F Kdks - Kfefr DK Ifjp
F Kdks - Kfefr DK Ifjp
F Kdks - Kfefr DK Ifjp
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 8
There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the
middle position of mathematics as trigonometry.
(laHkor% f=kdks.kfefr osQ vfrfjDr xf.kr dh dksbZ ,slh
'kk[kk ugha gS] tks mldh eè; fLFkfr dk LFkku ys losQA)
– J.F. Herbart (1890)
8.1 Hkwfedk
vki viuh fiNyh d{kkvksa esa f=kHkqtksa] fo'ks"k :i ls ledks.k f=kHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u
dj pqosQ gSaA vkb, ge vius vkl&ikl osQ ifjos'k ls oqQN ,sls mnkgj.k ysa] tgk¡ ledks.k
f=kHkqtksa osQ cuus dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, %
1. eku yhft, ,d Low Q y os Q Nk=k
oqQrqcehukj ns[kus x, gSaA vc] ;fn
dksbZ Nk=k ehukj osQ f'k[kj dks ns[k jgk
gks] rks ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh
dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS tSlkfd vko`Qfr
8-1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA D;k okLro esa
ekis fcuk gh Nk=k ehukj dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dj ldrk gS\ vko`Qfr 8.1
2. eku yhft, ,d yM+dh unh osQ fdukjs fLFkr vius edku dh ckyduh ij cSBh
gqbZ gS vkSj og bl unh osQ nwljs fdukjs ij fLFkr ikl gh osQ eafnj dh ,d fupyh
lh<+h ij j[ks xeys dks ns[k jgh gSA bl fLFkfr esa] ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cuus dh
Rationalised 2023-24
128 xf.kr
dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS tSlkfd vko`Qfr
8-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] ;fn vkidks og
Å¡pkbZ Kkr gks] ftl ij yM+dh cSBh gqbZ
gS] rks D;k vki unh dh pkSM+kbZ Kkr dj
ldrs gSa\
3. eku yhft, ,d xeZ gok okyk xqCckjk vko`Qfr 8.2
gok esa mM+ jgk gSA vkleku esa mM+us ij
bl xqCckjs dks ,d yM+dh ns[k ysrh gS
vkSj bl ckr dks crkus osQ fy, og
viuh ek¡ osQ ikl nkSM+dj tkrh gSA
xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ fy, mldh ek¡ rqjar
?kj ls ckgj fudy vkrh gSA vc eku
yhft, fd tc igys&igy yM+dh xqCckjs
dks ns[krh gS] rc xqCckjk ¯cnq A ij FkkA
tc ek¡&csVh nksuksa gh xqCckjs dks ns[kus osQ vko`Qfr 8.3
fy, ckgj fudydj vkrh gSa rc rd xqCckjk ,d vU; ¯cnq B rd vk pqdk gksrk
gSA D;k vki tehu osQ ml LFkku ls] tgk¡ ek¡ vkSj csVh nksuksa [kM+h gSa] B dh Å¡pkbZ
Kkr dj ldrs gSa\
Åij crkbZ xbZ lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa nwfj;k¡ vFkok Å¡pkbZ;k¡ oqQN xf.krh; rduhdksa dks]
tks f=kdks.kfefr uked xf.kr dh ,d 'kk[kk osQ varxZr vkrs gSa] ykxw djosQ Kkr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCn ‘trigonometry’ dh O;qRifÙk xzhd 'kCnksa ‘tri’ (ftldk vFkZ gS
rhu)] ‘gon’ (ftldk vFkZ gS] Hkqtk) vkSj ‘metron’ (ftldk vFkZ gS eki) ls gqbZ gSA
oLrqr% f=kdks.kfefr esa ,d f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa vkSj dks.kksa osQ chp osQ laca/ksa dk vè;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA izkphu dky esa f=kdks.kfefr ij fd, x, dk;Z dk mYys[k felz vkSj
cschykWu esa feyrk gSA izkphu dky osQ [kxksyfon~ f=kdks.kfefr dk iz;ksx i`Foh ls rkjksa vkSj
xzgksa dh nwfj;k¡ ekius esa djrs FksA vkt Hkh bathfu;¯jx vkSj HkkSfrd foKku esa iz;qDr
vf/dka'k izk| S ksfxdh; mUur fof/;k¡ f=kdks.kferh; ladYiukvksa ij vk/kfjr gSaA
bl vè;k; esa ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa osQ oqQN vuqikrksa dk mlosQ U;wu
dks.kksa osQ lkis{k vè;;u djsaxs ftUgsa dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dgrs gaAS ;gk¡ ge
viuh ppkZ osQoy U;wu dks.kksa rd gh lhfer j[ksaxsA ;|fi bu vuqikrksa dk foLrkj nwljs
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 129
dks.kksa osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ge 0° vkSj 90° osQ eki okys dks.kksa osQ
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA ge oqQN fof'k"V dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikr ifjdfyr djsaxs vkSj bu vuqikrksa ls lacaf/r oqQN loZlfedk,¡ (identities), ftUgsa
f=kdks.kferh; loZlfedk,¡ dgk tkrk gS] LFkkfir djsaxsA
8.2 f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr
dk.sk A dh ly a Xu Hkqtk AB
Ð A dk cosine = =
d.kZ AC
Rationalised 2023-24
130 xf.kr
dks.k A dh lEeq[k Hktq k BC
Ð A dk tangent = =
dk.sk A dh layXu Hktq k AB
1 d.kZ AC
Ð A dk cosecant = = =
∠ A dk sine dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkqtk BC
1 d.kZ AC
Ð A dk secant = A dk cosine
dks.k A dh lEe[qk Hkt
q k AB
1 dk.sk A dh ly
a Xu Hktq k AB
Ð A dk cotangent = = =
∠ A dk tangent dk.sk A dh lEe[qk Hkqtk BC
Åij ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, vuqikrksa dks la{ksi esa Øe'k% sin A, cos A, tan A, cosec A,
sec A vkSj cot A fy[kk tkrk gSA è;ku nhft, fd vuqikr cosec A, sec A vkSj cot A
vuqikrksa sin A, cos A vkSj tan A osQ Øe'k% O;qRØe gksrs gSaA BC
BC AC sin A
vkSj vki ;gk¡ ;g Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa fd tan A = vkSj
AB AB cos A
cos A AC
cotA = sin A
vr% ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ ,d U;wu dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr f=kHkqt osQ
dks.k vkSj mldh Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ osQ chp osQ laca/ dks O;Dr djrs gSaA
D;ksa u ;gk¡ vki ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ dks.k C osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl djsa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-5)\
'kCn “sine” dk lcls igyk iz;ksx ftl :i esa vkt ge
djrs gSa mldk mYys[k 500 bZ- esa vk;ZHkêð }kjk fyf[kr
iq L rd vk;Z H kêh;e es a feyrk gS A vk;Z H kêð us 'kCn
v/Z&T;k dk iz;ksx v/Z&thok osQ fy, fd;k Fkk ftlus
le;&varjky esa T;k ;k thok dk laf{kIr :i ys fy;kA tc
iqLrd vk;ZHkêh;e dk vuqokn vjch Hkk"kk esa fd;k x;k]
rc 'kCn thok dks ;Fkkor j[k fy;k x;kA 'kCn thok dks
lkbul (Sinus) osQ :i esa vuwfnr fd;k x;k] ftldk vk;ZHkêð
vFkZ oØ gS] tcfd vjch :ikarj dks ySfVu esa vuwfnr fd;k 476 – 550 lk-;q-
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 131
x;kA blosQ rqjar ckn sine osQ :i esa iz;qDr 'kCn sinus Hkh iwjs ;wjksi esa xf.krh; ikBksa
esa iz;qDr gksus yxkA [kxksyfon~ osQ ,d vaxszth izksi+sQlj ,MeaM xqaVj (1581&1626)
us igys&igy laf{kIr laosQr ‘sin’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
'kCnksa ‘cosine’ vkSj ‘tangent’ dk mn~xe cgqr ckn esa gqvk FkkA cosine iQyu dk
mn~xe iwjd dks.k osQ sine dk vfHkdyu djus dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k FkkA
vk;ZHkêð us bls dksfVT;k dk uke fn;k FkkA uke cosinus dk mn~xe ,MeaM xqaVj osQ
lkFk gqvk FkkA 1674 esa vaxzst xf.krK lj tksukl ewjs us igys&igy laf{kIr laosQr
‘cos’ dk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
Rationalised 2023-24
132 xf.kr
AM AB MP BC
blh izdkj = cos A, tan A vkfn&vkfn
AP AC AM AB
blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd D PAM osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr vkSj
DCAB osQ dks.k A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa esa dksbZ varj ugha gksrkA
blh izdkj vki ;g tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd D QAN esa Hkh sinA dk eku (vkSj vU;
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dk eku) leku cuk jgrk gSA
vius izs{k.kksa ls vc ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;fn dks.k leku cuk jgrk gks]
rks ,d dks.k osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuksa esa f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh yackb;ksa
osQ lkFk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
fVIi.kh : lqfo/k osQ fy, (sinA)2, (cosA)2, vkfn osQ LFkku ij ge Øe'k% sin2A, cos2A
vkfn fy[k ldrs gSaA ijarq cosec A = (sin A)–1 ¹ sin–1 A (bls lkbu buolZ A dgk tkrk
gS)A sin–1 A dk ,d vyx vFkZ gksrk gS ftl ij ppkZ ge mPp d{kkvksa esa djsaxsA blh
izdkj dh ijaijk,¡ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh xzhd v{kj
q (FkhVk) dk iz;ksx dks.k dks izdV djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
;gk¡ geus ,d U;wu dks.k osQ N% f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjHkkf"kr fd, gSaA ;fn gesa
dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr gks] rks D;k ge vU; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSa\ vkb, ge bl
ij fopkj djsaA
;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa
1 BC 1
sin A = , rc bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ,
3 AC 3
vFkkZr~ f=kHkqt ABC dh HkqtkvksaBC vkSj AC dh
yackb;k¡ 1 : 3 osQ vuqikr esa gSa (nsf[k, vko`Qfr vko`Qfr 8.7
8-7)A vr% ;fn BC, k osQ cjkcj gks] rks AC, 3k osQ cjkcj gksxh] tgk¡ k ,d /u la[;k
gSA dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr djus osQ fy, gesas rhljh Hkqtk AB dh
yackbZ Kkr djuh gksrh gSA D;k vkidks ikbFkkxksjl izes; ;kn gS\ vkb, ge ikbFkkxksjl
izes; dh lgk;rk ls visf{kr yackbZ AB Kkr djsaA
AB2 = AC2 – BC2 = (3k)2 – (k)2 = 8k2 = (2 2 k)2
vr% AB = 2 2 k
vr% gesa izkIr gksrk gS AB = 2 2 k (AB = – 2 2 k D;ksa ugha gS\)
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 133
AB 2 2 k 2 2
vc cos A =
AC 3k 3
blh izdkj] vki dks.k A osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
fVIi.kh : D;ksafd ledks.k f=kHkqt dk d.kZ] f=kHkqt dh lcls yach Hkqtk gksrk gS] blfy,
sin A ;k cos A dk eku lnk gh 1 ls de gksrk gS (;k fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA)
vkb, vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysasA
4
mnkgj.k 1 : ;fn tan A = , rks dks.k A osQ vU;
3
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
gy : vkb, lcls igys ge ,d ledks.k D ABC [khapsa
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-8)A
BC 4
vc] ge tkurs gSa fd tan A =
AB 3
vr% ;fn BC = 4k, rc AB = 3k, tgk¡ k /u
la[;k gSA vko`Qfr 8.8
vc ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 25k2
blfy, AC = 5k
vc ge budh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh lgk;rk ls lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr fy[k ldrs gSaA
BC 4k 4
sin A =
AC 5k 5
AB 3k 3
cos A =
AC 5k 5
1 3 1 5 1 5
vr% cot A = , cosec A = vkSj sec A =
tan A 4 sin A 4 cos A 3
Rationalised 2023-24
134 xf.kr
AC
;gk¡ sin B =
AB
PR
vkSj sin Q =
PQ
AC PR
rc =
AB PQ
AC AB
vr% = k (eku yhft,) (1)
PR PQ
vc] ikbFkkxksjl izes; ykxw djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa
BC = AB2 AC 2
vkSj QR = PQ 2 – PR 2
BC AB2 AC2 k 2 PQ 2 k 2 PR 2 k PQ 2 PR 2
vr% = k (2)
QR PQ 2 PR 2 PQ 2 PR 2 PQ 2 PR 2
(1) vkSj (2) ls gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
AC AB BC
=
PR PQ QR
rc izes; 6-4 dk iz;ksx djus ij D ACB ~ D PRQ izkIr gksrk gSA vr% Ð B = Ð Q
mnkgj.k 3 : D ACB yhft, ftldk dks.k C ledks.k
gS ftles a AB = 29 bdkbZ ] BC = 21 bdkbZ vkS j
Ð ABC = q (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-10) gSa rks fuEufyf[kr
osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) cos2 q + sin2 q
(ii) cos2 q – sin2 q.
gy : D ACB esa gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
vko`Qfr 8.10
AC = AB2 BC 2 = (29)2 (21)2
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 135
AC 20 , BC 21
vr% sin q = cos =
AB 29 AB 29
2 2
20 21 202 212 400 441
vc] (i) cos2q + sin2q =
1,
29 29 292 841
2 2
21 20 (21 20) (21 20) 41
vkSj (ii) cos2 q – sin2 q = 2
29 29 29 841
= (k ) 2 (k )2 k 2
BC 1 AB 1
vr% sin A = vkSj cos A =
AC 2 AC 2
1 1
blfy, 2 sin A cos A = 2 1, tks fd visf{kr eku gSA
2 2
mnkgj.k 5 : D OPQ esa] ftldk dks.k P ledks.k
gS ] OP = 7 cm vkS j OQ – PQ = 1 cm
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-12)] sin Q vkSj cos Q osQ eku
Kkr dhft,A
gy : D OPQ ls gesa ;g izkIr gS fd
OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
vFkkZr~ (1 + PQ)2 = OP2 + PQ2 (D;ksa\)
vFkkZr~ 1 + PQ2 + 2PQ = OP2 + PQ2
vFkkZr~ 1 + 2PQ = 72 (D;ksa\) vko`Qfr 8.12
Rationalised 2023-24
136 xf.kr
vFkkZr~ PQ = 24 cm vkSj OQ = 1 + PQ = 25 cm
7 24
vr% sin Q = vkSj cos Q =
25 25
iz'ukoyh 8.1
1. D ABC es]a ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] AB = 24 cm vkSj BC = 7 cm gSA fuEufyf[kr dk eku
Kkr dhft, %
(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
2. vko`Qfr 8-13 esa] tan P – cot R dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3,
3. ;fn sin A = rks cos A vkSj tan A dk eku ifjdfyr dhft,A
4
4. ;fn 15 cot A = 8 gks rks sin A vkSj sec A dk eku Kkr dhft,A vko`Qfr 8.13
13 ,
5. ;fn sec q = gks rks vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr ifjdfyr dhft,A
12
6. ;fn Ð A vkSj Ð B U;wu dks.k gks] tgk¡ cos A = cos B, rks fn[kkb, fd Ð A = Ð B
7, (1 sin ) (1 sin ) ,
7. ;fn cot q = rks (i) (ii) cot2 q dk eku fudkfy,\
8 (1 cos ) (1 cos )
1 tan 2 A
8. ;fn 3 cot A = 4, rks tk¡p dhft, fd = cos2 A – sin2A gS ;k ughaA
1 + tan 2 A
1 ,
9. f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS] ;fn tan A = rks fuEufyf[kr osQ eku Kkr
3
dhft,%
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C (ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C
10. D PQR esa] ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k gS] PR + QR = 25 cm vkSj PQ = 5 cm gSA sin P, cos P
vkSj tan P osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
11. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;A dkj.k lfgr vius mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A
(i) tan A dk eku lnSo 1 ls de gksrk gSA
12
(ii) dks.k AosQ fdlh eku osQ fy, sec A = 5
(iii) cos A, dks.k A osQ cosecant osQ fy, iz;qDr ,d laf{kIr :i gSA
(iv) cot A, cot vkSj A dk xq.kuiQy gksrk gSA
4
(v) fdlh Hkh dks.k q osQ fy, sin q =
3
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 137
Rationalised 2023-24
138 xf.kr
vc D ABD @ D ACD (D;ksa\)
blfy, BD = DC
vkSj Ð BAD = Ð CAD (CPCT)
BD a 1 AD a 3 3
vc sin 30° = , cos 30° =
AB 2a 2 AB 2a 2
BD a 1
tan 30° =
AD a 3 3
1 1 2
vkSj cosec 30º = 2, sec 30° =
sin 30 cos 30 3
1
cot 30° = 3
tan 30
blh izdkj
AD a 3 3 1
sin 60° = , cos 60° = , tan 60° = 3
AB 2a 2 2
2 , 1
cosec 60° =
3
sec 60° = 2 vkSj cot 60° = 3
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 139
vko`Qfr 8.17
tc Ð A, 0º osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rc BC, 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA rc
BC
sin A = dk eku 0 osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gSA vkSj] tc Ð A, 0º osQ vR;fèkd
AC
AB
fudV gksrk gS] rc AC yxHkx ogh gksrk gS tks fd AB gksrk gS vkSj cos A = dk eku
AC
1 osQ vR;f/d lehi gksrk gSA
bldh lgk;rk ls ge ml fLFkfr esa sin A vkSj cos A osQ eku ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs
gSa tcfd A = 0°, ge sin 0° =0 vkSj cos 0° = 1 ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
budk iz;ksx djus ij gesa ;s izkIr gksrs gSa%
sin 0° 1 ,
tan 0° = = 0, cot 0° = tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS (D;ksa\)
cos 0° tan 0°
1 1 ,
sec 0° = = 1 rFkk cosec 0° = vkSj ;g Hkh ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA (D;ks\a )
cos 0 sin 0
vkb, vc ge ml fLFkfr esa ns[ksa fd Ð A osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ lkFk D;k
gksrk gS tcfd D ABC osQ bl dks.k dks rc rd cM+k fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd fd 90° dk
ugha gks tkrkA Ð A tSls&tSls cM+k gksrk tkrk gS] Ð C oSls&oSls NksVk gksrk tkrk gSA vr% Åij
okyh fLFkfr dh Hkk¡fr Hkqtk AB dh yackbZ de gksrh tkrh gSA ¯cnq A, ¯cnq B osQ fudV gksrk
tkrk gS vkSj] var esa tc Ð A, 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV vk tkrk gS] rks Ð C, 0° osQ
Rationalised 2023-24
140 xf.kr
vR;fèkd fudV vk tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AC Hkqtk BC osQ lkFk yxHkx laikrh gks tkrh gS
(nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-18)A
vko`Qfr 8.18
tc Ð C, 0° osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS rks Ð A, 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk
gS vkSj Hkqtk AC yxHkx ogh gks tkrh gS] tks Hkqtk BC gSA vr% sin A, 1 osQ vR;f/d
fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj] tc Ð A , 90° osQ vR;f/d fudV gksrk gS] rc Ð C, 0° osQ
vR;fèkd fudV gks tkrk gS vkSj Hkqtk AB yxHkx 'kwU; gks tkrh gSA vr% cos A, 0 osQ
vR;f/d fudV gks tkrk gSA
vr% ge ;g ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa % sin 90° = 1 vkSj cos 90° = 0
vc vki D;ksa ugha 90° osQ vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr djrs gSa\
vc ge rqjar lanHkZ osQ fy, ,d lkj.kh 8-1 osQ :i esa 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90°
osQ lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku izLrqr djsaxsA
lkj.kh 8.1
2
sec A 1
3 2 2 vifjHkkf"kr
1
cot A vifjHkkf"kr 3 1
3
0
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 141
fVIi.kh : mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd tSls&tSls Ð A dk eku 0° ls 90° rd
c<+rk tkrk gS] sin A dk eku 0 ls c<+dj 1 gks tkrk gS vkSj cos A dk eku 1 ls ?kVdj 0 gks tkrk
gSA
vkb,] vc ge oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj Åij dh lkj.kh esa fn, x, ekuksa osQ iz;ksx dks
izn£'kr djsaA
mnkgj.k 6 : D ABC esa ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
AB = 5 cm vkSj Ð ACB = 30° (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-19)A
Hkqtkvksa BC vkSj AC dh yackb;k¡ Kkr djsaA
gy : Hkqtk BC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge ml
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks ysaxs ftlesa BC vkSj nh gqbZ
Hkqtk AB gksA D;ksafd BC dks.k C dh layXu Hkqtk gS] vkSj vko`Qfr 8.19
AB dks.k C dh lEeq[k Hkqtk gS] blfy,
AB
= tan C
BC
5 1
vFkkZr~ = tan 30° =
3
BC
ftlls BC = 5 3 cm izkIr gksrk gSA
Hkqtk AC dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, ge
AB
sin 30° = ysrs gSa (D;ksa\)
AC
1 5
vFkkZr~ =
2 AC
vFkkZr~ AC = 10 cm
è;ku nhft, fd Åij osQ mnkgj.k esa rhljh Hkqtk dh yackbZ Kkr djus osQ fy, fodYi
osQ :i esa ge ikbFkkxksjl izes; dks ykxw dj ldrs Fks]
vFkkZr~ AC = AB2 BC 2 52 (5 3) 2 cm = 10 cm
Rationalised 2023-24
142 xf.kr
mnkgj.k 7 : D PQR esa] ftldk dks.k Q ledks.k
gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-20)] PQ = 3 cm vkSj
PR = 6 cm gSA Ð QPR vkSj Ð PRQ Kkr dhft,A
gy : fn;k gqvk gS PQ = 3 cm vkSj PR = 6 cm
PQ vko`Qfr
blfy, = sin R 8.20
PR
3 1
;k sin R =
6 2
vr% Ð PRQ = 30°
vkSj] blfy, Ð QPR = 60° (D;ksa\)
vki ;gk¡ ;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;fn ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk vkSj dksbZ ,d
vU; Hkkx (tks ;k rks U;wu dks.k gks ;k dksbZ ,d Hkqtk gks) Kkr gks] rks f=kHkqt dh 'ks"k
Hkqtk,¡ vkSj dks.k Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
1, 1
mnkgj.k 8 : ;fn sin (A – B) = cos (A + B) = , 0° < A + B £ 90°, A > B, rks A
2 2
vkSj B Kkr dhft,A
1
gy : D;ksafd sin (A – B) = , blfy,] A – B = 30° (D;ksa\) (1)
2
1
vkSj] D;ksafd cos (A + B) = , blfy,, A + B = 60° (D;ksa\) (2)
2
(1) vkSj (2) dks gy djus ij gesa A =45° vkSj B = 15° izkIr gksrk gSA
iz'ukoyh 8.2
1. fuEufyf[kr osQ eku fudkfy, %
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° (ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°
cos 45° sin 30° + tan 45° – cosec 60°
(iii) sec 30° + cosec 30° (iv)
sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°
5 cos 2 60 4 sec2 30 tan 2 45
(v)
sin 2 30 cos 2 30
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 143
Rationalised 2023-24
144 xf.kr
D ABC esa] tks B ij ledks.k gS (nsf[k, vko`Qfr 8-21)
gesa ;g izkIr gS AB2 + BC2 = AC 2 (1)
(1) osQ izR;sd in dks AC2 ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa ;g izkIr gksrk gS
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 145
è;ku nhft, fd A = 0° osQ fy, cosec A vkSj cot A ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA vr% ,sls
lHkh A osQ fy, (4) lR; gksrk gS tgk¡ 0° < A £ 90°
bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ge izR;sd f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr dks vU;
f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn dksbZ ,d vuqikr Kkr
gks] rks ge vU; f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ eku Hkh Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
vkb, ge ;g ns[ksa fd bu loZlfedkvksa dk iz;ksx djosQ bls ge oSQls Kkr dj
1
ldrs gSaA eku yhft, gesa tan A = 3
Kkr gSA rc cot A = 3
2 3
D;ksfa d sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A = 1 1 4 , sec A = , vkSj cos A =
3 3 3 2
3 1
vkSj] D;ksafd sin A = 1 cos 2 A 1 . blfy, cosec A = 2
4 2
mnkgj.k 9 : vuqikrksa cos A, tan A vkSj sec A dks sin A osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
gy : D;ksfa d cos2 A + sin2 A = 1, blfy,
cos2 A = 1 – sin2 A, vFkkZr~ cos A = 1 sin A
2
sin A sin A 1 1
vr% tan A = = vkjS sec A = =
cos A 1 – sin A 2 cos A 1 − sin 2 A
Rationalised 2023-24
146 xf.kr
cot A – cos A cosec A – 1
mnkgj.k 11 : fl¼ dhft, fd
cot A + cos A cosec A + 1
cos A
cos A
cot A – cos A sin A
gy : oke i{k =
cot A + cos A cos A cos A
sin A
1 1
cos A 1 1
sin A sin A cosec A – 1
= nk¡;k i{k
1 1 cosec A + 1
cos A 1 1
sin A sin A
gy : D;ksafd gesa sec q vkSj tan q ls lacaf/r loZlfedk iz;qDr djuh gS] blfy, vkb,
ge lcls igys loZlfedk osQ oke i{k osQ va'k vkSj gj dks cos q ls Hkkx nsdj oke i{k
dks sec q vkSj tan q osQ inksa esa :ikarfjr djsaA
sin – cos + 1 tan 1 sec
oke i{k =
sin + cos – 1 tan 1 sec
– 1 tan sec
=
(tan sec 1) (tan sec )
–1 1
= tan sec sec tan
,
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 147
iz'ukoyh 8.3
1. f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa sin A, sec A vkSj tan A dks cot A osQ inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
2. Ð A osQ vU; lHkh f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dks sec A osQ inksa eas fyf[k,A
3. lgh fodYi pqfu, vkSj vius fodYi dh iqf"V dhft, %
(i) 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A cjkcj gS%
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan q + sec q) (1 + cot q – cosec q) cjkcj gS%
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –1
(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) cjkcj gS%
(A) sec A (B) sin A (C) cosec A (D) cos A
1 tan 2 A
(iv)
1 + cot 2 A
cjkcj gS%
(A) sec2 A (B) –1 (C) cot2 A (D) tan2 A
4. fuEufyf[kr loZlfedk,¡ fl¼ dhft,] tgk¡ os dks.k] ftuosQ fy, O;atd ifjHkkf"kr gS] U;wu
dks.k gS %
1 cos
(i) (cosec q – cot q)2 = 1 cos
cos A 1 sin A
(ii) 2 sec A
1 + sin A cos A
tan cot
(iii) 1 cot 1 tan 1 sec cosec
[laosQr% O;atd dks sin q vkSj cos q osQ inksa esa fyf[,]
1 sec A sin 2 A
(iv)
sec A 1 – cos A
[laosQr% oke i{k vkSj nk¡;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,A]
Rationalised 2023-24
148 xf.kr
(v) loZlfedk cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A dks ykxw djosQ
cos A – sin A + 1
= cosec A + cot A
cos A + sin A – 1
1 sin A
(vi) sec A + tan A
1 – sin A
sin 2 sin 3
(vii) tan
2 cos3 cos
1
(ix) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) tan A + cot A
[laosQr : oke i{k vkSj nk¡;k i{k dks vyx&vyx ljy dhft,]
2
1 tan 2 A 1 tan A
(x) 2 = tan2A
1 + cot A 1 – cot A
8.5 lkjka'k
bl vè;k; esa] vkius fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS%
1. ledks.k f=kHkqt ABC esa] ftldk dks.k B ledks.k gS]
dk.sk A dh lEeq[k Hkt
q k, dks.k A dh ly a Xu Hkt
q k
sin A = cos A =
d.kZ d.kZ
dks.k A dh lEe[qk Hkqtk
tan A =
dks.k A dh layXu Hktq k
1 1 1 , sin A
2. cosec A = ; sec A = ; tan A = tan A =
sin A cos A cot A cos A
3. ;fn ,d U;wu dks.k dk ,d f=kdks.kferh; vuqikr Kkr gks] rks dks.k osQ 'ks"k f=kdks.kferh;
vuqikr ljyrk ls Kkr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
Rationalised 2023-24
f=kdks.kfefr dk ifjp; 149
4. 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° vkSj 90° osQ dks.kksa osQ f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa osQ ekuA
5. sin A ;k cos A dk
eku dHkh Hkh 1 ls vf/d ugha gksrk] tcfd sec A ;k cosec A dk eku
lnSo 1 ls vf/d ;k 1 osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
6. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
sec2 A – tan2 A = 1 tgk¡ 0° £ A < 90°
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A tgk¡ 0° < A £ 90º
Rationalised 2023-24