CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, theoretical framework,

conceptual framework, statements of the problem, hypothesis, scope and

limitations, significance of the study and definition of terms.

Background of the Study

In our present generation, social networking sites are the fastest and easiest

way to connect or to communicate other people whether they are near or far from

you. By these sites you can post anything you want such as photos, videos, and

words that you can’t tell personally and you want the word to know. Social

networking sites such as Facebook, twitter and thimble are very useful to the

youth because they will be updated on what is happening to our country and

even to the world. One of the advantages of these sites is that, you can upgrade

your mind and knowledge by reading informative and useful blogs posted by

others. Social networking sites is not just for connecting people, it’s also have

different addictive application that the youths might spend their time instead of

doing some important things like homeworks,school projects and studying their

lesson. These sites are very useful for the people with low self-esteem, they

using these sites to make friends, and also for dating. On the other hand, these

sites have a serious disadvantage. Cyberbullying already exists in our

1
generation; it has negative effects to the teens and children especially to those

people with low self-esteem. It has an effect to the performance of the victims in

the school performances, it can also affect to social development of the victim

especially when it comes to making friends with others because they might think

that people around them hates them, and the worst is, victim might commit

suicide due to severe depression.

A social networking site Is a platform to build social networks or social

relations among people who, for example, share interest, activities, backgrounds,

real life connections. A social network service consists of representation of each

user (often profile) his/her social links, and the variety of additional services. Most

social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact

over the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community

services are sometimes considered as a social network service though in

broader sense social networking service usually means as individual centered

service whereas online community services regroup centered. Social networking

sites allow users to share ideas, pictures, post, activities, events, and interest

with people in their network.

The main types of social networking services are those that contain

category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect

with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation link to

trust. Popular methods now combine many of this, with American based services

such as Facebook, google+, tumblr and twitter widely used worldwide. Facebook

is an online social networking service. Its name stems from the colloquial name

2
for the book given to students at the start of the academic year by some

American university administration to help students to get to it know each other.

Facebook was founded in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with his college

roommates and fellow Harvard University students EduardoSaverin, Andrew

McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes

Facebook is one of the most famous sites today. You can post there

anything you want such as images, videos, and blogs. The majority of the

member who registered to this site are teens and children. It can help them to

improve their mind by watching useful videos and reading informative blogs, but

somehow, it also negative effect to them because of some videos that they may

watch are unhealthy such as violence and pornography.

According to Rachel Heike many parents worry about how

exposure to technology might affect toddlers developmentally. We know our

preschoolers are picking up new social and cognitive skills at a stunning pace,

and we don’t want hours spent glued to an iPad to impede that. But adolescence

is an equally important period of rapid development, and too few of us are paying

attention to how our teenagers’ use of technology—much more intense and

intimate than a 3-year-old playing with dad’s iPhone—is affecting them. In fact,

experts worry that the social media and text messages that have become so

integral to teenage life are promoting anxiety and lowering self esteem.

3
Theoretical Framework

Social cognitive theory, used in psychology, education, and

communication, posits that portions of an individual’s knowledge acquisition can

be directly related toobservingothers within the context of social interactions,

experiences, and outside media influences. In other words, peopled not learn

new behaviors solely by trying them and either succeeding or failing, but rather,

the survival of humanity is dependent upon the replication of the actions of

others. Depending on whether people are rewarded or punished for their

behavior and the outcome of the behavior, that behavior may be modeled.

Further, media provide models for a vast array of people in many different

environmental settings.

The theoretical basis for this study is the Henry Tajfel‟s “social identity

theory”, social perception theory and Leaon Festinger’s theory of cognitive

dissonance. The social identity theory introduced the concept of a social identity

as a way in which to explain intergroup behavior.

Social identity theory is best described as a theory that predicts certain

intergroup behaviors on the basis of perceived group status differences,

theperceivedlegitimacyand stability of those status differences, and the perceived

ability to move from one group to another. This contrasts with occasions where

the term social identity theory is used to refer to general theorizing about human

social. Moreover, and although some researchers have treated it as such, social

identity theory was never intended to be a general theory of

socialcategorization.It was awareness of the limited scope of social identity

4
theory that led John Turner and colleagues to develop a cousin theory in the form

of self-categorization theory, which built on the insights of social identity theory to

produce a more general account of self andgroupprocesses.The term social

identity approach or social identity perspective, is suggested for describing the

joint contributions of both social identity theory and self-categorization theory.

Social perception is that part of perception that allows people to understand

the other people in their social world. This sort of perception is defined as asocial

cognition which is the ability of the brain to store and process information. Social

perception allows individuals to make judgements and impressions about other

people.

Social perception gives individuals the tools to recognize how others affect

their personal lives. They help individuals to form impressions of others by

providing the necessary information about how people usually behave across

situations. One proposal to explain how social perceptions provide information

needed for impression formation is by approaching the behavior with an implicit

personality theory outlook. Implicit personality theories state that if an individual

observes certain traits in another person, s/he tends to assume that his or her

other personality traits are concurrent with the initial trait. These assumptions

help us to make quick judgments about the character of an individual. It also

helps us to “categorize” people so that we can infer additional information about

them and predict their behavior.

Social perception refers to the initial stages in which people process

information in order to determine another individual’s mind-set and intentions. It

5
is combined with the cognitive ability to pay attention to and interpret arrange of

different social factors that may include: verbal messages, tone, non-verbal

behavior, and knowledge of social relationships and an understanding of social

goals. Social perception is a key component of social interaction and social skills.

A key aspect of social interaction is the process of figuring out what others are

thinking and feeling which is also referred to as Theory of Mind (ToM).

Another theory is the cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experienced

when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognition, ideas, beliefs,

values or emotional reactions. In a state of dissonance, people may sometimes

feel “disequilibrium”: frustration, hunger, dread, guilt, anger, embarrassment,

anxiety, etc. The phrase was coined by Leon Festingerin his 1956 book When

Prophecy Fails, which chronicled the followers of an UFO cult as reality clashed

with their fervent belief in an impending apocalypse. Festinger’s subsequently

(1957) published a book called A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance in which he

outlines the theory. Cognitive dissonance is one of the most influential and

extensively studied theories in social psychology.

The theory of cognitive dissonance unsocial psychology proposes that

people have motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing

cognitions, adding new ones to create a consistent belief system, or alternatively

by reducing the importance of any one of the dissonant elements. Cognitive

dissonance is the distressing mental state that people feel when they “find

themselves doing things that don’t fit with what they know, or having opinions

that do not fit with other opinions they hold.” A key assumption is that people

6
want their expectations to meet reality, creating a sense of equilibrium. Likewise,

another assumption is that a person will avoid situations or information sources

that give rise to feelings of uneasiness, or dissonance.

Cognitive dissonance theory explains human behavior by positing that

people have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality.

According to Festinger’s, people engage in a process he termed “dissonance

reduction,” which can be achieved in one of three ways: lowering the importance

of one of the discordant factors, adding consonant elements, or changing one of

the dissonant factors. This bias sheds light on otherwise puzzling, irrational, and

even destructive behavior.

7
 Effects of Social Networking Sites on Academic
Performance of Grade 10 Students in Masarawag
National High School

Social Congnitive
Congnitive Dissonance
Theory Social
Theory
Perception
Theory

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

8
Conceptual Framework

The researcher used the Input, Process and Output (IPO) wherein:

The input contains the demographic profile of the respondents, present the

age and gender, the different types of social networking media used or

subscribed by the grade 10 students, the effects of social networking sites to the

academic performance of Grade 10 students and the relationship of the social

networking media and the respondents academic performance.

The process contain the data gathering procedure, the researcher need to

do and the process on how to get the finding that is based on the data gathered.

The output contains the effects of social networking sites on academic

performance of grade 10 students in Masarawag National High School.

9
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. What is the
demographic
profile of the
respondents in
terms of the
following:
a. Age
b. Gender
2. What are the Assessment, data
different types of gathering and
social networking analysis of the Effects of Social
media used or responses of the Networking Sites
subscribed by the respondents about on Academic
grade 10 students? reading difficulties Performance of
and its relation to Grade 10
3. What are
the academic Students in
the effects of social
performance of Masarawag
networking sites to
Grade 10 students National High
the academic
in Masarawag School
performance of
National High
Grade 10
School.
students?
4. What is the
relationship of the
social networking
media and the
respondents
academic
performance.

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

10
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the reading difficulties and it’s relation to the

academic performance of the grade 10 students in Masarawag National High

School. Specifically, this study will be able to attain the answers to the following

questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the

following;

a. Age

b. Gender

2. What are the different types of social networking media used or

subscribed by the grade 10 students?

3. What are the effects of social networking sites to the academic

performance of Grade 10 students?

4. What is the relationship of the social networking media and the

respondents’ academic performance?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the effects of academic

performance of grade 10 students in Masarawag National High School when it

comes to social networking sites.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will determine the effects of social networking sites on academic

performance of grade 10 students in Masarawag National High School S.Y.

11
2022-2023. It will use descriptive method and the questionnaires will be

distributed.

Significance of the Study

This certain study which predominantly targets to determine the effects of

social networking sites on academic performance of Grade 10 students in

Masarawag National High School will give a new insight to the following:

Student. This study will guide students to be aware that, apart from social

benefits of this social networking sites, using the sites more than necessary will

possible dangers to their health.

Parents. This study will serve as guide to know the possible effects these social

media usage has on their children.

Teachers. This study will help the teachers of the school to know the influence

that social media has on their students.

Future Researcher. This study will help to the future researcher with more

information on the influences of social networking sites on academic

performance of students.

Definition of Terms

Academic Performance – It is the measurement of student achievement across

various academic subjects.

Effect – It is a change, reaction, or impression that is caused by something or is

the result of something.

12
Social Media – They are form of electronic communication which facilitate

interactive base on certain interests.

Social Networking Sites – It is a platform to build social networks or social

relations among people.

Social Networking – The use of internet to make information about yourself

available to other especially people you share an interest with to send message

to them.

Student – It is a person enrolled in school or educational institution.

13
 Notes

Rouse, Margarite (2017). Social Networking Sites. January 23, 2017.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4838/social-network

Nation, Daniel (2021). Facebook. September 19, 2021.

https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-facebook-3486391

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-

cagayan/management-science/effects-of-social-media-in-the-academic-

performance-of-senior-high-students-autosaved/36755041

Tabernilla, Johnven (2014). Effects of social networking sites on academic

performance of students. March 16, 2014.

https://www.academia.edu/4812990/Baby_thesis

Dale, Schunk (2010). Social Congnitive Theory.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/social-cognitive-theory

14
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies and synthesis of the

state of Literature the art is found in this chapter.

Related Literature

Local

In this Digital Age, everyone seems to make his or her presence felt in the

virtual world to validate his or her existence. Getting connected through social

networks and blog sites seems to be the norm, not just among individuals, but

also among companies and businesses. With this, the Honor Award Program

(HAP) of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) has ventured into social media to

strengthen its promotional strategies of the Program.

Commission on Information and Communications Technology (CICT)

Chairman Ivan John E. Uy said that social networking sites can be a useful tool

in public service delivery. “The use of Facebook and Twitter in government

offices provides better access to the public,” he said in an interview aired over

DZRB. There are 24 million Internet users in the Philippines, 51% of which use

social networking sites.

The Philippines has been on the World Wide Web since the

early90s.MozCom was the first commercially available Internet provider in the

Philippines, starting in 1994. In early 2000, via the Electronic Commerce Act or

15
Republic Act 8792, the Philippine government mandated that every department

should have a presence on the web. This was to allow the public access to

information as well as a means to communicate with their duly elected politicians.

There are different levels of web presence required of the government. The

hierarchy, from the most basic to the highest, is: Emerging Web Presence level

could be just a simple static website with details of the respective agency and

contact information.

Ellison and Loyd (2013) defined social networking sites as “a networked

communication platform in which participants (1) have uniquely identifiable

profiles that consist of user-supplied content, content provided by other users,

and/or system-level data; (2) can publicly articulate connections that can be

viewed and traversed by others; and (3) can consume, produce, and/or interact

with streams of user-generated content provided by their connections on the site”

(p. 180). This definition emphasizes three defining features of social networking

sites.

Given the positive and negative emotional effects of social media, social

media can either scaffold the emotional repertoire of students, which can develop

positive emotions in learners, or induce negative provokers in them, based on

which learners might feel negative emotions such as anxiety and depression.

However, admittedly, social media has also generated a domain that encourages

the act of comparing lives, and striving for approval; therefore, it establishes and

internalizes unrealistic perceptions (Vince et al., 2014).

16
Foreign

According to Abhyankar (2011), “Social Network” is an online community

where people across the world the globe can develop network with different

organizations or individuals for a specific purpose. It creates a chain of

linked/connected entities (individuals/organizations, communities, forums, groups

etc.) like a tree with multiple branches and nodes. These branches are the

various groups, communities, forums etc. that an individual intends to join.

Deng and Tavares (2013) noted that social networking has become an

integral part of our children’s social life; it is now seen as a learning platform that

could be utilized to enhance student engagement and performance. Social

networking and media tools offer school children the opportunity to communicate,

get in touch, access information, research, and chat .

DiMicco and Millen (2007) adds that Social network sites have been widely

studied from a consumer perspective despite huge investment by many

organizations in social technology, and a number of high profile failures and

embarrassments stemming from their use. Of the few existing studies of social

network site use in organizations, there are a couple looking at the uses of public

social network sites (such as Facebook and LinkedIn) in an organizational

context.

Social networking group are seen as groups of target users of various sizes

that connect to the internet on regular and coordinated basis via a convenient

17
area or methods for achieving the private and common ambitions of their

members (Dholakia et al. 2004).

Tuckman (1975) defined performance as the apparent demonstration of

understanding, concepts, skills, ideas and knowledge of a person and proposed

that grades clearly depict the performance of a student. Hence, their academic

performance must be managed efficiently keeping in view all the factors that can

positively or negatively affect their educational performance. Use of technology

such as internet is one of the most important factors that can influence

educational performance of students positively or adversely.

Related Studies

Local

Paul (2008) study on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter

are increasely popular in the Philippines. The study revealed the Philippines as

“The Social Networking Capital of the World” with 83% of Filipinos survey are

members of social network. They are also regarded as a top photo uploaders

and web vedio viewers, while they are second when it comes to the number of

blog readers and video uploaders.

Based on the study of Alwin et al. (2013), it was found that social media

usage on weekly basis displayed a positive skew where most students do not

use social media excessively. Respondents in their study felt that time

management and football were factors that contributed towards negative

academic performance besides excessive social media use.

18
 In studying the total number of hours spent by the users, Chen and Liam

(2011) disclosed that 45% of their samples admitted that they spent 6 – 8 Hours

per day checking social media sites, while 23% spent more 8 hours; 20% spent 2

– 4 hours and only 12% spent less than 2 hours on this task. Results showed

that social media is a college interest in the Wales University. Students consume

a lot of time on Social networking sites especially the adolescents.

Foreign

According to the study of Choney (2010) due to the increased popularity of

SNSs, economists and professors are questioning whether grades of students

are being affected by how much time is being spent on these sites. Essentially,

the environment and other factors may affect the way a student views learning

and studying. Truly SNSs are one of the factors that can affect student’s time,

insight, and outlook about learning and studying.

Karpinski (2009) study knows that users who spend more time on SNSs like

Facebook spend less time in studying. Hence, school authorities are one of the

primary people who oppose its use particularly in schools, which is the reason

why they usually ban it during class hours. The teachers and administrators are

likewise affected because of this negative implication. Many schools have opted

for strict restrictions on SNSs usage in campuses amid concerns about safety,

privacy and confidentiality, and lack of knowledge about how best to ensure it’s

appropriate.

19
 Karpinski et al. (2013) study the relationship between social networking sites

use and academic performance among college students in the USA and Europe.

They find that social networking sites use is negatively associated with college

students’ academic performance both in the US and European samples, but the

association is stronger for the US sample.

Frison and Eggermont (2016) examined the relationships between different

forms of Facebook use, perceived social support of social media, and male and

female students’ depressed mood. These researchers found a positive

association between the passive use of the Facebook and depression and also

between the active use of the social media and depression. Furthermore, the

perceived social support of the social media was found to mediate this

association. Besides, gender was found as the other factor to mediate this

relationship.

Obi et al. (2012), study titled “The need for safety consciousness among

Youths on social Networking Sites” concluded that social media affects students

use of English. They use short-handwriting when chatting with friends and

unconsciously get used to it thereby replicating same errors during examinations.

Even though one may argue that these are minor challenges, it is important to

acknowledge the increasing rate at which these errors are replicated in the

education sector and if care is not taken future generation may see it as a norm.

20
Synthesis of the State of the Art

The use of social networking sites and their impact on public service

delivery in the Philippines, as well as their prevalence and defining features. It

also highlights the potential positive and negative emotional effects of social

media use, as well as its role in students’ academic performance. The related

literature presented in the text suggests that social networking sites can be a

useful learning platform for enhancing student engagement and performance.

However, it also notes that social media can induce negative emotions, such as

anxiety and depression, and establish unrealistic perceptions. Additionally, the

literature indicates that social network sites have been studied widely from a

consumer perspective, and their use in organizations has been examined in a

few studies. The literature also emphasizes the importance of managing factors

that can positively or negatively affect students' academic performance, including

the use of technology such as the internet. Overall, the given text and related

literature highlight the need to carefully consider the impact of social networking

sites on academic performance and emotional well-being, while also recognizing

their potential as a learning platform.

The study by Paul (2008) provides evidence that social networking sites are

extremely popular in the Philippines, with a high percentage of Filipinos being

members of these sites. This suggests that social networking sites are widely

used by Filipino students, which could potentially impact their academic

performance. As shown in the study of Choney (2010) due to the increased

popularity of SNSs, economists and professors are questioning whether grades

21
of students are being affected by how much time is being spent on these sites.

Moreover, the study of Karpinski (2009) knows that users who spend more time

on SNSs like Facebook spend less time in studying. Hence, school authorities

are one of the primary people who oppose its use particularly in schools, which is

the reason why they usually ban it during class hours. On the other hand, the

study by Karpinski et al. (2013) suggests a negative association between social

networking sites use and academic performance among college students in both

the US and Europe. This finding is consistent with the idea that excessive use of

social media can be a distraction from academic work and responsibilities,

potentially leading to lower academic achievement. The study by Frison and

Eggermont (2016) provides further evidence of a negative relationship between

social media use and mental health, specifically the association between

Facebook use and depressed mood. This negative effect on mental health can

also affect academic performance, as students who experience depression may

struggle to concentrate on their studies or may be less motivated to perform well.

Additionally, the study by Obi et al. (2012) highlights another potential impact of

social media use on academic performance, specifically the use of shorthand

writing and the replication of errors during examinations. This suggests that

social media use can have negative effects on language skills, which can in turn

impact academic performance. On mental health can also affect academic

performance, as students who experience depression may struggle to

concentrate on their studies or may be less motivated to perform well. Overall,

these studies suggest that social media use can have negative effects on

22
academic performance, both directly through distractions and indirectly through

impacts on mental health and language skills. It is important for students to be

mindful of their social media use and to balance it with their academic

responsibilities to avoid negative impacts on their academic performance.

23
 Notes

Alwin, E., Shane, B. (2013). Impact of social media usage on students’

academic performance in Saudi Arabia, Computers in Human Behavior,

http://dx.doi.org/10/1016/j.chb.2014.09.028

Ching and Liam. (2011). The effects Of Social Media on College Students,

Wales University, UK. Pp. 2.

Choney, Suzanne (2010). Facebook Use Can Lower Grades by 20 Per-

Cent, Study Says.

http://www.msnbc.com/id/39038581/Ns.technology_and_science-

tech_and_gadgets/. Retrieved March 30, 2013.

Deng and Tavares (2013). From module to Facebook: exploring students’

motivation and experiences in online communities. Comput. Educ., 68 (2013),

pp. 167-176

Dholakia, U.M., Bagozzi, R.P., & Pesto, L.K. (2004). A social influence

model of consumer participation in-network and small-group-based virtual

communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(3), 241-263.

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.004

Ellison, N., & Loyd, D. (2013). Sociality through social network sites. In W.

Dutton (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of internet studies (pp. 151–172). Oxford

University Press

24
 Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P.

(2013). An exploration of social networking site use, multitasking, and academic

performance among United States and European university students. Computers

in Human Behavior, 29, 1182–1192.

Karpinski Aryn (2009). A description of Facebook use and academic

performance among undergraduate and graduate students. Annual Meeting of

the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, California

Obi, N.C., Bulus, L.D., Adamu, G.M., & Sala’at, A.B. (2012). The need for

safety consciousness among Youths on social Networking Sites. Journal of

Applied Science and

management (JASM),14 (1)

Paul, J. A., (2008). Effect of online social networking on student academic

performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2117-2127.

Doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.016

Tuckman, H. (1975). Teacher Effectiveness and Student Performance. J.

Econ. Educ. , 34-39. International Journal of Arts and Commerce ISSN. 1929-

7106 www.ijac.org.uk

Vince, A., Trujillo, A., and Noel, E. (2014). Young adult females’

perceptions of high-risk social media behaviors: A focus-group approach. J.

Commun. Health Nurs. 31, 133–144. Doi: 10.1080/07370016.2014.926677

25
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of this research such as the

method used; population, sample size and sampling technique; description of

respondents; research instrument; data gathering procedure and statistical

treatment of the data are also included in this chapter.

Research Method

In this study the descriptive method of research will be used. According to

Ardales (2008), the descriptive design is particularly appropriate in the behavioral

sciences. The reasons for this is the fact that behaviours of interest to the

investigator can be systematically examined and analyzed as they happen in its

natural setting the home, the classroom, the recreational center the workplace

such as an office or factory. One drawback though is that the researcher has less

control of the condition that prevails in the natural setting. The researcher cannot

arrange or manipulate situations, or if he can, he still expects people to behave in

their natural ways.

Population

The target population in this study involved all students from the grade 10 a

total population of 150 students.

26
Sampling Technique and Sample Size

The study on the effects of social networking sites on academic

performance of grade 10 students are carefully consider the sampling technique

and sample size to ensure that the results are reliable and representative of the

population of interest.

The researcher used simple random sampling, where each member of the

population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

The sample size in this study is large enough to ensure that the results

are statistically significant and generalizable to the population of interest

Description of the Respondents

The respondents of this study are the grade 10 students in Masarawag

National High School.

Research Instrument

The main tool that will be used in gathering the data for this research is the

researcher-made instrument. The instrumentation used in this research is a

survey. The researcher prepared a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire

consists of five (10) questions which includes several inquiries about social

networking sites. It will be given to one hundred fifty (150) respondents. The

instrumentation used will give way and support in retrieving data for the research.

Data Gathering Procedure

The first step to be use is to ask permission from the teacher of Grade 10 to

conduct the survey. The researcher will administer the questionnaire to the

27
respondents, conduct test and analyze the pertinent records to get the necessary

data, retrieve the questionnaire from the class, collate and classify the

questionnaire to examine and compare carefully to note points and verify the

order, necessary for the completeness of the study.

Statistical Treatment

Researcher organized and tabulated before she validated the data

gathered though the use of survey questionnaire. For this study, the researcher

used the Likert Scale in order to statistically analyze and critically understand the

meaningful interpretation of the gathered data.

In analyzing the data gathered, the researcher used a simple percentage

and frequency method using the following formula:

P= F/N x 100%

Where: P is the total percentage,

F is the total frequency; and

N is the total number of respondents.

28