bdkbZ 2 jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkadu

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
2-0 mís';
2-1 ÁLrkouk
2-2 vk; dk pØh; ¼orqZy½ Áokg
2-2-1 Áokgksa ds Ádkj
2-2-2 f}&{ks=h; vFkZO;oLFkk Áfr:i esa vk; dk pØh; Áokg
2-2-3 foÙkh; cktkj lfgr vk; dk pØh; Áokg
2-2-4 Hkjko vkSj fjlko
2-2-5 f=&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa vk; dk pØh; Áokg
2-2-6 pkj&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa vk; dk Áokg

2-3 jk"Vªh; vk; rFkk lEcfU/kr vo/kkj.kk,¡

2-4 lEcfU/kr leqPp;ksa dk eki
2-4-1 futh vk;
2-4-2 O;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ vk;
2-4-3 Á;ksT; vk;
2-5 lkj la{ksi
2-6 cks/k Á'uksa ds mÙkj vFkok ladrs

2-0 mís';
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki l{ke gksx a s%
 ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds e/; lEcU/k dk vkdyu djuk(
 ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dh jk"Vªh; vk; dks dSls ekik tkrk gS( dk o.kZu djuk( vkSj
 lef"Vxr leqPp;ksa ¼lexzk½as ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa dks lqfuf'pr djukA

2-1 ÁLrkouk
jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkadu ¼ys[kk i)fr½ (National Income Accounting, NIA) ,d
O;kolkf;d ys[kk i)fr gS ftls ,d jk"Vª ,d fof'k"V le;kof/k esa viuh vkfFkZd
fØ;k ds Lrj dks ekius esa Á;ksx djrk gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu fgLlsnkjksa vFkkZr~
,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds ifjokjks]a QeksZa] ljdkj rFkk ckg~; {ks=ksa ds O;; rFkk vk; ds lead
¼vk¡dM+k½as dks vafdr djrk gSA gkyk¡fd ;g lVhd rjhds ls vkfFkZd fØ;k dks eki ugha
ldrk] ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds dk;Z rFkk vk; ,oa O;; dh larfr ¼tuu½ ds
ek/;eks@
a Á.kkfy;ksa ij mi;ksxh vUrn`Zf"V ¼xgjh igq¡p½ miyC/k djkrk gSA ge jk"Vªh;
vk; ys[kkadu ls ÁkIr lHkh lwpukvksa ls ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu/kkZfjr le; ds fy, Áfr


MkWå ljcthr dkSj] tk+fdj gqlSu dkWyt
s ¼la/;k½] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;A
O;fDr vk; rFkk o`f) ¼lao`f)½ dks ÁkIr dj ldrs gSaA ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu"iknu dks jk’Vªh; vk;
ladrs dksa tSls fd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic Product, GDP), ldy jk"Vªh; ys[kkadu
mRikn (Gross National Product, GNP) rFkk ldy jk"Vªh; vk; (Gross National
Income, GNI) ftudh ppkZ ge bl bdkbZ esa djsx a s ds ek/;e ls ÁLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
ge ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds vU; lEcfU/kr leqPp;ksa dh Hkh ppkZ djsx
a As

2-2 vk; dk Áokg

vk; dk Áokg Áeq[k {ks=ksa tSls ifjokjksa ¼?kjsyw½ {ks=] QeksZa ¼vFkok O;kolkf;d½ {ks=]
ljdkjh {ks= rFkk ckg~; {ks= ¼'ks"k fo'o Hkh dgk tkrk gS½ ds e/; oLrqvkas ,oa lsokvksa ds
lrr~ pØh; lapyu dks Ánf'kZr djrk gSA ;g Á—fr esa pØh; ¼orqZy½ gS D;ksafd ;g
ÁkjafHkd fcUnq ij okil vkrs gq, ,d pØ esa pyrk gSA tc Hkh jk"Vªh; mRiknu
mRikfnr fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g jk"Vªh; vk; ds :i esa ml mRiknu ij ek¡xksa ¼nkoksa½
dh leku ek=k mRiUu djrk gSA vk; dk Áokg ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds lEiw.kZ {ks= ds eqæk
vk; ds Áokg vFkok oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds Áokg dks Ánf'kZr djrk gSA
2-2-1 pØh; Áokgksa ds Ádkj
pØh; Áokgksa ds nks Ádkj gSa% (i) okLrfod pØh; Áokg vFkok mRikn Áokg (Real
Flow or Product Flow)] vkSj (ii) vk; pØh; Áokg vFkok eqæk Áokg (Income flow
or Money flow) A
1. okLrfod pØh; Áokg vFkok mRikn Áokg
okLrfod pØh; Áokg oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds Áokgksa dks n'kkZrk gSA budks
okLrfod pØh; Áokg dgk tkrk gS D;ksfa d ;s okLrfod oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ls
cus gksrs gSAa bls mRikn Áokg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
2. vk; pØh; Áokg vFkok eqæk pØh; Áokg
vk; pØh; Áokg lk/kuksa ds Hkqxrkuksa rFkk miHkksx O;; ds :i esa eqæk ds
Áokgksa dks Ánf'kZr djrk gSA eqæk pØh; Áokg ?kfVr gksrk gS D;ksfa d ;g eqæk
ds ek/;e ls tks fofHkUu ysu&nsuksa dks lapkfyr djrk gS] ,oa tks ,d {ks= ls
nwljs {ks= esas eqæk pØh; Áokgksa dks ykrk gSA lk/ku lsokvksa dk pØh; Áokg
lk/ku Hkqxrkuksa ds :i esa ßeqæk pØh; Áokgß dks mRiUu djrk gS] tks vk;
pØh; Áokg dk :i /kkj.k djrk gSA oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij [kpZ ßO;; pØh;
Áokgß dk :i ysrk gSA vk; rFkk O;; nksuksa Áokgksa dks foijhr fn'kk esa ,d
pØh; rjhds esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA bl <k¡ps es]a vFkZO;oLFkk dks pkj {ks=ks]a
;Fkk i) ?kjsyw {ks=] ii) O;kolkf;d {ks=] iii) ljdkjh {ks= rFkk iv) ckg~; {ks= esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
2-2-2 f}&{ks=h; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk; dk Áokg
vkjaHk es]a ge eku ysrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk dsoy nks {ks=ks]a ;Fkk] i) ?kjsy]w rFkk ii) QeksZa ls
feydj cuh gksrh gSA bl ljyre vFkZO;oLFkk es]a u rks ljdkj dk gLr{ksi gS] u gh
ckg~; O;kikj gSA ?kjsyw {ks= ¼ifjokj½ viuh lai.w kZ vk; dks [kpZ djrs gSa] vFkkZr~] ?kjsyw
{ks= ds }kjk dksbZ Hkh cpr ugha dh tkrh gSA fp= 2-1 ,d f}&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa O;;
rFkk vk; ds Áokgksa dks Ánf'kZr djrk gSA fp= ds Åij dk vk/kk Hkkx lk/ku cktkj
dks fn[kkrk gS rFkk uhps dk vk/kk Hkkx oLrq@mRikn cktkj dks ÁLrqr djrk gSA
19
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr ckg~; nks rhj ¼?kM+h dh lqbZ dh fn'kk es½a okLrfod Áokgksa dks bafxr djrs gSa rFkk
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk; vkUrfjd nks rhj ¼nk,¡ ls ck,¡½ ekSfæd Áokgksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA
Je] Hkwfe] iw¡th rFkk lkglh ¼m|eh½

etnwjh] yxku ¼fdjk;k½ C;kt]

ykHk
lk/ku Hkqxrku
O;kolkf;d
?kjsyw {ks= {ks=

miHkksx O;;

oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk Áokg

fp= 2-1 ,d f}&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa vk; dk pØh; Áokg

ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ÁR;sd {ks= ,d [kjhnnkj rFkk ,d foØsrk dh Hkk¡fr gSA
O;kolkf;d QesZa oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds mRiknu gsrq ?kjsyw {ks= ¼ifjokjksa½ ls lk/ku
lsokvksa dks fdjk, ij ysrs gS]a tks mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds Lokeh gSa ¼vFkkZr~] Hkwfe] Je]
iw¡th rFkk lkglh ¼m|eh½A O;kolkf;d QesZa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dks mRikndh; lsokvksa
ds cnys eqæk ds :i esa ikfjJfed ¼vFkok] {kfriwfrZ½ nsrs gSaA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dks
{kfriwfrZ vFkok mudh vk;] vFkkZr~ Hkwfe] Je] iw¡th rFkk m|eh ds fy, Øe'k% yxku
¼fdjk;k½] etnwjh] C;kt rFkk ykHk mRiknu ÁfØ;k esa mRiUu dh tkrh gSA bl Ádkj
eqæk vk; QeZ {ks= ls ?kjsyw {ks= ¼ifjokjks½a dh rjQ Áokfgr gksrh gSA bl eqæk ls] ?kjsyw
{ks= viuh vko';drkvksa dks larq"V djus ds fy, QeksZa ls oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks
[kjhnrs gSaA bl Ádkj ogha eqæk ?kjsyw {ks= ls QeZ {ks= dh vksj okil Áokfgr gksrh gS
¼;kn j[ks]a ekU;rk ;g gS fd ifjokjksa ds }kjk dksbZ cpr ugha dh tkrh gS & os viuh
laiw.kZ vk; dks [kpZ dj nsrs gSa½A bl Ádkj vFkZO;oLFkk dh lai.w kZ vk; ßfcØh vkxeß
ds :i esa Qeksa dks okil vkrh gSA bl Ádkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd ß,d {ks= dk [kpZ
nwljs {ks= dh vk; gksrh gSAß
2-2-3 foÙkh; cktkj lfgr vk; dk pØh; Áokg
f}&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa] ge tkurs gSa fd ?kjsyw {ks= ¼ifjokjksa½ ds }kjk ÁkIr dqy vk; dks
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij [kpZ dj fn;k tkrk gSA ysfdu okLrfod thou es]a ifjokj
viuh vk; dk ,d Hkkx cpr djrs gSa rFkk ml ij C;kt ÁkIr djrs gSAa QesaZ fuos'k ds
mÌs'; ds fy, ifjokjksa ls _.k ysrh gSaA foÙkh; laLFkku cprdÙkkZ rFkk fuos'kdÙkkZ ds
e/; ¼;gk¡ ifjokj rFkk QesZa½ e/;LFkrk djrs gSaA foÙkh; cktkj ifjokjksa dh cpr dks
,df=r djrs gSa rFkk bls O;kolkf;d {ks= ds fuos'k ds :i esa vkxs ns nsrs gSa ¼fp= 2-2
nsf[k,½A cprsa eqæk ds Áokg ls fjlkoksa (leakages) dk fuekZ.k djrh gSa rFkk fuos'k
Áokg esa Hkjko (injection) cu tkrk gSA
20
 jk’Vªh; vk;
ys[kkadu
lk/ku Hkqxrku

yxku ¼fdjk;k½] etnwjh]

C;kt] ykHk

cpr fuos'k
ifjokj foÙkh; O;kolkf;d QesZa
¼?kjsyw {ks=½ cktkj

oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij O;;

fp= 2-2% iw¡th cktkj lfgr f}&{ks=h; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk; dk pØh; Áokg

2-2-4 Hkjko vkSj fjlko

fjlko] vk; ds Áokg ls fudklh ¼vkgj.k½ ek=k gksrh gSA ;g ifjokjks]a dj Hkqxrkuks]a
vFkok vk;krksa ij O;; ds }kjk cpr ds :i esa gks ldrh gSA nwljh rjQ] Hkjko vk;
ds pØh; Áokg esa tksMh+ xbZ ek=k ¼fuos'k :i esa Mkyh xbZ ek=k½ gSA pØh; Áokg gsrq
Hkjko fuos'k] ljdkjh O;;] vkfFkZd lgk;rk ¼Áfrnku½] vFkok fu;kZr ds :i esa gks
ldrs gSaA fjlkoksa dks fudklh dgk tkrk gS tcfd Hkjkoksa dks ßo`f)ß dgk tkrk gSA
2-2-5 f=&{ks=h; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk; dk Áokg
tc ljdkjh {ks= ¼vFkkZr~] vFkZO;oLFkk dk rhljk {ks=½ dks f}&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa tksMk+
tkrk gS] rks ge f=&{ks=h; Áfr:i ÁkIr djrs gSaA bl Áfr:i es]a jktdks"kh; lapkyu
¼dj] ljdkjh O;; rFkk gLrakrj.k Hkqxrkuks½a dks tksM+k tkrk gSA bu pjksa dk vk; rFkk
O;; Áokgksa ij vyx&vyx ÁHkko gksrk gSA dj] pØh; Áokg ls fjlko gksrs gSa D;ksfa d
;s ßO;fDrxr Á;ksT; vk;ß dks de djrs gSa rFkk blfy, miHkksx rFkk cprksa dks HkhA
ljdkj vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, iw¡th oLrqvksa] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,]
jktekxksZ]a fo|qr] bR;kfn½ jsyekxksZ]a lqj{kk] f'k{kk] yksd LokLF;] bR;kfn ij [kpZ djrh
gSA blfy, ljdkjh [kpZ Áokg esa Hkjko gksrs gSa D;ksfa d ;g ?kjsyw {ks= ls lk/ku lsokvksa
dks rFkk O;kolkf;d {ks= ls oLrqvksa dh [kjhn ls ek¡x l`ftr djrk gSA vkSj Hkh]
gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku ¼mnkgj.kkFkZ] isa'ku] csjkstxkjh HkÙkk] vuqnku] bR;kfn½ Áokg esa Hkjko
gksrs gSa ¼D;ksfa d ;g ?kjsyw {ks= esa ek¡x l`ftr djrs gSa½ vk; rFkk O;; ds Áokg dks uhps
fp= 2-3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS%

21
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk; ljdkj oLrqvksa dh ljdkjh [kjhn
etnwjh] osru
fdjk;k etnwjh] C;kt] ykHk

fo'kq) dj
Hkqxrku
lk/ku Hkqxrku
Net Tax
Payment

cpr foÙkh; fuos'k

ifjokj
Households
O;kolkf;d QesZa
cktkj

oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij miHkksx O;;

fp= 2-3% f=&{ks=h; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk; rFkk O;; dk pØh; Áokg

fp= 2-3 esa ge dsoy ifjokjks]a QeksZa rFkk ljdkj ds chp eqæk Áokgksa dks Kkr djrs gSaA
ljdkj QeksZa rFkk ifjokjksa ls oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks [kjhnrh gS] ftls fp= 2-3 ds
Åijh fgLls esa Ánf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ljdkjh O;; dks eq[; :i ls djksa rFkk _.kksa ls
foÙk iksf"kr fd;k tkr gSA f}rh; eqæk Áokg ifjokjksa rFkk O;kolkf;d QeksZa ds }kjk
fd, x, lHkh Hkqxrkuksa dks fn[kkrk gSA ifjokj ljdkj dks ÁR;{k dj dk Hkqxrku djrk
gS] tcfd QeksZa dh vk; ij fuxe dj ds :i esa dj yxk;k tkrk gS] ysfdu varr%
ifjokjksa }kjk ogu fd;k tkrk gSA ;s eqæk Áokg ifjokjksa rFkk QeksZa ds gLrkarj.k
Hkqxrkuksa dks de djds buds }kjk fd, x, dj Hkqxrkuksa dks 'kkfey djrk gSA ifjokjksa
rFkk QeksaZ dh Hkk¡fr ljdkj Hkh cpr djrh gS rFkk foÙkh; cktkj ls _.k ysrh gS ¼Hkze
dks nwj djus gsrq] foÙkh; cktkj ls ljdkj dh vksj eqæk Áokg dks geus fp= 2-3 esa
ugha fn[kk;k gS½A ;fn ctV esa vfrjsd gS tks ,d nqyZHk ?kVuk gS rc vfrjsd ds
foLrkj ds fy, vk; ds Áokg ls fo'kq) fjlko gksx a s rFkk eqæk ljdkj ls iw¡th cktkj
dh vksj Áokfgr gksxhA ;fn vfrjsd dks ljdkj }kjk [kpZ ugha fd;k tk jgk gS rks
Áokg ladqfpr ¼de½ gksxkA ctV esa ?kkVk ,d lkekU; ?kVuk gS] tks lkekU;r% _.kksa ds
}kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blfy,] eqæk dk Áokg iw¡th cktkj ls ljdkj dh vksj
gksxkA bl Ádkj] ctV ?kkVs dk rkRi;Z vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkjkoksa ls gksrk gSA ;fn ljdkj
larqfyr ctV dks cuk, j[krh gS] vFkkZr~ Áokg ls dj ds :i esa fudkyh xbZ eqæk dh
ek=k dks ljdkjh O;; ds ek/;e ls fcYdqy ¼,dne½ ÁfrLFkfir fd;k tk,xkA
2-2-6 pkj&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa vk; dk Áokg
;fn] ge ckg~; {ks= dks 'ks"k fo'o ds lkFk vk; ds Áokg esa 'kkfey ugha djrs gS]a rks
Áfr:i ¼ekWMy½ viw.kZ cuk jgsxkA ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk 'ks"k fo'o ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj
¼vk;krksa rFkk fu;kZrks½a rFkk foÙkh; Áokgksa ds ek/;e ls tqMh+ gksrh gSA fp= 2-4 es]a ge
tc fons'kh O;kikj fo|eku gksrk gS rks ,d [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk Áokg dSls gksrk
gS] dks fn[kkrs gSAa

22
 jk’Vªh; vk;
ys[kkadu
ljdkj
etnwjh] osru oLrqvksa dh ljdkjh
[kjhn

dj Hkqxrku
fo'kq) fuxe
fo'kq) fdjk;k etnwjh] C;kt] ykHk
dj
Hkqxrku

fuos'k gsrq
ifjokj cpr foÙkh; _.k
g
cktkj O;kolkf;d QesZa

miHkksx O;;
fons'kh vnk;xh fu;kZrksa ls ÁkfIr;k¡
Je'kfDr dk
fu;kZr fons'kh vk;krksa ds fy, Hkqxrku
cktkj

fp= 2-4% ,d [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk; dk pØh; Áokg

fp= dk fupyk Hkkx fons'kh O;kikj ds lEcU/k esa eqæk ds Áokg dks fn[kkrk gSA oLrqvksa
,oa lsokvksa dk fu;kZr] Hkjkoksa ¼fu;kZr½ ls ÁkfIr;ksa ds :i esa jk"Vª ds vUnj eqæk ykrs
gSAa nwljh rjQ] vk;kr Áokg ls eqæk ds mRÁokg ¼fjlkoks½a dk dkj.k gksrk gSA ;fn
fu;kZr rFkk vk;kr leku gSa rks O;kikj 'ks"k fo|eku gksrk gSA lkekU;r%] fu;kZr vk;kr
ds leku ugha gksrs gSaA ;fn fu;kZr ds ewY; vk;kr ds ewY; ls vf/kd gksrs gSa rks O;kikj
vfrjsd ?kfVr gksrs gSaA blds foijhr] ;fn fu;kZr ds ewY; vk;kr ds ewY; ls de gSA
rks O;kikj ?kkVk mRiUu gksrk gSA ,d [kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk es]a jk"Vª vkil esa dks"kksa dks
m/kkj ysdj rFkk nsdj ¼foÙkh; cktkj½ lEidZ djrs gSaA fo'o ds foÙkh; cktkj bu
fnuksa vPNh rjg ls ,dh—r gks x, gSAa

tc fu;kZr (X) vk;kr (M) ls vf/kd gksrs gSa rks vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kikj vfrjsd gksrk gS
rFkk blfy, fuoy vFkok fo'kq) iw¡th pØh; Áokg gksxkA fo'kq) iw¡th pØh; Áokg dk
rkRi;Z gS fd fons'kh ukxfjd vius ?kjsyw fu;kZr dh [kjhn dks foÙk djus ds fy, ?kjsyw
cprdÙkkZvksa ls _.k ysxa As blfy,] ?kjsyw cprdÙkkZ fons'kh ukxfjdksa dks m/kkj nsrs gSa
vkSj ckg~; foÙkh; lEifÙk vftZr djrs gSAa vr%] vk; dk Áokg vfrjsd dh ek=k ls c<+
¼Hkjko½ tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] ;fn fu;kZr ?kkVk vFkok vk;kr vfrjsd gS ¼vFkkZr tc
vk;kr fu;kZr ls vf/kd gS½] rks jk"Vª dk ßO;kikj 'ks"kß Áfrdwy O;kikj ?kkVk gksrk gSA
vr% ifjokj ,oa O;kolkf;d QesZa 'ks"k fo'o ls _.k ¼m/kkj½ ysrs gSAa blfy,] fons'kh
ukxfjd ?kjsyw foÙkh; ifjlEifÙk;ksa dks ÁkIr djsx
a As bl rjg dh fLFkfr;ksa esa vk; dk
Áokg ?kkVs dh ek=k ls de ¼fjlko½ gks tkrk gSA
23
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr cks/k Á'u 1
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk;
1½ vk; ds Áokg ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
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2½ eqæk Áokg rFkk okLrfod pØh; Áokg esa foHksn dhft,A

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3½ f}&{ks=h; Áfr:i esa vk; dk Áokg dSls gksrk gS\ o.kZu dhft,A
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4½ Hkjkoksa vkSj fjlkoksa d e/; vUrj dk o.kZu dhft,A

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5½ vk; ds Áokg esa ljdkjh {ks= ds lekos'ku ds fofHkUu ÁHkko D;k gSa\
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6½ Áokg ij vuqdwy vkSj Áfrdwy O;kikj 'ks"kksa ds ÁHkko dh ppkZ dhft,A

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24
 jk’Vªh; vk;
2-3 jk"Vªh; vk; rFkk lEcfU/kr leqPp; ys[kkadu
tSlk fd uke ls irk pyrk gS fd jk"Vªh; vk; dks le; dh ,d vof/k ds nkSjku jk"Vª
dh vk; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g jk"Vª dh Ø;'kfDr dks bafxr
djrh gSA bls ,d o"kZ esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkekU; fuokfl;ksa }kjk mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa
,oa lsokvksa ds dqy ekSfæØ ewY; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g mRiknd rFkk
miHkksDrk oLrqvksa pkgs os Lo%miHkksx vFkok ysunsu ds fy, gh 'kkfey djrk gSA ;g
v/kZfufeZr rFkk x+Sj&vkfFkZd oLrqvksa dks 'kkfey ugha djrk gSA lef"Vxr leqPp;ksa
¼lexzkas½ dh vusd vo/kkj.kk,¡ gSaA ÁR;sd vo/kkj.kk dk fof'k"V vFkZ ekius dh fof/k rFkk
Á;ksx gSAa ;s gS%a
1. cktkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic Product at Market
Price - GDPMP)
2. cktkj dher ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (Gross National Product at Market
Price - GNPMP)
3. cktkj dher ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn (Net National Product at Market
Price - NNPMP)
4. cktkj dher ij fo'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn (Net Domestic Product at Market Price
- NDPMP)
5. lk/ku ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost
- GDPFC)
6. lk/ku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (Gross National Product at Factor
Cost - GNPFC)
7. lk/ku ykxr ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn (Net National Product at Factor Cost -
NNPFC)
8. vk/kkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic Product at Basic
Price)
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ij ns'k dh lhekvksa ds varxZr mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds
ewY; dk ;ksx gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr dh ldy ?kjsyw mRikn Hkkjr ds vUnj
fons'kh ukxfjdksa rFkk Hkkjr ds fuokfl;ksa ds }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dks
'kkfey djrk gS] ysfdu ;g fons'k esa fuokl dj jgs Hkkjrh;ksa ds }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa
,oa lsokvksa dks 'kkfey ugha djrk gSA ge Åij of.kZr vo/kkj.kkvksa ij vkxs foLr`r
o.kZu djrs gSAa
1. cktkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDPMP)
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) ,d ns'k dh lhekvksa ds varxZr mRikfnr lHkh
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ewY;] djksa dk ?kVko ,oa vk;krksa ij vuqnku dk ;ksx gSA
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ,d pØh; Áokg vo/kkj.kk gS] vFkkZr~] ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku
mRikfnr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk Ádkj gSA ;g iwoZ o"kZ ds mRiknu dks 'kkfey
ugha djrk gSA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk djrs le;] x+Sj&dkuwuh fØ;kvksa
ds ek/;e ls vftZr vk; dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA blds vkxs] ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn ls gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku] iw¡thxr ykHkksa rFkk foÙkh; ysu&nsuksa dks Hkh gVk
fn;k tkrk gSA
25
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr cktkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDPMP) dks fuEu Ádkj ls Ánf'kZr
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk; fd;k tk ldrk gS%
GDPMP = jk"Vª ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ekSfæd ewY;
+ fons'kh ukxfjdksa ds }kjk LFkkuh; Lrj ij vftZr vk; – fons'kksa
esa jg jgs jk"Vª ds ukxfjdksa dh ÁkIr vk;
2. cktkj dher ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNPMP)
GNPMP dks futh ?kjsyw mRiknu ds lk/kuks]a tks ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa vFkZO;oLFkk
rFkk fons'kksa esa jkstxkfjr gks ldrs gS]a ds }kjk ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr
lHkh vfUre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds ewY; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
GNPMP rFkk GDPMP ds e/; vUrj Þfons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk;ß (Net Factor
Income from abroad - NFIA) gSA fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; dqy ek=k ftls
,d ns'k ds ukxfjd fons'kksa ls vftZr djrs gSa rFkk dqy ek=k ftls fons'kh
ukxfjd ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk esa vftZr djrs gSa dk vUrj gSA bl Ádkj]
GNPMP = vfUre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ekSfæd ewY; + fons'kksa esa jk"Vªh;
fuokfl;ksa }kjk vftZr vk; – fons'kh ukxfjdksa ds }kjk LFkkuh; Lrj
ij vftZr vk;
vFkok
GNPMP = GDPMP + fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA)
;fn fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA) /kukRed gS] vFkkZr~ ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa
ds }kjk vftZr vk; ml ns'k esa fons'kh ukxfjdksa dh vk; ls vf/kd gS] rc
GNP > GDP gSA nwljh rjQ] ;fn fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA)
_.kkRed gS] vFkkZr~ ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa ds }kjk vftZr vk; ml ns'k esa fons'kh
ukxfjdksa dh vk; ls de gS] rc GNP < GDP gSA
3. cktkj dher ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn (NNPMP)
NNPMP ewY;gzkl dks ?kVkrs gq,] tks fd fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx gS lHkh vfUre
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk dqy ekSfæd ewY; gSA bl Ádkj]
NNPMP = GNPMP – ewY;gzkl
vFkok]
NNPMP = GDPMP – ewY;gzkl + fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA)
NNP rFkk GNP ds e/; vUrj ewY;gzkl gSA
ewY;gzkl = NNPMP- GNPMP
4. cktkj dher ij fo'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn (NDPMP)
NDPMP dks ,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds nkSjku lkekU; fuokfl;ksa (Normal Residents)
rFkk x+Sj&fuokfl;ksa (non-residents) ds }kjk ,d ns'k dh ?kjsyw lhekvksa esa
mRikfnr lHkh vafre oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds cktkj ewY; esa ls ewY;gzkl dks
?kVkdj ds ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl Ádkj]
NDPMP = GDPMP – ewY;gzkl (Depreciation)
NDPMP = NNPMP – NFIA

26
5. lk/ku ykxr ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (NDPFC) jk’Vªh; vk;
ys[kkadu
NDPFC dks vftZr dh xbZ lHkh ?kjsyw vk; ds ;ksx ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a ;g mRiknu ds lHkh lk/kuksa ds }kjk vftZr dh xbZ
dqy lk/ku vk; gSA bldh NDPMP esa ls fo'kq) vÁR;{k djksa (Net Indirect
Taxes, NIT) dks ?kVkrs gq, x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj
vÁR;{k djksa rFkk vuqnku ds varj ds cjkcj gSA NDPFC dh fuEu :i esa
x.kuk dh tk ldrh gS%
NDPFC = deZpkfj;ksa dk ikfjJfed + Ápkyu vf/k'ks"k + fefJr vk;

vFkok]
NDPFC = NDPMP – fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj (NIT)

vFkok]
NDPFC = NDPMP – vÁR;{k dj + vkfFkZd lgk;rk
6. lk/ku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GDPFC)
;g ,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds nkSjku ,d ns'k dh ?kjsyw lhekvksa esa lHkh mRikndksa ds
}kjk fo'kq) ewY; o`f) dk ;ksx gSA bldh GDPMP esa ls fo'kq) vÁR;{k djksa
(Net Indirect Taxes, NIT) dks ?kVkrs gq, x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA ÁrhdkRed
:i ls]
GDPFC = GDPMP – fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj (NIT)

vFkok
GDPFC = GDPMP – vÁR;{k dj + vkfFkZd lgk;rk

vFkok
GDPFC = NDPFC + ewY; gzkl

= deZpkfj;ksa dk ikfjJfed + Ápkyu vf/k'ks"k + fefJr vk;

7. lk/ku ykxr ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNPFC)
;g ,d foÙkh; o"kZ esa ,d ns'k ds lkekU; fuokfl;ksa ds }kjk ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa
mRikfnr lk/ku ykxr ij ekih xbZ lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk ;ksx gSA

GNPFC = GDPFC + fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA)

GNPFC = GDPMP – vÁR;{k dj + vkfFkZd lgk;rk

8. vk/kkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn

ldy ?kjsyw mRikn fdlh ns'k dh lhekvksa ds vUnj mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa
lsokvksa ds ewY;] djksa ds ?kVko ,oa vk;kr ij vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk ;ksx gSA

27
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk; fVIi.kh%
I) ldy rFkk fo'kq) ds e/; vUrj ewY;gzkl gSA
fo'kq) = ldy – ewY;gzkl
ldy = fo'kq) + ewY;gzkl
II) jk"Vªh; rFkk ?kjsyw ds e/; vUrj fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku Hkqxrku (Net Factor
Payment - NFP) gS%
'kq) lk/ku Hkqxrku (NFP) = lkekU; fuokfl;ksa ds }kjk fons'kksa ls lk/ku
Hkqxrku – ,d ns'k ds ?kjsyw lhekvksa ds varxZr x+Sj&fuokfl;ksa dk lk/ku
Hkqxrku
jk"Vªh; = ?kjsyw + 'kq) lk/ku Hkqxrku (NFP)
III) cktkj dher rFkk lk/ku ykxr ds e/; vUrj fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj (Net
Indirect Taxes, NIT) gSA
fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj = vÁR;{k dj – vkfFkZd lgk;rk
cktkj dher = lk/ku ykxr + fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj
lk/ku ykxr = cktkj dher – fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj
IV) jk"Vªh; vk; = NNPFC
V) fo'kq) ?kjsyw vk; = NDPFC

mnkgj.k 2.1: fuEukafdr leadksa dh lgk;rk ls lk/ku ykxr ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn
rFkk cktkj dher ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn dh x.kuk dhft,A
¼djksM+ #i, es½a
1) deZpkfj;ksa dk ikfjJfed 26,142
2) Ápkyu vf/k'ks"k 12,031
3) Lo%fu;ksDrk dh fefJr vk; 28,620
4) fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx 4,486
5) vÁR;{k dj 9,703
6) vuqnku 1,350
gy%
GNPFC = deZpkfj;ksa dk ikfjJfed + Ápkyu vf/k'ks"k + fefJr vk; + fLFkj
iw¡th dk miHkksx
= 26142 djksM+ #i, + 12031 djksM+ #i, + 28620 djksM+ #i, +
4486 djksM+ #i,
= 71,279 djksM+ #i,
GNPMP = GNPFC + vÁR;{k dj – vuqnku
= 71279 + 9703 – 1350
= 79632 djksM+ #i,
28
mnkgj.k 2.2: fuEukafdr leadksa dh lgk;rk ls lk/ku ykxr ij ¼d½ fo'kq) vÁR;{k jk’Vªh; vk;
dj] rFkk ¼[k½ fo'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn dh x.kuk dhft,A ys[kkadu

en ¼djksM+ #i, es½a

(i) cktkj dher ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn 1,400

(ii) fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (–) 20

(iii) lk/ku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn 1,300

(iv) fLFkj iw¡th miHkksx 100

(v) jk"Vªh; _.k C;kt 18

gy%
(a) fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj = cktkj dher ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn – lk/ku ykxr
ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn ¼lk/ku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn – fLFkj iw¡th
dk miHkksx½
NIT = 1,400 – (1,300 – 100)
= 1,400 –1,300 +100
= 200 djksM+ #i,
(b) lk/ku ykxr ij fo'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn = lk/ku ykxr ij ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn
– fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx – fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk;
NDPFC =1,300 – 100 – (–) 20
=1,300 – 100 + 20 = 1,220 djksM+ #i,

mnkgj.k 2.3: fuEukafdr leadksa dh lgk;rk ls NNPFC, GNPMP, GNPFC, vkSj NDPMP
dh x.kuk dhft, A

ewY; ¼djksM+ #i, es½a

NDPFC 1,33,151
ewY; gzkl 11,242
fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj 19,183
fons'kksa ls 'kq) vk; (–) 681

gy%
NNPFC = NDPFC + fons'kksa ls 'kq) vk;
= 1,33,151 + (–) 681 = 1,32,470 djksM+ #i,
NNPMP = NNPFC + fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj
= 1,32,470 + 19,183 = 1,51,653 djksM+ #i,
GNPMP = NNPMP + ewY; gzkl
= 1,51,653 + 11,242 = 1,62,895 djksM+ #i,
29
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr
GDPMP = GNPMP – fons'kksa ls 'kq) vk;
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk;
=1,62,895 – (–681) = 1,63,576 djksM+ #i,
GDPFC = GDPMP – fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj
= 1,63,576 – 19,183 = 1,44,393 djksM+ #i,
GNPFC = GDPFC + fons'kksa ls 'kq) vk;
= 1,44,393 + (–681) = 1,43,712 djksM+ #i,
NDPMP = GDPMP – ewY; gzkl
= 1,63,576 – 11,242 = 1,52,334 djksM+ #i,

2-4 lEcfU/kr leqPp;ksa dk eki

NDPFC vFkok ?kjsyw lk/ku vk; nks {ks=ksa esa mRiUu gks ldrh gS% i) futh {ks=] rFkk ii)
lkoZtfud vFkok ljdkjh {ks=A futh {ks= ls ÁkIr NDPFC ml NDPFC dk Hkkx gS tks
deZpkfj;ksa ds ikfjJfed] Ápkyu] vf/k'ks"k rFkk Lo%fu;ksDrk dh fefJr vk; ds :i esa
gSA futh {ks= ls ÁkIr NDPFC dks fuEu Ádkj ls fn;k x;k gS%
futh {ks= ls ÁkIr NDPFC = NDPFC – ljdkjh foHkkxh; m|eo`fÙk;ksa ls ÁkIr vk; –
x+Sj&foHkkxh; m|eksa dh cprsa
ljdkjh {ks= dks ?kjsyw mRikn ls ÁkIr vk; ds fuEufyf[kr nks ?kVd gS%a
i) ljdkj dh lEifÙk rFkk m|eo`fÙk ls ÁkIr vk;( vkSj
ii) x+Sj&foHkkxh; m|eksa dh cprsaA

2-4-1 futh vk;

futh vk; esa lHkh lzksrksa ls vk; rFkk ljdkj ,oa 'ks"k fo’o ¼fons'kksa½ ls orZeku
gLrkarj.k ls futh {ks= dks ÁkIr vk; dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lHkh lzkrs ksa ls
ÁkIr vk; gks ldrh gS] vFkkZr~] lk/ku vk;ksa ,oa gLrkarj.k vk; dks futh {ks= ds }kjk
ÁkIr fd;k gSA ;g Þfons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk;ß (Net Factor Income from Abroad -
NFIA) rFkk jk"Vªh; _.kksa ij C;kt ¼ljdkj }kjk _.kksa ij fn;k x;k C;kt½ dks Hkh
'kkfey djrk gSA vr% futh vk; lHkh Ádkj dh vk;ksa ¼vftZr ,oa vukftZr½ dks
'kkfey djrh gSA
futh vk; = futh {ks= dks ÁkIr NDPFC + fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA) +
ljdkj ls fo'kq) gLrkarj.k + 'ks"k fo'o ls fo'kq) orZeku gLrkarj.k
Hkqxrku + jk"Vªh; _.kksa ij C;kt

2-4-2 O;fDrd ¼O;fDrxr½ vk;

O;fDrxr vk; ,d o"kZ esa orZeku gLrkarj.k Hkqxrkuksa ,oa lk/ku vk;ksa ds :i esa lHkh
lzkrs ksa ls O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk ÁkIr lHkh Ádkj dh vk;ksa dk ;ksx gSA ;g lk/ku vk; rFkk
gLrkarj.k vk; dks 'kkfey djrk gSA ;g m|eksa ds ykHk dj rFkk Áfr/kkfjr vk; dks
'kkfey ugha djrk gSA
O;fDrxr vk; = futh vk; – fuxe dj – vforfjr ykHk + gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku

30
2-4-3 Á;ksT; vk; jk’Vªh; vk;
ys[kkadu
Á;ksT; vk; dks djksa ds ckn vk; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~] viuh
vk; rFkk lEifÙk ij lHkh Ádkj ds yxk, x, djksa dh dVkSrh ds ckn O;fDr;ksa dh
'ks"k vk;A
Á;ksT; vk; = O;fDrxr vk; – vÁR;{k dj – ljdkjh Á'kklfud foHkkxksa dh
fofo/k ÁkfIr;k¡ ¼'kqYd] tqekZu]s bR;kfn½
mnkgj.k 2.4: fuEukafdr leadksa ls O;fDrxr vk; rFkk futh vk; dh x.kuk dhft,A

en djksM+ #i, esa

futh m|e dh Áfr/kkfjr vk; 10
ljdkjh Á'kklfud foHkkxksa dh fofo/k ÁkfIr;k¡ 50

O;fDrxr Á;ksT; vk; 180

O;fDrxr dj 30
fuxe ykHk dj 10
gy%
O;fDrxr vk; = O;fDrxr Á;ksT; vk; + O;fDrxr dj + ljdkjh
foHkkxksa dh fofo/k ÁkfIr;k¡
= 180 + 30 + 50 = 260 djksM+ #i,
futh vk; = O;fDrxr vk; + futh m|eksa dh Áfr/kkfjr vk; +
fuxe ykHk dj
= 260 + 10 + 10 = 280 djksM+ #i,
mnkgj.k 2.5: fuEukafdr leadksa ls ¼d½ O;fDrxr vk; rFkk ¼[k½ O;fDrxr Á;ksT; vk;
dh x.kuk dhft,A
en djksM+ #i, esa
1. futh vk; 2000
2. futh fgr ds m|eksa dh fo'kq) Áfr/kkfjr vk; 600
3. ifjokjksa ds }kjk Hkqxrku fd;k x;k ÁR;{k dj 200
4. fuxe dj 350
5. jk"Vªh; _.k C;kt 250

gy%
a) O;fDrxr vk; = futh vk; – futh fgr ds m|eksa dh fo'kq) Áfr/kkfjr vk;
– fuxe dj
= 2000 – 600 – 350 = 1050 djksM+ #i,
b) futh Á;ksT; vk; = O;fDrxr vk; + futh fuxeksa dh Áfr/kkfjr vk; + fuxe
ykHk dj
= 1050 – 200 = 850 djksM+ #i,

31
lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr mnkgj.k 2.6: fuEukafdr leadksa ls fo'kq) jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; dh x.kuk dhft,A
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk;

en ¼djksM+ #i, esa½

i) cktkj dher ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn 2000

ii) 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, fo'kq) orZeku gLrkarj.k (–)200

iii) fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj 150

iv) fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; 60

v) jk"Vªh; _.k C;kt 70

vi) fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx 200

vii) ljdkj ds orZeku Lrkarj.k 150

gy%
fo'kq) jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; (Net National Disposable Income, NNDI) = GDPMP –
fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; – fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx – 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, fo'kq) orZeku
gLrkarj.k
NNDI = 2000 – 60 – 200 – (–200)
= 1940 djksM+ #i,

mnkgj.k 2.7: fuEukafdr leadksa ls ldy jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; dh x.kuk dhft,A

en ¼djksM+ #i, es½a

i) jk"Vªh; vk; 2,000

ii) fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (–)50

iii) fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx 200

iv) 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, fo'kq) orZeku gLrkarj.k 150

v) fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj 250

gy%
ldy jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; (Gross National Disposable Income , GNDI) = jk"Vªh;
vk; + fLFkj iw¡th dk miHkksx + 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, fo'kq) orZeku gLrkarj.k + fo'kq)
vÁR;{k dj

GNDI = 2000 djksM+ #i, + 200 djksM+ #i, + 150 djksM+ #i, + 250 djksM+ #i,

GNDI = 2600 djksM+ #i,

ldy jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; = 2600 djksM+ #i,

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mnkgj.k 2.8: fuEukafdr leadksa ls jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; dks Kkr dhft,A jk’Vªh; vk;
ys[kkadu
ensa ¼djksM+ #i, es½a
(i) ljdkjh Á'kklfud foHkkxksa ls orZeku gLrkarj.k 215

(ii) x+Sj&foHkkxh; m|eksa dh cprsa 7

(iii) lk/ku ykxr ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn 325

(iv) fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; 12

(v) 'ks"k fo'o ls fo'kq) orZeku gLrkarj.k 12

(vi) vÁR;{k dj 35

(vii) vkfFkZd lgk;rk 10

gy%
jk"Vªh; Á;ksT; vk; = lk/ku ykxr ij fo'kq) jk"Vªh; mRikn + 'ks"k fo'o ls fo'kq)
orZeku gLrkarj.k + fo'kq) vÁR;{k dj ¼vÁR;{k dj & vkfFkZd lgk;rk½

NDI = 325 djksM+ #i, +12 djksM+ #i, + (35 djksM+ #i, –10 djksM+ #i,)

=325 djksM+ #i, +12 djksM+ #i, + 25 djksM+ #i,

=362 djksM+ #i,

cks/k Á'u 2
1½ ßjk"Vªh; vk;ß dk o.kZu dhft,A
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2½ D;k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn ls vf/kd gks ldrk gS\
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lef’V vFkZ”kkL= esa pfpZr
fo’k; vkSj jk’Vªh; vk; 3½ O;fDrxr vk; rFkk futh vk; ds chp vUrj Li"V dhft,A
…………………………………………………….....................…...................
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4½ O;fDrxr vk; vkSj Á;ksT; vk; ds chp vUrj Li"V dhft,A
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2-5 lkj la{ksi

bl bdkbZ esa geus ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk; ys[kkadu ¼ys[kk i)fr½ dh
lajpuk miyC/k djkbZ gSA vFkZO;oLFkk eq[; :i ls ?kjsyw {ks=] QeZ {ks=] ljdkjh {ks=
rFkk 'ks"k fo'o ds ek/;e ls dk;Z djrh gSA jk"Vªh; v; ys[kkadu ysunsuksa vFkok bu
{ks=ksa ds chp vk; rFkk O;;ksa ds Áokgksa dks vafdr djrk gSA bu vafdr vk¡dM+kas ¼leadks½a
dk Á;ksx djds fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ds dk;Z dks le>k tk ldrk gS] ftudk fofHkUu
lexzkas tSls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP), ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP) rFkk ldy
jk"Vªh; vk; (GNI) dks ekius esa Hkh Á;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2-7 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj vFkok ladrs

cks/k Á'u 1
1½ ;g ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds eqæk vk; ds pØh; Áokg vFkok
oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds pØh; Áokg dks n'kkZrs gSaA

2½ miHkkx 2-2-1 dk lanHkZ nsf[k,A

3½ miHkkx 2-2-2 dk lanHkZ nsf[k,A

4½ miHkkx 2-2-4 dk lanHkZ nsf[k,A

5½ /kukRed ÁHkko% O;; rFkk gLrkarj.k Hkqxrkuksa ds lkFk pØh; Áokg dks c<+krk
gSA _.kkRed ÁHkko% djksa ds yxkus ls Áokg ?kVrk gSA

6½ Áfrdwy O;kikj % fjlko( rFkk vuqdy

w O;kikj% HkjkoA

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cks/k Á'u 2 jk’Vªh; vk;
ys[kkadu
1½ vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr mRiknu dk ;ksxA

2½ gk¡( ;fn fons'kksa ls 'kq) lk/ku vk; (NFIA) _.kkRed gSAS

3½ fp= 2-1 dk Á;ksx dhft, rFkk miHkkx 2-4-1 rFkk 2-4-2 dk lanHkZ nsf[k,A
4½ fp= 2-1 dk Á;ksx dhft, rFkk miHkkx 2-4-2 rFkk 2-4-3 dk lanHkZ nsf[k,A

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