.

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