Com Maths TG Sinhala 2009

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< îxhqla; .
Ks;h&
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
12 jk fY%aKsh
.Ks ; fomd¾;fïka ; = j
úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
fmrjok
j¾I 2007 § 6 iy 10 hk fY%aKsj,g y÷kajd fok ,o ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï b.ekakqï
m%fõYh l%ufhka jißka jir 7" 8 yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, úIh ud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fhdod
.kakd ,o w;r 2009 jif¾ § th w' fmd' i' ^W'fm<& mka;sj,g wod< úIhud,dj
iïnkaOfhka ojHdma; lsÍug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úIhud,d iïmdoljreka iu;a
ù ;sfí' tu ksid 12 yd 13 jk fY%aKsj, úúO úIh yd wod< úIh ks¾foaY o .=re
ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y o isiqka ;=< m%.=K l< hq;= ksmqK;d o ksmqK;d uÜgï o ms<sn|
iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' fuu f;dr;=re ;u úIh yd wod< bf.kqï -
b.ekakqï wjia:d iïmdokfha § .=rejrekag uy;afia m%fhdackj;ajkq we;'
w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úIh i|yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilia lsÍfï § úIhud,d iïmdoljreka
úiska lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj yd fcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^10" 11 fY%aKs& úIhud,dj ilik
úg wkq.ukh fldg we;s m%fõYhg jvd fjkia jq m%fõYhla wkq.ukh fldg we;s nj
i|yka lrkq leue;af;ñ' 6" 7" 8" 9" 10 yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, § úIh lreKq b.ekaùfï §
wkq.ukh l< hq;= bf.kqï yd b.ekakï q m%fõY iïnkaOfhka .=rejreka wNsu; wdlD;shlg
fhduq lrk ,o uq;a w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y iïmdokfha
§ .=rejrekag ;u wNsu;h mßÈ ls%hdlsÍug;a m%Yia; ksoyila N=la;s ú§ug;a bv m%ia:dj
i,id ;sfí' fuu ;,fha § .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId lrkqfha ta ta úIh tallhg fyda
mdvug kshñ; ksmK q ;d iy ksmK q ;d uÜgï j¾Okh lsÍu msKi s fhdað; bf.kqï l%uj,ska
;uka wNsu; b.ekakqï l%uhla fhdod .ekSu h' ;uka fhdod .kakd b.ekakqï m%fõYh
i;=gqodhl yd ld¾hlaIu f,i fhdod .ksñka wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï
<.d lr .ekSu .=rejreka úiska fkdmsßfy<d bgq lrkq ,eìh hq;= h' fuu ksoyi
.=rejrekag ,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,oaafoa w' fmd' i' ^W'fm<& úNd.fha we;s jeo.;alu iy
tu úNd.h flfrys wOHdmk moaO;sfha ish¨ u wh olajk ixfõ§ nj ie,ls,a,g f.k
nj igyka lrkq leue;af;ñ'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh .=rejreka yg udye.s w;afmd;la fõjd hs m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wfma orejkaf.a keKei mdokakg fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha we;s f;dr;=re l%ufõo
iy Wmfoia wmf.a .=rejreka yg ksis u.fmkaùula lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrñ'
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wOHlaI ckrd,a
i
ix{dmkh
okakd foa mj;ajd f.k hdug yd mQ¾jfhka ;SrKh lrk ,o foa bf.kSug ld,hla
;siafia lghq;= lsÍu ksid" mj;sk foa kej; f.dv ke.Sug mjd wo wmg yelshdj we;af;a
iq¿ jYfhks' mdi,a uÜgfï bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha uyd mßudK fjkila we;s
lrñka fodrg jäk fuu oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ms<sn| kj iyY%lfha m<uq jk úIhud,d
m%;sixialrKh" tlS fkdyelshdj ch .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lrk w;r okakd foa
ixia l rKhg;a " mQ ¾ jfhka ;S r Kh fkdl< .fõIKhg;a " fyg mej;s h yels foa
f.dvke.Sug;a yelshdj we;s rgg jevodhS mqrjeis msßila ìys lsÍu wruqKq fldg y÷kajd
§ ;sfí'
Tn 6 - 11 fY%aKsj, fuu úIhh u fyda fjk;a úIhhla fyda W.kajk .=re Nj;l= kï
w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& i|yd;a ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska wfmalaId lrk kj bf.kqï - b.ekaùï
l%u ms<sfj;aj,g wkq.; ùu jvd;a myiq jkq we;' ta ta ksmqK;d Tiafia ksmqK;d uÜgï
y÷kd .ksñka tajd idlaId;alrKhg iqÿiq lsh % dldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSu fï m%;i s xialrKh
hgf;a jeo.;a fjhs' bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ;=< .=rejrhd fï;dla biau;= l<
l%ums<sfj;a j¾;udkhg fkd.e,fmk nj;a" isiqka ;ks ;ks j bf.k .kakjdg jvd
w;aoelSï fnodyod .ksñka iyfhda.fhka bf.kSu w¾:j;a nj;a kj N+ñldjlg msúfik
.=re Nj;=ka f;areï .; hq;= fjhs' ta wkqj .=rejrhd miqmiska isáñka" YsIHhd bÈßhg f.k
tk bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%u yels ;dla f;dard .ksñka b.ekaùu kj u.lg f.k taug
lghq;= lsßu fuys § wfmalaId flf¾'
oaú;Shsl wOHdmk úIhud,d m%;sixialrK hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 6 - 11

fY%aKsj, .Ks;h" úoHdj" fi!LHh yd Ydßßl wOHdmkh" ;dlaIKh yd jdKscúoHdj hk
úIhhkag wod< j iïmdokh lrk ,o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y mßYS,kh l< fyd;a YsIH
flakøSh" ksmqK;d mdol yd ls%hdldrlï fmrgq lr .;a bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s woyila Tng ,efnkq we;' fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y u.ska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk
ls%hdldrlï W;aidy .kafka bf.kqu" b.ekaùu yd we.hSu tl u fõÈldjla u;g f.k
taughs' tfia u 5E wdlD;sh mokï lr .ksñka o iyfhda.s bf.kqï ^Co-operative
Learning) l%ums<sfj;a fhdod .ksñka o fuf;la fidhd f.k we;s foa kej; f.dvk.ñka
bka Tíng f.dia kj ksmehqï ìys lrñka Wodjk fyg Èkhg l,a we;s j iqodkï ùug;a
fï ls%hdldrlï YsIHhdg bv i,id fokq we;'
ks¾udKYS,s .=re mrmqrla ìys lsÍfï wruqKska b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shg wod< ls%hdldrlï
ika;;sfhka f;dard .;a lsh
% dldrlï lsym
s hla muKla w' fmd' i' ^ W'fm<& .=re ud¾f.damfoaY
ix.%yhkag we;=<;a lr ;sfí' tfy;a imhd we;s wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlï mßYs,kfhka o
iii
w'fmd'i' ^ id'fm<& m%;sixialrKh mokï lr .;a uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeäÈhqKq lr
.ksñka o úIhhg yd mka;shg .e<fmk mßÈ ls%hdldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï úYd,
ksoyila Tng we;' fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhg we;=<;a wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlï isõ wdldr
jq f;dr;=re iuQyhla Tng imhhs' iEu ls%hdldrlula wdrïNfha u Tn olskafka tu
ls%hdldrlu Tiafia YsIHhd f.k hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wjidk b,lalhhs' ksmqK;dj
hkqfjka kï lr we;s fuh mq¿,a h' §¾> ld,Sk h' B<.g i|yka ksmqK;d uÜgu fuu
ksmqK;dj fj; <.d ùu i|yd isiqka úiska idlaId;a lr .; hq;= úúO yelshdj,ska tla
yelshdjla muKla biau;= lrhs' fï wkqj n,k l, ta ksmqK;d uÜgu wod< ksmqK;djg
jvd iqúfYaIs h' fláld,Sk h' B<.g we;af;a wod< ls%hdldrlu wjidkfha .=re Nj;d
ksÍlaIKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk p¾hd lsysmhls' .=re isiq fomd¾Yajhg u nrla
fkdjk fia fï p¾hd .Kk mylg iSud lsßug W;aidy ord ;sfí' bf.kqï M, jYfhka
y÷kajd we;s fï p¾hd ksmqK;d uÜgug jvd iqúfYaI jk w;r úIh lreKq mokï lr .;a
yelshd ;=klska o bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfhka u;= lr .kakd fmdÿ yelshd follska
o iukaú; fjhs' úIh yelshd ;=k ÿIalr;d wkqms<sfj,ska fm< .iajd we;s w;r wvq ;rñka
m<uq folj;a idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd mka;sfha iEu isiqjl= u bf.kqï- b.ekaùï
ls%hdldrlfï yoj; f,i ie<flk .fõIKh fj; fhduqlr .ekSug .=re Nj;d lghq;=
l< hq;= wdldrh ls%hdldrlfï ó<. fldgiska bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'
kshqla;lrKh(Engagemcnt)kï jk tlS mshjfrka iEu ls%hdldrlula u wdrïN jqj o
lsh
% dldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu wdrïN jkafka 5E wdlD;sfha fojk "E" wl=rg wod< .fõIKfhka
nj Tn wu;l fkdl< hq;= h'
.fõIKhg Êxploration) u. fmkajk Wmfoia wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlïj, B<. fldgihs'

.eg¨fõ úúO me;sj,ska ;u lKavdhug ,efnk me;a; muKla .fõIKfhka bf.kqug
fhduqjk isiqka bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%u rdYshla Tiafia wod< wka; fj; f.k hdu i|yd
.=rejrhd fï Wmfoia fm< .iajhs' m%Yak Tiafia isÿ lrkq ,nk úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhk
Înquiry- based Learning) fyda ls%hdfjka bf.kqug u. mdok w;aoelSï mdol bf.kqu
Êxperiential Learning) fyda f;dard .ekSug fuys § .=re Nj;dg ksoyi ;sfí' by; lskï
wdldrfhka fyda isikq a ,nk oekqu mdol lr .ksñka úIhhg iqúfYaIS jq fyda úIhud,dfõ
úIh lsysmhla yryd Èfjk fyda .eg¨ úi§u i|yd Tjqka fhduq lr .ekSu w' fmd' i'
^W'fm<& úIh .=re Nj;=kaf.a j.lSu fjhs'
fujka .eg¨ mdol bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%u Ôú; h:d¾: mokï lr f.k ie,iqï lsÍu
w¾:j;a h' u;fNaohg ;=vq § we;s ;;a;aj" Wml,ams; ;;a;aj iudka;r woyia fuka u
m%d:ñl uQ,dY% fï i|yd fhdod .ekSug Tng ksoyi ;sfí' lshùu " f;dr;=re tla?ialsÍu
yd l<ukdlrKh" m%;HdfõlaIKh" ksÍlaIKh" idlÉPd lsÍu" l,ams; f.dvke.Su" yd
mÍlaId lsÍu" mqfrdal:k mÍlaId lsÍu" m%Yak yd ms<s;=re ilia lsÍu" iurEmKh" .eg¨
úi§u yd fi!kao¾hd;aul ld¾h wdÈh .fõIKh i|yd fhdod .; yels l%u Ys,am lsysmhls'
iv
hdka;s%l bf.kqula fia ie,flk lgmdvï lsÍu jqj o fkdjeo.;a hehs wu;l lr oeóug
fuys § bv ;nd ke;'
isiqyq l=vd lKavdhï jYfhka .fõIKfha fhfo;s' .=re Nj;d i;= oekqu neyeßka ,nkq
fjkqjg .=re iydh ,nd .ksñka oekqu yd wjfndaOh f.dvk`.;s' lKavdhfï fiiq wh
iu. woyia yqjudre lr .ksñka fidhd .;a oekqu jeä ÈhqKq lr;s' fñ ish,a, m%Yia:
uáguñka isÿ jkafka isiqkag wjYH lshùï øjH yd fhojqï imhd §ug .=re Nj;d bÈßm;a
jqjfyd;a h' tfia u <uqka bf.kSfï fhfok uq¿ ld,h mqrdu lKavdhï w;r .ejfiñka
bf.kqu i|yd <uqka g iydh jqjfyd;a h' funÿ bf.kqï m%fõYhl § wkdjrKh uQ,sl
jqj o " th ksoyia wkdjrKhla fkdjk nj;a u. fmkajk wkdjrKhla ^guided discov-
ery) nj;a Tn f;areï .; hq;= fjhs' .=reNj;df.ka fuka u iujhia lKavdhfuka fmdaIKh
fjñka fufia bf.k .kakd isiqkag Ôú;h i|yd jeo.;a w;aoelSï /ila u ,efnk nj
wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= ke;'
.fõIKfhka miqj t<fUkafka újrK Êxplanation) wjia:djhs' fuys § l=vd lKavdhï

iqodkï jkafka iajlSh wkdjrK iduqyslj;a" ks¾udKYS,sj;a iuia: lKavdhug bÈßm;a
lsÍughs' bÈßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd w;r iufia fn§ ;sîu;a
bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd kjH l%u f;dard .ekSug isiqkg we;s ksoyi;a fuys úfYaI;ajhhs' bka
wk;=rej t<fnk úia:drK Êlaboration)mshjf¾ § wmeyeÈ,s foa meyeÈ,s lsÍug" idjoH
foa ksjerÈ lsÍug" .s,syqKq foa iïmQ¾K lsÍug isiqkag bv ,efí' tfia u oekgu;a okakd
fohska neyerg hñka w¨;a u woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug jqj o isiqkag wjldY we;' iEu
ls%hdldrlula u wjika jkafka .=rejrhd bÈßm;a lrk flá foaYkhlsks' iïfm%aIK
N=ñldj fj; hdug fuh .=re Nj;dg bv i,id fok w;r wjOdkhg ,la j ;sfnk
ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a úIh ks¾foaYh u.ska yÿkajd § ;sfnk ish¨ u jeo.;a lreKq
wdjrKh jk mßÈ fï foaYkh meje;aùug .=re Nj;d j. n,d .; hq;= fjhs' iEu .=re
Nj;l= u wksjd¾hfhka l< hq;= fï úia;drKhg u. fmkaùu i|yd ta ta ls%hdldrlï
ie,eiafï wjidk fldgi ie,iqï lr ;sfí'
idudkH wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< wo oDYHudk jk .eg¨ ch .ekSu i|yd .kqfokqjlska

wdrïN ù §¾> .fõIKhla " isiq újrKh yd úia;drK fm<la yd iudma;sl .=re
iïfm%aIKhlska ieÿï ,;a mßKduk .=re N=ñldjlska iukaú; kj wOHdmk l%uhla
fufia moaO;shg y\qkajd §ug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh lghq;= lr we;' .=re Nj;d
m%uqLj lrk b.ekaùula fjkqjg .=re u. fmkaùu hgf;a isiqka ksr; jk bf.kqula f,i
fuh ye¢kaúh yels h' isiqyq lshùï øjH mßYs,kh lrñka o .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;
lrñka o .fõIKfha fhfo;s' Èkm;d mdi,g meñfKñka ms%;sfhka W.ks;s' Ôú;hg yd
jev f,dalhg wjYH ksmqK;d /ila u mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd idlaId;a lr .ks;s' Ñka;k
v
yelshd" iudc yelshd yd mqoa., yelshd jvjd .ksñka cd;sh f.dv ke.Su i|yd iqodkï
fj;s' fï ish,af,a id¾:l;ajh i|yd wdo¾Y m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,shñka u;lfha rojd .;a
oekqu úuid n,k úNd.hla fjkqjg Ôú; h:d¾:hkag uqyqK §ug YsIHhd i;= iQodku
fidhd n,k úNd. l%uhl wjYH;dj lemS fmfka'
fuu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka ls%hdldrlu mqrdu

Èfjk fohdldr jq o" w¾:dkaú; jq o" we.hSï Êvaluation) ls%hdj,shhs' kshqla;lrKh o .=re
wNsu;h mrsos fmr oekqu iïnkaO we.hSula i|yd fhdod .; yels h' tfia u .fõIKh;a"
újrKh;a" úia;drKh;a ;=<ska we.hSu Yla;sula lr .ekSu m%ùK .=re Nj;l=f.a j.lSu
fõ' ,sÇ; mÍlaIK wju lrñka mdi,a mdol we.hSï jev ms<sfjf,a h:d¾:jd§ iajNdjh
/l .ekSu i|yd;a" jdr mÍlaIK i|yda wksjd¾h m%Yak we;=<;a lrñka mdi,a mdol we.hSï
jev ms<sfj< fj; mdi,a msßia keUqre lr .ekSu i|yd;a" bf.kqfï kshu M, YdlaId;a lr
.;a nj lshefjk iq;;H we.hSï(Authentic Evaluations) jevms<sfj,la rgg y|qkajd oSu
i|yd;a lghq;= rdYshla oekgu;a cd;sl uÜgfuka wdrïN ù ;sfí' l<ukdlrK md¾Yjfha
ukd WmfoaYk kdhl;ajh yd ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍfï j.lSu hgf;a fï kj jevms<sfj,
id¾:l lr .ksñka w¿;a YS% ,xldjla i|yd fodrgq újD; lsÍu rfÜ hym; m;k ish¨
fokdf.a u ifudaOdksl j.lSu fõ'
ilia lf,a #-foaYudkH wdpd¾h whs' t,a' .sKsf.a

iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a ^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
vi
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh
vii
WmfoaYkh
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmkh wdh;kh
wdpd¾h whs' t,a' .sksf.a

iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a" úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wëlaIKh
,d,a' tÉ' úfÊisxy uhd
wOHlaI - .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iïnkaëlrKh
ks,añKs wfíoSr ñh
12 - 13 .Ks; jHdmD;s lKavdhï kdhl
úIhud,d lñgqj
12- 13 fY%aKs ixhqla; .Ks;h jHdmD;s lKavdhu
fla' .fkaI,sx.ï uhd - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ

Ô' mS' tÉ' c.;a l=udr uhd - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ
tï' tka' mS' mSßia ñh - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ
Ô' t,a' lreKdr;ak uhd - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ
ví' whs' Ô' r;akdhl ñh - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ
tia' rdfÊkaøka uhd - jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ
úIhud,d ixialrKh
1' uydpd¾h hq' tka' î' osidkdhl - uydpd¾h" .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j

fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
2' wdpd¾h ta' ta' tia' fmf¾rd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j
3' wdpd¾h ví' î' vjqkaofialr - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId ixialrKh
à' tÉ' .=Kr;ak is,ajd uhd - Wm.=re" fndañßh uOH uyd úoHd,h" lvqfj,
mß.Kl joka ieliSu

fk,sld fiakdks ñh - h;=re f,aÅld
wd¾' ta' wkq,d kkaokS ñh - h;=re f,aÅld
pkaø,;d ,shkf.a ñh - h;=re f,aÅld
fjí wvúh
www.nie.lk
viii
mgqk
mßÉfþoh msgqj
01' 12 fY%aKsh - m<uqjeks jdrh 1
02' 12 fY%aKsh - fojeks jdrh 28

03' 12 fY%aKsh - ;=kajeks jdrh 55
04' mdi,a mokï lr.;a ;lafiarej 81
ix
12 jk fYa%Ksh
m<uqjeks jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h - 1
ksmqK;d bf.kqï M, úIh lreKq lrf.k hdu ld,Éfþo
uÜgu i|yd w;aje,la .Kk
1' ixLHd moa O ;s f ha úldYh ixLHd Ndú;h wdrïNfha isg 02

1.1
meyeÈ,s lrhs' ;d;a;aúl ixLHd moaO;sh olajd úldYh
jQ wdldrh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
m%lD;s ixLHd" ksÅ, ixLHd" mßfïh

ixLHd" wmßfïh ixLHd iy ;d;a;aúl
ixLHd l=,l ms<ns | isik
q f
a .a fmr oekqu
isysm;a lrkak'
by; l=,l ish,a, ys Wml=,l nj

fmka j d th Ths , ¾-fjka rEm
igykls k a oela ù ug is i q k a fhduq
lrkak'
ixfla; y÷kajkak'
2' ;d;a;aúl ixLHdjla cHdñ;sl ;d;a;aúl ixLHdjla ixLHd f¾Ldj u;

j ksrEmKh lrhs' ks r EmKh lrk wdldrh is y s m ;a
lrkak'
1.2 1' oYu ixLHd j¾.SlrKh lrhs' oYu ixLHd 02
mßñ; wmßñ;
^wka; oYu& ^wkka; oYu&
iudj¾; iudj¾;
wkka; fkdjk
oYu wkka; oYu
;d;a;aúl ixLHd
2' ;d;a;aúl ixLHd j¾.SlrKh
lrhs'
mßfïh ixLHd wmßfïh ixLHd
3' lrKs wvx.= m%ldYkj, yrh lrKs y÷kajd tajdfha yrh mßfïh
mßfïh lrhs' lrk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'
1
2.1 1' Ys%;hl m%;sNduh woyi ksh;h" úp,Hh" mrdñ;sh y÷kajkak'

meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l=,l folla w;r ;sìh yels tal-tal"
nyq-tal" tal-nyq" nyq-nyq iïnkaO 03
WodyrK weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
my; oelafjk w¾: oelaùï bÈßm;a

lrkak' X l=,lfha isg Y l=,lhg
jQ f Ys%;hla hkq X ys tla tla x
wjhjh Y ys wkkH y wjhjhlg
wkqrEmKh lrk kS;shls'
Y%s;hl" iajdh;a; úp,Hh" mrdh;a;

úp,Hh m%;sìïNh" jiu (Df), iy-
jiu (Cf), iy mrdih (Rf) y÷kajkak'
Y%s;Sh wxlk
2.2 úfYaIs; Y%s; y÷kd.kshs' ksh; Y%s;h" udmdxl Ys%;h" lvukska 05

Y%s; iy m%;sf,dau Y%s; hk úfYaIs; Y%s;
y÷kajkak'
ksh; Ys%;h (
fuys hkq ksh;hl; jk
úg g tall Y%s;h hehs lshkq
,efí'
udmdxl Y%s;h(
lvukska Y%s; ( jifï úúO m%dka;rj,

oS ys kS;sh fjkia jk Y%s;
Ys%;hl m%ia;drh(
wlaIhg iudka;r f¾Ldjla u`.ska
m% i a ; drh tla ,la I Hhl§ muKla
lefma'
2
15 1' fldaK uekSug Ndú; lrk fldaK uekSug Ndú; lrk tall 03
ta l l f,i wxYlh iy wxYlh fyda f¾ähkh nj m% l dY
f¾ähkh y÷kajhs' lrkak'
26.1 1' ldáiSh wlaI moaO;sh meyeÈ,s ldáiSh LKavdxl ;,h mqkÍlaIKh 01
lrhs' lrkak' x wlaIh yd wlaIh ixLHd
f¾Ld folla nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' mdálh iy flda á lh w¾: ,laIHhl mdálh iy

olajhs
fldaálh y÷kajkak'
3' jD;a; mdo y÷kajd fohs' ldáiSh LKavdxl ;,fha jD;a; mdo
y;r y÷kajkak'
4' jD;a; mdo y;f¾ § mdálfha tla tla jD;a; mdofha msysá ,laIHj,
iy fldaálfha ,l=K fjkia x iy y LKavdxlj, ,l=K idlÉPd
jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs' lrkak'
5' LKa v xl weiq f rka § we;s iy

,laIH folla hd lrk f¾Ld
LKavfha È. ,nd .kshs'
nj
,nd.kak'
26.2 1' § we;s ,laIH folla hd lrk iy jk 03

ir, f¾Ld LKa v h § we;s
wkqmd;hlg wkqj wNHka;r AB ir, f¾Ld LKa v h m:n
j fyda ndys r j fnfok wkq m d;hg wNHka ; r j fnfok
,la I Hfha LKa v dxl ,nd ,laIHfha LKavdxl
.kshs'
iy
u.ska o ndysr j fnfok ,laIHfha

LKavxl
iy
u.ska o fokq ,efnhs'
1' YS¾Ij, LKavdxl § we;s úg " iy 01

26.3
;%sfldaKhl j¾.M,h f,i § we;s úg ABC
fidhhs'
;%sfldaKfha j¾.t,h
3
ir, f¾Ld LKavj,ska jgjQ ;, rEmhla

;s % f lda K j,g fjka ls Í fuka tys
jr.t,h fiúh yels yels nj fmkajd
fokak'
16.1 1' ;% s f lda K ñ;s l wkq m d; w¾: Rcq f lda K di% ldáiS h wla I moa O ;s h 03
olajhs' weiqfrka ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd; w¾:
olajkak'
2' ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd; jD;a; úp,H fldaKhl ;%sfldaKñ;sl

Ys%; f,i y÷kajhs' wkqmd;hla tu fldaKfha Ys%;hla nj
fmkajd fokak' tu wkqmd; jD;a;
Ys % ; f,i y÷ka j ka k ' ^flda K
f¾ähkj,ska ukskq ,efí'&
3' jD;a; Y%s;j, jiu iy mrdih jD;a; Y%s;j, jiu iy mrdih y÷kajd
y÷kajhs' fokak'
"jiu mrdih
"jiu mrdih
"jiu { ys T;af;a
.=Kdldr}
mrdih =
" jiu = - { ys ksÅ,
.=Kdldr}
mrdih =
" jiu { ys T;af;a
.=Kdldr}
mrdih =
" jiu = { ys ksÅ,
.=Kdldr}
mrdih =
4
16.2 1' úfYaI fldaK lsysmhl hk fldaK 04

;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd;j, w.h
fidhhs' i|yd sin, cos, tan w.h fidhkak'
2' tla tla jD;a; mdofha msysá m<uqjeks jD;a; mdofha §

fldaKj, ;%sfldaKñ;sl
wkqmd;j, ,l=K m%ldY lrhs' úg
nj fmkajkak'
yd wjia:d idlÉPd lrkak'

fojeks jD;a; mdofha §
úg
nj fmkajkak'
wjia:dj idlÉPd lrkak'
;=kajeks jD;a; mdofha §
úg
nj fmkajkak'
wjia:dj idlÉPd
lrkak'
y;rjeks jD;a; mdofha §
úg
nj fmkajkak' wjia:dj
idlÉPd lrkak'
by; ,nd.;a m%;sM,
^2& ^1&
sine (+) all (+)
(3) (4)
tangent (+) cosine (+)
f,i ixlaIsma; j olajkak'
5
3' jD;a; Y%s;j, wdj¾; iajNdjh ´kEu fldaKhla" 2 ys ´kE u ksÅ,

úia;r lrhs' .=Kdldrhlska úYd, l< úg" ffoYsl
wrh N%uK tlla fyda lsysmhla f.jd
kej; l,ska msysàug u meñfKa' tu
ksid yd i|yd
tlu ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd; we;'
4' wd§ cHdñ;sl l%u Ndú;fhka
fldaKj, ;%sfldaKñ;sl wd§ fldaKj,

wkqmd; ys ;%sfldaKñ;sl
wkqmd; weiqßka ,nd .kshs' ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd;" ys
;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd; weiqßka ,nd
.kak'
5' fok ,o úYd,;ajfhka hq;a wdoS fldaKj,

fldaKj, ;%sfldaKñ;sl
wkqmd; ,shd olajhs' sin, cos, tan w.hhka fiùug isiqka
fhduq lrkak'
16.3 1' jD;a; Y%s; m%ia;dßl j sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, cosec Y%s;j, 05
ksrEmKh lrhs' m%ia;dr bÈßm;a lrkak'
2' ixhq; jD;a; Ys%;j, m%ia;dr

w¢hs'
wd§ Ys%;j, m%ia;dr we£ug isiqka fhduq

lrkak'
3' ;% s f lda K ñ;s l iólrKj, i|yd fmdoq úi÷u

fmdÿ úi÷ï fidhhs'
i|yd fmdÿ úi÷u
i|yd fmdÿ úi÷u

nj ,nd .kak' fuys
hkq by; iólrKh
imqrd,k tla úi\quls'
6
18 1' ;%sfldaKhl mdo iy fldaK ;%sfldaKhl fldaK hkqfjka 04

iqmqreÿ wdldrfhka wxlkh o" tu fldaKj,g iïuqL mdo
lrhs' hkqfjka o wxlkh lrkq ,nk nj
i|yka lrkak'
A
2' ´kEu ;% s f lda K hla i|yd
ihska kS;sh m%ldY lrhs' c b
B a C
A
A
c b c b
C
B a B
a
C
´kEu ;%sfldaKhla i|yd
fõ'
3' ´kEu ;% s f lda K hla i|yd fuu kS ; s h iq ` tflda K S " uydflda K S "
ihska kS;sh idOkh lrhs' RcqfldaKS wjia:d ;=k i|yd idOkh
lrkak'
4' ´kEu ;% s f lda K hla i|yd ´kEu ;%sfldaKhla i|yd

fldaihska kS;sh m%ldY lrhs'
5' ´kEu ;% s f lda K hla i|yd fuu kS ; s h " iq ` tflda K S " uydflda K S "
fldaihska kS;sh idOkh lrhs' RcqfldaKS wjia:d ;=k i|yd idOkh
lrkak'
6' ihs k kS ; s h iy flda i hs k m% u dKj;a o;a ; ÿka ú g ;% s f lda K hl

kS ; s h Ndú;fhka ;s % f lda K mdoj, È. fyda fldaKj, úYd,;aj
iïnkaO .eg,q úi|hs' fiùu m%udKj;a fjhs'
7
4.1 1' ;ks úp,Hhl nyqmohla w¾: nyqmohla w¾: olajd ud;%h" kdhl 01
olajhs' moh" kdhl ix.=Klh y`÷kajkak'
2' talc Y%s;" j¾.c Y%s;" >kc talc Y%s;hl idOdrK

Ys%; fjkalr olajhs'
wdldrh
j¾.c Y%s;hl
idOdrK wdldrh " fuys
iy
>kc
Ys % ; hl idOdrK wdldrh" fuys
bÈßm;a
lrkak'
3' i¾jiu nyq m oj, ,la I K kï ish¨ a i|yd

m%ldY lrhs'
iy wkq r Em moj,
ix.=Kl iudk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4.2 1' nyqmo ms<sn| uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u ftlHh" wka;rh yd .=Ks;h ms<sn| 02
úia;r lrhs' fmr
" oekqu mqkÍlaIKh lrkak'
2' nyqmohla ;j;a nyqmohlska
fnokq ,efnhs" u.ska
fnohs'
hka k i|yd hk wxlkh
bÈßm;a lrkak' ixiaf,aI fn§u yd

§¾> fn§u WodyrK u`.ska meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
4.3 1' fnÿï we,a f .dß;uh m% l dY NdcHh } ,íêh Ndclh fYaIh 05

lrhs' nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' fYaI m%fïhh m%ldY lrhs' kï nyqmoh j,ska

fn¥ úg fYaIh fõ'
3' fYaI m%fïhh idOkh lrhs' fYaI m%fïhh idOkh lrkak'
4' idOl m%fïhh m%ldY lrhs' kï ys

idOlhla fõ'
5' idOl m%fïhh idOkh lrhs' idOl m%fïhh idOkh lrkak
8
6' idOl m% f ïhfha úf,da u h hkq ys idOlhla kï

m%ldY lrhs'
nj fmkajd fokak'
7' fYaI m%fïhh iy idOl iqÿiq WodyrK bÈßm;a lrkak

m% f ïhh Ndú;fhka .eg¨
úi|hs'
8' nyqmo iólrK úi|hs' iqÿiq WodyrK bÈßm;a lrkak'

^y;rjk ud;%fha nyqmo olajd muKhs&
9' nyqmohl Y+kHh w¾: olajhs' hkq nyq mohla jk úg

jk ys w.hhka
nyqmofha Y+kH ,laIHh f,i w¾:
olajk nj mjikak'
17.1 1' i¾jiduHhla hkak meyeÈ,s úp,Hhkaf.a § we;s iEu w.hlg u 04

lrhs' ;Dma; jk iólrKhla i¾jiduHhla
f,i y÷kajd fokak'
2' iólrKh iy i¾jiduHh iólrKhla § we;s úp,Hhkaf.a iEu

w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs' w.hlg u ;Dma; ùu wksj¾h fkdjk
nj m%ldY lrkak' WodyrK weiqßka
myod fokak'
igyk( ´kEu iólrKhla m%ldYhls'

tfy;a ´kEu m%ldYhla iólrKhla
fkdfõ'
3' mhs ; .ria i¾jiduH ,nd ´kEu fldaKhla i|yd

.kshs'
hk mhs;.ria i¾jiduH ,nd .kak'
17.2 wdl,k iQ;% f.dvk.hs' 02

nj
,ndf.k my; i|yka iQ;% wfmdaykh
lrkak'
9
fyda
17.3 1' .=Kk iQ;% f.dvk`.hs' 03
17.4 1' oaú;aj fldaK" ;s%;aj fldaK iy 03

w¾O flda K i|yd jQ iQ ; %
f.dvk`.hs'
10
by; i¾jiduH Ndú;fhka
yd
,nd .ka k ' ;% s f lda K hl flda K yd

iïnka O ;s % f lda K ñ;s l i¾jiduH
idOkh lsÍug o isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
by; m%;sM, Ndú;fhka
wdldrfha
m%ldYkhla
wdldrhg mßj¾;kh l< yels nj o
fmkajd fokak'
5. 1' mßfïh m%ldYk w¾: olajhs' iy hkq nyqmo jk úg 05

wdldrfha
m%ldYkhlg mßfïh m%ldYkhla hehs

lshkq ,efí'
−
2' ks h u mßfïh m% l dYk iy ,jfha we;s nyq mofha ud;%h yrfha
úIu mßfïh m% l dYk w¾: we;s nyq mofha ud;%h jk úg" kshu
olajhs' mßfïh m%ldYk f,i o" ,jfha we;s
nyq mofha ud;%h yrfha we;s nyq
mofha ud;%h jk úg úIu mßfïh
m%ldYk f,i o y`ÿkajkak'
3' mßfïh m%ldYk Nskak Nd. 1' kshu mrsfïh m%ldYk Nskak Nd.
lrhs' lsÍu'
wdldrh yrh
talc idOlj,g fjka l< yels

wdldrh
wdldrh yrh
mqkrdj¾; talc idOlj,g fjka
l< yels wdldrh
yrfha j¾.c
idOl we;s wjia:dj'
iv. yrfha mqkrdj¾;kh jk j¾.c
idOlhla we;s wjia:dj
11
2' úIu mßfïh m%ldYk Nskak Nd.
lsÍu
iv. yrfha mqkrdj¾;kh jk j¾.c

idOlhla we;s wjia:dj
úIu mßfïh m%ldYkh" nyqmohlg
iy kshu mßfïh m%ldYkhlg fjka
lr kshu mßfïh m%ldYkh Nskak Nd.
lrka k ' kS ¾ Kh l< hq ; = ks h ;
y;rlg jvd we;s wjia:d wfmalaId
fkdflf¾'
4' mßfïh Ys%;h w¾: olajhs' wdldrfha ùÔh
m%ldYkhlg" g .; yels tla tla

w.h i|yd wkkH w.hla mj;S'
th" jiu jk w;r fuys jiu
jk ys w.hhka jk
Y%s;hla nj m%ldY lrkak' Ys%;Sh
wxlkfhka th f,i
olajkak'
6.1 1' o¾Yl kshu Ndú; lrhs' o¾Yl kshu f,i" 04
iy úg
isysm;a lr tu`.ska ,nd

.ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
nj o isym
s ;a lrkak'
12
kï ;d;a;aúl ixLHdjl jeks

uQ,h (
yd brÜfÜ kï i|yd
w.hhka folla we;' ta j d
úYd,;a j fhka iudk jk w;r
,l=Kska m%;súreoaO fõ'
mj;S kï ;
T;af;a úg kï iy
kï ; brÜg úg
iy úg
T;a f ;a kï tla Ok uQ , hla
muKla we;s nj o fmkajd fokak'
yd T;a f ;a úg g
;d;a;úa l jeks uQ, tlla muKla
we;s w;r" th RK jk nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
WodyrK u`.ska ;yjqre lrkak'
nj meyeÈ,s lsÍug WodyrK

fokak'
2' ,>q.Kl kshu Ndú; lrhs' o¾Yl kshu Ndú;fhka"
f,i ,>q.Kl w¾: olajkak'

,>q.Kl kS;s
iy
mdoh udre lsÍu"
fuys
13
22.1 1' lrd <`.d jk úg úg" ys w.h" kï ;d;a;aúl 02

mßñ; iSudjlg <`.d ixLHdjlg iudk fkdù lrd ,`.d
jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs' jk úg ys yeis Í u idlÉPd
lrkak'
2' .Ks ; uh jYfhka Ys % ; hl ys w.h" g wvq w.hka ;=,ska

ju;a iSudj yd ol=K;a iSudj lrd wdikak jk úg " lrd jï
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
miska ,`.d jk úg ys ju;a iSudj
hehs lshkq ,efí' th f,i
olajkak' fuf,i u ol=K;a iSudj
y|qkajd oS th f,i olajkak'
nj bÈßm;a lrkak'
3' Ys%;hl iSud fkdmj;sk fkdmj;sk wjia:d

wjia:d fjka lr olajhs'
ms<sn|j;a Y%s;hl ,laIHhla ,`.d ùfï
§ iSudj yd Y%s;fha w.h hk foflys
fjki;a WodyrK u`.s k a myod
fokak' m%ia;dßlj o meyeÈ,s lrkak'
22.2 1' iSud ms<sn| m%fïhhka m%ldY yd hkq úg iSud mj;sk 03

lrhs'
Y%s; hehs .ksuq' fuys ;d;a;aúl
ixLHdjls'
1' ksh;hla úg
2' ksh;hla úg
3'
14
úg
8' hkq nyqmo Ys%;hla jk úg

ish¨ i|yd
9' we;=<;a m%dka;rhl ys oS

yer ys wka ish,q w.h i|yd u
kï túg"
by; m%fïhhkays idOk wkjYHhs'

.eg¨ úi£fï § tajd Ndú; lrk
wdldrh WodyrK u`.ska myod
fokak'
22.3 1' hkq ´kEu mßfïh Ok ks Å ,hla jk úg m% f ïhh 03

ixLHdjla jk úg idOkh lr RK ksÅ,hla jk úg
m%;sM,h wfmdaykh lrkak' ´kEu
nj mßfïh ixLHdjla jk úg o m%;sM,h
i;H nj fmkajkak'
m%ldY lrhs'
2' by; iSudj ms<sn| m%;sM,h iq ÿ iq .eg¨ úi£ug is i q k a fhduq

Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi|hs' lrkak'
15
22.4 1' iekaâúÉ Wm m%fïhh m%ldY wvx.= hï újD; m%dka;rhl 03

lrhs' (Squeezes Lemma) yer ish¨ i|yd
fõ kï iy
kï" fõ'
fuys idOkh wkjYHh'
2' nj m% l dY ^ x f¾ähka j,ska uek
we;'& nj m%ldY lrkak'

lrhs'
3' by; m%;sM,h idOkh lrhs' cHdñ;sl l%ufhka idOkh lrkak'
idOkh lrkak'
by; m%;sM,h weiqfrka
nj wfmdaykh
lrkak'
4' by; m% ; s M ,h Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

.eg¨ úi|hs'
22.5 1' wkka; iSud y÷kajhs' iy nj 04

nj m%i;
a drh weiqfrka ta;;
a = .kajkak'
fuys § jiu
f,i .kak'
2' ys mßñ; w.hlg jfuka úg iy

fyda ol= f Kka ,`.djk úg úg jeks
wmßñ; w.hla lrd iSudjkag wkka; iSud hehs lshkq
t<efUk wjia:d bÈßm;a lrhs' ,nk w;r fïjd tla w;a iSud ^ju;a
fyda ol=K;a& f,i y`÷kajkq ,efí'
16
3' wmßñ; w.hlg t<fUk

yd
úg ys iSudj mj;sk
fyda fkdmj;s k wjia : d ys ud;%h yd ys ud;%h
fjka lr olajhs' jk nyq mo úg"
wjia:d fjk fjk u WodyrK weiqßka

idlÉPd lrkak'
fïjd wkka;fha § iSud f,i y÷kajk

nj m%ldY lrkak'
4' úg ys iSudj iqÿiq .eg¨ úi£ug isik

q a fhduq lrkak
mßñ; fyda wmßñ; wjia:d
fjka lr olajhs'
22.6 ;sria iy isria iam¾fYdakauqL fuys § 03

1' ;sria iy isria iam¾fYdakauqL
w¾: olajhs' w¾: olajkak'
2' wmßñ; iSud fhfok .eg¨ .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
úi|hs'
17
ixhqla; .Ks;h - II
1.1 1' wÈY rdYs yd wÈY w;r hï ñkqï tallhlska hq;= fok ,o 03
fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs' úYd,;ajhlg wÈY rdYshla hehs lshkq
,nk nj o tall rys; ixLHd;aul
w.hka wÈY f,i kï flfrk nj o
meyeos,s lrkak'
2' ffoYsl rdYs w¾: olajhs' úYd,;a j hla iy ÈYdjla iys ;

wdl,kh ms < s n | ;s % f lda K ks h uhg
wkql+, jk rdYshla ffoYsl rdYshla
nj meyeÈ,s lrkak' ^ wdl,kh ms<sn|
;%sfldaK kshuh miqj olajkq ,efí'&
3' ffoYs l hla cHdñ;s l j A isg B foig AB

B
ksrEmKh lrhs' f¾Ld LKavfhka
ksrEmKh flfrk
> ffoYslh f,i
olajk nj bÈßm;a
A lrkak'
4' cHdñ;s l ffoYs l h w¾: úYd,;ajhla yd ÈYdjla iys; f¾Ld

olajhs' LKavhla cHdñ;sl j ffoYslhla
f,i y÷kajk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
ffoYs l rdYs h l udk we;s kuq ; a "

ffoYslhl udk fkdue;'
5' ffoYs l hl ùÔh j fyda wxlkfhka ffoYslh

ksrEmKh lrhs' ks r EmKh lrk nj mjika k '
ûq ø Kfha § ;o l¨ mdáka ,s h Q
wdldrfha ixfla; ffoYsl ye¢kaùug
Ndú; lrhs ' & fjkia ffoYs l
ksrEmKfha § fjkia wl=re fhdod .kq
,nk nj o mjikak'
6' ffoYsl j¾.SlrKh lrhs' ffoYs l h ks o yia ffoYs l " i¾mK

ffoYsl yd ia:dk.; ffoYsl f,i
j¾.SlrKh l< yels wdldrh fmkajd
fokak'
7' ffoYslhl udmdxlh w¾: ffoYslhl úYd,;ajh tu ffoYslfha

olajhs' udmdxlh f,i y`÷ka j d §
ffoYslhl udmdxlh u.ska
wxlkh lrk nj i|yka lrkak'
18
f¾Ld LKavhl È.la neúka lsis

úfgl RK fkdjk wÈYhla nj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
8' fok ,o ffoYsl folla iudk úYd,;ajfhka iudk tlu ÈYdjg jQ

ùug wjYH;d m%ldY lrhs' ffoYslj,g iudk ffoYsl hehs lshkq
,efí' B
D
>
>
A
C
yd ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska yd
u.ska ksrEmKh l< úg
iudka;rhs
ys ÈYdj iy ys
CD ÈYdj tl u úh hq;=hs'
9' m%;sj¾;s; foYslh w¾: ys úYd,;ajhu we;s ÈYdfjka thg
olajhs' m%;súreoaO jQ ffoYshla ys m%;sj¾;s;
ffoYslh f,i w¾: olajkak' th
u.ska olajk nj i|yka lrkak'
10'ffoYs l foll wdl,kh ffoYs l wdl,kh ms < s n | ;% s f lda K

ms<sn| ;s%fldaK kshuh m%ldY kshuh (
lrhs'
yd ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska
yd u.s k a ks r EmKh fõ kï
tajdfha ftlHh u.ska ksrEmKh
jk w;r th f,i ola j kq
,efí' ffoYsl wdl,kfha m%;sM,h o
ffoYslhla nj fmkajd fokak' îxjD;
.=Kh&
11'ffoYs l foll wdl,kh ffoYsl wdl,kh ms<sn| ;%sfldaK

ms < s n | iudka ; rdi% ks h uh kshuh Ndú;fhka ffoYsl wdl,kh
wfmdaykh lrhs' ms,sn| iudka;rdi% kshuh wfmdaykh
lrkak'
19
12'ffoYs l ;= k la fyda jeä ffoYsl folla i|yd wdl,k kshuh
.Kkla wdl,kh lrhs' fhdod .ksñka ffoYsl ;=kla fyda jeä
.Kkla wdl,kh lrk wkaou fmkajd
fokak'
13'ffoYs l folla jHdl,kh f.ka wvq lsÍu hkq g
lrhs' tl;= lsÍu nj m%ldY lrkak'
tkï
igyk( wdl,kh iy jHdl,kh
j,x.= jkafka tl u j¾.fha ffoYsl
i|yd muKs'
14' wNsY+kH foYslh w¾: úYd,;a j h Y+ k H jQ kS ¾ Kh l<

olajhs' fkdyels ÈYdjla we;s ffoYs l h
wNsY+kH ffoYslh f,i w¾: olajkak'
th u.ska wxlkh flf¾' ^fuh
lshjkq ,nkafka ffoYsl ´ f,i
nj o m%ldY lrkak'&
;jo nj;a
nj;a myod fokak'
15'ffoYs l hla wÈYhls k a .= K ffoYslhla o wÈYhla o jk úg

lrhs' hkq ys wÈY .=Kdldrhla f,i
y÷ka j d foka k ' " iy
wjia:d idlÉPd lrñka
ffoYslh úia;r lrkak'
WodyrK bÈßm;a lrkak'
16'ffoYsl folla w;r fldaKh ffoYsl foll ÈYd w;r fldaKh tu

y`÷kajhs' ffoYsl w;r fldaKh f,i y÷kajd
fokak'
17' iudka;r ffoYsl ls%hd f¾Ld iudka;r jk ffoYslj,g

y`÷kajhs' iudka;r ffoYsl hehs lshkq ,nk
nj m%ldY lrkak'
18'ffoYs l folla iudka ; r hkq ksYaY+kH wÈYhla jk úg

ùug wjYH;dj m%ldY lrhs' f,i m%ldY l, yels kï
yd iudka ; r jk nj fmka j d
fokak'
20
yd hkq ksYaY+kH iudka;r

fkdjk ffoYsl folla o" hkq
wÈY o jk úg ùug
wksjd¾h iy m%udKj;a wjYH;dj
ùu nj idOkh lrkak'
19' tall ffoYslh w¾: olajhs' úYd,;ajh tallhla jQ ffoYslhla

tall ffoYslhla f,i w¾: olajkak'
hkq § we;s wNs Y + k H fkdjk
ffoYslhla kï iy ys ÈYdjg tall
ffoYslhla kï neúka
f,i m%ldY l< yels nj
fmkajd fokak'
20' § we;s ´kEu ÈYd fok ,o ffoYslh úl¾Khla jk

folla Tiafia mßÈ" fok ,o ÈYd fol Tiafia noaO
ffoYslhla úfNaokh lrhs' mdo msysgk iudka;rdi%h ks¾udKh
lsÍfuka ffoYslh tlsfklg ,ïn
jk fyda fkdjk ÈYd follg
úfNaokh l< yels wdldrh fmkajd
fokak'
1.2 ffoYsl wdl,kfha .=K m%ldY ffoYs l wdl,kh ms < s n | my; 01

lrhs' oelafjk .=K bÈßm;a lr idOkh
lrkak'
i. kHdfoaYH kHdh
ii. ix>gk kHdh(

" yd ffoYsl ;=kla i|yd
iii. ú>gk kHdh (

yd wÈY jk úg
yd
21
1' ,laIHhl msysgqï ffoYslh uQ,hla wkqnoaOfhka ,laIHhl
1.3 w¾:l:kh lrhs' 03
msysgqï ffoYslh w¾: olajkak'
2' ,laIHhl msysgqï ffoYslh tall ffoYsl y÷kajd fokak'

tu ,laIHfha ldàiSh
LKa v dxl weiq f rka m% l dY wla I moa O ;s f hys uQ , h
lrhs' wkqnoaOfhka ,la I Hhl ms y s g q ï
ffoYslh jk úg" oaúudk
wjia : dfõ § kï" túg
o ;%sudk wjia:dfõ §
kï" túg
f,i o oelaúh yels nj fmkajd fokak'
oa ú udk wjia : dfõ §

nj;a ;%sudk wjia:dfõ §
nj;a fmka j d
fokak'
3' ´kEu ffoYslhka ffoYslhl ÈYdfõ ixrplh o

wdldrhg m%ldY lrhs' ÈYdfõ ixrplh o kï túg
ffoYs l h wdldrhg ,s ú h
yels nj fmkajd fokak'
4' wdldrfhka olajd yd kï

we;s ffoYsl wdl,kh yd yd
jHdl,kh lrhs'
f,i wdl,kh yd jHdl,kh l< yels

wdldrh fmkajd fokak' fuh ffoYsl
follg jvd jeä .Kklg o fhÈh
yels nj fmkajkak'
1.4 1' ffoYsl foll wosY .+Ks;h wÈY .=Ks;h 04

yd ffoYs l .= K s ; h w¾:
olajhs' yd hkq ´kEu wNsY+kH fkdjk
ffoYsl folla o tajd w;r fldaKh
o kï iy ys wÈY
.=Ks;h"
f,i w¾: olajkak'
22
fyda kï ìkaÿj
f,i w¾: olajkak' fuu .=Ks;h
iy ys ;s;a .=Ks;h f,i o y÷kajk
nj m%ldY lrkak'
ffoYsl .=Ks;h
yd hkq ´kEu wNsYk
+ H fkdjk
ffoYsl
folla o tajd w;r fldaKh
o kï iy ys
ffoYsl .=Ks;h"
" f,i yd
w;r ffoYsl .=Ks;h w¾:
olajkak' fuys hkq ys l%shd
f¾Ldfõ isg ys l%shd f¾Ldj foig
iq r ;a bia l = r ema m q j la lrljk úg"
bial=remamqj nisk w;g jQ o" yd
hk folg u ,ïn jQ o tall ffoYslh
fõ'" hk f,i w¾: oelaùu bÈßm;a
lrkak' fyda fyda
kï " wNsY+kH ffoYslh
f,m w¾: olajkak' fuu .=Ks;h
iy ys l;s r .= K s ; h f,i o
y÷kajk nj m%ldY lrkak'
2' ffoYsl foll wÈY .=Ks;h hkq wÈYhla nj myod

wÈYhla nj m%ldY lrhs' fokak'
kï nj o
nj o fmka j d
fokak' fuys fõ' ;j o

ksYaY+kH fõ'
3' wosY .=Ks;fha .=K m%ldY lrhs' i. kHdfoaYH kHdh
ii. ú>gk kHdh
23
4' wos Y .= K s ; h cHdñ;s l j hkq tall ffoYslhla jk úg

újrKh lrhs'
hkq u; ys m%,ïn
m%lafIamkh jk nj fmkajd fokak'
5' wosY .=Ks;h Ndú; jk ir, ksoiqka u`.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'
cHdñ;sl .eg¨ úi|hs'
2.1 1' wxY=j ms<sn| ixl,amh úia;r wfkl= ; a jia ; = yd ÿrj,a iu`. 04
lrhs' iei£fï § b;d l=vd ñkqï iys; >k
jia ; = j la wxY= j la f,i m% d fhda . s l
jYfhka i,lkq ,nk nj i|yka
lrkak' ffioaOdka;slj wxY=jla hkq
ialkaOhla we;s wrh Y+kH jQ f.da,hla
f,i w¾: olajkq ,nk neúka" th
cHdñ;sl j ,laIHhlska ksrEmKh
lrk nj o i|yka lrkak'
2' n,h ms<sn| ixl,amh úia;r ksYap, j we;s jia;=jl p,s;h we;s
lrhs' lrk fyda p,kh jk jia;=jl p,s;
iajNdjh fjkia lrk ndysr ls%hdj
n,h f,i y`ÿkajd fokak'
3' n,h hkq ia:dk.; n,hg l%shdldÍ ,laIHhla iy l%shd

ffoYslhla nj m%ldY lrhs' f¾Ldjla we;s neúka" th ia:dk.;
ffoYslhla f,i y÷kajd fokak'
4' n,h cHdñ;sl j ksrEmKh n,fha úYd,;ajh ukskq ,nk tallh

lrhs' ks õ gkh (IN) nj i|yka lrka k '
n,fha úYd,;ajhg iudkqmd;sl jk
È.lska hq;=" n,fha ÈYdjg we¢ ir,
f¾Ld
LKavhlska n,hla ksrEmKh l< yels
nj fmkajd fokak'
5' hdka ; % K fha fhfok úúO úúO wdldrfha n,

wdldrfha n, y÷kajd fohs'
i. wdl¾IK n,( jia;=jl nr
ii. iam¾Y jk mDIaG w;r wNs,ïn
m%;sl%shd
iii.
r`t mDIaG w;r m%;sl%shd ^wNs,ïn
m%;sls%hd iam¾Y ,laIHfha § fmdÿ
wNs,ïnh Tiafia o >¾IK n,h
iam¾Ylhla Tiafia o ls%hd lrhs'&
iv. ;ka;=jl wd;;sh
v. ieye,a¨ o`vqj, f;rmqu fyda
wd;;s h
24
6' ,laIHhl § l%shd lrk n, wd;;sh yd f;rmqu m%;Hdn, f,i

moaO;shl iïm%hqla;h úia;r y|qkajk nj o i|yka lrkak'
lrhs'
n, follaska fyda jeä .Kklska
fyda we;sjk M,hu we;s lrk ;ks
n,h tu n,j, iïm%hqla;h f,i
y÷kajd fokak'
7' ,laIHhl § l%shd lrk n, wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk n, foll

foll iïm% h q l a ; h fiùu iïm% h q l a ; h fiùu ms < s n | n,
ms<sn| n, iudka;rdi% kshuh iudka;rdi% kshuh bÈßm;a lrkak'
m%ldY lrhs'
n, iudka;rdi% kshuh(
,laIHhl § ls%hd lrk n, folla"
tu ,laIHh YS¾Ihla jk fia we¢
iudka;rdi%hl tu YS¾Ifha isg we¢
noaO mdo u`.ska úYd,;ajfhka iy
ÈYdfjka ks r EmKh l< úg n,
fofla iïm%hqla;h" tlS YS¾Ih yryd
jQ we¢ úl¾Kh u`.s k a
úYd,;a j fhka iy ÈYdfjka
ksrEmKh fjhs'
8' n, iudka ; rdi% ks h uh

weiq ß ka iïm% h q l a ; h ms < s n | Q R
iQ;% ,nd .kshs'
iy nj
fmkajkak'
úfYaIfhka"
wjia:d idlÉPd lrkak'
9' n, iudka;rdi% kshuh wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk n, foll

Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi|hs' iïm%hqla;h ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£ug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
25
10' fok ,o n,hla fok ,o n,h ksrEmKh lrk f¾Ld LKavh

ÈYd follg úfNaokh lrhs' úl¾Khla jk iy fok ,o ÈYd
fol Tia f ia noa O mdo ms y s g k
iudka;rdi%h ks¾udKh lsÍfuka
tu n,h fok ,o ÈYd folg
úfNaokh lrk wdldrh fmkajd
fokak' fok ,o n,h u`.ska we;s
lrk M,h u fuu úNskak fldgia
fyda ixrpl j,ska o ,nd fok nj
;yjqre lrkak'
11'fok ,o n,hla tls f klg .eg¨ úi£fï myiqj ;ld n,hla

,ïn ÈYd follg úfNaokh tls f klg ,ïn ÈYd follg
lrhs' úfNaokh lrkq ,nk nj i|yka
lr tu ixrpl ,nd .kak'
2.2 1' m%ia;dßl l%ufhka ,laIHhl wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk n, ;=kl 06

§ l%shd lrk n, ;=kl fyda fyda jeä .Kkl iïm%hqla;h ,nd
jeä .Kkl iïm% h q l a ; h .ekSu i|yd m%ia;dßl l%uh ^nyq
fidhhs' wi% l%uh& bÈßm;a lrkak'
2' n, úfNaokh u`.ska ,laIHhl wxY+jla u; ls%hd lrk n, moaO;shla

§ l%shd lrk tal;, n, ;=kl x fklg ,ïn wlaI folla Tiafia
tls
fyda jeä .Kkl iïm%hqla;h úfNaokh lr" úNskak fldgiaj,
fidhhs' ùÔh ftlHhka ie,lS f uka
iïm%hqla;h fidhk wdldrh
fmkajd fokak' iïm%hqla;h R o
,ïn ÈYdj,g n, moa O ;s f ha
ixrplj, ùÔh ftlHhka X yd Y
o kï u`.ska o
iïm%hqla;h ys ÈYdj iu`. idok
fldaKh kï"
u.ska o fokq ,nk nj fmkajkak'

fuu m% ; s t , Ndú;fhka .eg¨
úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
3' wxY=jla u; ls%hd lrk tal;, wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk tal;, n,

n, moa O ;s h la iu;= , s ; ùu moa O ;s h la iu;= , s ; ùu i|yd
i|yd wjYH;d m%ldY lrhs' iïmQ¾K úh hq;= wjYH;dj
iïm% h q l a ; h Y+ k H ùu fyj;a
yd ùu nj fmkajd
fokak' .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'
26
2.3 1' iu;=,s;;dj hkak meyeÈ,s wxY=jla u; l%h
s dlrk n, moaO;shl
lrhs' iïm%hqla;h Y+kH kï" tu wxY=j
06
iu;= , s ; j mj;s k nj fmka j d
fokak'
2' n, folla hgf;a wxY= j la yd n, folla hgf;a wxY=jla

iu;=,;
s j mej;Sug ;sìh hq;= iu;=,s; j mj;S kï tu n, fol
wjYH;d m%ldY lrhs' úYd,;ajfhka iudk iy ÈYdfjka
m%;súreoaO nj ^tkï tal f¾Çh nj&
fmkajd fokak'
3' ta l ;, n, ;= k la hgf;a n, ;= f kka ´kE u foll
wxY=jla iu;=,s; j mej;Sug iïm% h q l a ; h ;= k a j eks n,hg
;s ì h hq ; = wjYH;d m% l dY úYd,;ajfhka iudk iy ÈYdfjka
lrhs' m%;súreoaO kï" wxY=j iu;=,s; jk
nj fmkajd fokak'
4' ,laIHhl § ls%hd lrk n, n, ;%sfldaK m%fïhh ( wxY=jla
;=kl iu;=,s;;dj i|yd jQ u; ls%hdlrk tal;, n, ;=kla
n, ;s%fldaK m%fïhh m%ldY úYd,;a j fhka iy ÈYdfjka
lrhs' ;%sfldaKhl wkqms<sfj,ska .;a mdo
u.ska ksrEmKh l< yels kï" tu
n, ;=k iu;=,s; j we;'
5' n, ;s%fldaK m%fïhh idOkh n, ;s % f lda a K m% f ïhh idOkh

lrhs' lrkak'
6' n, ;s%fldaK m%fïhfha wxY+jla u; l%shdlrk tal f¾Çh

úf,dauh m%ldY lrhs' fkdjk tal;, n, ;=kla iu;=,s;
j we;akï tu n, ;=k ;%sfldaKhl
wkq m s < s f j,s k a .;a mdo u`.s k a
úYd,;ajfhka iy ÈYdfjka oelaúh
yels h'
7' n, ;%sfldaK m%fïhfha idOkh lr olajkak'
úf,dauh idOkh lrhs'
8' ,laIHhl § lsh

% d lrk tal;, ,dó m%fïhh ( wxY=jla u; l%shd
n, ;=kl iu;=,s;;dj i|yd lrk tal;, n, ;=kla iu;=,s;
,dó m%fïhh m%ldY lrhs' j we;akï" ta tla tla n,h b;sß
n, fol w;r fldaKfha ihskhg
iudkqmd;sl fjhs'
9' ,dó m%fïhh idOkh lrhs' ,dó m%fïhh idOkh lrkak'
10' ,laIHhl § ls%hd lrk n, ;%sfldaK kshuh" tys úf,dauh

n,;=kl iu;=,s;;dj iy ,dó m% f ïhh Ndú;fhka
ms<snò .eg¨ úi|hs' ,laIHl § ls%hd lrk n, ;=kl
iu;=,s;;dj ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£ug
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
27
12 jk fYa%Ksh
fojeks jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h - 1
11.1 1' wiudk;d w¾: olajhs' yd ;d;a;aúl ixLHd jk úg" 04
yd hkq Ok jk mßÈ
;d;a;aúl ixLHd kï iy túg u
muKla g jvd úYd, fõ'
yd hkq RK jk mßÈ
jQ ;d;a;aúl ixLHd kï iy túg u
muKla g jvd l=vd fõ'
2' wiudk;d ;d;a ; a ú l ixLHd wiudk;d ixLHd f¾Ldj weiq ß ka

f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrhs' meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' m%dka;r wxlkh u.ska ys m%dka;r f,i we;s my; i|yka

wiudk;d olajhs' úfYaI Wml=,l o y÷kajd fokak'
o úg
m%dka;rh wxlkh
my; m%dka;r o meyeÈ,s lrkak'
4' ;%sOdlrK kS;sh m%ldY lrhs' yd hkq ´kE u ixLHd folla

jk úg my; tajdhska tlla iy tlla
muKla u ;Dma; fõ'
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
28
5' wiudk;d ms<sn| uQ,sl m%;sM, m%;sM,

m%ldY lr idOkh lrhs'
jk úg"
i. iy
ii.
iii. iy
iv. iy
v. iy
vi. iy
vii. iy
viii.
xi.
x. iy Ok mßfïh
ixLHdjla jk úg iy
fõ'
11.2 1' nyqmo wvx.= wiudk;d úi|hs' iy hkq ys nyq m o 04

folla jk úg
jeks wiudk;djka ;Dma; lrk

ys w.h m%dka;r fiùfï ls%hdj,shg
isiqka fhduq lrkak' talc" j¾.c Y%s;
we;= , ;a úi÷ï wiudk;d ,l= K
Ndú;fhka iy l= , l wxlkh
Ndú;fhka bÈßm;a lrkak'
2' mßfïh Y%s; wvx.= wiudk;d fuys mßfïh Y%s;j, yrfha fyda ,jfha
úi|hs' ud;%h fol fyda Bg wvq wjia:d muKla
ie,fla'
29
3.1 1' talc Ys%;hla y÷kajhs' iy jk úg 15

hkq talc Y%s;hls'
2' j¾.c Ys%;hla hkq l=ulaoehs iy jQ

meyeÈ,s lrhs' wdldrfha
Y%s;hla j¾.c Ys%;hla f,i y÷kajk
nj m%ldY lrkak'
3' j¾.c Y%s;hl ,laIK meyeÈ,as wdldrhg

lrhs' j¾.c Ys%;h ,súh yels nj fmkajd §
ta weiqfrka ys úúO w.hhka i|yd
j¾.c Y%s;fha ,l=K idlÉPd lrkak'
Y%s;fha m%ia;drh f¾Ldj jgd

iuñ;sl jk nj o fmkajd fokak'
i. úg yd jk
wjia:d
ii. úg yd jk
wjia:d
iii. úg yd jk
wjia:d
by; wjia:dj, § j¾.c Y%s;fha

yeis Í u idlÉPd lrka k ' fuys
hkak
Y%s;fha úfõplh f,i y÷kajd fokak'
Ok fyda RKùu wkq j
j¾.c Y%s;fha
hkq wju fyda Wmßu w.h nj
fmkajd fokak'
;d;a;aúl Y+kH mej;Su fyda
fkdmej;Su WodyrK u.ska meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
4' j¾.c Ys%;hl m%ia;drh w¢hs' fyda fyda iy

fyda jk wjia:d i|yd úúO
Y%s;j, m%ia;dr we£ug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'
30
isiqka úiska w¢k ,o m%ia;dr weiqßka
5' j¾.c Ys%;fha m%ia;drfha úúO
j¾.c Y%s;fha ,laIK ;yjqre lrkak'
wdldr y÷kd .kshs'
jk j¾.c Y%s;fha
3.2 1' j¾.c iólrKh hkq 15
Y+ k H ,la I H ,nd fok
l=ulaoehs y÷kajhs'
g j¾.c
=
iólrKhla hehs lshkq ,nk nj
m%ldY lrkak'
tla úp,Hhl j¾.c iólrKhlg

2' j¾.c iólrKhl uQ ,
idOdrK jYfhka uQ, folla muKla
fidhhs'
we;s nj idOkh lrkak'
tu uQ, fol yd kï
nj fmkajkak'
3' j¾.c iólrKhl uQ , j, fyda fyda 0 ùu wkqj

iajNdjh úia;r lrhs' j¾.c iólrKfha uQ, ;d;a;aúl iy
m%Nskak fyda ;d;a;aúl iy iumd;
fyda w;d;a;aúl jk nj fmkajkak'
fuys úf,dauh o i;H nj fmkajkak'
uQ, ;d;a;aúl ùu i|yd wksjd¾h yd
m% u dKj;a wjYH;dj
31
ùu nj myod fokak' g
j¾.c iólrKfha
úfõplh hehs lshkq ,efí'
4' j¾.c iólrKhl uQ , j, j¾.c iólrKfha

ftlHh iy .= K s ; h tys
ix.=Kl weiqfrka m%ldY lrhs' uQ , kï iy
nj fmkajkak'
5' uQ , j, iuñ;s l Y% s ; uQ , j¾.c iólrKfha

jYfhka we;s j¾.c iólrK uQ, kï iy ys iuñ;sl
fidhhs' Y%s; uQ, jYfhka we;s j¾.c iólrK
,nd .kak'
6' j¾.c Ys % ; iy j¾.c iq ÿ iq .eg¨ úi£ug is i q k a fhduq

iólrK we;= , ;a .eg¨ lrkak'
úi|hs'
x
7 1' >d;Sh Ys%;h w¾: olajhs' hk 03
wmßñ; nyqmo fY%aKsfha ftlHh

u`.ska olajkq ,nk w;r th >d;Sh
Y%;
s h f,i y÷kajk nj m%ldY lrkak'
2' >d;Sh Ys%;fha jiu iy mrdih fuys § fh§ we;af;a >d;h f,i
i|yka lrhs' ksid thg >d;Sh Ys%;h hehs lshuq'
kï
nj i|yka lrkak'
3' hkq wmßfïh ixLHdjla nj fuys hkq jk úg by;

m%ldY lrhs' fY%aKsfha ftlHhhs' th Ok wmßfïh
ixLHdjls'
4' ys w.h ika k s l ¾IKh

lrhs'
32
hkq Ok wmrsfïh ixLHdjla nj
wjOdrKh lrkak'
5' ys ,laIK úia;r lrhs' ;d;a;aúl ixLHdjla jk úg"
nj m%ldY lrkak'
6' >d;S h Ys % ; h o o¾Yl kS ; s by; (i),(ii) yd (iii) ,laIK weiqßka

;Dma; lrk nj m%ldY lrhs' o o¾Yl kS ; s ;Dma ; lrk nj
wfmdaykh lrkak'
7' ys m%ia;drh w¢hs' ys m%ia;drh bÈßm;a lrkak'

fuu wjia:dfõ § m%ia;drfhys yevh
muKla bÈßm;a lsÍu m%udKj;a fõ'
8' ys m%ia;drh w¢hs' ys m% i a ; drh we£ug is i q k a

fhduq lrkak'
9' m%lD;s ,>q.Kl Ys%;h w¾: jk úg

olajhs'
f,i w¾: oelafjk g m%lD;s ,>q
.Kl Y%s;h hehs lshkq ,nk nj myod
fokak'
10' ,>q.Kl Ys%;fha jiu yd kï

mrdih i|yka lrhs'
33
11' ys .=K i|yka lrhs' i.
ii.
iii.
12' ys m%ia;drh w¢hs' ys m%ia;drh bÈßm;a lrkak'

fuu wjia:dfõ § m%ia;drfha yevh
muKla bÈßm;a lsÍu m%udKj;a fõ'
13' jk úg w¾: Ys % ; h f,i w¾:

olajhs' olajkak'
14' ys jiu yd mrdih Y%s;Sh wxlkh kï

i|yka lrhs'
19 1' ;%f
s ldaKñ;sl iólrK úi|hs' 04
wdldrfha iólrK
ii. idOlj,g fjka l< yels

wdldrfha iólrK
iii. mhs;.ria i¾jiduH" wdl,k iQ;%"

.=Kk iQ;% Ndú;fhka úi¢h yels
iólrK
iv. oaú;aj fldaK" ;%s;aj fldaK iy

w¾O fldaK i|yd jQ iQ;%
Ndú;fhka úi¢h yels iólrK'
by; wdldrj,g mßj¾;kh l< yels

fjk;a wdldrj, ;% s f lda K ñ;s l
iólrK úi£u o wfmalaId flf¾'
wdldrfha
iólrK o úi¢h yels nj wjOdrKh
lrkak'
34
20 1' m%;sf,dau ;%sfldaKñ;sl Y%s; i. kï túg y ÿka úg 06

w¾: olajhs'
x ys w.h hkak "
f,i m%ldY lrk nj o"
Ys%;hla fkdjk
neúka ys jiu iSud
lsÍfuka th Y%s;hla f,i ie,lsh
yels nj o myod fokak'
fuys iïu; jYfhka ys
jiu f,i iSud

lrkq ,efí' fuys yd
w;=re udre lsÍfuka
f,i ,súh yelsh'
ii. o w¾: olajd

jiug wh;a w.hhka
m%Odk w.hka nj myokak'
iii. o w¾: olajd
jiug wh;a w.hka
m%Odk w.hka nj myokak'
2' m%;sf,dau ;%sfldaKñ;sl Y%s;j, ys jiu

jiu iy mrdih i|yka lrhs'
mrdih
ys jiu
mrdih
ys jiu
mrdih
35
3' m%;sf,dau ;%sfldaKñ;sl
Y%s;j, m%ia;dr w¢hs'
Ys % ; j, m% i a ; dr we| ola j ka k '
o w¾: olajkak' tajdfha

jiu" mrdih i|yka lrkak' tu
Y%s;j, m%ia;dr we| olajkak'
4' m%;sf,dau ;%sfldaKñ;sl m% ; s f ,da u ;% s f lda K ñ;s l Y% s ; wvx.=

Y% s ; w;r ir, iïnka O ;d .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
idlÉPd lrhs'
36
ixhqla; .Ks;h - II
2.4 1' oDV jia;=j úia;r lrhs' jia ; = j la u; n,hla fh¥úg tu 04

jia;=fõ wxY= folla w;r ÿr fjkia
fkdfõ kï th oDV jia;=jla f,i
y÷kajd fokak'
2' n, iïfm% a I H;d uQ , O¾uh oDV jia;=j u; ls%hd lrk n,hla tys
m%ldY lrhs' l%shd f¾Ldfõ ´kEu ,laIHhl § l%shd
lrkafka hehs ie,lsh yels nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
3' n,hl W;a;drK iy N%uK n,hlska ir, f¾Çh p,s;hla fuka

M, meyeÈ,s lrhs' u N%uKhla o we;s úh yels nj fmkajd
fokak'
4' ,laIHhla jgd n,hl >Q¾Kh ,laIHhla jgd n,hl >Q¾Kh hkq
w¾: olajhs' n,fha úYd,;ajfha iy tu ,laIHfha
isg n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïn
ÿfrys .=Ks;h hk w¾: oelaùu bÈßm;a
lrkak'
5' >Q ¾ Kfha fN!;s l w¾:h oDV jia;=jla u; ndysr n,hl l%shdj
meyeÈ,s lrhs' fya ; = f jka ls i s h ï ,la I Hhla jgd
N%uKh ùug fmd<Ujk ñKqula f,i
>Q¾Kh ms<sn| ixl,amh f.dvk`.kak'
ôaúudk wjia:dj i|yd muKs'& fuu
>Q¾Kh u`.ska uefkkafka tu ,laIHh
iy n,fha l%shd f¾Ldj u`.ska kS¾Kh
lrk ;,hg ,ïn f¾Ldjla jgd
yerjqï M,hla nj wjfndaO lr fokak'
6' ,laIHhla jgd n,hl >Q ¾ Kfha w; ola I s K dj¾; j fyda

>Q¾Kfha úYd,;ajh iy w; jdudj¾; j ie,ls h hq ; = wldrh
fidhhs' fmkajd fokak' ,l=Kq iïuq;h s g wkqj
jdudj¾; >Q ¾ Kh Ok f,i o
ola I s K dj¾; >Q ¾ Kh RK f,i o
i,lkq ,nk nj myod fokak'
O
O
O ,laIHh jgd n,fha

>Q¾Kh
37
O
ON ,la I Hh jgd n,fha
N
>Q¾Kh N
7' >Q ¾ Kfha udk iy ta l l udk nj o tallh

m%ldY lrhs' nj o fmkajd fokak'
8' ,laIHhla jgd n, moaO;shl úYd,;ajfhka" ÈYdfjka iy msyà

s fuka
>Q ¾ Kfha úYd,;a j h
cHdñ;sl j újrKh lrhs' u`.ska ksrEmKh jk úYd,;ajh
jQ n,hl O ,laIHh jgd >Q¾Kfha
úYd,;ajh ;s%fldaKfha
j¾.M,h fuka fo.=Khla jk nj
myod fokak'
9' tal;, n, moaO;shl ;,fha fok ,o tal;, n, moaO;shg wh;a

jQ ,la I Hhla jgd n,j, n,j, ;,fha ,laIHhla jgd >Q¾Kj,
>Q ¾ Kj, ùÔh ftlHh ùÔh ftlHh fiùfï .eg¨ úi£ug
ks¾Kh lrhs' isiqka fhduq lrkak'
10' n, >Q¾Kh ms<sn| idOdrK tal;, n, moaO;shla l%shd lrk

uQ,O¾uh m%ldY lrhs' ;,fha msysá ´kEu ,laIHhla jgd
tu n,j, >Q¾Kj, ùÔh ftlHh"
tu n, moaO;sfha iïm%hqla;h" tu
,la I Hh jgd we;s lrk >Q ¾ Khg
iudk jk nj i|yka lrka k '
îdOkh wjYH fkdfõ'& ks o iq k a
weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2.5 1' oDV jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk

• n, fol iudka;r fkdjk úg; 04
n, foll iïm% h q l a ; h
n, fol tla ,laIHhl § yuqjk
fidhhs'
neúka ta j dfha iïm% h q l a ; h
fiùug n, iudka;rdi% kshuh
fhÈh yels wdldrh fmka j d
fokak'
• n, fol iudka ; r jk úg;

tlsfklg iudka;r f¾Ld Tiafia
l%shd lrk n," iudka;r n, f,i
38
y÷kajkak' iudka;r n, folla

tl u ÈYdjg l% s h d lrk úg
icd;Sh n, jYfhka o m%;súreoaO
w;g l% s h dlrk úg úcd;S h n,
jYfhka o y÷kajk nj iòyka
lrkak'
n, iudka ; rdi% ks h uh u`.s k a

ta j dfha iïm% h q l a ; h fidhd .;
fkdyels nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
<
<
P R=P+Q Q
<
A B C
icd;Sh
<
<
R=P-Q P
úcd;Sh
C A B
<
A Q P>Q
<
Q
<
P
úcd;Sh
B C
<
P<Q
R=Q-P
icd;Sh n, fol iy o
iïm%hqla;h o tajdfha ls%hd
f¾Ldj,ska lsishï ir, f¾Ldjla
ms<sfj,ska iy ,laIHj,
§ fþokh fõ kï o" n, fol
icd;S h kï nj o
úcd;Sh kï
nj o wjia : d fofla § u
jk nj o m%ldY
lrkak'
2' oDV jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk oDV jia;=jla u; l%shd lrk n, folla
n, foll iu;=,s;;dj i|yd iu;=,s; ùug n, fol tal f¾Çh o
wjYH;d m%ldY lrhs' úYd,;a j fhka iudk iy ÈYdfjka
m%;súreoaO o úh hq;= nj fmkajd fokak'
3' n, hq.auh y÷kajhs' úYd,;a j fhka iudk m% ; s ú reoa O

ÈYdj,g l%shd lrk" tal f¾Çh fkdjk
iudka;r n, follska n, hq.auhla
iukaú; jk nj y÷kajd fokak' fï
wjoa : dfõ § n, foflys ffoYs l
39
ftlHh Y+ k H jk nj o ´kEu
,laIHhla jgd n, foflys >Q¾Kj,
ùÔh ftlHh Y+kH fkdjk nj o
fmkajd fokak' tneúka W;a;drK
p,s;hla we;s fkdjk nj;a yerjqï
M,hla muKla we;s nj;a fmka j d
fokak'
4' n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh .Kkh hq.aufha ;,fha jQ ´kEu ,laIHhla

lrhs' jgd n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh tla n,hl
úYd,;ajh n, fofla l%shd f¾Ld
w;r ,ïn ÿr jk nj fmkajd fokak'
,l=Kq iïuq;sh wkqj jdudj¾; >Q¾Kh
Ok f,i o olaIsKdj¾; >Q¾Kh RK
f,i o i,lk nj i|yka lrkak'
<
F
F <
N
n,=hq.aufha >Q¾Kh
< F
F<
n, hq.aufha >Q¾Kh N
N
5' n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh" >Q¾K

.kq ,nk ,laIHfhka <
F
iajdh;a; nj m%ldY lrhs'
F <
n, foflys O
N jgd >Q¾Kh
40
hq . a u fha ;,fhys fjk;a ´kEu

,la I Hhla jgd o by; >Q ¾ Kh u
,efnk nj fmkajd fokak'
6' tal;, n, hq.au folla ;=,H iudk >Q¾K iys; ^tl u úYd,;ajh
ùug wjYH;d m%ldY lrhs' iy tl u w; we;s& tal ;, n, hq.au
follska oDV jia;=jla u; tl u
N%uK M,h we;s lrk neúka tajd ;=,H
fõ' ^tla hq.auhla fjkqjg wfkl
fhdod .; yels nj fmkajd fokak'&
7' ta l ;, n, hq . a u folla tl u úYd,;ajh iy m%;súreoaO w;

ix;= , kh ùug wjYH;d we;s n, hq.au folla oDV jia;=jla
m%ldY lrhs' u; tl úg fh¥ úg N%uK M,h Y+kH
jk neúka u n, hq . a u fol
tlsfklska ix;=,kh jk nj fmkajd
fokak'
8' ta l ;, n, hq . a u folla n, hq . a u ixfhda c kfha § ,l= K q

ixfhdackh lrhs' iïuq;sh fhdod f.k tajdfha >Q¾Kj,
ùÔh ftlHh .; hq;= nj fmkajd
fokak'
R
2.6 1' n, hq.auhl yd tys ;,fha 10
l% s h d lrk ;ks n,hl A R
ixfhdackhla ;ks n,hlg O b
W!kkh lrhs'
-R B
>Q¾Khla iys; hq.auhla o tys

;,fha l%shd lrk R ;ks n,hla" tu
n,fha l%shd ,laIHfha isg ÿrlska
l%shd lrk R g iudk yd iudka;r jQ

n,hlg ;=,H nj fmkajkak'
2' hï ,laIHhl § ls%hd lrk P kï ,la I Hhl § l% s h d lrk F

;ks n,hla " fjk;a n,hla" Q ,laIHhl § l%shd lrk F
,laIHhl § ls%hd lrk ;ks n,hlg;a >Q¾Kh iys;
n,hlg yd hq.auhlg ;=,H n, hq.auhlg;a ;=,H jk nj fmkajd
jk nj m%ldY lrhs' fokak'
41
12 jk fYa%Ksh
f;jeks jdrh
ixhqla; .Ks;h I
ksmqK;d úIh lreKq lrf.k hdu ld,Éfþo
bf.kqï M,
23'1 1' jDoaê iy jDoaê wkqmd;h hïls i s úp,Hhl l= v d fjkia ù ula 04

w¾: olajhs' idudkHfhka u.ska oelafõ'
hkq ixfla;hla ñi yd .=Ks;h
fkdjk nj wjOdrKh lrkak' hkq
ys Y% s ; hla hehs .ks u q ' túg
iajdh;a; úp,Hh o mrdh;a;
úp,Hh o fõ' ys fjkiaùu jk
úg ys fjkiaùu hhs .ksuq'
ys jiug wh;a jk
úg"
hkak
oS fjkiaùï wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajd

fokak'
2' Y%s;hl jHq;amkakh mj;sk yd jk úg by; fjkia ù fï

fkdmj;s k wjia : d idlÉPd wkq m d;h hïls i s mßñ; iS u djlg
lrhs'
t<fò kï oS Y%s;h
úIhfhka wjl,kh l< yels
^wjl,Hh& hhs lshkq ,efí' tu mßñ;
iSudjg § ys jHq;amkakh
fyda ys wjl,k ix.= K lh hehs
lshkq ,efí'
th fyda
fyda
ixfla; u.ska oelafõ'
my; i|yka wjia:dj, § kï ys

Y% s ; hl jHq ; a m ka k h o
fkdmj;S'
(i) wvx.= újD; m%dka;rfha oS

w¾: olajd ke;s úg
55
bf.kqï M,
(ii) iSudj
mßñ; fkdjk úg
fïjd WodyrK u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' jHq;amkak Y%s;h w¾: olajhs' hkq ys Y%s;hla hhs .ksuq' hï lsis
,laIhl § ys jHq;amkakh jk
mj;S kï tjka ishü w.hka
jiu f,i we;s Y%s;h Y%s;fha
jHq;amkak Y%s;h fõ' tkï"
fõ'
tkï
hkak Y%s;fha jHq;amkak Y%s;h fõ'
th fyda úg
u.s k a oela f õ'
4' jHq;amkakh cHdñ;sl j ,la I Hhl §" jHq ; a m ka k h

ksrEmKh lrhs' u.s k a tu ,la I Hfha § ys
m% i a ; drhg w¢kq ,nk ia m ¾Ilfha
wkql%uKh ksrEmKh jk nj fmkajd
fokak'
23.2 1' Y% s ; hla m% : u uQ , O¾uj,s k a n ksÅ,hla jk úg ys wjl,kh 05

wjl,kh lrhs' iy uQ,sl ;%sfldaKñ;sl Y%s;j,
wjl,kh" m%uQ,O¾u j,ska fidhk
wdldrh fmkajd fokak'
n hkq ´kEu mßfïh ixLHdjla jk

2' fidhhs'
úg nj idOkh lr
fmkajkak'
56
bf.kqï M,
23'3 1' jHq ; a m ka k h ms < s n | uQ , s l (i) ksh;hla úg kï 05

m%fïhh m%ldY lrhs'
kï
kï
by; m% f ïhhka idOkh lr

fmkajkak'
2' jHq;amkak ms<sn| uQ,sl m% ; s M ,h iy by;

m% f ïhh Ndú; lr .eg¨
m% f ïhh Ndú;fhka iq ÿ iq ks o iq k a
úi|hs'
lsym s hla isik
q g myod § .eg¨ úi£ug
fhduq lrkak'
3' .=Ks;hl" ,íêhl" ixhqla;

Y%S;hl jHq;amkakh i|yd jQ
m%fïhh m%ldY lrhs'
hkq ys Y%s;hla o hkq ys
Y%s;hla o jk úg
ôdu kS;sh& yd tys úia;SrKh
4' úúO ;%sfldaKñ;sl Ys%;j, by; m%;sM, bÈßm;a lrkak' idOkh

jHq;amkak fidhhs' wjYH fkdfõ'
57
bf.kqï M,
23'4 1' m%;sf,dau jD;a; Y%s;j, by; m% ; s M , Ndú; lr úúO wdldr 03

jHq;amkak fidhhs' .eg¨ úi§ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
nj ,nd .kak'
2' m%;sf,dau jD;a; Y%s;j, by; iQ;% Ndú;fhka úúO Ys%;

jHq;amkak Ndú;fhka .eg¨ wjl,kh lrhs'
úi|hs'
3' >D;Sh Y%s;fha jHq;amkakh m%uq,

nj m%uq,O¾u Ndú;fhka
O¾u Ndú;fhka fidhhs'
,nd .kak'
4' >d;Sh Y%s;fha jHq;amkakh wod< .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkaak
Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi|hs'
5' ys jHq;amkakh nj wfmdayKh

wfmdaykh lrhs'
lrkak'
6' ys jHq;amkakh wfmdaykh

nj wfmdaykh lrkak'
lrhs'
7' yd Y%s; jHq;amkak

ksoiqka bÈßm;a lr wNHdi fokak'
Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi|hs'
23'5 1' wOHyD; Y%s; w¾: olajhs iy úp,H foll 03

wdldrfha úúO iólrK
bÈßm;a fldg ta j dfha Wla ; l<
fyd;a i|yd weiq f rka ms < s ; = r e
tllg jvd ,eìh yels nj fmka j d
fokak' iqÿiq jiula f;dard.;a úg iuyr
wjia:dj, § ta tl tflys hkq ys
Y% s ; hla fõ' wdldrfha
iólrKhls k a ks ¾ Kh lrkq ,nk
fujeks Y% s ; j,g wOHdyD; Y% s ; hehs
lshkq ,efí'
58
bf.kqï M,
2' wOHd;D; Y%s;j, jHq;amkak wdldrfha iy y s

fidhhs' iólrKhls k a ,efnk tla tla
wOHdyD; Y%s;fha jHq;amkak fjk
fjk u fidhd fmkajkak' bkamiq uq,a
iólrKh úIhfhka wjl,kh
ls Í fuka by; jHq ; a m ka k is h ,a , u
tljr ,nd.; yels nj fmkajd fokak'
3' mrdñ;sl Y%s; wjl,kh lrhs' iy hkq mrdñ;sfha wjl,H Y%s;
jk úg
túg mrdñ;sfha Y%s;hls'
nj fmkajd
fokak'
23'6 1' by< >kfha jHq ; a m ka k hkq ys Y%s;hla úg hkak 03

fidhhs' úIhfhka jdrhla wjl,kfhka
jk >Kfha jHq;m
a kakh ,efí' fuh
fyda fyda u.s k a
olajkq ,efí'
2' úúO wdldrj, Y%s; wjl,kh by; m%;sM, Ndú; lr úúO wdldr
lrhs' .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
24'1 1' uOHl iS>%;dj iy laIKsl kï 03

iS>%;dj w¾: olajhs'
úp,Hh isg olajd fjkia
ùfï § g x úIhfhka ys uOHl
fjkiaùfï iS>%;dj hehs lshkq ,efí'

kï úIhfhka o
59
bf.kqï M,
fjkiaùfï laIKsl iS>%;dj
f,i w¾: oelafõ'
2' m%fõ.h iy ;ajrKh p,kh jk wxY= j l úia : dmkh

ms<sfj,ska ld,h wkqnkaOfhka ld,fha Y%s;hla fõ' úIhfhka
úia : dmkfha iy m% f õ.fha
jHq;amkak nj m%ldY lrhs' fjkiaùfï laIKsl iS>%;dj
hkak ld,fha § wxY=fõ m%fõ.h
f,i w¾: oelafõ' p,kh jk
jia;j
= l m%fõ.h ld,fha Ys;
% hla
fõ' úIhfhka fjkia ù fï
laIKsl iS>%;dj hkak ld,fha
§ wxY=fõ ;ajrKh f,i w¾:

oelafõ'
3' m%dka;r ;=< jeäjk wvqjk ´kEu i|yd

Y%s; fjka lr oelafõ'
úg kï
u; jeä jk Y%s;hla hehs

lshkq ,efí'
´kEu i|yd úg
kï u; wvq
fkdjk Y%s;hla hehs lshkq ,efí'
´kEu i|yd úg
kï u; wvq
jk Y%s;hla hehs lshkq ,efí'
´kEu i|yd
úg kï u;
jeä fkdjk Y%s;hla hehs lshkq ,efí'
60
bf.kqï M,
4' jHq;amkak Ndú;fhka Y% s ; hl jHq ; a m ka k Ndú;fhka

m%dka;rhla ;=< Ys%;hla yeisÍu m%dka;rhla ;=< jeä jk fyda wvqjk
ks¾Kh lrhs' Y%s; ks¾Kh lrk whqre myod fokak'
Ys%;fha ys jeä jk
Ys % ; hla ùug wjYH;dj nj
m%ldY lrkak' rEmhla weiqfrka ta;a;=

.kajkak'
wvqjk Ys%; i|yd o wkqrEm wjYH;dj

m%ldY lrkak'
24.2 § we;s ,laIHhl § jl%hg wvx.= újD; m%dka;rhl w¾: olajd 03

weòs ia m ¾Ylfha iywNs , -
ïNfha iólrK ,shhs' we;s Ys%;h i,lkak'
hk iSudj
mj;S kï th hhs .ks u q ' túg

jl%hg ,laIHfha §
we¢ iam¾Ilfha wkql%uKh jk w;r
iam¾Ilfha iólrKh
fõ'
24.3 1' § we;s jl%hl wjê ,laIHh ys § w¾: olajd we;s wjl,kh 03
w¾: olajhs' l< yels Ys%;hl jkfia
jQ ,laIHh wjê ,laIHhla f,i
w¾: olajkak'
iqÿiq WodyrK u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' idfma l a I Wmßuh iy i|yd

idfmalaI wjuh hkq l=ula oehs jkfia mj;S kï ys §
úia;r lrhs' idfma l a I Wmßuhla we;s n j fmka j d
fokak'
i|yd
jkfia jQ mj;S kï
ys § idfmalaI wjuhla we;s nj
fmkajd fokak'
61
bf.kqï M,
iqÿiq WodyrK u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

jk kuq ; a idfma l a I
Wmßuhla fyda wjuhla fkdjk wjia:d
o WodyrK u.ska ilÉPd lrkak'
3' § we;s jl%hl Wmßu iy wju ;=< wjl,kh l< yels Y%s;hg
,laIH fiùug "m%:u jHq;m
a kak ys § idfmalaI Wmßuhla fyda
mÍlaIdj" fhdohs'
wjuhla we;akï fõ'
;= < wjl,kh l< yels

Y%s;hg ys§ jQ
muKs k a u ys § g idfma l a I
Wmßuhla fyda wjuhla ;sîu wksjd¾h
fkdfõ'
4' idfmalaI Wmßuhla fyda WodyrK u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

idfmalaI wjuhla fkdjk wjê
,laIH o mj;sk nj m%ldY lrhs'
5' § we;s jl%hl yereï ,laIHhla

yd kï
Wmßuhla o" wjuhla o k;s
j¾;khla oehs mÍlaId lsÍug ysoS wjuhla o
fojk wjl,k ix.= K lh yd kï
Ndú; lrhs'
ys § Wmßuhla o yd
kï ys § jl%hg k;s
j¾;khla o we;s nj fmkajd fokak'
03
24'4 ir, jl%hl o< m%ia;drh w|shs' by; uQ,O¾u Ndú; lr ir, Y%s;j,
m%ia;dr we§ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
fuys§ ;sria yd isria iam¾fYdakauqL

wvx.= WodyrK o wfmalaIs;hs'
24'5 tÈfkod Ôú;fha .eg¨ úi£ug tÈfkod Ôú;fha § Wmßuh yd wjuh 05

jHq;amkakh Ndú; lrhs' ms<sn| woyi Ndú; jk .eg¨ úi£u
i|yd isiqka fhduq lrkak'
9 1' ;¾ldkql+, idOk l%uhla f,i n Ok ksÅ,uh u; r|d mj;sk .Ks;uh 05

.Ks; wNHqykh y÷kd .kshs' m%;sM,hla ;¾ldkql+, f,i mshjfrka
mshjr idOkh lsÍug fhdod.; yels
idOk m% r Emhla f,i .Ks ; uh
wNHqykh bÈßm;a lrkak' .Ks;
62
bf.kqï M,
wNHqykh l%ufha § fhdod .kq ,nk

mshjr my; oelafjk whqre bÈßm;a
lrkak'
i. úg m%;sM,h i;H nj
fmkaùu'
ii. Ôk ksÅ,hla& úg m%;sM,h
i;H nj idOkh lsÍu'
iii. wjidk jYfhka .Ks; wNHqykh
u.ska ish¨ Ok ksÅ,uh i|yd
m%;sM,h i;H nj m%ldY lsÍu'
2' .eg¨ úi£u i|yd .Ks ; ksoiqka bÈßm;a lr wNHdi fokak'

wNHqyk l%uh Ndú; lrhs'
P 06
3'4 1' O%ejl LKavdxl moaO;sh
y÷kajhs'
O A
O wp, ,laIHhla o OA wp, f¾Ldjla

o P úp,H ,la I Hhla o jk úg
iy ys O%ejl
LKa v dxl f,i y÷ka j k nj

m%ldY lrkak' fuys jk w;r
jdudj¾; j ueka k flda K h Ok
jYfhka ie,fla'
2' O%ejl LKavdxl iy ldáiSh wla I moa O ;s h wkq n oa O fhka

LKavdxl w;r iïnkaOh ,nd kï iy
.kshs'
f,i ,nd .kak'
f,i fmka j d
fokak
0
A
63
bf.kqï M,
3' wxY=jl msyà

s u ffoYsl weiqfrka P wxY=j p,kh jk ;,fha jQ wlaI
m%ldY lrhs'
moaO;shla i,lkak' wlaI Èf.a
tall ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska iy f,i
.ka k ' túg P ys ms y s g q ï LKa v dxlh
kï P ys ms y s g q ï ffoYs l h
f,i m%ldY lrkak' fuys
iy ld,fha Y%s; jk nj fmkajd
fokak' túg f,i
oelaúh yelsh'
4' ;,hla u; p,kh jk wxY=jl ld,fha § wxY=jl msysàu o"

uOHl m%fõ.h y÷kajhs'
ld,fha § wxY=fõ msysàu o
hhs .ksu'q fuys o
o hehs o .;aúg ld, m%dka;rfha §

wxY= f õ uOHl m% f õ.h
f,i m%ldY l, yels nj
fmkajkak'
5' laIKsl m%fõ.h w¾: olajhs'
ld,fha § wxY= f õ la I Ks l
64
bf.kqï M,
u.ska ,efnk nj mjikak'
6' ;,hla u; p,kh jk

wxY=jl uOHl ;ajrKh w¾:
olajhs'
wxY=fõ ld,fha § msysàu jk w;r

m%fõ.h nj o ld,fha §
msysàu jk w;r m% f õ.h
nj o mjikak'
ld, m%dka;rfha § wxY+fõ
uOHl ;ajrKh
f,i w¾: olajkak'
7' ;,hla u; p,kh jk ld,fha § wxY=fõ laIKsl ;ajrKh

wxY=jl laIKsl ;ajrKh w¾:
olajhs'
f,i w¾:
olajkak'
ld,fha § m%fõ.h jQ u.ska

o ld,fha § m%fõ.h
65
bf.kqï M,
jQ u.ska o
^úYd,;a j fhka iy ÈYdfjka &
ks r EmKh l< úg" u.ska

,efí'
u.ska
;a j rKh ,efnk ks i d
iSudfõ § ffoYslfhka
;a j rKfha ÈYdj oela f jk nj o
wjOdrKh lrka k ' tkï wxY= f õ
;ajrKh tys fmf;ys wj;, me;a;g
ÈYd.; fjhs'
8' ld,fha Y%s;hla f,i msysgqï laIKsl m%fõ.h

ffoYslh § we;súg ;ajrKh
fidhhs'
f,i o m%ldY l< yels nj mjikak'
iy ksh; tall ffoYsl nj

u;la lrkak'
fuys iy o f,i
wxlkh l< úg f,i

,súh yels nj i|yka lrkak'
túg laIKsl m%fõ.fha úYd,;ajh
u.s k a ,efnk w;r
m%fõ.fha ÈYdj wlaIfha Ok ÈYdj
iu. idok flda K h kï
jk nj m%ldY lrkak'
m% f õ.fha úYd,;a j h fõ.h f,i

y÷kajkq ,nk nj o tys ÈYdj ys
§ .uka u.g ^fm;g& we¢ iam¾Ilfha
ÈYdj nj o myod fokak'
66
bf.kqï M,
9' ld,fha Y%s;hla f,i msysgqï ksid

ffoYslh § we;súg ;ajrKh
fidhhs'
f,i wxlkh lrk nj m%ldY lrkak'
3'5 1' oa ú udk p,s ; hla i|yd fuys § oaúudk p,s;hla muKla i,lk 06
iuqoafoaY rduqj hk ixl,amh ksid iuqoafoaY rduqj ms<sn| ixl,amh
úia;r lrhs' ye|skaùug my; i|yka bÈßm;a lsÍu
m%udKj;a nj i|yka lrkak'
;,hl p,kh jk A jia;=jla i,luq'

A jia;=jg oDvj iú lrk ,o ^p,s;h
isÿjk ;,fha& tlsfklg iDcqfldaKS
jQ ldáiSh wlaI hq.,hla .kak' fuu
wlaI wkqnoaOfhka wp,j we;s ,laIH
l=,lhla ^wNsu; mßÈ úia;SrKh lr
.; yels h'& A ys iuqoafoaY rduqj f,i
y÷kajkak'
2' oa ú udk p,s ; hla i|yd úia:dmkfha" m%fõ.fha iy ;ajrKfha

iuqoafoaY rduqjlg idfmalaIj ^óg l,ska bf.k.;a& w¾: oelaùu
úia : dmkh" m% f õ.h iy isysm;a lrkak' iuqoafoaY rduqj u; uQ,
;a j rKh hk ffoYs l rdYs ,laIHhg wkqnoaO j wxY=jl úia:dmkh
bÈßm;a lrhs'
kï" m%fõ.h" yd ;ajrKh"
nj o myod fokak'
WodyrK weiqfrka myod fokak'
67
bf.kqï M,
3' ;,hl p,kh jk wxY= foll O uQ,hg idfmalaIj A iy B ys msysgqï

tls f kl idfma l a I p,s ; h ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska iy kï
úia;r lrhs'
A g idfmalaI j B ys msysgqï ffoYslh
u.ska ,efnk nj
fmkajd fokak'
O
4' idfmalaI úia:dmk uQ, O¾uh
m%ldY lrhs'
A B
u.ska ,efnk nj
fmkajd fokak'
5' idfmalaI m%fõ. uQ, iólrKfha
O¾uh m%ldY lrhs' îdfmalaI úia:dmk uQ, O¾uh& ld,h
úIhfhka wjl,kh ls Í fuka A g
idfmalaIj B ys m%fõ.h"
f,i ,nd.kak'
6' idfma l a I ;a j rK uQ , O¾uh m%fõ.h iólrKh

m%ldY lrhs'
kej; ld,h úIhfhka wjl,kh
lsÍfuka idfmalaI ;ajrKh"
f,i ,nd.kak'
7' idfmalaI p,s;h ms<sn| idfmalaI m%fõ.h taldldÍ jk úg tla

uQ , O¾uh Ndú; lr tla jia;=jlg idfmalaIj ;j;a jia;=jl
jia ; = j lg idfma l a I j ;j;a fm; fiùug fhduq lrkak'
jia;=jl fm; ;SrKh lrhs'
8' tla jia;=jlg idfmalaIj ;j;a idfmalaI m%fõ.h taldldÍ jk úg tla

jia;=jl m%fõ.h úia;r lrhs' jia;=jlg idfmalaIj ;j;a jia;=jl
m%fõ.h fiùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
3'6 1' idfma l a I p,s ; h iïnka O idfmalaI m%fõ.h taldldÍ úg my; 10

.eg¨ úi£u i|yd by; i|yka oE fiùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
uQ,O¾u Ndú; lrhs' i. tla jia ; = j lg idfma l a I j ;j;a
jia;=jl m%fõ.h
ii. jia;= fol w;r flá;u ÿr iy
th we;sùug .; jk ld,h
68
bf.kqï M,
iii. jia;+ka folla .efÜ kï" ta i|yd

.; jk ld,h iy túg msysgqu
iv. § we;s fm;la iïmQ¾K lsÍug .;
jk ld,h
3'7 1' jia;=jla p,kh jk f¾Ldjl 06
ffoYsl iólrKh fidhhs
ffoYsl iólrKh"
2' ´kEu fudfyd;l wxY= foll nj ,nd .kak'
msysàu fidhhs'
P4
p P3
P1
ld,fha § msysàu
úg ´kEu fudfyd;l
wxY= fol w;r ÿr ,efnk

nj fmkajkak'
y
3' ffoYs l Ndú;fhka wxY= j l

idfmalaI msysàu iy idfmalaI
m%fõ.h fidhhs'
69
bf.kqï M,
úia:dmkh nj o
m%fõ.h nj o
fmkajd fokak'
4' wxY= folla w;r fláu ÿr wxY= fol w;r oqr ld,fha Y%s;hla
iy Bg .; jk ld,h fidhhs' neúka wjl,kh Ndú;fhka wju
ÿr iy wju ÿr we;s ùug .;jk
ld,h fiùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
5' wxY= folla .eàug wjYH;dj" wxY= folla .eàug wjYH;djh

.egqu isÿjk ia:dkfha msysgqï
i. ùu fyda
ffoYslh iy .eàug .; jk
ld,h fidhhs' ii. m%fõ.h
hkak ùu fyda nj fmkajd

fokak'
by; wjYH;d foflka tlla

Ndú;fhka .egqug .; jk ld,h
yd tu wjia:dfõ § wxY=j, msysgqï
ffoYsl ,nd .ekSug isiqka fhduq
lrkak'
6' wxY= ;=kl idfmalaI p,s;h yd wxY=jla ;j;a wxY= follg

iïnkaO .eg¨ úi|hs' idfmalaIj p,s; fjk fjku okakd
jg tu wxY= f õ ienE p,s ; h
^fmd<jg idfmalaIj& fiùu i|yd
ffoYsl l%u Ndú; lrhs'
1' m%laIsma;hla y÷kajhs' .=re;ajh hgf;a ksoyfia p,kh 08

3'8 jk jia ; = j la m% l a I s m a ; hla f,i
y÷kajkak'
2' " m%lafIamK fõ.h" iy ;s r ig α flda K hls k a wdk; j

" m%lafIamK fldaKh" hk mo m% f õ.hls k a m% l a f Ia m l< úg
úia;r lrhs' m%lafIamK fõ.h iy
m% l a f Ia m K flda K f,i y÷ka j d
fokak'
3' m%laIsma;hl p,s;h ;sria iy ;sria p,s;h i|yd m%fõ.h ksh;

isria ÈYdj,g jQ p,s; folla nj;a isria p,s;h i|yd ;ajrKh
jYfhka fjka fjka j ie<lsh ksh; nj;a th .=re;ajc ;ajrKhu
yels nj m%ldY lrhs' nj;a myod fokak'
4' m% l a I s m a ; hl p,s ; h i|yd ;sria ÈYdjg

m%.;sl iólrK fhdohs'
70
bf.kqï M,
isria ÈYdjg
iólrK Ndú; l< yels n j

fmkajkak'
5' fok ,o ld,hlg miq ld,fha § ;sria iy isria m%fõ.

m% l a I s m a ; fha m% f õ. ixrpl ixprl
.Kkh lrhs' iy
f,i ,nd .kak'
6' fok ,o ld,hl § m%laIsma;fha ld,fha § úia:dmk ixrpl
úia:dmk ixrpl fidhhs'
f,i ,nd .kak' fuh m%laIsma;fha

m:fha mrdñ;l iólrK nj m%ldY
lrkak' fuys hkq mrdñ;shhs'
7' m%laIsma;hl Wmßu Wi .Kkh

Wmßu Wi kï"
lrhs'
nj fmkajd fokak'
8' m% l a I s m a ; hl Wmßu Wi Wmßu Wi ke.Sug .; jk ld,h

lrd<`.d ùug .; jk ld,h kï"
.Kkh lrhs'
nj fmkajd fokak'
9' m% l a I s m a ; hl ms h dir ld,h m%lafIamK ,laIHfha uÜgug wdmiq

.Kkh lrhs meñKSug .; jk mshdir ld,h
kï
nj fmkajd fokak'
71
bf.kqï M,
10' m%laIsma;hl ;sria mrdih ;sria mrdih kï

.Kkh lrhs'
m%ldYkh ,nd
.kak'
11' idOdrK jYfhka tu ;sria m%ldYkfhys

mrdih ,nd fok m%lafIamK
fldaK folla we;s nj m%ldY
lrhs' iy wdfoaY l<
úg tlu ,efnk ks i d
m%lafIamK fldaK folla we;s nj
fmkajd fokak'
12' fok ,o m%lafIamK fõ.hla ksid

i|yd Wmßu ;s r ia mrdih
fidhhs'
Wmßu
= nj ,nd .kak'
13'fok ,o m%lafIamK fõ.hla Wmßu ;s r ia mrdih ,nd fok

i|yd Wmßu ;sria mrdih ,nd
fok m% l a f Ia m K flda K h m%lafIamK fldaKh nj ,nd
fidhhs'
.kak'
14' m%laIsma;hl m:fha ldáiSh jk úg iy i|yd

iólrKh ,nd .kshs'
by; iólrKj,s k a bj;a
lsÍfuka
iólrKh ,nd .kak' fuh

iqmqreÿ j¾.c Y%s;h
iu`. ixika o kh lrka k '
m%laIsma;hl fm; mrdj,hla nj
m%ldY lrkak' wjia:dfõ §
.=re;ajh hgf;a isria p,s;h f.k

fok nj isysm;a lrkak'
72
bf.kqï M,
3'9 1' p,s ; h ms < s n | m<uq jk jia ; = j la u; ndys r iïm% h q l a ; 15

ksõgka kshuh m%ldY lrhs' n,hla l% s h d fkdlrhs kï" tu
jia;=j ksYap,j mj;S; ke;fyd;a
ir, f¾Ldjla Èf.a ta l dldr
m% f õ.fhka .uka lrhs ' fuh
fjkia l< yelafla ndysr n,hlg
muKs'
2' "n,h" w¾: olajhs' ks õ gka f .a m<uq ks h uhg wkq j

jia;=jl p,s;h fjkia lrk ndysr
ldrlh "n,h" f,i w¾: olajkak'
3' ialkaOh w¾: olajhs' hï jia;=jla u; fhfok n,hla

flfrys tu jia ; = j ola j k
m%;spdrfha m%udKh f,i ilkaOh
w¾: olajkak'
4' wxY=jl f¾Çh .uH;dj w¾: ia l ka O h jk wxY= j la

olajhs' m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk úg" tys
f¾Çh .uH;dj f,i w¾:
olajkak'
5' f¾Çh .uH;dj ffoYs l
m%ldYkfha m%fõ.h ffoYsl
rdYshla nj m%ldY lrhs'
rdYs h la ks i d f¾Çh .uH;dj
m%fõ.fha ÈYdjg msysgk ffoYsl
rdYshla nj fmkajd fokak'
6' f¾Çh .uH;dfjys udk iy f¾Çh .uH;dfõ udk iy

tall m%ldY lrhs'
f¾Çh .uH;dfõ tall nj
y÷kajd fokak'
7' wjiaÓ;s rduqj úia;r lrhs' fmd<fõ iuqoafoaY rduqjg idfmalaI

j ksYap, j mj;sk fyda taldldr
m% f õ.fhka p,kh jk rduq j la
"wjiaÓ;s rduqj"f,i y÷kajkak'
fmd<j u;= msg isÿjk idudkH
p,s; wOHhkfha § fmd<j wjiaÓ;s
rduqj f,i i,lkq ,efí'
8' p,s;h ms<sn| fojk ksõgka jia;=jl f¾Çh .uH;dj fjkia

kshuh m%ldY lrhs' ùfï iS>%;dj" tu jia;=j u; l%shd
lrk ndysr n,hlg wkqf,dauj
iudkqmd;sl fõ' ksõgkaf.a fojk
kshuh f,i ,nd .kak'
73
bf.kqï M,
9' n,h uekSfï ksrfmalaI ialkaOhla u; ;ajrKhla

tallh " ksõgka" f,i w¾:
,nd §ug wjYH n,h ksõgkh
olajhs'
f,i w¾: ola j ka k ' fuh n,h
uekSfï ksrfmalI
a tallh f,i y÷kajd
fokak'
10' ks õ gka f .a fojk ks h uh ks õ gkfha w¾: oela ù u wkq j

wkq j iólrKh ys nj fmka j d §"
jHq;amkak lrhs' ksõgka p,s;iólrKh
wdldrh ,nd .kak'
11' iólrKfha ffoYsl iólrKfhys"

iajNdjh myod fokak' ksõgk j,ska o
lsf,da.a?ïj,ska o
;;amrhg ;;amrhg ógrj,ska o
fhÈh hq ; = nj wjOdrKh
lrkak'
iólrKh wkq j n,h

fhfok ÈYdjg ;ajrKh isÿfjk nj
fmka j d foka k ' n,h ´kEu
ÈYdjlg úfNa o kh ls Í fuka " fuu
iólrKh fhÈh yels nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
12' n,h uekSfï .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h uekSfï .=re;ajdl¾IK tallh

tallh i|yka lrhs' f,i nr y÷kajd fokak tkï
ia l ka O hla mDÓú fla k a ø h foig
wdl¾IKh flfrk n,h l%sf,da.%Eï
nr tlls'
13' ia l ka O h iy nr w;r jia;j

= l ialkaOh hkq tys wvx.= mod¾:
fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs' m%udKh jk w;r th wÈY rdYshls'
jia;=jl ialkaOh fmdf<dj foig
wdl¾IKh flfrk n,h tys nr
f,i y÷kajkak' ialkaOh j,ska
o" .=re;ajc ;ajrKh j,ska o
uekak úg nfrys tall j,ska ,efí'
74
bf.kqï M,
14' " l%shdj iy m%;sl%shdj" úia;r úúO n, m%fNao isysm;a lr tla tla
lrhs' wjia:dfõ § l%shdj iy m%;sl%shdj we;s
jk wdldrh WodyrK weiqßka fmkajd
fokak'
15' ksõgkaf.a ;=kajk kshuh jia ; + k a w;r we;s lrk iEu

m%ldY lrhs' l% s h djlgu úYd,;a j fhka iudk jQ
ÈYdjka m%;súreoaO jQ o m%;sl%shdjla mj;S'
16' iólrKh my; i|yka wjia : d hgf;a .eg¨

Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi|hs' úi£u wfmalaId flf¾'
i. jia;=jla u; ndysr n,hla
lshdlrk úg § tys ;ajrKh fiùu"
;ajrKh okakd úg ndysr iïm%hqla;
n,h fiùu'
ii. jia;= moaO;shla u; ndysr n,hla
l%shd lrk úg" moaO;sfha ;ajrK
fiùu" moa O ;s f ha wvx.= j we;s
jia;+ka w;r wka;¾ l%shdn,
.Kkh lsÍu'
iii. ;ka;=jlska ine¢ jia;+ka folla u;
ndys r n,hla ks i d we;s jk
;ajrKh" ;ka;=fõ wd;;sh ms<sn|
.eg¨'
iv. r`M ;,hla u; p,kh jk wxY=jl
p,s;h ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£u'
v. úúO ;a j rKj,s k a p,kh jk
;ka;=j,ska ine¢" iqug wxY= fyda
oDV jia;=j,ska iukaú; moaO;sj,
p,s;h ms<sn| .eg¨'
vi. p,khg ksoyia l+[a[ u; wxY=j,
p,s;h
2.8 1' ">¾IK n,h" iy ">¾IKh tls f klg ia m ¾Ij mj;a k d jia ; = 10
" y÷kajhs' follska tlla wfklg idfmalaI j
p,kh ls Í ug h;a k oeÍfï § tu
p,s;h je,elaùug iam¾Y ;,h Tiafia
we;s jk n,h >¾IK n,h f,i
y÷ka j ka k ' ia m ¾I jk mDIa G w;r
mj;a k d fuu .= K h >¾IKh f,i
y÷kajd fokak' fhdok n,h l%ufhka
jeä lrk úg iu;=,s;;dj fkdìfok
f;la >¾IK n,ho l%ufhka jeä jk
nj mjikak'
75
bf.kqï M,
2' iqug yd r`M mDIaG fjkalr .eà we;s mDIaG w;r >¾IK n,hla
olajhs' rys ; mDIa G iq u g mDIa G f,i o
>¾IK n,hla iys; mDIaG r`M mDIaG
f,i o y÷kajd fokak'
3' >¾IKfha jdis iy wjdis WodyrK weiqfrka jdis iy wjdis

i|yka lrhs idlÉPd lrkak'
4' "iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h" >¾IK n,h iy >¾IKh hgf;a

y÷kajhs' i|yka mßÈ idfmalaI p,s;h we;s
jk fudfydf;a mj;a k d >¾IK
n,h iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h f,i
y÷kajd fokak'
5' >¾IK kshu m%ldY lrhs' i. jia;= folla iam¾I fjñka mj;sk
úg bka tla jia;j = la flfrys wfkl
u.ska tys iam¾I ,laIHfha we;s lrk
>¾IK n,fha ÈYdj" p,kh ùug
;e;a lrk ÈYdjg m%;súreoaO fõ'
ii. iu;= , s ; ;dj mj;s k nj >¾IK
n,fha úYd,a;jh jia;=fõ p,s;h
je,elaùug muKla m%udKj;ah'
iii. iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h iy wNs,ïn
m%;sl%shdj w;r wkqmd;h >¾IK
ix.=Klh kï jQ ksh;hla jk w;r
tu wkqmd;h mDIaG fofla mod¾:
u; muKla r|d mj;S'
iv. wNs , ïN m% ; s l % s h dj fkdfjkia j
mj;sk;dla l,a iSudldÍ >¾IK n,"
mDIaGj, j¾.M,h fyda yevh u;
r|d fkdmj;S'
v. idfmalaI mj;akd úg >¾IK n,fhaa
ÈYdj p,s; ÈYdjg m%;súreoaO jk
w;r >¾IK n,fha úYd,;a j h
m%fõ.fhka iajdh;a; fõ' >¾IK
n,h iy wNs,ïN m%s;sl%shdj w;r
wkqmd;h iSudldÍ wjia:dfõ tu
wkqmd;hg jvd u|la wvqh'
6' ">¾IK ix.= K lh " w¾: iS u dldÍ >¾IK n,h iy wNs , ïN

olajhs' m% ; s l % s h dj w;r wkq m d;h >¾IK
ix.=Klh f,i w¾: olajkak'
iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h o wNs,ïN
m%;sl%shdj o kï
76
bf.kqï M,
>¾IK ix.=Klh fõ'

fuh iaÓ;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh f,i
o y÷kajd fokak'
7' ">¾IK fldaKh" y÷kajhs'
iS u dldÍ iu;= , s ; wjia : dfõ §

iïm%hqla; m%;sl%shdj" wNs,ïN m%;sl%shdj
iu. idok fldaKh >¾IK fldaKh
f,i y÷kajd fokak'
>¾IK fldaKh kï"
fõ'
8' iu;=,s;;dj i|yd ;sìh hq;= jia;=j u; fhfok >¾IK n,h o

wjYH;d m%ldY lrhs' wNs , ïN m% ; s l % s h dj o kï
iu;=,s;;dj i|yd úh hq;=
nj fmkajd fokak' fuys iudk ,l+K
fhfokafka iu;=,s; wjia:dfõ § h'
9' >¾IKh fhfok wjia:dj, § wod< .eg¨ úi£ug is i q k a fhduq

iu;=,s;;dj iïnkaO .eg¨ lrkak'
úi|hs'
2.9 1' ir, ikaê j¾. kï lrhs' tla tla ikaê j¾.h i|yd tÈfkod 10
yuqjk WodyrK idlÉPd lrkak'
2' iq p , ika ê hl iy oDV o`vq folla tajdfha msysàu tlsfklg

ikaêhl fjki úia;r lrhs' idfmalaI j fjkia l< fkdyels f,i
jQ ikaê" oDV ikaê f,i o o`vq folla
tajdfha msysàu tlsfklg idfmalaI j
fjkia l< yels f,i jQ ikaê iqp,
ikaê f,i o y÷kajd fokak'
77
bf.kqï M,
3' iq u g ika ê hl § o`vq u; ieye,a ¨ fyda nr o`vq tls f klg

l%shdlrk n, ,l=Kq lrhs' iïnka O lr we;a f ;a iq u g l+ r e
ikaêj,ska nj mjikak' ikaê iqug
neúka tu ikaêfha § lss%hdlrk n,
o`vq foflka iEÿk ;,fha l%shd lrk
nj;a o`vq fol w;r m%;sl%shd iudk
iy m%;súreoaO nj;a fmkajd fokak'
4' iq u g ika ê iïnka O .eg¨ iqug ikaê follg iSud lr wod<

úi|hs' .eg¨ úi£ug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
5' oDV ika ê iïnka O .eg¨ oDV ikaêh fjka lr jia;= folla
úi|hs' jYfhka iu;= , s ; ;dj ie,ls h
fkdyels nj wjOdrKh lrkak' oDV
f,i ikaê ù we;s o~q folla ;ks oDV
jia;=jla f,i i,ld .eg¨ úi¢h yels
nj fmkajd fokak'
^r`M ikaê Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYhg

wh;a fkdfõ'&
2.10 1' ieye,a¨ o`vq iys; rduq iels- iDcq ieye,a ¨ o`vq ;= k la fyda jeä 10
,a,la y÷kajhs' .Kkla o`vq ish,a,u tlu ;,fha jk
fia iEu oKavlu fofl<jßka iqp,
j ika ê ls Í fuka iEÿKq jia ; = j la
rduqiels,a,la f,i y÷kajkak'
WodyrK weiqfrka fmkajd fokak'
2' rduq iels,s ms<sn| j ie,lSfï i. iEu oKavlau tajdfha fofl,jr §

§ lrkq ,nk Wml,a m k ksoyia j îqug j& ikaê lr we;s
i|yka lrhs' w;r hq.auhla fyda jHdj¾;khla
we;s fkdfõ'
ii. ikaêj, § we;sjk m%;sl%shd^ndysr
n, yer& o`vq Èf.a l%shd lrhs' tajd
wd;;s fyda f;rmqï jYfhka fjhs'
iii. ishü o`vq tlu isria ;,hl msysgd
we;' taneúka moaO;sfha jQ ishü
n, ^ndysr n,o we;=`Mj& tal;,
n, fõ'
78
bf.kqï M,
3' rduq iels,af,a tla tla ikaêfha i. iuia ; rduq iels , a , iu;= , s ; j
iu;= , s ; ;dj i|yd wjYH;d mj;akd ksid ndysr n, moaO;sh o
m%dldY lrhs' iu;=,s;j mej;sh hq;=h'
ii. iels,af,a tla tla ikaêh u; l%shd

lrk ishü n, ^ndysr n, iy
ikaêfha § yuqjk m%;Hdn,& u.ska
tu ikaêh iu;=,s; j ;nk ksid
tla tla ikaêh i|yd n, nyq wi%
uQ,O¾uh fhÈh yels h'
4' iuñ;sh mj;sk úg rduq iels- moaO;sfha iuñ;sh mj;sk wjia:dj,

,a , u; mj;s k ndys r n, § n, ,l=Kq lsÍug yd tajd fiùug
,l=Kq lrhs' iuñ;s l .= K h m% f hda c khg .ka k d
wdldrh ksoiqka u.ska fmkajd fokak'
5' fnda wxlkh m%ldY lrhs' fuh "BOW" kï .Ks ; {hd úis k a
fidhd .;a l%uhla neúka fnda wxlkh
f,i y÷kajk nj mjikak'
i. rduq iels,a, u; l%shd lrk ndysr

n, rduqiels,a,g ndysrj ksrEmkh
lrkak'
ii. iEu n, follska udhsï jk fmfoia

wxlkh lrkak' fï i|yd b,lalï
fyda bx.%Sis fydaäfha l=vd îsïm,a&
wl=re Ndú; lrkak'
6' rduqiels,a, i|yd m%;Hd n, i. fkdokakd n, folla fyda Bg wvq

igyk w¢hs' .Kkla we;s ikaêhla i,ld tu
ika ê h u; we;s n, i|yd n,
;%sfldaKh fyda n, nyq wi%h w¢kak'
ii. Bg hdno ikaê i|yd wkqms<sfj,ska

by; n, igyfkau n, ;%sfldaK
fyda n, nyq wi%h w¢kak' ^fuu
rEmh ixjD; úh hq;=hs&
79
bf.kqï M,
7' fnda wxlk l%uh u.ska m%;Hd- i. n, igyfka we;s ;%sfldaK fyda nyq
n, .Kkh lrhs' wi% ie,lSfuka ;%sfldaKñ;sl fyda
ùÔh iQ ; % Ndú;fhka fkdoka k d
m%;Hdn, fidhkak'
ii. wjYH kï fkdokakd ndysr n, o
n, igykska fiúh yels nj fmkajd
fokak'
iii. n, igyfka B;, fkdouk f,i;a
n, igyk wkqj rduq iels,af,a
igyfka o~q Èf.a B;, ouk f,i;a
wjOdrKh lrka k ' fufia B;,
fh§fuka tla tla oKafâ we;af;a
wd;;s h la o f;rmq u la o hka k
ks ¾ Kh lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
80
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;la f ia r elrKh - ye¢ka ù u
bf.kqu- b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk lsh% dj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuys
iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod .;hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrhl= úiska
u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkdkH n,mEfuka hq;= j ls%hd lrk nj;a tfia u
tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl
^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu
flfrk w;r;=r §h' fuh bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh wrïNfha § fyda ueo § fyda w. §
fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl § isÿúh yels nj f;areï .ekSu .=rejrhl=g wjYH h' tf,i
;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hSug wfmalaId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekaùu iy
we.hsu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;=fjhs'
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍlaIK meje;aùula fyda
fkdfõ' th y\qkajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk ueÈy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka Tjqkaf.a
m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <.d lr
.ekSug fhdod.; yels jevms<sfj,ls'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK ls%hdj,shlg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r"
.=rejrhd isik
q a w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾h ksÍlaIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh
imhñka lghq;= lsßu mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< ls%hd;aul lsÍfï §
wfmalIa d flf¾' fuys § YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hSug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh
wfmalaIs; wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'
bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkag ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqka
úiska ksis mßÈ w;am;a lr f.k ;sfí oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh
iemhSu h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsÍfï& fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd Èh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;s fmdaIKh
(Feed Back) yd bÈß fmdaIKh (Feed Forward) hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshd
wkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u.yrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a isiq
yelshd iy m%n,;d y\qkd .;a úg olaI;d jeä ÈhqKq lsßug bÈß fmdaIKh;a ,nd §u .=re
ld¾hh fjhs'
bf.kqï- b.ekakqï ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljr

wruqKq ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .ekSu isiqkag wjYH fjhs'
we.hSï jevms<sfj, Tiafia isiqka <.d lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj
.=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isik
q a yd fouõmshka we;=¿ fjk;a wod< md¾Yjj,g
81
isiq m%.;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fï i|yd
fhdod.; yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka ika;;slj isiqka we.hSug md;% lsßug bv m%ia:d
i,ik mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uhhs'
hf:dala; wruqK iys;j ls%hd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï ls%hdj,sh;a isiqkaf.a
bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu msKsi jvd fyd| ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hqla;
bf.kqï" b.ekakqï
iy we.hSï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag iy .=rejrekag fhdod .;
yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfyda l,l isg .=rejreka fj;
úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska o f;dr;=re iïmdokh
lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha .=rejreka fyd¢ka
oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufiah'
01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s

03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK
05' ksÍlaIK 06' m%o¾Yk $bÈßm;a lsÍu
07' lafIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍlaIK
09' jHqy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK
11' ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍlaIK
13' m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï 14' l:kh
15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï
17' ixl,am is;shï 18' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,
19' ì;a;s mqj;am; 20' m%Yk
a úpdrd;aul jev igyka
21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo
23' idlÉPd uKav, 24' iïuka;K %
25' laIKsl l:d 26' N+ñld rx.k
y÷kajd § we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u iEu tlla u iEu úIhhla
iïnkaOfhka iEu úIhh tallhlg u fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflfrhs' ;u
úIhhg" úIh tallhg .e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .ekSug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;=h;
j. n,d .; hq;=h'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare lsßu
i|yd fhdod.; yels bf.kqï - b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí' tajd
.=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßÈ ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsßu msKsi fhdod.;
hq;= fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;S%h yelshd fukau wdfõoksl
.;s ,laIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <.d lr .ekSu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a
ms<sn| wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'
82
hI&&
12 jk fY%aKsh m<uq jdrh- we.hSï ie,iqï-1 îxhqla; .Ks;h
01' ks m q K ;djh # 15' fldaK ïkqu wdYs%; iïnkaO;d jHq;amka; lr .eg¨

úi|hs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 15' fldaK ïkqu wdYs%; iïnkaO;d jHq;amka; lr .eg¨

úi|hs'
02' we.hS ï WmlrKfha # jD;a; pdmhl È. iy flakaøsl LKavhl j¾.M,h

ia j Ndjh fidhuq' hk lKavdhï ls%hdldrluls'
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 100hs
04' we.hSï WmlrKh ls%hd;aul lsÍug Wmfoia #

1' weuqKqu 1 ys i|yka ld¾hh m;s%ld ys msgm;a
2' fldaKudkh
3' kQ,a
4' w,afmfk;a;s
5' rE, hk øjH ilia lr .kak'
mshjr 1 # (i& isiqka lKavdhï follg fjka lrkak' tajd A, B f,i kï lrkak'
îi& ld¾hh m;s%ld wxl ^1& ys msgm;a ne.ska lKavdhï folg imhkak'
(iii) § we;s Wmfoia mßÈ ls%hdfjys ksr; ùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
îv) lKavdhï wkdjrKhka mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug isiqka iQodkï
lrkak'
mshjr 2 # (i& isiqka lKavdhï follg fnod A, B f,i tajd kï lrkak'

îi& ld¾hh m;s%ld wxl ^2& ys msgm; ne.ska lKavdhï folg fokak'
(iii) § we;s Wmfoia wkqj ls%hdfjys ksr; ùug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
îv) lKavdhï wkdjrKhka mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqka iqodkï
lrkak'
05' ;lafiarelrKh i|yd ks¾Kdhl #
1' jD;a; pdmhl È.;a tu.ska wka;¾ .; lrk flakaøsl LKavfha

j¾.M,h;a wrh yd flakaøfha wdmd;s; fldaKfha f¾ähka w.h;a weiqßka
m%ldY lsßu'
2' jD;a;fha wrh r yd flakaøfha wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh okakd úg jD;a;
pdmfha È. yd flakaøsl LKavfha j¾.M,h fiúh yels nj ms<s.ekSu'
3' jD;a;hl wrh yd wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh ÿka úg pdm È. iy flakaøsl
LKavfha j¾.M,h .Kkh lsÍu'
4' tÈfkod Ôú;fha wjYH .Kkh lsßï i|yd WÑ; .Ks;uh wdlD;s
.fõIKhg fm<öu'
5' .eg¨ úi§fï § ksjeros úiÿï f;dard .ekSu'
83
weuqKqu 1
ld¾hh m;s%ldj ^1&
• § we;s Wmfoia wkqj ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; ùu Tn lKavdhug mejf¾' wjidkfha

lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug o iqodkï jkak'
lKavdhu A
(1) 5cm È. OA f¾Ldj w¢kak'

^2& O flakaøh jk f,i wrh 2cm, 3cm, 4cm yd 5cm jk jD;a; 4 la w¢kak'
^3& tu jD;a; yd OA f¾Ldj fÊok ,laIH P, Q, R f,i kï lrkak'
^4& 2cm È.la ,l=Kq lr .;a kq,a lene,a,la f.k wrh 2 cm jq jD;a;fha mßêh
Tiafia P isg 2cm jk ,laIH ,l=Kq lrkak' tu ,laIH f,i kï lrkak'
^5& f¾Ldj Èla lsÍfuka b;sß jD;a; fÊok ,laIH yd f,i kï lrkak'
^6& yd R jD;a; pdmj, È. ukskak'
^7& fldaKfha w.h uek ,shkak'
^8& ´kEu jD;a;hl wrhg iudk pdm È.lska flakaøfha wdmd;kh jk fldaKh .ek
Tng l=ula lsj yels o@
lKavdhu B
(1) È. 4cm jq OA f¾Ld LKavh we| OA wrh jk fia jD;a;hla w¢kak'

^2& È. 4cmla ,l=Kq lr .;a kq,a lene,a,la f.k A isg mßêh Tiafia 4cm jk P
,laIHh ,l=Kq lrkak' tu ,laIHh O g hd lrkak' ,efnk fldaKh uek ,shkak'
^3& g iudk fldaK folla f.ka bj;g;a f.ka bj;g;a jD;a;h
u; ,l=Kq lrkak'
^4& tu fldaKhka ys mdo jD;a;h yuq jk ,laIHka ms<sfj<ska yd kï yd
pdm È. uek ,shkak'
^5& jD;aa;hl flakaøfha wdmd;kh jk fldaK iudk jk úg pdm È. ms<sn| j Tng
l=ula lsj yels o@
84
weuqKqu 2
ld¾hh m;s % l dj ^2&
• § we;s Wmfoiaj,g wkqj ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; ùu Tn lKavdhug mejf¾'

wjidkfha lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug o iQodkï jkak'
• A lKavdhu ^1& yd ^2& j.= o B lKavdhu ^1& yd ^3& j.= o iïmq¾K lrkak' tu j.=
weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
j.=j ^1&
jD;a;fha wrh flakaøfha wdmd;kh tu fldaKh wdmd;kh lrk

lrk fldaKh jD;a; pdmfha È.
r f¾ähka 1 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
r f¾ähka 5 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''' f¾ähka 10 10 P
2 f¾ähka '''''''''''''''' 2
r f¾ähka '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
j.=j ^2&

.............. f¾ähka 1 r
................ f¾ähka r
r f¾ähka '''''''''''''''''
r wxYl '''''''''''''''''''''
4 wxYl '''''''''''''''''''
85
j.=j ^3&

..............
''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
• wxYl yd f¾ähka w;r iïnkaO;djhla olajkak'

• P hkak f¾ähkaj,ska ,shkak'
• f¾ähka 1l w.h wxYlj,ska ,shkak'
86
12 jk fY%aKsh m<uqjdrh- w.hSï ie,iqï- 2 îxhqla; .Ks;h I&&
01' ks m q K ;dj # 18' ;s%fldaKñ;sl .eg¨ úi£u i|yd ihska iQ;%h iy

fldaihska iQ;%h fhdod .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu # 18' ;s%fldaKñ;sl .eg¨ úi£u i|yd ihska iQ;%h iy

fldaihska iQ;%h fhdod .kshs'
02' we.hSï WmlrKfha # ihsk kS;sh yd fldaihsk kS;sh f;audj hgf;a ls%hd;aul
ia j Ndjh l< yels m%Odk lKavdhï i|yd jq mejreuls' úúO yev
.;a ;s%fldaKdldr rEmj, mdoj, È. yd ;s%fldaKñ;sl
fldaK w;r iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd .ekSu fï
u.ska wfmalaId flf¾' tu iïnkaO;dj olajk m%dfhda.slj
.;a w.hj,ska hqla; jq j.=jla wjidk ksuejqu fõ'
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 90 hs'
04' we.hSï WmlrKh ls%hd;aul lsßug Wmfoia #
^w& mq¾j iqodku yd Wmfoia
^1& mejreu ls%hd;aul lsßug isiqkag wjYH fmr ±kqu ,nd fokak'
;s%fldaKhl mdoj, os. fiùug isÿjk m%dfhda.sl wjia:d ms<sn| j
isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
îi) isiqka lKavdhï follg fjka lrkak'
îii) lKavdhï i|yd wjYH ld¾h m;s%ld ilia lrkak' lKavdhï

.Kkdjla we;s úg iudka;r ld¾h m;s%ld ,nd fokak'
îv) tla tla lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hh wkqj imhd .; hq;= øjH
ms<sn| j o we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ms<sn| j o isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak'
^v) lKavdhï fol i|yd my; ±lafjk f,i øjH iqodkï lrkak''
iqÿ m%udKfha lvodishla" mekai,la" ulk lE,a,la" iqÿkQ,a len,s

folla" óg¾ rE,la" fldaK udkhla" iqÿ lvodish weñKSu i|yd ,S
mqjrejla" we,afmfk;a;s ^Draw ing Pin) fyda tjeks weuqKqï lgq" 3cm muK
È. lïì weK 2la
^wd& ls%hd ms<sfj<
î) ld¾h m;s%ldj tla tla lKavdhug ,nd § ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'
îi) lKavdhï w;r yeisfrñka mejreu id¾:l lr .ekSug wjYH
Wmfoia" u.fmkaùu ,nd fokak'
87
lKavdhï ^1& i|yd ld¾hh m;s%ldj
;s%fldaKhl mdo fjkia lrñka tu mdoj, È. ueksu;a Bg wkqrem fldaK uek tu w.hkaa
ihsk kS;sh yd fldaihsk kS;sh ms<smÈk nj mÍlaId lsÍug Tn lKavdhug mejf¾'
^1& fuu ld¾h m;s%ldj lshjd" lKavdhfï idudðlhka iu. mejÍ we;s ld¾hh
id¾:l lr .ekSu
i|yd idlÉPd lrkak'
îi) lvodish ,S mqjrefõ weuqKqï lgqj,ska iaÓrj iú lr .kak'
îii) lvodisfha my< fl<jßka odrhlg iudka;rj m%udKj;a È. f¾Ldjla we| .kak' th
AB f,i kï lrkak' AB È. uek .kak' A yd B YS¾I u; lïì weK fol fkdfi,afjk
fia iú lrkak'A g yd B g È.ska wiudk ;ka;= len,s folla .eg .ikak' tu ;ka;=
foflys ksoyia fl,jrj,a mekai,hlg iïnkaO lrkak' mekai,a ;=v C f,i .kak'
BC È. AB g wvqjk mßÈ .kak'AC yd BC ;ka;= len,s jk w;r C mekai,h fõ'
îv) wdrïNfha § BC ;ka;=j AB g ,ïn jk msßÈ yd ;ka;=j fkdnqre,aj we;s mßÈ C

mekai, lvodish u; ;nd C ,laIHh ,l=Kq lrkak' bkamiq iqÿiq mßÈ AB È. fjkia
lrñka ;ka;= fkdnqre,a jk fia C mekai,h lvodisfha ;,h u; N%uKh lrñka C
ys iqÿiq msysgqï wvqu .Kfka myla j;a ,nd .kak' C ,laIHh jdudj¾;j .uka lrk
fia N%uKh lrkak'
jq wjia:d muKla .kak' AC yd CB È. uek .kak' ^BC È. ksh;j ;nd
AC fjkia lrñka by; wjia:d ,nd .kak&
^v) C ys úúO msysgqï i|yd AC yd CB odr we| fldaKudkh u.ska fldaKh yd
fldaKh uek .kak'

C
C
(vi) b
A
A B B
c
f,i f.k my; j.=j iïmq¾K lrkak'
fõ'
(vii) È.
88
j.=j 1
È. È.
^viii) wkqmd; ms<sn| j Tfí ks.ukh fokak'
îx) yd ms<sn| j Tfí ks.ukh l=ula o@
lKavdhï ^2& i|yd ld¾hh m;s%ldj
lKavdhï ^1) i|yd ld¾h m;s%ldj ms<sfh, lr .kak' ld¾h m;s%ldfõ wjia:d
muKla i,lñka mdo yd fldaK úYd,;aj ,nd .kak'
î) mejreug wod<j isiqkaf.a iqodku" ls%hdj,sh ksuejqu yd .;s ,laIK hk

fldgia we.hSu wfmlaId flf¾'
îi) we.hSï wdlD;sfha ks¾Kdhl i|yd lKavdhï ,l=Kq yd fm!oa.,sl ,l=Kq
msßkeñh yels h'
îii) tla tla ks¾Kdhl i|yd my; f,i ,l=Kq mjrkak'
úYsIaGhs - ^4& b;d fyd|hs - ^3&
fyd|hs - ^2& idudkHhs - ^1&
îv) fï wkqj isiqfjl=g ysñ úh yels Wmßu ,l=Kq m%udKh 14 4 = 56 fõ'
89
we.hS ï wdlD;s h
isiqkaf.a kï
ks¾Kdhl 1 lKavdhu 2 lKavdhu
^01& iQ o dku
î) idlÉPdjg Woafhda.su;aj iyNd.s ùu
îi) .=rejrhd iu. woyia yqjudre lsÍu
îii) wka isiqka iu. woyia yqjudre lsÍu
îv) ls%hdldrlï ie,iqï lsßug odhl ùu
^ 02) ls%hdj,sfha ksr; ùu
î) .e,fmk fia AB, AC, BC È. f;dard

.ekSu
îi) .e,fmk fia AB yd BC os. f;dard
.ekSu
îii) ;s%fldaK uekSu
^3& ks u ejq u
^1& j.=j ilia lsrSu
îi) wkqmd; ms<sn| ks.ukh
îii) yd ms<sn| j
ks.ukh
^ 04) mejreu wdrïNfha is g wjidkh

olajd YsIHhd ;=< m%o¾Ykh jk
.;s ,laIK
î) .=re Wmfoia ms<sme§u
îi) ñkqï .ekSug olajk Wkkaÿj
îii) lKavdhu iu. iyfhda.fhka jev

lsÍu
îv) wkHu; .re lsÍug we;s yelshdj'
90
hII &
12 jk fY%aKsh m<uqjdrh- w.hSï ie,iqï- 3 îxhqla; .Ks;h
01' ks m q K ;dj # 1 ffoYsl ùch yiqrejhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 1'3 .eg¨ úi£u i|yd Ys,amSh l%uhla f,i msysgqï

ffoYsl Wmfhda.s lr .kshs'
02' we.hS ï WmlrKfha # msysgqï ffoYsl Ndú;fhka .eg¨ úi|uq" hk lKavdhï

ia j Ndjh ls%hdldrluls'
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 90hs'
1' weuqKqu 1 ys we;=<;a ld¾h m;s%ldfõ msgm;a ;=kla

2' äuhs fld<
3' udl¾ mEka hk øjH imhd .kak'
mshjr 1 # î) isiqka lKavdhï ;=klg fnod A ,B yd C f,i kï lrkak'

îi) ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm; ne.ska iEu lKavdhulgu imhkak'
(iii) lKavdhï ls%hdldrlfï ksr; lrjkak
îv) lKavdhï wkdjrKhka mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug isiqka iQodkï lrkak'
05' ;lafiarelrKh i|yd ks¾Kdhl
1' ,laIHl msysgqï ffoYslh hkq l=ula ±hs m%ldY lsÍu'

2' msysgqï ffoYsl Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka § we;s ,laIHhla wkqnoaOfhka fjk;a ´kEu
,laIHhl msysàu wkkHj ks¾Kh l< yels nj ms<s.ekSu'
3' wOHhkh lrk ,o f;dr;=re .eg¨ úi£u i|yd fhdod .ekSu'
4' úúO l%ufõo Wmfhda.fhka f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍu'
5' kj w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSu i|yd fmr w;aoelSï Ndú; lsÍu'
weuqKqu 1
ld¾h m;s%ldj
• ;u lKavdhug y÷kajd we;s ld¾hfhys ksr;jkak'

• lKavdhï wkdjrKhka uq¿ mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug iqodkï jkak'
ishü lKavdhï i|yd
o wlaIh Tiafia tall ffoYslh o wlaIh Tiafia tall ffoYslh o fõ'

o , oy wlaI moaO;shla wkqnoaOfhka ,laIHhl msysàu my; rEm igyfka
olajd we;'
91
<
O >
nj ,nd .kak'
A lKavdhu i|yd
,laIHhla wkqnoaOfhka A ys x msysgqï ffoYslh f,i o B ys

θ
msysgqï ffoYslh f,i o i,lkak' tu o;a; rEm igyklska olajkak'
i|yd yd we;=<;a m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak'
^b) i|yd m%ldYkhla wfmdaykh lrkak'
B lKavdhu i|yd
,laIHh i,lkak'
<
Q
O >
D
92
î& weiqfrka yd m%ldY lrkak'
îi) ffoYslh Tiafia tall ffoYslh iy muKla Ndú;fhka

m%ldY lrkak'
C lKavdhu i|yd
<
O >
î) rEm igyfka olajd we;s ,laIHj, msysgqï ffoYslh tall

ffoYsl yd tu ,laIHj, LKavdxl weiqßka m%ldY lrkak'
îi) tu.ska fidhkak'
x
îii) Tiafia tall ffoYslh m%ldY lrkak'
93
h-I&&
12 jk fY%aKsh fojk jdrh- we.hSï ie,iqï-1 îxhqla; .Ks;h-
01 ks m q K ;dj # 3 j¾.c Ys%; úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 3'1 j¾.c Ys%;hl ,laIK úu¾YKh lrhs'
02' we.hS ï WmlrKfha # j¾.c Ys%;hl ,laIK fidhuq hk lKavdhï ls%hdldrluls'

ia j Ndjh
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 120 hs
04 we.hSï WmlrKh ls%hd;aul lsÍug Wmfoia #
1' weuqKqu 1ys we;=<;a Wmfoia m;s%ldfõ msgm;a 6la

2' weuqKq 2ys we;s igyk wkqj ms<sfh< lrk ,o ì%iag,a fndaâ tlla'
3' äuhs lvodis
4' udl¾ mEka
hk øjH imhd .kak'
mshjr 1 # î) mka;sh lKavdhï yhlg fnokak'

îi& ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm; ne.ska iEu lKavdhulgu imhkak'
îii& ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ wvx.= Wmfoia wkqj ls%hdfjys fhdojkak'
îv) ,nd.;a m%;sM, mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd lKavdhï iQodkï
lrjkak'
1' j¾.c Ys%;fha ,laIK úia;r lsÍu'

2 yd ys ,laIK wkqj j¾.c Ys%;hl yevh ks¾Kh lsßug yels nj ms<s.ekSu'
3' fok ,o j¾.c Ys%;hl j¾. mofhys ix.=Klh yd tys úfõplh ie<lSfuka tys
yeisÍu ks¾Kh lsÍu'
4' lKavdhï ;=< iyfhda.fhka ls%hdlsÍu'
5' mqfrdal:kh i|yd jvd ld¾hlaIu l%u W;amdokh lsÍu'
94
weuqKqu 1
ld¾hh m;s % l dj
• my; § we;s Ys%; w;=ßka Tn lKavdhug wod, Ys%;h f;dard .ekSu Tn lKavdhug
mejf¾'
A lKavdhu i|yd
B lKavdhu i|yd
C lKavdhu i|yd
D lKavdhu i|yd
E lKavdhu i|yd
F lKavdhu i|yd
• § we;s Wmfoia ms<smÈñka my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'

î) úg § we;s Ys%;h i|yd my; i|yka j.=j mqrjkak'
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(ii) ys m%ia;drh a m%dka;rh ;=< w¢kak'

îii) w¢k ,o m%ia;drh weiqfrka my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
Ys%;fha jeä;u fyda wvq;u w.h l=ula o@
m%ia;drfha iuñ;s wlaIfha iólrKh ,shkak'
m%ia;drfha YS¾Ifha LKavdxl ,shkak'
LKavdxlh Y=kHjk ,laIH ;sfí o@ ;sfí kï tajdfha
LKavdxl ,shkak'
îv) § we;s Ys%;h" j¾. mQrKh u`.ska wdldrhg ,shd
olajkak'
^v) (iv) ys ,nd.;a m%;sM,h weiqfrka by; " m%Yakj,g
ms<s;=re ,shkak'
(vi) § we;s Ys%;h" hk idOdrK wdldrh iu. ieie`ÿ úg"
ys ,l=K l=ula o@
(vii) idOdrK j¾.c Ys%;fha hkakg" tys úfõplh hhs lshkq ,efí'
th ^fv,agd& u.ska iqmqreÿ f,iska wxlkh lrkq ,efí' § we;s Ys%;fha
ys w.h ,shkak'
^viii) tu ys ,l=K l=ula o@
• mka;sfha t,ajd we;s fmdaiagrfha iqÿiq ia:dkh u; w¢k ,o m%ia;drh igyka

lrkak'
95
weuqKqu 2
wkdjrK igyka lsÍu i|yd wdlD;sh ^m%ia;dr igyka&
<
<
>
>
<
<
> >
<
<
> >
12 jk fY%aKsh fojk jdrh- we.hSï ie,iqï- 2
96
h-II&&
îxhq l a ; .Ks ; h-
01' ks m q K ;dj # 3' p,s;h ms<sn| ksõfgdkshdkq wdlD;sh fhod.ksñka ;,hl

isÿjk iajNdúl p,s; wjia:d ixcdkkh lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 3'1 ir, f¾Ldjla Tiafia isÿjk p,s;h ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£u
i|yd m%ia;dr Wmfhda.s lr .kshs'
02' we.hS ï WmlrKfha #

ia j Ndjh
î) ir, f¾Ldjla Tiafia isÿjk p,s;h f;audj hgf;a ls%hd;aul l<
yels lKavdhï mejreuls'
îi) úia:dmkh yd ÿr w;r fjki .ek wjfndaOhla iy uOHl m%fõ.h
yd uOHl fõ.h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h'
îii) uOHl fõ. uOHl m%fõ. i|yd ,nd.;a ixLHd;aul w.hhka iys;
j.=jla o úia:dmk- ld, ÿr ld, m%ia;dr o we;=<;a ì;a;s mqj;a
m;la wjidk ksuejqu fõ'
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 90 hs'
04 we.hSï WmlrKh ls%hd;aul lsßu Wmfoia #
^w& mQ¾j iqodku yd Wmfoia #

^1& mejreu ls%hd;aul lsÍug m%:u Èkl iqÿiq wjia:dj, § fujeks m%dfhda.sl
wjia:d iy tys wruqKq .ek isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
îi) lKavdhï i|yd wjYH ld¾h m;s%ld ilia lrkak'
îii) isiqka 5 - 6 laa muK jkfia lKavdhï lrkak' lKavdhï lsysmhla we;s úg
iudka;r ld¾h m;s%ld fokak'
îv) tla tla lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hh wkqj imhd .; hq;= øjH yd f;dr;=re
ms<sn| j o we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ms<sn| j o isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak'
^v) ìu u; .uka lrk fnda,fha ukaokh;a th we;s ùug fya;=j;a isiqkg
meyeÈ,s lrkak' isiqka msysgqu" ÿr" úia:dmkh ms<sn| ±kqj;a lrkak'
(vi) tla tla lKavdhu i|yd my; ±lafjk f,i øjH $WmlrK iqodkï lrkak'
lKavdhï ^1& i|yd imhd .; hq;= øjH yd f;dr;=re
rgyqKq lene,a,la" óg¾ rE,la" úrdu >áld 4la" rn¾ fnda,hla fyda ,S lene,a,la
lKavdhï ^2& i|yd imhd .; hq;= øjH yd f;dr;=re
rgyqKq lene,a,la" óg¾ rE,la" úrdu >áld 5la" rn¾ fnda,hla" ndOlhla fia Ndú;
l< yels ,E,a,la fyda tjeks fohla ^fï i|yd ì;a;shla jqj o fhdod .; yels h'&
^wd& ls%hd ms<sfj<

(i) tla tla lKavdhug wod< ld¾h m;s%ld ,nd § ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'
îi) lKavdhï w;r yeisfrñka mejreu id¾:l lr .ekSug wjYH Wmfoia
u.fmkaùu ,nd fokak'
(iii) isiqkaf.a ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
lKavdhï wxl ^1& i|yd ld¾hh m;s%ldj
97
ir, f¾Ldjl p,kh jk wxY=jl úia:dmkh yd ÿr uekSsu;a" fok ,o ld, m%dka;r ;=< uOHl
fõ. yd uOHl m%fõ. .Kkh lsÍu;a Tn lKavdhug mejf¾' fï i|yd Tn l< hq;af;a
úÿy,a N+ñfha isfuka;s fmd<j u; ,laIH y;rla yryd fnda,hla fyda jia;=jla m%lafIam lr
tla tla ,laIHh miqlr hdug .;jk ld,h uekSuhs'
(i) lKavdhï idudðlhka iu. mejÍ we;s ld¾hh idlÉPd lrkak'

(ii) fnda,hla" óg¾ rE,la yd úrdu >áld 4 la " tla idudðlfhl=g m%ia;dr lvodis
2 ne.ska ,nd .kak'
(iii) úÿy,a N+ñfha ;sria isfuka;s fmd<j u; tlsfklg 3m-4m muK ÿßka ,laIH
4la muK ^rgyqKq lene,a,lska& ,l=Kq lr .kak' tu ,laIH O, A, B, C f,i
kï lrkak' ,laIH w;r ÿr iudk ùug wjYH ke;'
(iv) O, A, B, C ,laIH bÈßfha úrdu >áld .;a hk isiqka 4

fofkl= isgqjkak'
(v) Og m%udKj;a ÿrl isg rn¾ fnda,h iqÿiq m%fõ.hlska O, A, B, yd C ,laIHh
yryd hk mßÈ ìu Èf.a m%lafIam lrkak'
(vi) fnda,h úis lrkq ,nk fudfydf;a § u ishü isiqka ;udf.a úrdu >áld
ls%hd;aul lrkak'
^vii) fnda,h O, A, B, C ,laIH lrd ,.djq jydu ms<sfj<ska tu ,laIHj, isákakd
;udf.a úrdu >áld kj;ajd tys mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'
(viii) O, A, B, C ,laIh w;f¾ ÿr ukskak'
(ix) Tn ,nd.;a w.h my; oelafjk f,i j.= .; lrkak'
úia : dmkh .ukg .;jq ld,h
OA = ............. O isg A g hdug ld,h ''''''''''
OB = ............ = ................
OC = ........... = ..............
^x) s - t m%ia;drh w¢kak'

^xi) uOHl m%fõ.h = úia:dmk fjki
ld, fjki
uOHl fõ.h = ÿr fjki Ndú; lrñka my; j.=j ilikak'

ld, fjki
m%dka;rh uOHl m%fõ.h uOHl fõ.h

98
m%dka;rh uOHl m%fõ.h uOHl fõ.h
OA
OB
OC
AB
BC
(xii) Tn ,nd .;a m%;sM, yd ks.uk iïnkaOj wfkla lKavdhï iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
ir, f¾Ldjla u; .;a ,laIH lsysmhla w;f¾ úia:dmkh yd ÿr ueksug;a" tu ,laIH yryd
.uka lrk jia;=jl uOHl m%fõ.h yd uOHl fõ.h .Kkh lsÍug;a Tn lKavdhug
mejf¾' fï i|yd f;dard .;a ,laIH lsysmhla w;f¾ úia:dmkh yd ÿr uekSug;a" tu ,laIH
yryd hk fnda,hlg ta ta úia:dmk isÿ lsÍug .; jk ld,h uekSug;a Tng mejÍ we;'
î) lKavdhfï wfkla idudðlhka iu. Tng mejÍ we;s ld¾hh .ek idlÉPd
lrkak'
îi) rn¾ fnda,hla " úia:dmkh$ÿr uekSug óg¾ rE,la o" ld,h uekSug úrdu >áld
myla o" rg yqKq lene,a,la" ndOlhla fjkqjg Ndú; l< yels ,E,a,la fyda tjeks
hï fohla" tla idudðlhl= i|yd m%ia;dr lvodis folla ,nd .kak'
îii) úÿy,a N=ñfha ;sria isfuka;s fmd<j u; tlsfklg 3m - 4m muK ÿßka O, A, B
,laIH 3la rgyqKq lene,a, u.ska ,l=Kq lrkak' ,laIH w;r ÿr iudk ùSug wjYH
ke;' B ys ndOlh O A B g ,ïnj ;nkak' ^fyda ndOlh fjkqjg ì;a;shla Ndú;
lrkak'&
(iv) úrdu >áld .;a <uhska 5 fofkl= my; wdldrhg isgqjkak'

O ,laIHh u; úrdu >áldj .;a <uhska yd f,i fofofkla o
u; yd f,i fofofkla o @
u; f,i tla <uhl= o isgqjkak'
(v) g m%udKj;a ÿrl isg iqÿiq m%fõ.hlska fnda,h , A, B yryd f.dia B ys je§
kej; fj;g ,.dùug fyda miqlr f.k hdug m%udKj;a jk mßÈ ìu Èf.a
m%lafIam lrkak'
(vi) fnda,h m%lafIam l< jydu iEu <ufhl= u ;u úrdu >áld ls%hd;aul lrkak'
(vii) fnda,h OAB .ufka § , A yd B ,laIH fj; <`.d jq jydu yd
úrdu >áld kj;ajkak' B ys je§ fmd,d mek kej; A yd O fj; <.d jk úg
yd kj;ajkak'
^viii) úrdu >áldj, mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
îx) isg A g yd Bg ÿr ukskak'
^x) ,nd .;a w.h my; ±lafjk fia j.= .; lrkak'
^xi) by; w.hhka u.ska úia:dmk - ld, jl%h iy ÿr - ld, m%ia;drh w¢kak'
úia : dmkh ÿr ld,h
99
úia:dmkh ÿr ld,h
OA .uk '''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''
OB .uk '''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''
OBA .uk '''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''
OBAO .uk '''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''
;lafiarelrK i|yd ks¾Kdhl #
(1) mejreug wod< j isiqkaf.a iqodku ls%hdj,sh ksujqu yd .;s ,laIK hk fldgia
we.hSu wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd fï iu. we;s wdlD;sh Ndú; lrkak'
^2) we.hSu wdlD;sfha ks¾Kdhl i|yd lKavdhï jYfhka ,l=Kq mejrsh yels wjia:dj,
o" lKavdhï f,i o" fm!oa.,slj ,l+Kq mejßh yels wjia:dj, o" fm!oa.,slj o"
,l=Kq mjrkak' lKavdhu ,nd.;a ,l=Kq tla tla isiqjdf.a tu ks¾Kdhl i|yd
msßkefuk fm!oa.,sl ,l=Kq fõ'
^3& tla tla ks¾Kdhl h i|yd my; i|yka uÜgñka ,l=Kq mjrkak'
úYsIaGhs - 04 b;d fyd|hs - 03
fyd|hs - 02 idudkHhs - 01
^4) fï wkqj isiqfjl=g mejrefuka ysñ jk Wmßu ,l=Kq m%udKh 12 4 = 48 ls'
100
we.hS ï wdlD;s h
we.hSï ks¾Kdhl isiqkaf.a kï
1 lKavdhu 2 lKavddhu
^01& iq o dku
î) idlÉPdjg Woafhda.su;aj iyNd.s ùu
îi) .=rejrhd iu. woyia yqjudrej
îii) wka isiqka iu. woyia yqjudrej
îv) ls%hdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍug odhl ùu'
^02
^02) ls%hdj,sfha ksr; ùu'
î) .e,fmk fia O, A, B, C f;dard .ekSu
îi) iqÿiq mßÈ fnda,h úis lsÍu
îii) ld,h uek .ekSu
îv) úia:dmkh uek .ekSu
^03& ks u ejq u
î) j.=j 1 ieliSu
^04& mejreu wdrïNfha is g wjidkh

olajd YsIHhd ;=< m%o¾Ykh jk .;s
,la I K
î) .=re Wmfoia ms<sme§u
îi) ñkqï .ekSug olajk Wkkaÿj
îii) lKavdhï iu`. iyfhda.fhka jev lsÍu
101
12 jk fY%aKsh fojk jdrh- we.hSï ie,iqï- 3
h-II&&
îxhq l a ; .Ks ; h-
01' ks m q K ;dj # 3 p,s;h ms<sn| ksõfgdakshdkq wdlD;sh fhod .ksñka

;,hl isÿjk iajNdúl p,s; wjia:d ixcdkkh lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 3'2 ir, f¾Ldjla Tiafia isÿjk p,s; ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£u
i|yd m%.;sl iólrK Wmfhda.s lr .kshs'
02' we.hS ï WmlrKfha # p,s;h i|yd iQ;% f.dvk.uq' hk lKavdhï l%shdldrluls'

iajNdjh
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 80hs'

1' weuqKqu 1ys we;=<;a ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm;a 4la
2' äuhs lvodis
3' udl¾ mEka hk øjH imhd .kak'
mshjr 1 # ^1& mka;sh l=vd lKavdhï 4 lg fnokak'

îi) ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm; ne.ska iEu lKavdhulgu ,nd fokak'
îii) äuhs lvodis" udl¾ mEka iy m;s%ldfõ msgm;a lKavdhï w;r
fnod fokak'
îv) lKavdhï ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; lrjkak'
^v) wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqka iQodkï lrkak'
^01& p,s;h ms<sn| m%.;sl iólrK f.dvke.Su'

^02& we;eï .eg¨ úi£fï § m%.;sl iólrK fhdod .ekSu myiq nj ms<s.ekSu'
^03& m%.;sl iólrK fhdod .ksñka .eg¨ úi£u'
^04& .eg¨ úi£u i|yd úl,am l%u fidhd ne,Su'
^05& wdlD;s f.dvke.Su ;=<ska ld¾hh myiqfjka bgqlr .ekSu'
weuqKqu 1
ld¾hh m;s % l dj
• § we;s Wmfoia wkqj ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; ùu Tn lKavdhug mejf¾'

• Tn lKavdhu wod< ls%hdj,sh f;dard .kak' ta weiqfrka my; ±lafjk iólrK
f.dvk.kak'
î)
102
A lKavdhu
yd iïnkaO;d Ndú; lrkak'
B lKavdhu
wdrïNl fõ.h " ;ajrKh fõ.h " wjidk fõ.h " ld,h yd
úia:dmk kï m%fõ. ld, jl%hla f.dvk.kak' tys wkql%uKh yd jl%h;a
ld, wlaIh;a w;r j¾.M,h Ndú; lrkak'
C lKavdhu
ksh; .=re;ajc ;ajrKh hgf;a isria p,s;fha § yd
iïnkaO;d Ndú; lrkak'
D lKavdhu
ksh; .=re;ajc ;ajrKh hgf;a isria j p,kh jk úg wdrïNl m%fõ.h
;ajrKh wjidk m%fõ.h " ld,h yd úia:dmkh kï m%fõ. ld,
jl%hla f.dvk.kak' tys wkql%uKh yd jl%h;aa ld, wlaIh;aa w;r j¾.M,h
Ndú; lrkak'
m% Y a K h
A yd B lKavdhï kï yd fidhkak'
C yd D lKavdhï kï yd fidhkak'
103
12 jk fY%aKsh- 3 jk jdrh- we.hSï ie,iqï-1
îxhqla; .Ks;h II&&
01' ks m q K ;dj # 3 p,s;h ms<snò ksõfgdakshdkq wdlD;sh fhdod .ksñka

;,hl isÿjk iajdNdúl p,s; wjia:d ixcdkkh lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 3'5 ;,hla u; tla wxY+jlg idfmalaIj ;j;a wxY+jl p,s;h

ks¾Kh lrhs'
02 we.hSï WmlrKfha # p,s;fha idfmalaI;dj úuiuq' hk lKavdhï ls%hdldrluls'

ia j Ndjh
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 90hs
1' weuqKqu1 ys we;=<;a ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm;a 03la

2' äuhs lvodis udl¾ mEka hk øjH imhd .kak'
mshjr 1 # î& mka;sfha isiqka A, B yd C kï lKavdhï ;=klg fjka lrkak'

(ii) ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm; ne.ska tla tla lKavdhug imhkak'
îii) äuhs lvodis yd udl¾ mEka lKavdhïj,g imhkak'
îv) lKavdhï ld¾hfhys ksr; lrjkak'
^v) ;u wkdjrKhka mka;shg bÈßm;a lsßug lKavdhï iqodkï lrjkak'
1' ;,hla u; tla tla wxY=jlg idfmalaIj ;j;a wxY=jl p,s;h úia;r
flfrk idfmalaI p,s; uq,O¾u m%ldY lrhs'
2' p,s;hla wOHhkh lsÍfï § idfmalaI p,s;h ms<sn| uq,O¾uj,
Wmfhda.s;dj w.h lrhs'
3' p,s;h ms<sn| .eg¨ úi£u i|yd idfmalaI p,s; uq,O¾u fhdod .kshs'
4' m%dfhda.sl .eg¨ úi£u i|yd ffioaOdka;sl wdlD;s fhdod .kshs'
5' mqoa., noaOfhka f;drj lsishï isoaêhla foi úúO me;slv Tiafia
n,hs'
104
weuqKqu 1
ld¾hh m;s % l dj
• idfmalaI p,s;h yd iïnkaO isoaê ;=kla my; ±lafõ' Tfí lKavdhug wod<
isoaêh f;dard th my; Ys¾I hgf;a wOHhkh lsÍug Tnf.a lKavdhug mejf¾'
• isoaêh
• .eg¨j
• .eg¨j úi£ug wjYH f;dr;=re
• úi÷u
• lrkq ,nk Wml,amk
• m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alu
• isoaêh" wOHhkh i|yd ta iu. § we;s u. fmkaùï o m%fhdackhg .kak'
lKa v dhu is o a ê h
A m<, jk" iudka;r bjqre iys;

.`.la m%fõ.fhka i;;j .,hs' A
yd B hkq AB = jk mrsos m%;súreoaO
bjqrej, jq f;dgqm,j,a folls'A isg
B lrd <`.d ùfï n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
f;dáfhla v m%fõ.fhka ish Trej
mojhs' Tyq .f`.a by< ÈYdj iu.
fldaKhla idok ÈYdjg Trej fhduq fldg mojkafka hehs .kak'
hk wjia:d idlÉPd lrkak'
i;;j yuk iq<`.la we;s Èfkl" v fõ.fhka W;=re foig .uka lrk
B nhsisl,alrefjl=g kef.kysr foiska iq<`. yukakd fia ±fka '
(i) iq<f.a ienE m%fõ.h ks¾Kh lsÍug by; o;a; m%udKj;a o hkak
úuid" m%udKj;a ke;akï" ;j;a wjYH o;a;hla $o;a; i|yka lrkak'
(ii) iq<f.a oDYH ÈYdj flfrys n,mdk idOl i|yka lr" oDYH ÈYdj
fjkia ùu flfrys ta ish¨ idOl tljr n, mE hq;= o keoao hkak
idlÉPd lrkak'
> A u O tlsfklg ,ïn ir, f¾Çh uyd ud¾. folla O

C ikaêfha § tlsfkl yryd hhs' fuu ud¾. fofla
A fudg¾ r:hla u m%fõ.fhka o B fudg¾ r:hla
v m%fõ.fhka o O foig .uka lrhs' t fõ,dfõ §
v o hehs .ksuq' tajd w;r .egqula
<
isÿ fkdùu i|yd wjYH;d

B î) idfmalaI p,s;h ms<sn| uq,O¾u weiqßka
îi) wka l%uhlska idlÉPd lrkak'
• Tfí wkdjrKhka mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iqodkï jkak'
105
12 jk fY%aKsh- 3 jk jdrh- we.hSï ie,iqï- 2
îxhqla; .Ks;h II&&
01' ks m q K ;dj # 3 p,s;h ms<snò ksõfgdakshdkq wdlD;sh fhdod .ksñka

;,hl isÿjk iajdNdúl p,s; wjia:d ixcdkkh lrhs'
ks m q K ;d uÜgu # 3'1 idfmalaI p,s; .eg¨ úi£u ioyd ffoYssl l%u fhdod
.kshs'
02' we.hSï WmlrKfha # iqug m%;Hia: f.da,j, ir, .egqï ms<sn| lKavdhï
ia j Ndjh mejreuls'
03' ld,h # ñksa;a;= 90 hs'
04 we.hSï WmlrKh ls%hd;aul lsÍug Wmfoia #

iqug m%;Hia: f.da,j, ir, .egqï hk f;audj hgf;a " ls%hd;aul l< yels lKavdhï
mejreuls' p,kh jk f.da,j, <xùfï yd fjkaùfï m%fõ. w;r wkqmd;h olajk
j.=jla o" tajd .eàug fmr yd .eàug miq wjia:dj, § .uH;d olajk j.=jla o we;=<;a
ì;a;s mqj;a m;la wjidk ksuejqu fõ'
^w& mQ¾j iqodku yd Wmfoia
î) mejreu ls%hd;aul lsÍug m%:u Èkl iqoiq wjia:dj, § m%;Hia: f.da,j,
.egqï fhfok m%dfhda.sl wjia:d yd tajdfha wruqKq .ek isiqka iu.
idlÉPd lrkak' .uH;d ixiaÓ;sh" <x ùfï" fjka ùfï idfmalaI
m%fõ. ms<sn| j ±kqu ,nd fokak'
(ii) lKavdhulg isiqka 5la muK jk fia isiqka lKavdhï lrkak'
îii) lKavdhï i|yd wjYH ;rï ld¾h m;s%ld ilia lr .kak' lKavdhï
lsysmhla we;s úg iudka;r ld¾h m;s%ld ,nd fokak'
îv) tla tla lKavdhug mejfrk ld¾hh wkqj imhd .; hq;= øjH yd
f;dr;=re ms<sn| j o we.hSï ks¾Kdhl ms<sn| j o isiqka ±kqj;a
lrkak'
^v) mS,a, u; p,kh jk fnda,fha p,s;h jk wdldrh;a" .egqu isÿ jq miq
p,s;h isÿ jq wdldrh ms<sno j isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak'
^vi) cfk,a ;sr ±óu i|yd fhdod .kakd we¿ñkshï H mS,a,la f.k rEmfha
wkaoug iuñ;slj kjd .kak' B yd C kejqï jl%hl wdldrh .;
hq;=h'
106
bkamiq tajd BC ;sria jk fia wp, isria mqjrejlg tu mSs,s iu. ,nd .; yels we,a¨ï
(Chip) u.ska mS,af,a ;,h isriaj iú lr.kak' bkamiq BC uÜgfï isg isria Wi cm u.ska
mqjrefõ wxlkh lrkak'
mqjrej →
(vii) úúO wrhkaf.ka hq;a l=vd ma,diaála fnda," ùÿre fnda," hlv fnda," ^Ball Bearing)
lsysmhla ,nd .kak' tu iEu fnda,hla u we`Mñkshï H mS,a, ;=< ksoyfia p,kh
ùug yels úh hq;=h'
(viii) tla tla lKavdhu i|yd my; ±lafjk f,i øjH $WmlrK iQodkï lrkak'
lKavdhï wxl ^1& i|yd imhd .; hq;= øjH#
by; wdldrfha mqjrejla " tlu wrh we;s iudk ialkaO we;s f.da, ;=kla"
f.da,j, ialiaO uekSug .e,fmk ÿkq ;rdÈhla
by; wdldrfha mqjrejla" iudk wrh we;s úúO ialkaOj,ska hqla; f.da, folla"
f.da,j, ialkaO uekSug .e,fmk ÿkq ;rdÈhla
by; wdldrfha mqjrejla" úúO wr yd fjkia jq ialkaOj,ska we;s f.da, folla"

f.da,j, ialkaO uekSug .e,fmk ÿkq ;rdÈhla'
ls%hd ms<sfj< #
î& ld¾h m;s%ld tla tla lKavdhug ,nd § ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

îi& lKavdhï w;r yeisfrñka" mejreu id¾:l lr .ekSug wjYH Wmfoiaa u.
fmkaùï ,nd fokak'
îii& mejreu wjidkfha § Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK" m%;sM, lKavdhï w;f¾ bÈßm;a
lr idlÉPd lsÍug wjia:djla ,nd fokak'
107
imhd we;s fnda, fol AB yd DC ndyq u; fjkiaa fyda iudk Wiska ;nd ksoyfia uqod
yer BC fldgfia § .eàug i,iajd .egqkq miq p,s; jk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu Tn
lKavdhug mejf¾'
^1& fuu ld¾hh m;s%ldj m<uqj lshjd f;areï f.k mejÍ we;s ld¾hh ms<sn|
j lKavdhï idudðlhka yd idlÉPd lrkak'
^2& imhd we;s øjH ,nd .kak'
^3& f.da, fol P yd Q f,i kï lr tajdfha ialkaO uek .kak'
^4& AB yd BC ndyq u; úúO fyda iudk Wiska P yd Q f.da, ;nd tajd
ksoyfia uqod yer BC fldgfia § .eàug i,iajkak' ms<sfj,ska yd
Wi uek .kak' yd fjkia lrñka kej; kej; P yd Q .eàug
i,iajkak'
^5& BC ;=< § P yd Q .egqKq miq my; p,s; wjia:d ,nd .ekSug W;aidy
lrkak'
(a) .egqkq miq f.da, folu tlaj tla ÈYdjlg .uka lsÍu
(b) .egqkq miq fjka fjkaj tlu ÈYdjlg .uka lsÍu
(c) .egqkq miq fjka fjkaj m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g .uka lsÍu
^6& .egqkq miq P yd Q f.da, â & "^b) ,(c) wjia:d hgf;a AB yd CD ndyq
Èf.a by< ke.s Wi f,i ,nd .kak'
^7& fuf,i wjia:d .Kkla i|yd fuu ls%hdj,sh kej; kej; lrkak'
^8& f,i .ksñka h Wi wkqrEm m%fõ.h .Kkh lr my; f,i
j.= .; lrkak' g wkqrEm m%fõ.h o i|yd wkqrEm m%fõ.

.Kkh lrkak'
my; j.= j iïmq ¾ K lrka k '
,xúfï fjkaùfï
idfmalaI idfmlaI
m%fõ.h - m%fõ.h -
1
2
3
4
''''
'''''
''''
''''
^9& ys w.h ms<sn| j Tfí ks.ukh i|yka lrkak'
^10& yd f.da, fofla ialkaO okakd neúka my; II j.=j iïmQ¾K

lrkak'
108
II j.=j
.egqug fmr .egqug miq .egqug fmr .egqug miq

moaO;sfha moaO;sfha
P ys .uH;dj ys .uH;dj ys .uH;dj ys .uH;dj .uH;dj .uH;dj
by; j.=j u.ska muKla .egqug fmr yd miq .uH;d ms<sn| j Tfí ks.ukh l=ula o@
lKavdhï wxl ^1& i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;s ld¾hh m;s%ldj fï i|yd fhdod .kq
,eefí'^fuys § isiqka fj; ,nd fokafka iudk wrfhka yd úúO ialkaOj,ska hqla;
f.da, folls'&
lKavdhï ^1& i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;s ld¾hh m;s%ldj fï i|yd fhdod .kak'
^fuys § isiqka fj; fokq ,nkafka fjkia wrhka yd fjkia ialkaOj,ska hqlal jq
f.da, folls&
î& mejreug wod< j isiqkaf.a iqodku" ls%hdj,sh yd .;s ,laIK hk fldgia

we.hS u wfmalaId flf¾'
îi& we.hSï wdlD;sfha ks¾Kdhl i|yd lKavdhï jYfhka fyda fm!oa.,slj
,l=Kq mejßh yels h' lKavdhï ,nd.;a ,l=Kq tla tla isiqjdf.a tu
ks¾Kdhl i|yd msßkefuk fm!oa.,sl ,l=Kq fõ'
îii& ks¾Kdhl i|yd my; f,i ,l=Kq mjrkak'
úYsIaGhs - 1 b;d fyd|hs - 3
fyd|hs - 2 idudkHhhs - 3
^1v) mejrefuka isiqfjl=g ysñ úh yels Wmßu ,l+Kq m%udKh
109
we.hS ï wdlD;s h
isiqkaf.a kï
we.hS ï ks ¾ Kdhl
lKavdhu1 lKavdhu2 lKavdhu3
^1& iqodku
î) idlÉPdjg Woafhda.su;a j iyNd.s ùu'
îi) .=rejrhd iu. woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu'
îii) wka isiqka iu. woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu'
îx) ls%hdldrlu ie,iqï lsÍug odhl ùu'
^2& ls%hdj,sfha ksr; ùu

î) f.da,j, ialkaO uekSu
îi) .e,fmk fia yd f;dard .ekSu
îii) " " , w.hka uekSu'
^3& ksuejqu
î) .Kkh lsÍu'
îi) 1 j.=j iïmq¾K lsÍu'
îii) 11 j.=j iïmq¾K lsÍu'
îv) ms<sn| ks.ukh
^v) .egqug fmr yd .egqug miq .uH;d

ms<sn| j ks.ukh
^4& mejreu wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajd
YsIHhd ;=< m%o¾Ykh jk .;s ,laIK
î& .=re Wmfoia ms<sme§u'

îi) ñkqï .ekSug olajk Wkkaÿj'
îii) lKavdhu iu. iyfhda.fhka jev
lsßu'
îv) wkH u; .re lsÍug we;s yelshdj '
110
12 h-II&&
fY%aKsh- 3 jk jdrh- we.hSï WmlrKh- 3 îxhqla; .Ks;h-
01' ks m q K ;dj # 2 iu;=,s;;dj we;s ke;s ;;a;aj w¾:j;aj Ôú;hg fhdod

.ekSu i|yd tal;, n, moaO;s újrKh lrhs'
ks m q K kd uÜgu 2'9
2'9## 2'9 iu;=,s;;dj flfrys >¾IKfha n,mEu tys ,l=K
weiqßka úu¾Ykh lrhs'
02 we.hS ï WmlrKfha # r¿ mDIaGhla u; jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj úuiuq' hkqfjka jq

ia j Ndjh lKavdhï ls%hdldrluls'
03' ld,h # ñks;a;= 90 hs'
1' weuqKqu 1 ys i|yka ld¾hh m;s%ldfõ msgm;a ;=kla

2' f;ovq ;=,dj" fldaKudkh" lmamshla ;rdÈ ;eáh" ;ka;= yd mä
3' Wiska wvq Ndr lsysmhla
4' äuhs lvodis
5' udl¾ mEka wd§ øjH ilia lr .kak'
mshjr 1 # î& isiqka lKavdhï ;=klg fnod A, B yd C f,i tajd kï lrkak'

îi) ishü lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia m;s%ldfõ msgm; ne.ska imhkak'
îii) lKavdhï ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; lrjkak'
îv) lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd iqodkï lrjkak'
1' r¿ mDIaGhla u; jia;=jl iu;=,s;;djhg wjYH;dj m%ldY lrhs'

2' >¾IK n,h iam¾Y jk mDIaGj, iajNdjhg wdfõKsl jq .=Khla nj ms<s.kS'
3' >¾IK n,h fhfok wjia:dj, jia;=jl iu;=,s;djhg wjYH;d fidhhs'
4' hï isoaêhl mriamrhka Wú; mrÈ m%fhdackhg .kshs'
5' ;SrK .ekSu i|yd WÑ; l%ufõo fhdod .kshs'
111
weuqKqu 1
ld¾hh m;s % l dj
• Tn lKavdhug y\qkajd we;s ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'

• lKavdhï wkdjrK bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd iqodkï jkak'
• ,efnk ksÍlaIK lKavdhu ;=< idlÉcd lr ifya;=lj ks.ukhkag t<fTkak
A lKavdhu i|yd
(1) tlu ,E,a,lska lmd.;a úúO yevfha yd j¾.M,fha ,S len,s lsysmhla .kak'
bkamiq by; wdldrfha wegjqula fhdod .ksñka tla tla wjia:dfõ § ,S len,s
fïih u; p,s; lrùu i|yd wjYH wju n, fidhkak' tla tla wjia:dfõ §
w.h fidhkak'
^11& fï wdldrhg u úúO øjHhkaf.ka ;ekq mDIaG we;s jia;=ka fïih u; p,s;
lsÍug wjYH wju n, fidhd w.hka ks¾Kh lrkak' wjia:d fofla §
,nd.;a m%;sM, ú.%y lrkak'
B lKa v dhu i|yd
;sria fïihla u; ,E,s lene,a,la ;nd th fïih u; hka;ñka p,kh lsÍu i|yd by;
wldrfha wegjqula wdOdrfhka wjYH wju n,h ,nd .kak' miqj ,E,a, u; Ndrhka jeä
lrñka ta tla tla wjia:dfõ § ,E,a, hka;ñka p,kh lsÍu i|yd wjYH n, ks¾Kh lrkak'
p,kh lsÍug fhÿ nr yd ,E,a, iu. ta u; jq Ndrh w;r m%ia:drhla we| ,enqKq m%;sM, ú.%y
lrkak'
112
C lKa v dhu i|yd
;,hla u; l=vd ,E,s lene,a,la ;nd l%ufhka ;srig ;,fha wdk;sh jeä lrkak'
,E,s lene,a, p,khùug wdikaku wjia:dfõ ;srig ;,fha wdk;sh uek .kak' fuf,iu
,E,s lene,a, u; Wiska wvq úúO Ndr ;nñka p,s;hg wdikaku fudfydf;a ;,h ;srig
olajk wdk;sh uek .kak' ;j ÿrg;a ,E,a, fjkqkg fjk;a øjH j,ska ;ekq jia;+ka ;nñka
p,s;hg wdikaku wjia:dj, § fldaK uek .kak' ,efnk m%;sM, ú.%y lrkak'
113

Com Maths TG Sinhala 2009

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w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< ^ixhqla; .

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

oaú;Shsl wOHdmk úIhud,d m%;sixialrK hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 6 - 11

.fõIKhg ^Exploration) u. fmkajk Wmfoia wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlïj, B<. fldgihs'

.fõIKfhka miqj t<fUkafka újrK ^Explanation) wjia:djhs' fuys § l=vd lKavdhï

idudkH wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< wo oDYHudk jk .eg¨ ch .ekSu i|yd .kqfokqjlska

fuu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla jkafka ls%hdldrlu mqrdu

ilia lf,a #-foaYudkH wdpd¾h whs' t,a' .sKsf.a

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wdpd¾h whs' t,a' .sksf.a

fla' .fkaI,sx.ï uhd - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ

1' uydpd¾h hq' tka' î' osidkdhl - uydpd¾h" .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j

3' wdpd¾h ví' î' vjqkaofialr - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j

mß.Kl joka ieliSu

01' 12 fY%aKsh - m<uqjeks jdrh 1

02' 12 fY%aKsh - fojeks jdrh 28

1' ixLHd moa O ;s f ha úldYh ixLHd Ndú;h wdrïNfha isg 02

m%lD;s ixLHd" ksÅ, ixLHd" mßfïh

by; l=,l ish,a, ys Wml=,l nj

2' ;d;a;aúl ixLHdjla cHdñ;sl ;d;a;aúl ixLHdjla ixLHd f¾Ldj u;

1.2 1' oYu ixLHd j¾.SlrKh lrhs' oYu ixLHd 02

2.1 1' Ys%;hl m%;sNduh woyi ksh;h" úp,Hh" mrdñ;sh y÷kajkak'

my; oelafjk w¾: oelaùï bÈßm;a

Y%s;hl" iajdh;a; úp,Hh" mrdh;a;

2.2 úfYaIs; Y%s; y÷kd.kshs' ksh; Y%s;h" udmdxl Ys%;h" lvukska 05

lvukska Y%s; ( jifï úúO m%dka;rj,

2' mdálh iy flda á lh w¾: ,laIHhl mdálh iy

5' LKa v xl weiq f rka § we;s iy

26.2 1' § we;s ,laIH folla hd lrk iy jk 03

u.ska o ndysr j fnfok ,laIHfha

u.ska o fokq ,efnhs'

1' YS¾Ij, LKavdxl § we;s úg " iy 01

ir, f¾Ld LKavj,ska jgjQ ;, rEmhla

2' ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd; jD;a; úp,H fldaKhl ;%sfldaKñ;sl

" jiu { ys T;af;a

16.2 1' úfYaI fldaK lsysmhl hk fldaK 04

2' tla tla jD;a; mdofha msysá m<uqjeks jD;a; mdofha §

yd wjia:d idlÉPd lrkak'

y;rjeks jD;a; mdofha §

3' jD;a; Y%s;j, wdj¾; iajNdjh ´kEu fldaKhla" 2 ys ´kE u ksÅ,

4' wd§ cHdñ;sl l%u Ndú;fhka

fldaKj, ;%sfldaKñ;sl wd§ fldaKj,

5' fok ,o úYd,;ajfhka hq;a wdoS fldaKj,

2' ixhq; jD;a; Ys%;j, m%ia;dr

wd§ Ys%;j, m%ia;dr we£ug isiqka fhduq

3' ;% s f lda K ñ;s l iólrKj, i|yd fmdoq úi÷u

i|yd fmdÿ úi÷u

i|yd fmdÿ úi÷u

18 1' ;%sfldaKhl mdo iy fldaK ;%sfldaKhl fldaK hkqfjka 04

4' ´kEu ;% s f lda K hla i|yd ´kEu ;%sfldaKhla i|yd

6' ihs k kS ; s h iy flda i hs k m% u dKj;a o;a ; ÿka ú g ;% s f lda K hl

2' talc Y%s;" j¾.c Y%s;" >kc talc Y%s;hl idOdrK

3' i¾jiu nyq m oj, ,la I K kï ish¨ a i|yd

hka k i|yd hk wxlkh

bÈßm;a lrkak' ixiaf,aI fn§u yd

4.3 1' fnÿï we,a f .dß;uh m% l dY NdcHh } ,íêh Ndclh fYaIh 05

2' fYaI m%fïhh m%ldY lrhs' kï nyqmoh j,ska

3' fYaI m%fïhh idOkh lrhs' fYaI m%fïhh idOkh lrkak'