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wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&
isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

13 jk fY%aKsh
^2010 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;j

=
úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
13jk fY%aKsh
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh 2009
ISBN
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u'
uqøKh(
mgqk
msgqj
mgqk i
fmrjok ii
ix{dmkh iv
úIhud,d lñgqj vi
ye|skù
a u vii
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh 1
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh 241
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ie,iqï ieliSu i|yd

wdo¾Y wdlD;sh 243
i
fmrjok
j¾I 2007 § 6 iy 10 hk fYa%Ksj,g y÷kajd fok ,o ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï b.ekaùï

m%fõYh l%ufhka jißka jir 7" 8" yd 11 hk fYa%Ksj, úIh ud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fhdod
.kakd ,o w;r 2009 jif¾ § th w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& mka;j
s ,g wod< úIhud,dj iïkaOfhka
o jHdma; lsÍug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úIhud,d iïmdoljreka iu;a ù ;sfí'
tuksid 12 iy 13 jk fYa%Ksj, úúO úIh yd wod< úIh ks¾foaY o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY
ix.%y o isiqka ;=< m%.=K l< hq;= ksmqK;d o ksmqK;d uÜgï o ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul
f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' fuu f;dr;=re ;u úIh yd wod< bf.kqï-b.ekaùï wjia:d
iïmdokfha § .=rejrekag uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh i|yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilia lsÍfï § úIhud,d iïmdoljreka
úiska lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj yd fcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^10" 11 fYa%Ks& úIhud,dj ilik
úg wkq.ukh fldg we;s m%fõYhg jvd fjkia jQ m%fõYhla wkq.ukh fldg we;s nj
i|yka lrkq leue;af;ñ' 6" 7" 8" 9" 10 yd 11 hk fYA%Ksj, § úIh lreKq b.ekaùfï §
wkq.ukh l< hq;= bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï m%fõY iïnkaOfhka .=rejreka wNsu; wdlD;shlg
fhduq lrk ,o uq;a w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y
iïmdokfha § .=rejrekag ;u wNsu;h mßÈ ls%hd lsÍug;a m%Yia; ksoyila N=la;s ú§ug;a
bv m%ia;dj i,id ;sfí' fuu ;,fha § .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId lrkqfha ta ta úIh
tallhg fyda mdvug kshñ; ksmqK;d iy ksmqK;d uÜgï j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi fhdað;
bf.kqï l%uj,ska ;uka wNsu; b.ekakqï l%uhla fhdod .ekSu h' ;uka fhdod .kakd
b.ekakqï m%fõYh i;=gqodhl yd ld¾hlaIu f,i fhdod .ksñka wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d yd
ksmqK;d uÜgï <`.d lr .ekSu .=rejreka úiska fkdmsßfy<d bgq lrkq ,eìh hq;= h' fuu
ksoyi .=rejrekag ,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<& úNd.fha we;s
jeo.;alu iy tu úNd.h flfrys wOHdmk moaO;sfha ish¨ u wh olajk ixfõ§ nj
ie,ls,a,g f.k nj igyka lrkq leue;af;ñ'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh .=rejreka yg udye`.s w;a fmd;la fõjd hs m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wfma orejkaf.a keKei mdokakg fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha we;s f;dr;=re l%ufõo
iy Wmfoia wmf.a .=rejrekag ksis u`. fmkaùula lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrñ'
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
i
ix{dmkh
okakd foa mj;ajd f.k hdug yd mQ¾jfhka ;SrKh lrk ,o foa bf.kSug ld,hla ;siafia
lghq;= lsrSu ksid" mj;sk foa kej; f.dv keÕSug mjd wo wmg yelshdj we;af;a iq¿
jYfhks' mdi,a uÜgfï bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha uyd mßudK fjkila we;s lrñka
fodrg jäk fuu oaú;shsl wOHdmkh ms<sn| kj iyY%lfha m<uq jk úIhud,d
m%;sixialrKh" tlS fkdyelshdj ch .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lrk w;r okakd foa
ixialrKhg;a" mQ¾jfhka ;SrKh fkdl< foa .fõIKhg;a" fyg mej;sh yels foa
f.dvkeÕSug;a yelshdj we;s rgg jevodhS mqrjeis msßila ìys lsÍu wruqKq fldg y÷kajd
oS ;sfí'
Tn 6-11 fY%aKsj, fuu úIhh u fyda fjk;a úIhhla fyda W.kajk .=re Nj;l= kï
w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& i|yd;a ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska wfmalI a d lrk kj bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
l%u ms<sfj;aj,g wkq.; ùu jvd;a myiq jkq we;' ta ta ksmqK;d Tiafia ksmqK;d uÜgï
y÷kd .ksñka tajd idlaId;alrKhg iqÿiq l%h s dldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSu fï m%;i s xialrKh
hgf;a jeo.;a fjhs' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< .=rejrhd fï ;dla biau;= l<
l%ums<sfj;a j¾;udkhg fkd.e<fmk nj;a" isiqka ;ks ;ks j bf.k .kakjdg jvd
w;aoelSï fnodyod .ksñka iyfhda.fhka bf.kSu w¾:j;a nj;a kj N+ñldjlg msúfik
.=re Nj;=ka f;areï .; hq;= fjhs' ta wkqj .=rejrhd miqmiska isáñka" YsIHhd bosßhg f.k
tk bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u yels ;dla f;dard .ksñka b.ekaùu kj uÕlg f.k taug
lghq;= lsÍu fuys oS wfmalaId flf¾'
oaú;shsl wOHdmk úIud,d m%;sixialrKh hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 6-11
fY%aKsj, .Ks;h" úoHdj" fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh" ;dlaIKh yd jdKsc úoHdj hk
úIhhkag wod< j iïmdokh lrk ,o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y mßYS,kh l< fyd;a YsIH
flakaøSh" ksmqK;d mdol yd l%shdldrlï fmrgq lr .;a bf.kqu yd b.ekaùu ms<sn|
meyeos,s woyila Tng ,efnkq we;' fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y uÕska bosßm;a lrkq
,nk l%shdldrlï W;aidy .kafka bf.kqu" b.ekaùu yd we.hSu tl u fõosldjla u;g
f.k taughs' tfia u 5E wdlD;sh mokï lr .ksñka o iyfhda.S bf.kqï ^Co-operative
Learning& l%ums<sfj;a fhdod .ksñka o fuf;la fidhd f.k we;s foa kej; f.dvkÕñka
bka Tíng f.dia kj ksmehqï ìys lrñka Wod jk fyg oskhg l,a we;s j iQodkï ùug;a
fï l%shdldrlï YsIHhdg bv i,id fokq we;'
ks¾udKYS,S .=re mrmqrla ìys lsÍfï wruqKska b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg wod< l%shdldrlï
ika;;sfhka f;dard .;a l%hs dldrlï lsym
s hla muKla w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& .=re ud¾f.damfoaY
ix.%yhkag we;=<;a lr ;sfí' tfy;a imhd we;s wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï mßYS,kfhka o
w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& m%;sixialrKh mokï lr .;a uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeä
oshqKq lr .ksñka o úIhhg yd mka;shg .e<fmk mßos l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï
úYd, ksoyila Tng we;' fï .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhg we;=<;a wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï isõ
wdldr jQ f;dr;=re iuQyhla Tng imhhs' iEu l%shdldrlula wdrïNfha u Tn olskafka
tu l%hs dldrlu Tiafia YsIHhd f.k hdug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wjidk b,lalhhs' ksmK q ;dj
hkqfjka kï lr we;s fuh mq¿,a h; oS¾> ld,Sk h' B<Õg i|yka ksmqK;d uÜgu fuu
ksmqK;dj fj; <Õd ùu i|yd isiqka úiska idlaId;a lr .; hq;= úúO yelshdj,ska tla
yelshdjla muKla biau;= lrhs' fï wkqj n,k l< ta ta ksmK q ;d uÜgu wod< ksmK q ;djg
jvd iqúfYaIS h; flá ld,Sk h' B <Õg we;af;a wod< l%shdldrlu wjidkfha .=re Nj;d
iii
ksÍlaIKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk p¾hd lsysmhls' .=re isiq fomd¾Yjhg u nrla
fkdjk fia fï p¾hd .Kk mylg iSud lsÍug W;aidy ord ;sfí' bf.kqï M, jYfhka
y÷kajd we;s fï p¾hd ksmqK;d uÜgug jvd iqúfYaI jk w;r úIh lreKq mokï lr .;a
yelshd ;=klska o bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka u;= lr .kakd fmdÿ yelshd follska o
iukaú; fjhs' úIh yelshd ;=k ÿIalr;d wkqms<sfj,ska fm< .iajd we;s w;r wvq ;rñka
m<uq folj;a idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd mka;sfha iEu isiqjl= u bf.kqï-b.ekaùï
l%shdldrlfï yoj; f,i ie,flk .fõIKh fj; fhduq lr .ekSug .=re Nj;d lghq;=
l< hq;= wdldrh l%shdldrlfï ó<Õ fldgiska bosßm;a lr ;sfí' kshqla;slrKh Êngage-
ment& kï jk tlS mshjfrka iEu l%shdldrlula u wdrïN jqj o l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu
wdrïN jkafka 5E wdlD;sfha fojk "E" wl=rg wod< .fõIKfhka nj Tn wu;l fkdl<
hq;= h'
.fõIKhg Êxploration& uÕ fmkajk Wmfoia wdo¾Y l%shdldrlïj, B <Õ fldgihs'

.eg¨fõ úúO me;sj,ska ;u lKavdhug ,efnk me;a; muKla .fõIKfhka bf.kqug
fhduqjk isiqka" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u rdYshla Tiafia wod< wka; fj; f.k hdu i|yd
.=rejrhd fï Wmfoia fm<.iajhs' m%Yak Tiafia isÿ lrkq ,nk úu¾Ykd;aul wOHhk
Înquiry-based Learning& fyda l%shdfjka bf.kqug uÕ mdok w;aoelSï mdol bf.kqu Êx-
periential Learning& fyda f;dard .ekSug fuys oS .=re Nj;dg ksoyi ;sfí' by; lskï
wdldrfhka fyda isiqka ,nk oekqu mdol lr .ksñka" úIhhg iqúfYaIS jQ fyda úIhud,dfõ
úIh lsysmhla yryd osfjk fyda .eg¨ úi|Su i|yd" Tjqka fhduq lr .ekSu w'fmd'i'
^Wiia fm<& úIh .=re Nj;=kaf.a j.lSu fjhs'
fujka .eg¨ mdol bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u" Ôú; h:d¾: mokï lr f.k ie,iqï lsÍu
w¾:j;a h' u;fNaohg ;=vq oS we;s ;;a;aj" Wml,ams; ;;a;aj" iudka;r woyia fuka u
m%d:ñl uQ,dY% fï i|yd fhdod .ekSug Tng ksoyi ;sfí' lsheùu" f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍu
yd l<ukdlrKh" m%;HfõlaIKh" ksÍlaIKh" idlÉPd lsÍu" l,ams; f.dv keÕSu yd
mÍlaId lsÍu" mqfrdal:k mÍlaId lsÍu" m%Yak yd ms<s;=re ilia lsÍu" iurEmKh" .eg¨
úi|Su yd fi!kao¾hd;aul ld¾h wdosh .fõIKh i|yd fhdod .; yels l%uYs,am lsysmhls'
hdka;%sl bf.kqula fia ie,flk lgmdvï lsÍu jqj o fkdjeo.;a hehs wu;l lr oeóug
fuys oS bv ;nd ke;'
isiqyq l=vd lKavdhï jYfhka .fõIKfha fhfo;s' .=re Nj;d i;= oekqu neyeßka ,nkq
fjkqjg .=re iydh ,nd .ksñka oekqu yd wjfndaOh f.dv kÕ;s' lKavdhfï fiiq wh
iuÕ woyia yqjudre lr .ksñka fidhd .;a oekqu jeä oshqKq lr;s' fï ish,a, m%Yia:
uÜgñka isÿ jkafka isiqkag wjYH lshùï øjH yd fhojqï imhd oSug .=re Nj;d bosßm;a
jqjfyd;a h' tfia u <uqka bf.kSfuys fhfok uq¿ ld,h mqrd u lKavdhï w;r .ejfiñka
bf.kqu i|yd <uqkag iydh jqjfyd;a h' fun÷ bf.kqï m%fõYhl oS wkdjrKh uQ,sl
jQj o" th ksoyia wkdjrKhla fkdjk nj;a uÕfmkajk wkdjrKhla ^guided discovery&
nj;a Tn f;areï .; hq;= fjhs' .=re Nj;df.ka fuka u iu jhia lKavdhfuka o
fmdaIKh fjñka fufia bf.k .kakd isiqkag Ôú;h i|yd jeo.;a w;aoelSï /ila u
,efnk nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= fkdfõ'
.fõIKfhka miq j t<fUkafka újrK Êxplanation& wjia:djhs' fuys oS l=vd

lKavdhï iQodkï jkafka iajlSh wkdjrK iduQyl s j;a" ks¾udKYS,S j;a iuia; lKavdhug
bosßm;a lsÍughs' bosßm;a lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd w;r iu fia fnoS
iv
;sîu;a bosßm;a lsÍu i|yd kjH l%u f;dard .ekSug isikq g
a we;s ksoyi;a fuys úfYaI;ajhhs'
bka wk;=re j t<fUk úia;drK Êlaboration& mshjf¾ oS wmeyeos,s foa meyeos,s lsÍug"
idjoH foa ksjeros lsÍug" .s,syqKq foa iïmQ¾K lsÍug isiqkag bv ,efí' tfia u oekgu;a
okakd fohska neyerg hñka w¨;a u woyia bosßm;a lsÍug jqj o isiqkag wjldY we;' iEu
l%shdldrlula u wjika jkafka .=rejrhd bosßm;a lrk flá foaYkhlsks' iïfm%aIK
N+ñldj fj; hdug fuh .=re Nj;dg bv i,id fok w;r wjOdkhg ,la j ;sfnk
ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a úIh ks¾foaYh uÕska y÷kajd oS ;sfnk ish¨ u jeo.;a lreKq
wdjrKh jk mßos fï foaYkh meje;aùug .=re Nj;d j. n,d .; hq;= fjhs' iEu .=re
Nj;l= u wksjd¾hfhka l< hq;= fï úia;drKhg uÕ fmkaùu i|yd ta ta l%shdldrlï
ie,eiafï wjidk fldgfia ie,iqï lr ;sfí'
idudkH wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< wo oDYHudk jk .eg¨ ch .ekSu i|yd .kqfokqjlska

wdrïN ù oS¾> .fõIKhla" isiq újrK yd úia;drK fm<la yd iudma;l
s .=re iïfm%I
a Khlska
ieÿï ,;a mßKduk .=re N+ñldjlska iukaú; kj wOHdmk l%uhla" fufia moaO;shg
y÷kajd oSug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh lghq;= lr we;' .=re Nj;d m%uL
q j lrk b.ekaùula
fjkqjg .=re uÕ fmkaùï hgf;a isiqka ksr; jk bf.kqula f,i fuh ye|skaúh yels h'
isiqyq lsheùï øjH mßYS,kh lrñka o .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú; lrñka o .fõIKfha
fhfo;s' oskm;d mdi,a meñfKñka m%S;sfhka W.ks;s' Ôú;hg yd jev f,dalhg wjYH
ksmqK;d /ila u mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd idlaId;a lr .ks;s' Ñka;k yelshd" iudc
yelshd yd mqoa., yelshd jvjd .ksñka cd;sh f.dv keÕSu i|yd iQodkï fj;s' fï
ish,af,a id¾:l;ajh i|yd wdo¾Y m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,shñka u;lfha r|jd .;a oekqu
úuid n,k úNd. l%uhla fjkqjg ðú; h:d¾:hkag uqyqK oSug YsIHhd i;= iQodku
fidhd n,k úNd. l%uhl wjYH;dj lemS fmfka'
fuu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha lemS ffmkk ,laIKhla jkafka" l%shdldrlu mqrd u

osfjk fohdldr jQ o w¾:dkaú; jQ owe.hSï Êvaluation& l%shdj,shhs' kshqla;lrKh o .=re
wNsu;h mßos fmr oekqu iïnkaO we.hSula i|yd fhdod .; yels h' tfia u .fõIKh;a"
újrKh;a" úia;drKh;a ;=<ska we.hSu Yla;su;a lr .ekSu m%ùK .=re Nj;l=f.a j.lSu
fjhs' ,sÅ; mÍlaIK wju lrñka mdi,a mdol we.hSï jevms<sfjf<a h:d¾:jdoS iajNdjh
/l .ekSu i|yd;a" jdr mÍlaIK i|yd wksjd¾h m%Yak we;=<;a lrñka mdi,a mdol we.hSï
jevms<sfj< fj; mdi,a msßia keUqre lr .ekSu i|yd;a" bf.kqfï kshu M, idlaId;a lr
.;a nj lshefjk iq;;H we.hSï Âuthentic Evaluations& jevms<sfj<la rgg y÷kajd oSu
i|yd;a lghq;= rdYshla oekgu;a cd;sl uÜgfuka wdrïN ù ;sfí' l<ukdlrK md¾Yajfha
ukd WmfoaYk kdhl;ajh yd ;;a;aj iy;sl lsÍfï j.lSu hgf;a fï kj jevms<sfj<
id¾:l lr .ksñka w¨;a Y%S ,xldjla i|yd fodrgq újD; lsÍu rfÜ hym; m;k ish¨
fokdf.a u ifudaOdksl j.lSu fjhs'
ilia lf<a$foaYudkH wdpd¾h whs't,a' .sksf.a

iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a ^úIhud,d ixj¾Ok&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
v
WmfoaYkh( uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;d
wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
wdpd¾h bkaÈrd ,s,duks .sksf.a ñh
iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
wëlaIKh ( ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak uhd
wOHlaI" ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
iïnkaëlrKh ( ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak uhd
wOHlaI" ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
úIh lñgqj (
ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak uhd - wOHlaI" ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u
wdpd¾h ta'Ô' whs iq.;md, uhd - fÊHIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdka;s%l bxðfkare wxYh"
fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,h'
wdpd¾h tia' tï' mshfiak uhd - fÊHIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdka;s%l bxðfkare wxYh"
wdpd¾h ù'mS'iS' osidkdhl uhd - fÊHIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdka;s%l bxðfkare wxYh"
wdpd¾h tia' ã' wd¾' fmf¾rd uhd - fÊHIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdka;s%l bxðfkare wxYh"
újD; úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h wd¾' úu,isß uhd - fÊHIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdka;s%l bxðfkare wxYh"
újD; úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h tßla fmf¾rd uhd - fÊHIaG lÒldpd¾h" hdka;s%l bxðfkare wxYh"
újD; úYaj úoHd,h
ta'fla' uydrÉÑ uhd - lÒldpd¾h" fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,h
wd¾'tï' kkaok l=udr uhd - fÊHIaG WmfoaYl" ld¾ñl úoHd,h" fydaud.u
ví,sï'ta'tia'ví,sï'ví,sõ' úl%ukdhl uhd'
- fÊHIaG WmfoaYl" ld¾ñl úoHd,h" lE.,a,'
tÉ' fjdlaia,s fmf¾rd uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" y,dj;
fla'ta'mS' fifkúr;ak uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" .ïmy
mS' jdoisxy uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" ^úY%dñl& " wïn,kaf.dv
O¾umd, nKavdr uhd - l<uKdlre" ,xld c¾uka ld¾ñl wNHdi wdh;kh'
fÊ' wd¾' ,xldmqr uhd - .=refiajh"úl%uYS,d cd;sl mdi," .sßW,a,'
î'ã' wdßhjxY uhd - .=refiajh" je,s.u isoaOd¾: úoHd,h" je,s.u
NdId ixialrKh
fÊ'fifkúr;ak uhd - úÿy,am;s" fldiaj;a; YS% iS,dkkao uyd úoHd,h
ã'tia' fu;a;dkkao uhd - ysgmq úoHdmSG flduidßia " wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
mß.Kl ieliqu(
fïkld m%NdIskS ñh - ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
msgljrh ieliqu(
ldka;s talkdhl ñh - ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
vi
ye|skaùu
12 fY%aKsfha oS oDV ;dlaIKfõoh mokï mdGud,dj ;=<ska fN!;sl úoHdj" ridhk

úoHdj yd ine`È ;dlaIKfõoh we;=`M j o%jH" mßirh" jHjidhl;ajh ms<snò ksmqK;d
,nd.;a isiqyq 13 fYa%Ksfha oS isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh yodrkq ,nhs'
fuu úIhh yodrk YsIHhkag úoHd;aul mokula ;=,ska isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh

ms<snò w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ,efí' w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& l,d úIh Odrj ;=<ska
fujeks úIhhla yeoEÍfuka rgg fukau iudchg o jevodhS mqrjeishka msßila ìys fõ'
fndfyda isiqka w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úIh Odrdj yeoErSfuka miq úYaj úoHd,j,g we;=<;a
ùug iqÿiqlï fkd,nd w;rux jk wjia:d fndfyda h' bkamiq Tjqyq úúO mdGud,d
yeoErSug fm<fU;s' fïjd w;r ;dlaIKfõo lafIa;%j,g wod< mdGud,d o fjhs'
fuf;la ld¾ñl úoHd,j, m%udK iólaIKh mdGud,dj yeoEÍu i|yd n|jd .kq
,enQfha .Ks; wxYfhka w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& úNd.h iu;a jQ isiqka muKls'
tfy;a w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh iu;a isiqkag m%udK iólaIKh
mdGud,dj yeoEÍfï wjia:dj oeka Wod ù ;sîu i;=gg lreKls'
isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< idudkH bÈlsÍï" uyd ud¾." m%udK
iólaIKh" ìï uekqu" li< l<ukdlrKh" c, iïm;a iq/lSug wod< kQ;k ;dlaIKsl
l%ufõohka o wka;¾.; lr we;'
tneúka isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh yodrK isiqkaf.a wkd.;h iqNodhl ùfï fmr ksñ;s
fï ;=<ska úoHdudk fõ'
vii
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( boslsÍï wjYH;d i|yd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( boslsÍï ld¾h i|yd øjH f;dard .ekSfïoS i,ld ne,sh hq;=
idOl úuid n,hs'
ld,h ( ld,Éfþo 04hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² boslsÍï øjH (Building materials) kï lr" tajdfha j¾." .=Kdx. yd msrú;r

úia;r lrhs'
² boslsÍï fldgia iòyd øjH Ndú; flfrk wjia:d úuiñka ta ta ld¾hh i|yd
fhda.H j¾.h ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrhs'
² mßir ydks wju jk f,i bosslsÍï øjH Ndú; lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'
² wjYH;dj úuid n,ñka .e<fmk f;aÍï lrhs'
² øjHj, m%ñ;sh flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjhs'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

msúiSu(
² mdi,a mßY%h ;=< fyda ksfjfiys fyda isiqka oel we;s boslsÍï fldgia kï
lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj fokak'
² tu fldgia yqkq mqjrefõ fm< .iajd tajd tl tlla bosßfhka Ndú; lr we;s
boslsÍï øjH igyka lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj fokak'
² my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdj fufyfhjkak'
² ì;a;s" f.ìu" jy," fodr" cfka," m%Odk bosslsÍï fldgia jk nj
² ta tla tla bos lsÍï fldgia i|yd úúO øjH fhdod f.k we;s nj
² boslsÍï fldgiaj, wjYH;dj wkqj øjH f;dard f.k we;s nj
b.ekaùù i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia(

² boslsÍï ø%jH i|yd i,ld n,k my; i|yka idOl" tla tla lKavdhu fj;
f;dard fokak'
² bxðfkareuh .;s ,laIK
² bxðfkareuh fhda.H;d ,laIK
² lshùï lÜg,h iy fjk;a f;dr;=re mßYS,kh lrñka ,efnk idOlh ú.%y
lsÍug isiqka fufyhjkak'
² my; j.=fjys iòyka boslsÍï øjH úuiñka ;u lKavdhug ,eî we;s idOlh
hgf;a f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
1
boslsÍï øjH .;s ,laIK fhda.H;d ,laIK
yevh$ m%udK yd Yla;h
s Ndú;h ,nd.; yels tys m%ñ;sh msßú;r
iajNdjh ñkqï ia:dk
1' yqkq
2' je,s
3' isfuka;s
4' .fvd,a
5' r`M .,a
6' uDÿ jdfka
7' W`M
8' weianeiagia
/,s ;yvq
9' jy, rduq
i|yd oej
10' ;=kS ,E,s
² lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lrùug iQodkï lrjkak'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (-
² øjHj, .;s ,laIK f,i tys"
² Yla;h s
² m%udK yd ñkqï
² iïmSvk Yla;sh hkdosh y÷kd .; yels nj
² øjHj, iïu; m%udK yd ñkqï ;sîu tys .=Kdx. j¾Okhg fya;= jk nj
² boslsÍïj, Yla;sh wjYH jkafka ta ta fldgia u; ls%hd lrk úúO Ndrj,g
Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj iòyd nj
² lsihs ï wdldrhl n, fhfok ^Wod( Compression,Tension, Bending, Shear, ete)
boslsÍï fldgia ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjHj,g Bg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdjla
;sìh hq;= nj
² tla tla øjH yd ,nd .; yels ia:dkj, iajNdjh yd ñ, .Kka" tys .=Kd;aul
nj iu`. iïnkaO;djla we;s nj
² tl u øjH úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a ,nd .; yels nj îdudkH wjfPaokh&
² iïu; msßú;r hgf;a ksmojk ksIamdok i|yd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk Yla;sh"
ñkqï" m%udK" iïmSvk Yla;sh hk wx.j, .=Kd;aul nj jeä nj
² boslsÍïj, l,ameje;au i|yd øjH Ndú;fha oS kshñ; msßú;r wkq.ukh l<
hq;= nj
² .=Kd;aul nfjka by< øjH boslÍ s ï ioyd Ndú; lsÍfuka " .=Kd;aul ksuejqula
,nd .; yels nj
2
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( boslsÍï wjYH;d i|yd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( boslsÍï tall f;dard .kshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² boslsÍï tall kï lr" tajdfha j¾." .=Kdx. yd msrú;r úia;r lrhs'

² boslsÍï tallj, Ndú; wjia:d úuiñka ta ta ld¾hh iòyd fhda.H;u j¾.h
ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrhs'
² neñ j¾.j, Ndú; wjia:djg .e<fmk nodu ñY%Kh f;dard .kshs'
² Yla;su;a nj jeä lr .ekSu iòyd iqÿiq l%fudamdh Ndú; lrhs'
² wjYH ia:dkhg iqÿiq m%ñ;sfhka hq;a boslsÍï j¾. f;dard .ksñka .=Kd;aul
;;a;ajfhka hq;a ks¾udK we;s lr msßjeh yd ld,h b;sß lrhs'
bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh(

msúiSu
² .fvd,aj,ska iy isfuka;s íf,dla .,aj,ska ksu l< úúO boslsÍï oelafjk
rEm igyka lSmhla mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak' ^WodyrKhla my; oelafõ'&
1:1 rEmh
3
² my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² boslsÍï tall jYfhka .fvd,a" isfuka;s íf,dla .,a yd lfndla .,a
oekg Ndú; jk nj
² boslsÍï tall tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug úúO j¾.fha nodu Ndú; jk
nj
b.ekaùu iòyd fhdað; Wmfoia(
² my; iòyka boslsÍï tall j,ska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk tallh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
² .fvd,a
² isfuka;s íf,dla .,a
² wod< tall Ndú; jk wjia:d ms<snò j ksÍlaIKh lrjkak'
² ta ta Ndú; wjia:dj úuiñka boslÍ
s ï tall j¾." .=Kdx." msßú;r wdos f;dr;=re
/ia lrjkak' ^lshùï øjH mßYS,kh lrkak'&
² boslsÍï tall hgf;a úúO j¾. we;s úg tl u ld¾hh iòyd tajd Ndú; jk
wjia:d y÷kd .kak'
² boslsÍï tall Ndú;dfha oS fhdod .kakd ir, neñ ms<snò j;aa" Bg Ndú;
flfrk nodu ms<snò j;a wOHhkh lrjkak'
² wod< boslsÍï tall fhdod .ksñka 1'5m2 l neïul uq,a yd fo jk jßfha
msysàu l%u foflka u bosßm;a lrjkak'
² fuys iòyka boslsÍï tallj,g wu;r j fhdod .kq ,nk fjk;a tall kï
lr tajdfha Ndú;hka yd fhdod .kakd wdldrh rEmigyka u`.ska olajkak'
² Ndú;fha jdis wjdis ;=,kd;aul j úuid n,ñka fhda.H;u j¾.h y÷kd
.ekSug W;aidy .kak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lrjkak'
ld¾h mßY%h ilia lsÍug Wmfoia
1' ld¾h mßY%h ;=< fjka fjka jYfhka ia:dk 3la ilia lrkak'
2' tla tla ia:dkh iòyd my; øjH imhd ;nkak'
1' úúO .fvd,a j¾. lSmhla
2' úúO íf,dla .,a j¾. lSmhla
3' isfuka;s" yqkq" ueá iy je,s wjYH m%udKhg
4' ñY%K wkqmd; uek .ekSu ioyd ñkqï WmlrKhla ^ññ fmÜáh"
nodu ;dÉÑ&
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(
² .fvd,a ksIamdokh lrkqfha iajdNdúl ueá Ndú;fhka nj
² ueá .fvd,a Yla;sh jeä lr .ekSu ioyd .skafkka mqïaid .kq ,nk nj
4
² úúO jQ ld¾hhkag WÑ; mßos m%ñ;sfhka hq;a .fvd,a ksIamdokh l, hq;= nj
² .fvd,a Ndú;fhka úúO neñ rgd wkqj boslsÍï lghq;= l< yels nj
² neñ boslsÍï lghq;= ioyd úúO nodu j¾. Ndú; lrk nj
² .fvd,aj,g wdfoaYlhla f,i isfuka;s íf,dla .,a Ndú; lrk nj
² isfuka;s íf,dla .,a f,i Ndú; l< hq;af;a m%ñ;sfhka ^ S.L.S) hq;a tajd
muKla nj
² isfuka;s .,a neïu lmrdrejlska f;dr j Ndú; l< yels nj
² isfuka;s .,a neïu .fvd,a neïug jvd blaukska jev ksu l< yels nj
² isfuka;s .,a neïu ioyd wvq nodu m%udKhla Ndú; jk nj
² f.dvke`.s,s tall" isfuka;s noduh Ndú; lr" tla;rd rgdjla wkqj iïnkaO
lsÍfuka Yla;su;a ks¾udKhla ìys l< yels nj
5
.fvd,a ksmoùug .kakd ueáj, we¨ñkd" yd is,sld ^je,s& wvx.= h' fï yer 2] l
muK m%udKhla wvx.= jkqfha hlv Tlaihsv" ue.akSishd" yqKq iy fidaähï ,jK j,sks'
we¨ñkd - .fvd,l ±ä nj we;s lrhs' iqúld¾H;djh we;s lrhs'
is,sld ^je,s& - ridhksl m%;sls%hdfõ § we¨ñkshï is,sflaÜ we;s lrhs' is,sld

fkd;snqkfyd;a" yels,Su ksid f;;ukh Wrd .ekSu jeä lrhs'
;j o is,sld u`.ska ±ä nj" l,ameje;au" yd ;dmhg Tfrd;a;= §u
o jeä lrhs'
yqKq - wvq WIaK;ajhl §" is,sld øj njg m;a lr .fvdf,a fldgia

w;r ne`§ula we;s lrhs' .fvdf,a yels,Su wvq lsÍugo bjy,a
fjhs'
hlv Tlaihsv - iq`M m%udKhla jqjo" je,s leg uDÿ lsÍug iydh fjhs' fï ksid
ueá wxY= w;r ne`§u jeä lrhs' .fvdf,a meyeh r;= meyehka
.kqfha hlv Tlaihsv u`.sks' wvx.= hlv Tlaihsâ m%udKh 8]
blau jk úg .fvdf,a mdg" ;o ks,a meyhla jkq we;'
ue.aksishd - .fvdf,a mdg w`ÿre ly meyehla we;s lrhs' yels,Su wvq lrhs'
jeä mqr ue.akSishd ;snqkfyd;a .fvd,a Èrdm;a ùu isÿúh yels h'
iïu; .fvd,l ñkqï
os. } 215 mm
m<, } 102.5 mm
Wi } 65 mm
fï ñkqï wkqj .fvd,a neïula ne|Sfï oS neïfï .fvd,a w;r nodfuys .klu tkï"
l=ia;+rh ieu úg u 10mm la f,i fhfoa' fï wkqj l=ia;+r iu`. .fvdf,a udk
fufia h(
os. } 215 mm + 10 mm = 225 mm

m<, } 102.5 mm + 10 mm = 112.5 mm
Wi } 65 + 10 mm = 75 mm
fï ñkqï i,ld ne,Sfï oS my; mßos os." m<, yd Wi w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dv
kef`.a' tkï" l=ia;+r iu`. m<, } 1$2 os.
.fvd,l Wi } 1$3 os.
fï iïnkaO;dj .fvd,a neñ ne|Sfï oS b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ'
6
• .fvd,a lE,s ^fldgia& Brick Bats
.fvd,a neñ ne|Sfï § úúO .fvd,a fldgia wjYH jk w;r tajd m%udKh yd yevh
wkqj úúO kïj,ska y\qkajkq ,efnhs' my; rEmh n,kak' fuu fldgia
idudkH .fvd,hlska ilia lr .; yels w;r .fvd,a ksIm
a dok l¾udka; Yd,dj,g"
ksmoùu o" lrkq ,efnhs'
A' .fvd,h Brick

B' wdk ndkaÿj Queen Closer
C. ud ndkaÿj King Closer
D' mÜgï ndkaÿj Bevelled Closer
E' uhsgr ndkaÿj Mitred Closer
F. .,a Nd.h Half Bat
G. .,a ;=kald, 3/4 Bat
H' mÜgï Nd.h Bevelled Bat
I' jgkdia .fvd, Bullnose Brick
rEmh 1'2
7
.fvd,a i|yd bxðfkareuh .=K
1' iDcq odr iys; j ksuúh hq;= hs'
2' uqyqK;a iu;, úh hq;= h'
3' bß ;e,Sï" msmsÍï j,ska f;dr úh hq;= h'
4' .fvd,a 2la .eàfuka f,day Yíohla msg úh hq;= h'
5' .fvd,a T`: me;a; ìug m;s; jk fia óg¾ 1'2 muK Wil isg uqody, úg
fkdleã ;sìh hq;= h'
6' .fvd,l idudkH nr ls'.%E 2 la muK úh hq;= h'
7' .fvd,la meh 24la c,fha .s,ajd ;enq úg tys c,h Wrd .kakd m%;sY;h
.fvdf,a nrg jvd 20] m%udKhla blaujd fkdhd hq;= h'
.fvd,a neñ i|yd Ndú; flfrk nodu j¾.

iaÓr boslsÍïj, o idudkH .fvd,a neñ i|yd 1( 5-8 isfuka;s je,s nodu Wmfhda.S
lr .kq ,efí' ;djld,sl boslsÍïj, oS 1'3 - 5 olajd yqkq je,s noduh Wmfhda.S
lr .kq ,efí' ;djld,Sl boslsÍïj, oS yd .%dóh uÜgfï boslsÍj, oS ueá nodu
o Ndú; flf¾' fuys os ueáj, wvx.= je,s m%;sY;h wkqj 1(2 fyda 1(3 ueáj,
wkqmd;hg iß,k fia je,s ñY% l< hq;= fõ'
.fvd,a neñj, oS fhfok mdßNdIsl mo

1' jßh - Course
2' nv.,a jßh - Stretcher Course
3' T`:.,a jßh - Header Course
4' w;s jeiau ^l=ia;+r mekakqu& - Lap Length
5' ;sria l=ia;+r - Bed Joints
6' isria l+ia;+r - Vertical Joints
7' o;a mekakqï fl<jr - Toothing end
8' mä mekakqï fl<jr - Racking back end
9' kej;=ï fl<jr - Stopped end
10' uq,a T`:., ^úÜ T`:.,& - Queen Header
QUEEN
HEADER
1'3 rEmh
8
1' jßh - neïulg fhfok ;sria .fvd,a fma<sh jßh kï fõ'
2' nv.,a jßh - .fvdf,a nv uqyqK; bosßhg osia jk fia t<kq ,nk
jßh nv.,a jßh fõ'
3' T`:.,a jßh - .fvdf,a T`: uqyK

q ; bosßhg osia jk fia t<kq ,nk
jßh T`:.,a jßh fõ'
4' w;s jeiau

^l=ia;+r mekakqu& - neïul t<kq ,nk wkqhd; jß foll isria l+ia;+r
fol w;r we;s flá u ÿr fõ'
5' ;sria l=ia;+r - .fvd,a jßhla t<Sug ;srig fhdok nodu ;Ügqj
;sria l=ia;+rh fõ'
6' isria l+ia;+r - .fvd,a jßhla t<Sug isria j fhdok nodu ;Ügqj
isria l+ia;+rh fõ'
7' o;a mekakqï

fl<jr - .fvd,a neïula os.= ld,hlska kej; neñ fldgila
tla lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= j kj;ajkq ,nk rgdj
fõ'
8' mä mekakqï
fl<jr - .fvd,a neïula b;d flá l,lska" tkï" neñ n|sk
ld,h ;=< oS neñ fldgi iïmQ¾K lsÍug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= j ;djld,slj kj;ajkq ,nk rgdj
fõ'
9' kej;=ï fl<jr - neïul jev ksu jq miq wjika lrk fl<jr kej;=ï
fl<jr fõ'
Wod' ( ksjila ne|Sfï oS W`Mjyq ;nk fl<jr oS'
10' uq,a T`:.,

^úÜ T`:.,& - T`:.,a jßh wdrïN jk T`:., uq,a T`:., kï
fõ' fuh úÜ T`:., f,i o kï flf¾'
.fvd,a neñ j¾.
boslsÍï lafIa;%fha oS nyq, jYfhka my; i|yka .fvd,a neñ l%u fhdod .efka'
1' nv .,a neïu - Stretcher Bond
2' bx.S%is neïu - English Bond
by; neñj,g wu;r j ;j;a úfYaIs; neñ' boslsÍï lafIa;%fha Ndú; flf¾'
Wod'(
1' maf,ñIa ndkaÿj
2' bx.S%is f.j;= neïu
9
nv.,a neïu - Stretcher Bond
1'4 rEmh
nv.,a neïu - bosß wdfrdayKh

.fvd,l nv.,a uqyqK; bosßhg osia jk fia t<kq ,nk neïula nv.,a neïu kï
fõ'
nv.,a neïfï .=Kdx.

1' boslsÍï lafIa;%fha m<,ska wvq u .fvd,a neñ l%uh fõ'
2' neïfï m<, .fvd,a 1$2ls'
3' neïfï w;sjeiau .fvd,a 1$2ls'
4' nr oeÍu i|yd Ndú; l< fkdyels h'
5' m<,ska wvq ksid tl os.g u 3'0 m lg jvd os.lg ;ks j neïu fkdnefòa'
tfia u 3'0mlg jvd jeä Wilg o ;ks j neïu fkdnefòa'
tfia jeä os.lg fyda jeä Wilg fyda ne|Sug wjYH jQ úgl oS neïu yd iïnkaO
j ne|s l=`MKq fhdod Yla;su;a l< hq;= fõ'
nv.,a neïu Ndú;h

1' m<,ska wvq ksid f.dvke`.s,a,l nr fkdork ì;a;s i|yd
2' ldur fjka lsÍfï ì;a;s i|yd
3' udhsï ;dmam i|yd
4' flá ;dmam ì;a;s i|yd
10
nv.,a neïu t<Sfï rgd
900 ì;a;s uq¨ i|yd .fvd,a t<k rgdj - îDcqfldaKS ì;a;s uq¨&
900 Corner in Stretcher Bond
1'5 rEmh
1" 3' 5 ''''''jßj, ie,iqï 2" 4" 6 ''''''''' jßj, ie,iqï
nv.,a neïu È. fyda Wi fyda tl È.g ógr 3lg jvd jeä jk wjia:dj, § tys
Yla;su;a Ndjh;a ia:dhs;dj;a i|yd fldkals%Ü fyda .fvd,a fyda l=¨kq fhdokq ,efí'
bx.S%is neïu - English Bond
tl u neïfï" tla jßhl T`:.,a o wfkla jßfha nv.,a o jYfhka fhfok neïu
bx.S%is neïu fõ'
bx.S%is neïfï bÈß wdfrdayKh
1'6 rEmh
11
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( boslsÍï wjYH;d iòyd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ( r`M .,a Ndú;h úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² boslsÍï øjHhla f,i r`M .,a fhdod .ekSfï úfYaI jdis ifya;=l j bosßm;a
lrhs'
² úúO boslsÍï ioyd iqÿiq r`M .,a neñ j¾. f;dard .kshs'
² r`M .,a neñj, Yla;sh yd l,a meje;au jeä lsÍu ioyd iqÿiq l%fudamdhka
bosßm;a lrhs'
² r`M .,a wdYs%; j ilia lr we;s ft;sydisl boslsÍï iy ks¾udK" wd.ñl yd
ixialD;suh jYfhka w.h lsÍug fm<fUhs'
² mqrdK ffY,uh ks¾udK iqrlaIs; lsÍfï wjYH;dj olajk wdl,am we;s
lrhs'
msúiSu
² r`M .,aj,ska ksu l< úúO boslsÍï iy ks¾udK oelafjk rEm igyka lSmhla
mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
² my; ioyka lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² úúO boslsÍï ioyd fkdfhl=;a j¾.fha r`M .,a fhdod .kakd nj
² boslsÍï ioyd w;S;fha isg r`M .,a Ndú; lrk nj
² r`M .,a "neñ boslsÍug fuka u f.ìu ksudjka iòyd o fhdod .kakd nj
² r`M .,aj, my; oelafjk úfYaI .=Kdx. we;s nj
² l,a meje;au
² úúO foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùïj,g Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj
² ridhksl øjHj,g Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj
² u;= msg f.ùhdu ^Crushing Strength) wju nj
b.ekaùu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia(
² my; ioyka ud;Dld w;=ßka ;u lKavdhug wh;a ud;Dld flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrjkak'
² r`M .,aj, we;s úfYaI .=Kdx.
² r`M .,a neñ boslsÍfï l%ufõo
² boslsÍï lafIa;%fha fhdod f.k we;s r`M .,a neñ j¾. ms<sn| j ilia ù we;s
lshùï øjH yd rEm igyka mßYS,khg bv i,ikak'
² ueá nodu Ndú;fhka" lvd .;a 6" x 9" r`M .,a Ndú; lr" ógr (2 x 1)
m%udKfha úiu r`M .,a neïula (Random Rubble Masonary ) boslÍ
s ug" isik
q g
Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
12
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-
² r`M .,aj, msysá iajdNdúl ffjrï rgdjg ,ïnj jeä ydrhla ls%hd l< yels
nj
² r`M .,aj, iu;, msysàu fmdf<dj u; msysgk fia ;nd neïu ilia úh hq;=
nj
² r`M .,a w;r wjldY" yels ;dla ÿrg ilal .,aj,ska msrúh hq;= nj
² neñ ne|Sfï oS isfuka;s nodu ioyd 1 ( 5 ñY%K wkqmd;h fhdod .; hq;= nj
² neïfï Yla;sh i|yd " wju jYfhka j¾. ógrhlg tl ne.ska yria ne`ÿï .,a
^Bond stone& fhdod .; hq;= nj
² neñ l%uh wkqj" Bg .e<fmk m%udKhka yd yevfhka hqq;a r`M .,a f;dard .;
hq;= nj
² r`M .,a neñ boslsÍfï oS my; oelafjk neñ l%u jeä mqr Ndú; flfrk nj
² jß rys; úiu r`M .,a neïu (Random Rubble - uncoursed)
² jß iys; úiu r`M .,a neïu (Random Rubble - coursed)
² jß rys; y;/ia .E r`M .,a neïu (Squared Rubble - uncoursed)
² jß iys; y;/ia .E r`M .,a neïu (Squared Rubble - coursed)
13
r`:.,a neñ j¾.
jß rys; úiu r`: .,a neïu jß iys; úiu r`: .,a neïu
jß rys; y;/ia .E r`: .,a neïu jß iys; y;/ia .E r`: .,a neïu
*a,skaÜ neïu wdYaf,aI neïu
1'7 rEmh
14
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4 ( fldkalS%Ü ksmehqï i|yd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² fldkalS%Ü i|yd Ndú; flfrk øjH kï lr tajdfha .;s ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
² fldkalS%Ü ksmoùfuys,d iqÿiq ñY%K wkqmd; Ndú;fha jeo.;alu ifya;=l j
bosßm;a lrhs'
² úúO wjYH;d úuiñka ta ta ld¾hh i|yd fhda.H;u fldkalS%Ü j¾.hh
ms<sfh< lsÍfï iy ;ekam;a lsÍfï wkqms<sfj< ;=,kd;aul j bosßm;a lrhs'
² ks¾udKd;aul j l,a meje;au ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'
² .=Kd;aul ksmehqula i|yd m%ñ;sfhka hq;a øjH f;dard .; hq;= nj ms<s.kshs'

msúiSu
² leã .sh yd fyd| ;;a;ajfha we;s ldkq mshkam;a iy fjk;a fldkalS%Ü ksmehqï
we;=<;a mska;+r fY%aKshla mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak' ^WodyrKhla my;
olajd we;'&
^1'8 rEmh&
² my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² rEmj,ska oelafjkafka fldkalS%Üj,ska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ksmehqï
lsysmhla nj
² iuyr ldkq" mshkam;a leã hdug my; i|yka fya;= n,mE yels nj
² fldkalS%Ü i|yd .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhka hq;a øjH Ndú; fkdlsÍu
² ms<sfh< lsÍu" ñY% lsÍu" ;ekam;a lsÍu yd moï lsÍu uekúka isÿ
15
fkdùu'
² ks¾udKh i|yd lïì ^jer.ekakqï& fhdod fkd;sîu" Ndú; lr we;s
lïìj, iajNdjh fyda lïì fh¥ l%uh fkd.e<mSu
² nr bis,Su i|yd wjYH .klñka f;drùu
² wod< ia:dkfha iqÿiq wdldrhg ia:dk.; fkdlsÍu
² my; i|yka fldkalS%Ü j¾.j,ska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk fldkalS%Ü j¾.h

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
² idudkH fldkalS%Ü
² jer.ekajQ fldkalS%Ü
² wod< fldkalS%Ü j¾.h ms<sfh< lsÍug wjYH lrk ,o øjH" tajdfha .;s
,laIK iu`. ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
² wod< fldkalS%Ü j¾.h wdYs%; m%fNao i,ld n,ñka tajd ms<sfh< lsÍug fhdok
,o ñY%K wkqmd; ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrkak'
² fldkalS%Ü j¾.h" ms<sfh< lsÍug fhdod .kakd úúO l%u úuid n,ñka tajdfha
jdis wjdis úia;r lrkak'
² Tng ,eî we;s fldkalS%Ü j¾.h hgf;a iqÿiq m%fNaohla f;dard f.k my;
i|yka ksmehqïj,ska ´kEu ks¾udKhla ilia lrjkak'
² we;=reï ,E,a,la (Paving Slab&
² c, lrdu l=,qkla (Stand post)
² .eá .,a ^kerb&
² wod< ks¾udKh iòyd jvd;a iqÿiq
² fldkalS%Ü ñY%K wkqmd;h"
² jer.ekajqï lïìj, úIaalïNh" yd lïì .Kk
² jer.ekajqï fhdok iqÿiq u ia:dkh
² moï lsÍfï l%uh
;SrKh lsÍug wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug fhduq
lrjkak'
úIh lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd w;aje,la (-
² fldkalS%Ü iïmSvk n,j,g fydòska Tfrd;a;= fok nj

² wd;;sl n,j,g Tfrd;a;= oSug fldkalS%Üj,g we;s yelshdj ÿ¾j, nj
² wd;;sl n,j,g fyd|ska Tfrd;a;= fok uDÿ jdfka lïì jer.ekajqï f,i
fhdod .ekSu u`.ska fldkalS%Üj, wd;;sl n,j,g Tfrd;a;= oSug we;s yelshdj
jeä l< yels nj
16
iïmSvk l,dmh
WodiSk wlaIh
wd;;sl l,dmh
fldkalS%Ü jHqyh
u; n, fhoSu A-A
fldkalS%Ü
yrialv
fldgia u; n, ls%hd lrk
wdldrh
jer.ekajqï fhoSu
16
rEmh 1'9
² fldkalS%Ü jHQyhl Yla;su;a nj iy l,ameje;au flfrys my; lreKq n,mdk

nj
² wuqøjHj, .=Kd;aul nj
² r`M iudydrj, kshñ; yevh ^rjqï" me;,s fkdjQ&
m%udKh ^ 1$4" 1$2 " 3$4 " 1 &" îshqï iudydrj,&
m%udKh ^úYalïNh&
² kshñ; Yla;Ska ,nd .ekSug tajd ñY% l< hq;= iïu; wkqmd;hka we;s nj
² isfuka;s ( ishqï iudydr ( r`M iudydr ( Yla;h s
1 3 6 15
1 2 4 20
1 1$2$1 3 25
² wjYH Yla;Ska ,nd.ekSug fldkalS%Ü ñY%K ks¾udKh l< yels nj

² c," isfuka;s" wkqmd;h fldkalS%ghl jev lsÍfï yelshdj ;SrKh lsrk nj
² ksjeros ñY% lsÍu" ;ekam;a lsÍu yd moï lsÍu fldkalS%ghl Yla;sh flfrys
n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl nj
17
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 ( boslsÍfï wjYH;d ioyd iqÿiq mi f;dard .kshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² úúO mia yd mdIdKj, bxcsfkareuh .;s ,laIK y÷kd .kshs'

² boslsÍï Ndr ord isáh yels mia j¾.h f;darhs'
² boslsÍïj, ls%hd lrk Ndrj,g .e<fmk mßos mfiys ord isàfï yelshdj
^Bearing capacity of soil) jeä lsÍfï l%u ;=,kd;aul f,i bosßm;a lrhs'
² ksfjila ;ekSfï oS Bg iqÿiq mi iys; N+ñhla f;darhs'
² mig bis,sh yels Ndr blaujd lrkq ,nk boslsÍï j<lajhs'
msúiSu(
² mdi,a N+ñh ;=< mfiys ;;a;ajh fjkia hhs is;k ia:dk lSmhla A, B,C,.......
jYfhka ,l=Kq lr .kak'
² ñ'ñ' ^12 - 20 & úIalïNh we;s" ógrhla muK È. lïì l+re iy ñáhla iQodkï
lr .kak'
² f;dard .;a ia:dkj, u;=msg mia ;Ügqj ^ñ'ñ' 200 la muK & W±,a,lska lmd
bj;a lrkak'
² ñá myrj,a 5 ne.ska lïì l+re u; t,a,lr" mi ;=,g .s,afjk .eUqr uek
igyka lr .kak'
² t,a, lrkq ,nk ñá myr iudk Wil isg t,a, lsÍug W;aidy .; hq;= h'
² l`M ,E,af,a j.=jla f,i ,nd .;a ñkqï igyka lrkak'
mÍlaId l< mi ;=< .s,a jQ t,a, lrk

ia:dkh .eUqr ñ'ñ' ,o ñá myr
A 450 05
B 200 05
C 900 05
D 900 03
E 300 05
² my; lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`. by; j.=fõ m%;sM, ms<snòj idlÉPdjl
fhfokak'
² tlu m%udKfha lïì l+re u; iudk n,hla ls%hd l, o " .s,ajk .eUqr
fjkia ù we;af;a miaj, úúO ;;a;ajhka ksid nj
18
² u;=msáka ls%hdlrk f;rmqï n,hka g m%;sls%hd ±laùu úúO mia j¾.j,
úúO nj
² ñá myr 5 u t,a, lsÍug fmr lïì l+r .s,d neiSu isÿ jQ D ia:dkfha
mfiys nr ord isàfï m%;sls%hdj b;d ÿ¾j, nj
² isiqka A,B,C,D,E, ia:dk fj; lKavdhï jYfhka fhduq lrkak'

² wod, ia:dkfha ñ'ñ' 450 .eUqrg mia bj;a lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
² ñ'ñ' 50 l úIalïNh we;s P.V.C ^600& k, fldgila f.k mia ;Ügqj lmd
bj;a lrk ,o uÜgfï isg ñáhla Ndú; lr .s,ajd k,h ;=,g mia idïm,h
tl;= lr.kak' ^fmd,s;ska u`M Ndú; lrkak'&
² ,nd .;a idïm,j, wvx.= foa ms<snòj ksÍlaIKh lr ,nd.;a wkdjrK
iuia: mka;shg ks¾udKYS,Sj yd iduQysl j bÈßm;a lrk f,i isiq lKavdhï
fj; Wmfoia fokak'

² újO mia yd mdIdK j¾. we;s nj
² fyd|ska weysÍ ;sfnk f.ìul mia lmd bj;a lsÍfï oS jeä mia m%udKhla
,efnk nj
² lmd bj;a lrk miaj, mßudj jeä jk wdldrhg" mfiys >k;ajh o jeä jk
nj
² boslsÍï lghq;=j, my; oelafjk wjYH;d i|yd mia Ndú; lrk nj
² f.ìu hg mia msrùu (Filling under floor slab)
² lmk ,o w;a;sjdrï ldkq kej; msrùu (Back filling)
² ud¾. boslsÍfï oS há mdolh kej; (Sub base) ilia lsÍu'
² f.dvke`.s,sj, ydr w;a;sjdru u`.ska mi ^fmdf<dj& u; fnod yefrk nj
² mfiys >k;ajh jeä jk ;rug bis¨ï yelshdj o jeä jk nj
² ;Ügq f,i mqrjd fyd|ska iqixykh (Compaction) lr tys mdxY= jd;h bj;a
lsÍu u`.ska miaj, >k;ajh jeä l< yels nj
² mia ;e,Sfï oS ;dmamfuda,a" frda,r" ;,kh (Rammer) Ndú; l< yels nj
² mia ;Ügqjla wähla muK Wig mqrjd ^c,h bi& tys Wiska 1$3la jk f;la
iqixyikh l< hq;= nj
² c,hg mdr.uH mia fyd| msrjqï mila f,i y÷kd .; yels nj
² ueá wêl mia iqixyikh lsÍug kqiqÿiq nj
19
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 ( iqoqiq ksuyï l%u i|yd øjH f;dard .ekSfï iqodku m%o¾Ykh
lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² wjYH;dj wkqj ksuyï l%u f;darhs'
² úúO lmrdre j¾. ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjH f;dard .kshs'
² úúO u;=msg mDIaG iòyd .e<fmk ;Ska; wdf,amk f;darhs'
² f.a fodr ksuyïj, oS .=Kd;aul jQ o wd¾Òl w;ska jdisodhl jQ o idOl ú.%y
lr Wmßu M,odhs;dj iòyd iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² ksuyï Ndú;fhka ks¾udKhl uÜgu Wiia ;;a;ajhlg m;a lrhs'
msúiSu(
² my; oelafjk fhdackd w;=ßka tlla fyda ish,a, fyda mka;sh yuqfõ bosßm;a
lrkak'
² mka;s ldurfha fïi" mqgq ;Ska; wdf,am lruq'
² ì;a;s" fodr " cfk,a" ioyd ;Ska; wdf,am lruq'
² mka;s ldur f.ìug ms`.ka W`M ûdn,a& w;=ruq'
² fï wkqj wod< fhdackdjg ish¨ fokdu leue;a; m< lrkq we;ehs Wml,amkh
lr" isiqka fuu fhdackdjg leu;s ùug fya;= úuikak' ms<s;=re l`M ,E,af,a
fm< .iajñka iòyka lrkak'
² hï lsis ks¾udKhla" boslsÍula" iòyd ksuyï lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeos,s lr
my; oelafjk lreKq u;= lrñka" ,efnk ms<; s r
= wkqj isik
q a iu`. idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'
² ksuyï lsÍfuka miq j ukd fmkqula ,efnk nj
² ksuyï u`.ska boslsÍïj, w÷re iajNdjh bj;a ù tajd wdf,dalu;a jk
nj
² boslsÍï fldgiaj," l,a meje;au ksuyï u`.ska jeä jk nj
² ksuyï u`.ska kv;a;= lghq;= myiq jk nj
² ksuyï lrk ,o ks¾udK msßisÿ j mj;ajd f.k hd yels neúka ;u
;ukaf.a ikSmdrlaIdj /l .ekSu myiq jk nj
² my; oelafjk ud;Dld tla tla lKavdhu fj; fhduq lrkak'
² úúO mDIaG u; ;Ska; wdf,amkh ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² úúO lmrdre iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH yd ñY%K wkqmd;
² ì;a;s yd f.ìu ksuyï lsÍu iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² tla tla lKavdhug ,enKq ud;Dldjg wod< f;dr;=re fjf<ò fmd< weiqfrka
fidhd .ekSug iydh jkak'
20
² my; oelafjk j.=j weiqßka ilia flfrk igykla u`.ska wod< f;dr;=re
bosßm;a lsÍug lKavdhï iQodkï lrjkak' fï i|yd lshùï øjH mßYS,kh
lrjkak'
øjHfha ku j¾.h .;s ,laIK fjf<| fmd< fjk;a lreKq

iemhqu
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSu iòyd w;aje,la (-

² ksuyï f,i úúO lmrdre j¾. Ndú; flfrk nj
² lmrdre ioyd" yqkq " je,s" ueá" yd isfuka;s Ndú; flfrk nj
² lmrdrefjys wjYH;dj wkqj úúO ñY%K wkqmd; fhdod .kakd nj
² úúO mDIaG iòyd iqÿiq ;Ska; j¾. f;dard .; hq;= nj
² ;Ska; ms<sfh< lsÍfï oS úúO ;=kS lrkhka (thinner) j¾. fhdod .kakd nj
² Ndú; flfrk ;Ska; j¾.h wkqj wdf,amk l%u fhdod .; hq;= nj
² ì;a;s yd f.ìï ksudjka iòyd Ndú; flfrk W`M j¾." úúO m%udKj,ska
^ñkqïj,ska& ,nd .; yels nj
² Ndú; flfrk f.ìu iy ì;a;sj, W`M j¾.h wkqj ksuyïj, .=Kd;aul
Ndjh fjkia jk nj
² f.ìu iy ì;a;sj, W`M we;sÍfï oS úúO l%ufõo fhdod .; yels nj
² wju msßjehlska f.ìu ksudjla f,i isfuka;s oeóu fhdod .; yels nj
² ksuyï u`.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wjYH;d" fgrdfida oeóu u`.ska o bgq jk
nj
21
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
ì;a;s yd f.ìï i|yd ksuyï øjH
ì;a;s yd f.ìï ksudj
f.dvke`.s,a,la i|yd yegqu ilia lsÍfuka miq j th Ndú;hg .kqfha ;u wjYH;djg
.e<fmk ksudjlska iïmQ¾K l< miq j h' w;S;fha oS fï i|yd myiqfjka fidhd .; yels
iajdNdúl mßirfhka ,nd.; yels iïm;a muKla Ndú; l< w;r j¾;udkfha" kj
;dlaIKfõoh;a iu`. úúO" Wiia .Kfha ksuyï øjH fhdod .kq ,nhs' jeisls,s' kdk
lurhl we;<; mDIaG i|yd fhdod.; yels ksuyï øjH .ek fidhd n,uq' my; oelafjk
wjYH;d f;dard .kq ,nk ksuyï øjH u`.ska bgq úh hq;= h'
1' f;;ukhg Tfrd;a;= osh hq;= h
2' masßisÿ lsÍu myiq úh hq;= h
3' jeisls<s yd kdk ldurh ;=< fjk;a iúlsÍï yd j¾K .e<msh hq;= h
úúO ì;a;s fldgia i|yd fhdod .; yels ksuyï øjH fndfyduhla we;' wm
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wjYH;d ieu ksuyï l%uhla u`.ska fyda l%u u`.ska fyda isÿ fkdùug
bv we;' tfia u iuyr l%u u`.ska jeh jk úhou wêl h' fï ksid u iqÿiq ksuyï l%uhla
f;dard .ekSfï oS msßjeh .ek o i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' fuys oS by; lreKqj,g wu;rj
my; oelafjk lreKq flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
4' f.dvke`.s,a,g ukd fmkqula we;s l< hq;= h
5' ì;a;sj, l,a meje;au wdrlaId l< hq;= h
6' .skakg m%;sfrdaO oela úh hq;= h
7' fi!LHhg ys;lr úh hq;= h
8' kv;a;= lghq;= myiq úh hq;= h'
ì;a;s ksuyï l%u
1' lmrdre lsßu
2' ì;a;s ghs,a we,a,Su
3' ;Ska; wdf,am lsßu
4' cfka, iú lsßu
lmrdrej
lmrdrej os.=ld,Sk w;S;hla we;s ì;a;s ksudjls' merKs u jdiia:dk jQ .,af,ka
w;r o lmrdre l< tajd we;' is;=jï" Ñ;% hkdosh i|yd miq;,h f,i o lmrdrej
fhdod .kakd , oS' iqm%isoaO iS.sß Ñ;% j, fuka u legm;a mjqfrys we;s lmrdrej
wo jk ;=re úúO ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajj,g Tfrd;a;= foñka fkdfjkia j mj;S'
lmrdre lsÍfï jeo.;alu

ì;a;s" úúO øjH fhdod boslsÍï l<;a" lmrdrej fkdue;s j tajdg jeo.;a fmkqula
,ndosh fkdyels h' lmrdre u`.ska ,efnk m%fhdack fndfyduhla we;'
^w& iqug u;=msgla ,eìu

.fvd,a fyda tjeks fjk;a øjHhla fyda fhdod ilia lrk ,o ì;a;sfha r`M .;sh"
lmrdrefjka bj;a fjhs' iqug ;,hla we;s lrhs' ;Ska; wdf,amk lsÍug iqÿiq
miq;,hla we;s lrhs'
22
^wd& wdf,dalh
wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh ùfuka f.dvke`.,
s s ldur ;=< w÷re .;sh ke;s fjhs' wjYH;'dj
wkqj j¾K wdf,am fhoSfuka" wdf,dalh md,kh l< yels fjhs' ksok ldur"
Ñ;%d.dr" ie,iqï ld¾hd, jeks f.dvke.s,s fldgia i|yd wjYH wdf,dal ;;a;Aj
tlsfklg fjkia h'
^we& wdrlaIdj
lmrdrej ì;a;sj,g wdrlaIdj ,nd fohs'
• f;;ukhg ì;a;s Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj
• úúO ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhkaf.ka wdrlaId ùu'
• lDókaf.ka wdrlaId lsÍu'
^wE& msßisÿnj /l .ekSu

lmrdre fkdlrk ,o ì;a;shl ¥ú,s jeks wmøjH /|Sug mq`:jk' tfia jkakg bv
fkd oS f.dvke`.s,a, msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSug ì;a;s lmrdre lr .ekSu w;HdjYH fõ'
fuh ksjeishkaf.a ikSmdrlaIdj /l .ekSug o fya;= fjhs'
^W& kv;a;= lghq;= myiq ùu

lmrdre lrk ,o ì;a;shl kv;a;=j myiq h' ¥ú,s" ul=`:oe,a jeks wmøjH fldgia
bj;a lr th msßisÿ l< yels h' wmú;% jQ úg ì;a;s fiaoSu l< yels h' tajdfha kej;
;Ska; wdf,am lsÍu myiq h'
fï ieu lreKla u .ek i,ld neÆ úg yef`.kqfha w,xldr u;=msgla iys; j"
ikSmdrlaIdjg ndOdjla fkdjk mßos f.dvke`.s,s ldur" ì;a;s mj;ajd f.k hdug
lmrdrej bjy,a jk njhs' lmrdrej we;=,; yd msg; ì;a;s mDIaG i|yd jeämqr
fhdod .efka' ì;a;s boslsÍug" .fvd,a" r`:.,a" jßÉÑ" isfuka;s" lfndla" íf,dla
.,a" fldkalS%Ü hk øjH fhdod .kakd w;r" tajdg .e<fmk úúO lmrdre j¾. ì;a;s
ksudjla f,i fhdod .efka'
my; oelafjk j.=fjys úúO lmrdre j¾. ms<sn| f;dr;=re i|yka fõ'
lmrdre nodu j¾. ñY%K wkqmd;h Ndú; flfrk ì;a;s

ueá nodu 1(^2-3& je,s jßÉÑ" .fvd,a" lfndla
yqkq nodu 2(5" 1(^3-5& yqkq" je,s lfndla" r`:.,a" isfuka;s .,a
isfuka;s nodu 1(^2-5& isfuka;s" je,s .fvd,a" r`:.,a" fldkals%Ü
isfuka;s yqkq nodu 1(1(5 isfuka;s" yqkq" je,s .fvd,a" r`M.,a" fldkalS%Ü
1' ueá nodu

fï i|yd fmdf<dfjka ,nd .;a ueá fhdod .; yel' iuyr ueá c,h iu`. ñY% lr
Ndú;hg f.k oS úh<Sfï oS bß ;e,Sï we;s fõ' bß ;e,Sï we;s ùu je<elaùug je,s
m%udKhla tl;= l< hq;= h' iuyr ueáj, je,s ñY% j we;' fï ksid je,s" ueá yd
ñY% l< hq;af;a wjYH kï muKs' we¨ñkd yd is,sld ñY% ueá lmrdrej i|yd jvd;a
iqÿiq h' ldnksl øjH wvx.= ueá Ndú; fkdl< hq;= h'
23
lmrdrej i|yd ueá nodu ilia lsÍfï oS" c,h yd ueá ñY% lr moï úu i|yd ;eìh
hq;= h' moï l< ueá nodu iú ùfï oS bß ;e,Sï we;s fkd fõ' ueá lmrdre lrk
,o mDIaG u; isks÷ ksudjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd yqkq fld<mq fhdod .; yel'
2' yqkq nodu

osh .eiQ yqkq" je,s iu`. wkqmd;hlg ñY% lsÍfuka" yqkq nodu ilia lr .; yels h'
moï ùu i|yd osk 1 1$2la muK ;eìh hq;= h' yqkq nodfï iú ùu isÿ jkqfha" jdhq
f.da,fha we;s CO ,nd f.k le,aishï ldnfkaÜ njg m;a ùfuks'
2
Ca(OH) + CO CaCO + H O
2 2 3 2
f.;=< ì;a;s jeks f;;ukg ,la fkdjk ì;a;s mDIaG i|yd yqkq nodu ^2(5& fhdod
.ekSu wd¾Ól w;ska jdisodhl h' yqkq nodu Ndú; lsÍfï oS jev lsßfï yelshdj jeä
h' isfuka;s fuka blaukska iú fkdjk neúks' fuysoS o yqkq fld<mq fhoS fuka
iqug u;=msg ksudjla ,nd fohs'
3' isfuka;s yqKq je,s nodu

yqkq noduhg isfuka;s tl;= lsÍfuka" c,hg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj iy Yla;sh jeä
l< yels h' ñY%K wkqmd;h 1(1(5 fõ' msg; ì;a;s mDIaG i|yd isfuka;s jeämqr
fhdod .efka' idudkH isfuka;s lmrdrejg jvd iqÿ meyehla .kakd fyhska wdf,dal
;;a;ajh jeä lrhs' r`: fyda ishqï ksudjla f,i fhdod .kq ,efnhs'
4' isfuka;s je,s nodu

f.dvke`.s,s bosslsÍfï oS lmrdrejg fuka u" fjk;a lghq;=j, nyq, j u fhdod
.kakd nodula f,i isfuka;s je,s nodu ye|skaúh yels h' ñY%K wkqmd;h 1(^2-6&
isfuka;s" je,s fhdod .kq ,nhs'
WodyrK f,i (
f;;a ksjdrK jeáh (D.P.C) 1(^2-3&
ì;a;s ne|Sug 1(6
f;;uk yd .efgk boslsÍï
Wod( j;=r gexls" we," fõ,s 1(^1-3&
isfuka;s je,s nodu lmrdrej i|yd fhdod .; yels Yla;su;a u nodu j¾.hhs'
f.ìu iy ì;a;s W`M we;sÍu

W`: we;sÍu ì;a;sj,g fuka u f.ìu i|yd o fhdod .efka' úúO W`: j¾. fhdod
.kakd w;r" wjYH;dj wkqj Bg .e<fmk W`: j¾.h ì;a;shg fyda f.ìug fyda
fhdod .; hq;=hs' j¾;udkfha ksjdi iy jdKsc f.dvke`.s,sj, ì;a;s iy f.ìu
i|yd W`: we;sÍu ckms%h ù we;af;a" my; i|yka fya;= ksid h'
1' fi!LHhg ys;lr f,i kv;a;= lsÍfï myiqj

2' Wiia fmkqula ,nd oSu
3' c,hg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj
4' f.;=< wdf,dal ;;a;ajh jeä lsÍu
24
ì;a;s iy f.ìu i|yd Ndú; flfrk W`: j¾.
1' ms`.ka ueáj,ska ;ekQ W`: - Ceramic Tiles
2' fgrd fldgd - Terra Cotta
3' fgrdfida - Terrazo
4' .a/ksÜ - Granite
5' mSä; isfuka;s W`: - Cement Pressed Tiles
mshjr
1' W`: we;sÍu i|yd miqìu ilia lsÍu
ì;a;s i|yd 1(5 isfuka;s je,s nodu fhka lmrdre lsÍu o f.ìu i|yd by; lmrdrejg
fmr 1(2(4 ^12& ñY%Kh wkqj wju jYfhka ñ'ñ' 75 >klug fldkals%Ü nòdu fhoSu
o l< hq;= h' f.ìu f;;uk iys; kï fmd,s;Ska lvodis fh§u fldkalS%Ü ±óug
fmr l< hq;=h'
2' W`: we;sÍu

ldurhl yevh iDcqfldaKs njfhka f;dr kï" tys úl¾K yuqjk ueo isg W`:
we;sÍu jvd;a iqÿiq l%uhhs' isfuka;s fld<mq lmrdrej u; ;=kS lsßfuka fyda W`:j,
hg me;af;a .Efuka fyda W`: we,a,Su l< yels h'
3' l=ia;+r msrùu

W`:j, meyehg .e<fmk j¾Khlska hq;a isfuka;s (Grout)idudkH isfuka;s yd ñY%
lsÍfuka l=ia;+r msrùug wjYH nodu ilia l< yels h' fndfyda úg iqÿ isfuka;s
iu`. j¾K isfuka;s fhdod.efka'
4' u;=msg iQrd wu;r nodu bj;a lr msßisÿ lsßu
;Ska; wdf,am lsÍu

f.dvke.s,s fldgiays wjika ksudj f,i úúO mDIaG u; fhdok oshr ;Ügqj ;Ska;
f,i y÷kajuq' ì;a;s" isú,su" .Dy NdKav" f,day fldgia óg WodyrK f,i ie,lsh
yel'
;Ska; wdf,am lsÍfï wruqKq

1' ld,.=Ksl fjkiaùïj,ska wdrlaId lsÍu
2' oej iy f,day fldgia osrdm;aúfuka je<elaùu
3' w,xldr" msßisÿ" m%ikak u;=msgla ,nd oSu
;Ska;j, ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.

1' nqreiq u`.ska wdf,am l< yels úh hq;=hs'
2' ñ, myiq" l,la mj;sk j¾. úh hq;= h'
3' wdf,am lrk u;=msg wdrlaIs; mg,hlaf,i /òS isáh hq;= h'
4' meh 24l ld,hla ;=< fyd|ska úh<sh hq;=hs'
5' wdf,am ;Ügqj c,h Wrd fkd.kakd" taldldß .klñka hq;a iqug ;;a;ajfhka
;sìh hq;= h'
6' iq<`." jeiai iy ysre t<sh jeks ndysr ;;a;ajj,g Tfrd;a;= osh hq;= h'
7' msßisÿ" iu;," ksudjla" wdf,am l< mDIaGh u; we;s l< hq;= h'
8' bß ;e,Sï" ,m" m`:`ÿ" we;s fkdl< hq;= h'
25
;Ska;
j¾K .%dylh nokh ;sk¾ ^;=kSlrKh& úh<kh

Pigment Binder Solvent Drier
j¾K .%dylh (Pigment) u`.ska

flfrk ld¾hhka
1' mdg ,nd oSu
2' há ;Ügqj jid .ekSug we;s yelshdj
3' ;ska; ;Ügqj Yla;su;a lsÍu
4' os.=l,a meje;au yd mßirhg Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj
5' u, ne|Su je<elaùug wdjrKhla ,nd oSu
6' u;=msg os,sfik iajNdjh wvq lsÍu
nka O kh u`.s k a flfrk ld¾hhka

1' j¾K .%dylh fiiq ixfhda. iu`. ñY% lr wdf,am lrk mDIaGh u; fyd|ska
nkaOkhla we;s lsÍu'
2' l,a meje;aug WmldÍ ùu'
3' ridhksl øjHj,g ;Ska; Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj'
;sk¾ (Solvent) u.ska flfrk ld¾hh

fï u`.ska isÿjkqfha j¾K .%dylh yd nkaOkh (Binder) fyd|ska ñY% lsÍu;a" ;Ska;
úh<Sug iydh úu;a h' wdf,am lsÍfuka miq ;Sk;
a úh<Sfï oS j¾K .%dylh(Pigment)
iy nkaOkh (Binder) mg,hla f,i b;sß fõ'
úh<kh (Drier) u.ska flfrk ld¾hh

1' úh<Sug Wmldr lrhs'
2' j¾K .%dylh iy nkaOkh tlg tl;= lsßu'
3' os,Sr kdYlhla ,nd oSu
4' nelaàßhd kdYlhla ,nd oSu
5' j¾K .%dylh ishqï wxY= njg m;alsÍu'
;Ska; j¾. iy Ndú;h

1 ' ff;,uh ;Ska; j¾. - Oil Paints
Bhï ,jK wvx.= h' ghsfÜkshï Tlaihsv o fhdod .efka' úI iys; h' iqÿ iamS%;=
(White Spirit)= osh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'
Ndú;h - oej" f,day fldgia hkdosh i|yd fhdod .kS' ndysr mßirhg újD; j we;s
mDIaG i|yd jeo.;a h' ksudj" oSm;
a u
s ;a" w¾O osm;
a u
s ;a iy fkdos,f
s ik hkdos l%uj,g
mDIaGhla ilia l< yels h' úúO ld,.=K ;;a;aj j,g fyd|ska Tfrd;a;= foa'
wdf,am lsßu - mskai,a u`.ska fyda iafm%a u`.ska fyda l< yels h' m%d:ñl wdf,amh
(Primary Coat), há wdf,amh (Under Coat) iy ksudj i|yd ksuyï wdf,amh (Finishing
Coat) jYfhka ;Ügq 3lska fhdokq ,efí'
26
2' tu,a I ka ;S k a ;
c,fhka osh l< yels ;Ska; óg wh;a h' fmd,su¾ fyj;a lD;s%u ÿïu, (Resin) j¾.
fhdod ksmojkq ,efí' wdf,am lsÍfuka miq c,hg fyd|ska Tfrd;a;= fohs'
Ndú;h ( we;=<; ì;a;s" isú,u" oej hkdosh i|yd fhdod .efka' msg; ì;a;s i|yd
fjo¾ IS,aâ tu,aIka ;Ska; fhdod .efka' wdf,am l< u;=msg tkeu,a ;Ska;j, fuka
os,sfik iajNdjhla fkdue;'
wdf,a m ls Í u
m%d:ñl wdf,amh f,i 1:2 m%udKhg c,h tl;= l< yels h' wjidk wdf,amh c,h
wvq lr mskai,fha wdf,am l< yels m%udKhg .; hq;=hs' blaukska úhf<hs' l,a
meje;au jeä h' w¨;a ì;a;s u; wdf,am lsÍfï oS úh,sj fkdue;s kï f;;ukh
bj;a lsÍu i|yd iskala i,af*aÜ (Zinc Sulphate) ødjKhla wdf,am l< yels fjhs'
3' tku,a ;Ska; - Enamel Paint

f,dayuh Tlaihsv Ndú;fhka ksmojkq ,efnhs' ^Wod' iqÿ Bhï iskala jhsÜ& ,skaiSâ
f;,a iq`: m%udKhla" fmfg%da,shï iamS%;=" friska ^ÿïu,& hk øjH fuys wvx.= h'
c,frdaOl >k ;Ügqjla wdf,am l< u;=msg we;s fjhs' oSma;su;a h" isks÷ ksudjls'
wï," laIdrj,g Tfrd;a;= foa' WIaK;ajhg o Tfrd;a;= fohs'
Ndú;h ( f,day" oej" ì;a;s" fldkals%Ü jeks ´kEu u;=msgla i|yd fhosh yels h'
wdf,am lsÍfuka miq j u;=msg nqreiq mdrj,a we;s fkdfjhs' f;;ukg" c,hg fia
oS fkdhhs' jeä fmkqu iy Tmh i|yd" ,skaiSâ f;,aj, oshlrk ,o iqÿ ghsfÜkshï
(Titanium White) m<uq j wdf,am lrkak'
4' we¨ñkshï ;Ska; - Aluminium Paint

m%Odk jYfhka we¨ñkshï ixfhda. Ndú; flfrhs' iamS%;= jd¾ksIa ^blaukska úhf<k&
fyda f;,a jd¾ksIa ^úh<Su fiñka isÿjk& fyda fhdod .; yels h' wdf,am lr
úh<Sfï oS iamS%;= jd¾ksIa jdIam f,i bj;a jk úg" wdf,ams; mDIaGh u; ;=ks
we¨ñkshï f,dayuh ;Ügqjla we;s fjhs'
Ndú;h ( hlv fyda fjk;a f,day u;=msg i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq h' u, neòSu j<lajhs'
ld,.=K ;;a;ajj,ska fyd|ska wdrlaId lrhs' ßoS meye;s oSma;sh ksid" w÷f¾ oS o
wdf,am l< mDIaGh y÷kd .; yels h' ;dm iy úÿ,s m%;sfrdaOhla we;s lrhs'
wdf,am lsÍu ( Ndú; lsÍfï oS jeä m%foaYhla wdjrKh lrhs' fyd|ska ;=kS jk
neúks' oej jeks fldgia u; wdf,am lsÍfï oS Wrd .ekSu jeä neúka m%d:ñl ;Ügqj
f,i iS,¾ j¾.hla fhdod .; hq;= h' wdf,am lrk u;=msg mDIaGh fydoska Tm
uÜgï lr ;sìh hq;= h'
5 ' u, fkdnef|k ;Ska; - Anti Corrosive Paint

j¾Kh we;s lrk .%dylhla" f;,a j¾.hla iy Yla;su;a úh<khla (Strong Drier)
m%Odk jYfhka wvx.= h' iqÿ Bhï (White Lead) j,g jvd ,dNodhl h' wdf,am l<
u;=msg w÷re meyehla we;s lrhs'
Ndú;h ( ndysr j" újD; j we;s f,day fldgia i|yd úfYaIhs' f;;ukh" ridhksl
ÿudr yd .efgk f,day fldgia u, ne|Su je<elaùug fhdod .efka'
27
6 ' fi,shqf,daia ;Ska; - Cellulose Paint
idudkH ;Ska; fyda jd¾ksIa j¾.j,g jvd fuu ;Ska; fndfyda fihska fjkia h'
idudkH fjk;a fndfyda ;Ska;j, iúúu ^úh<Su& isÿjkqfha jdhqf.da,h iu`.
TlaisyrKh úu ksid jqj;a" fi,shqf,daia ;Ska; úhf<kqfha" tys wvx.= ;sk¾ jdIam
ùfuks' khsfg%da fldgka ñY% lr we;' iqmsß ;Ska; j¾.hls' ñ, wêl h'
Ndú;h ( jdyk jeks f,day u;=msg i|yd fhdod .; yels wk¾> ;Ska; j¾.hls' oeä"
isks÷ u;=msgla we;s lrhs' blaukska úhf<hs' YS;," WKqiqï" ´kEu ;;a;ajhlg
Tfrd;a;= fok neúka msßiqÿ j ;nd .; yels h'
wdf,am lsÍu ( blaukska úhf<k neúka iafm%a lsÍfuka muKla wdf,am l< yelS h'
úúO mDIaG u; ;Ska; wdf,am lsÍu

1 ' w¨;a oej u;
1' je,s lvodisj,ska uoskak'
2' .eg" m`:ÿ isÿre we;a kï" msrjqï noduj,ska mqrjkak'
3' m%d:ñl ;Ska; (Primer) j¾.hla wdf,am lrkak'
4' l=vd isÿre we;akï fmdá (Putty) j¾.hlska mqrjkak'
5' há wdf,amh .,ajkak'
6' fo jk wdf,amh .,ajkak' (Gloss Paint)
2' l,ska ;Ska; .dk ,o oej NdKav

1' merKs ;Ska; m;=re .e,ù ,sys,a j we;akï iqrd bj;a lrkak' whska uq¨ iqrd
oukak'
2' r`: je,s lvodisfhka uoskak'
3' wv r`: je,s lvodishlska ueo u;=msg isks÷ lrkak'
4' .eg m`:ÿ we;akï msrjqï nodufhka mqrjkak'
5' m%d:ñl ;Ska; ;Ügqj wdf,am lrkak'
6' há wdf,amkh fhdokak'
7' .af,dia ;Ska; wdf,am lrkak'
3' f,day mDIaG u; ;Ska; .Eu

^w& we¨ñkshï ñY% wef,dahs j¾.
1' u;=msg we;s f;,a" .S%ia bj;a lrkak' fï i|yd g¾mkaghska jeks f;,a j¾.hla
Ndú;d l< yelsa h'
2' m%d:ñl ;Ska; (Primer) wdf,am lrkak'
3' tuß lvodisj,ska hka;ug ueo .af,dia ;Ska; ;Ügq folla wdf,am lrkak'
^wd& w¨;a ÖkÉpÜá (Cast Iron) u;=msg

1' lïì nqreiqjlska u,lv bj;a lrkak'
2' g¾mkaghska Ndú;d lr f;,a yd .S%ia we;akï bj;a lrkak'
3' m%d:ñl ^m%hsu¾& ;Ska; j¾.hla wdf,am lrkak'
4' .af,dia ;Ska; fo jrla wdf,am lrkak'
28
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 ( jy, iy fodr cfka, i|yd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² úúO m%foaYj, ld,.=K ;;a;ajhg .e<fmk" úfYaIs; ,laIK j,ska hq;a jy,
fiú,s øjH f;dard .kshs'
² .;s ,laIK wkqj j¾.SlrKh lr we;s oej w;=ßka" jy," fodr" cfk,a i|yd
iqÿiq oej j¾. kï lrhs'
² idudkH oej fjkqjg lD;s%u oej iy we¨ñkshï yrialv Ndú; l< yels
wdldrh m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² ksfjil jy, i|yd iqÿiq fiú,s øjH f;dard .ekSfuka ikSmdrlaIdj iq/
lSug lghq;= lrhs'
² mßir ydks wju lsÍug" idudkH oej Ndú;h fjkqjg lD;%Su oej iy
we¨ñkshï$hlv yrialv f;dard .kshs'

msúiSu(
² jy, fiú,s øjH f,i W`M iy weiafniafgdaia" /<s ;yvq Ndú;h y÷kajkak'
² jy, fiú,s f,i" W`M iy weiafniafgdaia /<s ;yvq Ndú; lsÍu ms<snò j
tajdfha jdis wjdis fmkajk újdohla lKavdhï w;r fufyhjkak'
² úúO ;;a;aj hgf;a " tla tla fiú,s øjHfhys" m%dfhda.sl j we;s jk jdis iy
wjdis isiqkaf.ka úuid l`M,E,af,a i|yka lrkak'
² WodyrKhla f,i my; j.=fjys ms<s;=r i|yka lr we;'
Calicut tile rg W`M Asbestose weiafniafgdaia /<s ;yvq
1' jyf,a j¾.M,h

² yevh ^Pitch) jeä neúka wvq wdk;shla we;s neúka jyf,a
j¾.M,h jeä h' j¾.M,h wvq h'
2' ;dm mßjdrl w.h
² by< uÜgul mj;S my< uÜgul mj;S'
3' jy, rduqfõ ieleiau
² ixlS¾K h ir, h
² oej m%udKh jeä h oej m%udKh wvq h'
29
Calicut tile rg W`M Asbestose weiafniafgdaia /<s ;yvq
4' fiú,s lsÍug .; jk
Y%ñl ld,h
² jeä h; tallhl m%udKh wvq h' tallhl m%udKh jeä neúks'
l=vd neúks'
5' fmkqu
² w,xldrh ( yevh iy blaukska w\qre fjhs' m%shxlr njla ke;'
j¾Kh ms%hckl h w,xldrhla wjYH kï ;Ska; wdf,am l<
hq;= h'
6' kv;a;=j
² ydks jQ W`M leghla fjkqjg
ydkshla jQ úg iïmQ¾K ;yvqj
kej; W`Mleghla fhoSu
fhosh hq;= fjhs' fï ld¾hh ;ks
myiq h'
lïlrejl=g l< fkdyels h'

² my; i|yka ud;Dld" tla tla lKavdhu fj; fhduq lrkak'
² jy, fiú,s øjH
² jy," fodr cfk,a i|yd Ndú; flfrk oej
² lD;%su oej
² we¨ñkshï yrialv
² by; øjH ñ, oS ,nd .; yels fjf<| ie,a fj;" isiqka fhduq lrkak' mdi,a
ld,h ;=< fï i|yd bv m%ia;dj fkd,efnkafka kï" wjYH f;dr;=re fidhd
.ekSug iydh jkak'
² my; j.=j Ndú; lrñka" fidhd .;a f;dr;=re we;=<;a lr iuia: mka;sh
fj; f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsÍug" lKavdhï iQodkï lrjkak'
ud;Dldj (- jy, fiú,s$ oej$ lD;%su oej$ we¨ókshï yrialv
Ndú; flfrk j¾. ,nd .; yels m%udK tall úfYaIs; .;s ,laIK
(Types) sizes units
² ;uka ilia lrkq ,enQ f;dr;=re m;s%ld iuia: mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug tla
tla lKavdhug bv i,ikak'
30
b.ekaùu i|yd w;aje,la (-
² fiú,s øjH
1' W`M 3' weiafniafgdaia /<s ;yvq 5' we¨ñkshï
2' /<s ;yvq 4' isfuka;s W`M
² oej j¾.SlrKh ( w;a fmd; n,kak'
² lD;%su oej ( 1' ;=kS ,E,s" 3' Ñmaa fndaâ
Chip board
2' M.D.F fndaâ
² fiú,s øjH úúO ld,.=K ;;a;ajj,g iqÿiq f,i f;dard .; hq;= h'
² fiú,s øjH wkqj jy, rduqj ilia úh hqq;= h'
² jy," fodr" cfk,a i|yd oej j¾.SlrKh wkqj úfYaI mka;shg fyda 1
fjks mka;shg fyda wh;a oej j¾. fhdod .; hq;= h'
² oej fjkqjg we¨ñkshï yrialv" fodr" cfk,a i|yd Ndú; lsÍfuka
my; oelafjk jdis yd wjdis ,efnkq we;'
jdis
² oej ys`.hg ms<shula f,i fhdod .; yels ùu
² f;;ukg yd ysre t<shg ks;r uqyqK fok f.dvke`.s,s
i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq h'
² kv;a;= lghq;= iy úhou b;d iq`M h'
² os.= l,a meje;au
² úúO j¾K fhdod .; yels ùu
wjdis
² úhou jeä h'
² fldkalS%Ü jHQy iys; f.dvke`.s,s i|yd muKla Ndú; lsÍu'
31
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 ( f.dvke`.s,s c, iemhqï moaO;s i|yd Ndú; flfrk øjH
f;darhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² c, iemhqï moaO;s i|yd Ndú; flfrk k< j¾. iy Wmdx. ,ehsia;= .;
lrhs'
² k< Wmdx." iúl=re iy ikSmdrlaIl WjdrK ilia lsÍug Ndú; flfrk
øjHj, .=Kdx. yd m%ñ;s úuid n,ñka tajd j¾.SlrKhg iqÿiq l%u ms<sfj;a
fhdackd lrhs'
² k< iy Wmdx. Ndú; flfrk wjia:d u;= lrñka" jdis wjdis ú.%y lr Wmßu
ld¾hlaIu;dj yd M,odhs;dj iòyd iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² .=Kd;aul yd l,amj;sk øjH Ndú; lsÍfuka c,h wmf;a hdu j<lajd" c,
iïm; iq/lSug lghq;= lrhs'
² jdis jeä oshqKq lrñka o wjdis wju lrñka o Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dj yd
M,odhs;dj ioyd lghq;= lrhs'

msúiSu(
² fjf<òfmdf<ka ,nd .;a u.P.V.C. k<hla isiqkaf.a ksÍlaIKhg ,la lrkak'
² k<fha uqøKh lr we;s úia;r ms<snò j úuikak'
² my; lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² u.P.V.C. k< .Dyia: c, iemhqï ioyd j¾;udkfha nyq,j Ndú;d lrk
nj
² u.P.V.C. k< ksIamdokh úúO iud.ï u`.ska lrk nj
² u.P.V.C. k< iòyd YS% ,xld m%ñ;sh ,nd oS we;s nj
² u.P.V.C. k< 1000" 600" 400 jYfhka j¾. lr we;s nj ^k<h Tfrd;a;=
fok mSvkh kP a )
² u.P.V.C k<" kdñl úIalïNhlska y`ÿkajk nj
² .e,ajkhsia hlv k< fjkqjg u.P.V.C. k< Ndú; lsÍug úfYaI fya;=
we;s nj
b.ekaùï iòyd fhdað; Wmfoia(
my; iòyka ud;Dld hgf;a f;dr;=re tla /ia lrk f,i lKvdhï fj; Wmfoia
fokak' ish¨ lKavdhï k.rfha msysá "ydâfjhd¾" fjf<ò ie,lg fhduq lsÍug
wjYH lghq;= i,ikak'
² P.V.C. c, k< yd Wmdx.

² ikSmdrlaIl WjdrK
f;dr;=re iòyka lsÍu iòyd my; j.=jg iudk igykla fhdod .kak'
32
øjHfha ku ,nd.; yels m%udK ksIamdok øjH
lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia: mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsÍug w;aje,la(
rEmh 1'10
33
1.11 rEmh
34
P.V.C. k< Ndú;h
c,h fnod yeÍfï yd wmú;% c,h bj;a lsÍfï lghq;=j,§ UPVC iúlsÍu yd
Ndú;h ±ka l%ufhka jeä fjñka mj;S'
mS'ù'iS k<j, yd iú lsÍïj, jdis f.k fok fmdÿ .=K

1' u, fkdnef|k w;r wï, j¾." we,afldfyd,a" f;,a " ¨Kq yd fjk;a u, ne£ug
;=vq fok øjHj, ridhksl ls%hdj,sh j<lajd<hs'
2' mS'ù'iS' k<j, nr" jdfka k<j, nfrka 1$5la muK jk w;r" we¨ñkshï k<j,
nfrka 1$2la muK fõ' ieye,a¨ nj ksid" m%jdykh" iúlsÍï yd Ndú;h b;d
myiq fõ' tneúka m%jdykh yd mßyrKhjk ñksia Y%uh wvq fõ'
3' k< Èrd fkdhhs' fmdf<dj hg" ysre t<shg wkdjrKh ia:dkj, § o Ndú; l<
yels h' nelaàßhd" È,Sr fyda lDñkaf.ka ydks isÿ fkdfõ' ;Ska; wdf,amh
wkjYHhs'
4' wNHka;r mDIaGh b;d msßiqÿ h' tneúka ieu úgu msßiqÿj yd isks`ÿj mj;S'
5' r;a lsÍfuka myiqfjka keñh yels h' myiq wdjqo Ndú;fhka myiqfjka keñh
yels h' ødjl isfuka;s (Solvent Cement) Èhr u`.ska iïnkaO lsÍu myiq h'
6' ì%;dkH iïu; m%ñ;sh wkqj ksu jq mS'ù'iS' k< oykhg Woõ fkdlrhs'
7' úI øjHhla fkdjk w;r c,fha § lsisÿ rihla fkdfmkajhs'
mS'ù'iS k<j, wjdis

mS'ù'iS' k<j, m%Odk;u wjdish kï ;o mSvkhg Tfrd;a;= fkd§uhs' fndfyda úg
hdka;s%l fya;= ksid o leã hd yels h' .skakg Tfrd;a;= fkdfoa' fmdf<dj ;=<
t<sfï § wdrlaIdj i|yd ;rula .eUqßka ;sìh hq;= h'
iqúld¾h l, fkdyels ^^Plasticized&& mS'ù'iS' k<

fïjd BS 3505 - 1968 fyda YS% ,xld m%ñ;s 147-1972 (SLS-147-1972) fyda wkqj
ksmofjhs' iú lsÍï yd iïnkaO lsÍï BS 4346 wkqj isÿ flfrhs'
ì%;dkH m%ñ;s wkqj È. 3 m" 6m yd 9m lg ksmoefjk w;r YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wkqj
È. 4m yd 6m fõ' mdg w`: mdg fõ'
iú lsÍï - Fittings
ieu iú lsÍula u BS 4346-1 wkqj ;sìh hq;= h' fuu jd;a;= lrk ,o iú lsÍï
fldgia kï keñ - Bends
'T' flfjks - ('T' Sockets)
lmdg flfjks - Valve Sockets
lrdu flfjks - Faucet Sockets
je,ñg keñ - Elbow
lrdu je,ñg - Faucet Sockets
35
lrdu 'T' flfjks - Faucet 'T' Sockets
fl<jr jeiau - End Cap
W!k; flfjks - Reducing Sockets
W!k; 'T' flfjks - Reducing 'T' Sockets
wdÈh iuyrls'
uQÜgq lsÍu - Joining

fndfyduhla Èh jk fj,aäï uQÜgqfjka o (Solvent Welding Joint) fmdgj,a iys;
fldgia fmdgj,a u`.skao jeoaoSï flfrhs'
fï ioyd ødjl (Solvent Cement) isfuka;s BS 4346-3 fldgi wkqj ksmojd we;'
ixjD; n÷kaj, we;s fï ødjl isfuka;s jdIamYS,S h' fuu ødjl isfuka;s u`.ska
jeoaoSu lr" Wmßu Yla;shg tk ;=re" úhf<k f;la Ndú;hg .eksu iqÿiq fkdfõ'
fï uQÜgq úh<Sug .; jk ld,h" WIaK;ajh yd k<fha yrialv j¾.M,h u; ròd

mj;S' idudkHfhka Ndú; hg .ekSug fmr meh 1$2 muK iú ùug ;eìh hq;= h'
36
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( boslsÍï wjYH;d ioyd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 ( .Dyia: úÿ,s ia:dmkh ioyd iqÿiq øjH f;darhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² boslsÍï wjYH;d ioyd úÿ,s Wmdx. f;dard .ekSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= iïu;
wdrlaIl mQ¾fjdamd wkq.ukh lrhs'
² úÿ,s mßm: ioyd md,k Wmdx. ksjeros j f;dard .kshs'
² úÿ,s Wmdx. ñ, oS .eksfï oS tys msßú;r flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
² iïu; yd fr.=,disj,g wkql+, j lghq;= lrhs'
² øjH f;dard .ekSfï oS wdrlaIdj yd m%ñ;sh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'

msúiSu(
² ksfjil úÿ,s mxldjla iú lr we;s wjia:djl thg f.ìfï isg Wi idudkH
jYfhka fldmuK oehs mka;sfhka úuikak'
² úÿ,s myka iòyd iaúÉp iïnkaO fldg we;af;a fld;rï Wilska oehs mka;f
s hka
úuikak'
² flfjks msgqjdk (Socket outlet) ìï uÜgñka iú fkdlsÍug fya;= mka;sfhka
úuikak'
² my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² ksfjil iS,sul wju Wi ;SrKh lsÍfï oS wdrlaIdjg wu;r j iS,su yd
úÿ,s mxldjla iú lsÍug m%udKj;a bvla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= nj
² úÿ,s Wmdx. md,kh ioyd iaúÉp ^jyre& ia:dmkfha oS tajd myiqfjka
md,kh l< yels Wilska iú l< hq;= nj
² /yeka ia:dmkh lsÍfï iajNdjh ^fldkaähqÜng$ flaiska fhoSu&
ie,ls,a,g f.k boslsÍï ie,iqï l< hq;= nj
² flfjks msgqjdka ìï uÜgfï iú fkdlrkqfha f.ìu fiaoSfï oS c,h
flfjks ;=<g hdfuka úÿ,sh ldkaÿ ù úÿ,s ier jeoSfï yelshdj ksid h'
² úÿ,s Wmdx. újD; j ;efnk ia:dk mßjdrl øjHj,ska ;kd we;af;a
wdrlaIdj iòyd h'
² my; iòyka ud;Dld lKavdhï ;=klg ,nd oS tu ud;Dldjg wod< j úÿ,s
Wmdx. f;dard .ekSfï oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= ud¾f.damfoaY flfrys lKavdhï
wjOdkh fhduq lr jkak'
² .fvd,ska nòsk ,o ksjdihla
² glrka ^;yvq& fiú,s l< ksjila
37
² rcfha f.dvke`.s,a,la
² lKavdhug ,nd oS we;s ud;Dldfõ my; ioyka f;aud flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrjkak'
² md,k Wml%u
² wê Odrd wdrlaIs; Wml%u
² ñys ldkaÿ Odrd wdrlaIs; Wml%u
² wod< ld¾hhka ioyd fhdod .kakd Wmdx.
² Wmdx. tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍug Ndú; flfrk /yekaj, msßú;r
² ,nd oS we;s ud;Dldjg .e<fmk fia ^m%ñ;sh wkqj& /yeka we§u isÿ lrk
wdldrh
² úÿ,s myka ;=kla iS,sx mxldjla" 5 A flfjks msgqjdka 2la yd 15 A/13 A
flfjks msgqjdkla ia:dmkh lsÍfï oS my; lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrjkak'
² tla tla md,k Wml%uh iú lrk ia:dk f;dard .ekSfï oS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=
lreKq
² tla tla md,k Wml%uh iú lsÍu$ /yeka fhoSu ioyd fhdod .kakd
l%ufõo yd øjH ia:dk.; lsÍu ^flaiska$ fldkaähqÜ&
² tla tla wjYH;dj ioyd fhdod .kakd /yekaj, m%udK
² wdOdrl iúl=re yd Wmdx. iy tajd ia:dk.; lrk wdldrh
² iïu; wdrlaIl m%ñ;s
² lKavdhug ,eî we;s ud;Dldjg wod< iúl=re iú jk wdOdrl ia:dk.;
lrk wdldrh
² wod< ia:dmkh o< igykla u`.ska /yekaj, m%udK iu`. bosßm;a lrkak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a
lrjkak'
² úÿ,sn, wêldßh úiska úÿ,s n,h iemhSfï oS my; ioyka Wmdx. imhk w;r
ta ioyd f.ùï l< hq;= nj
² fiajd /yek ² úÿ,s ukqj ² fiajd ú,dhlh
² Wmdx.j, whs;sh" kv;a;=j yd w¨;ajeähdj úÿ,sn, wêldßh i;= nj
² úÿ,sh ia:dmkfha oS mdßfNda.slhd i;= md,k Wml%u f,i my; ioyka Wml%u
y`ÿkd .; yels h'
² m%Odk iaúÉÑh ñys ldkaÿ mßm: ìòskh (ELCB/ R.C.C.B)
² úfnÿï mqjrej (M.C.B /ú,dhl&
² tajd yosishl oS úikaê lsÍu ioyd myiqfjka <`.d úh yels ia:dkhl iú l<
hq;= h'
38
² wê Odrd wdrlIl Wmdx. f,i úÿ,s n, wêldßh i;= fiajd ú,dhlh o
mdßfNda.slhd i;= úfnÿï mqjrej o (M.C.B'$ú,dlhl& we;=<;a fõ'
² kQ;kfha m%Odk iaúÉh" fYaI Odrd mßm: ìòskh yd is`.s;s mßm: ìòsk ^M.C.B)
tl u weiqreul msysgqjd we;s w;r th mdßfNda.sl tallh f,i ye`Èkafjhs'
² M.C.B' .e,fmk m%u; Odrd w.hj,ska f;dard .; hq;
q = fõ' (6A/10A/16A..........)
ñys ldkaÿjl oS wdrlaIdj iemhSu iòyd fYaI Odrd$ ñys ldkaÿ Odrd mßm:
ìòskh wksjd¾hfhka u fhdod .; hq;= fõ' (30A - 40A) - 30mA Odrdjla
úÿ,s ldkaÿ jQ úg mßm:h ls%hd;aul fõ' ia:dmkfha oS tla Wm mßm:hlg
fhosh yels Wmdx. ixLHdj my; mßos fõ'
6A M.C.B - úÿ,s myka 10 fyda úÿ,s myka 05 yd 5A fljks msgqjdk 01
- fyda 5A fljks msgqjdk 02 hs'
16 A M. C.B. - 13A /15 A flfjks msgqjdk 01 hs'
² WodiSk /yek ioyd ks,a j¾K iys; /yek Ndú; fõ'
² iÔù /yek ioyd ÿUqre j¾K iys; /yeka Ndú; flf¾'
² iaúÉÑ iïnkaO l< hq;= jkafka isg f.k isák mqoa.,hl=g myiqfjka th
ls%hd;aul l< yels Wilska ^120 - 150 mm & jk w;r tajdg ndOdjlska f;dr
j <`.d ùfï yelshdj o ;sîu jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'
² flfjks msgqjdka ia:dmkfha oS Ndú; lrkq ,nk WmlrKh yd ia:dmkh
wkqj Wi ;SrKh flf¾'
² 5A Wm mßm: ioyd 1$113 /yeka Ndú; flfrk w;r 13A$15A Wm mßm:
iu`. 7$067 /yeka Ndú; flf¾'
² úÿ,s ukqfõ isg Wm mßm: ^úfnÿï mqjrej& olajd 7$104 /yeka fhdod .efka'
ì;a;s we;=<;ska /yeka /f.k hdu iòyd P.V.C fldkaähqÜ ng fhdod .kakd
w;r" rcfha f.dvke`.s,s ioyd ì;a;s ;=< ?yeka fkdfhosh hq;= neúka ta iòyd
ì;a;shg msg;ska iú lrk flaiska fhdod .efka'
² f,day msheis $f,day yd ineòs ksfjiaj,g úÿ,sh ia:dmkh lsÍu iòyd ish¨
u /yeka mßjdrl (PVC ) ng ;=<ska heúh hq;= fõ' tjeks wjia:dj, úÿ,s /
yeka yerùu ioyd P.V.C iúl=re ^keñ" à ikaê& (Junction Box) Ndú; flf¾'
² úÿ,s Wmdx. ia:dmkfha oS úúOdldr wdOdrl fhdod .efka'
² nd,al$ hg ,S jeks ia:dk iòyd rjqï fndf,dlalhla wdOdrfhka
wfkl=;a Wmdx. iú flf¾'
² iDcq$ wdk; w,a¨ iDcq j u rjqï fndf,dlalhg iïnkaO fõ'
t,af,k myka Odrl (Holders) iS,sx u<la u`.ska rjqï fndf,dlalh
yd iïnkaO jk w;r Bg iïnkaê; foyr (two core) /yekla u`.s k a
n,an Odrlhl iïnkaO flf¾'
² iaúÑÑ$ flfjks msgqjdka iú lsÍfï oS wdOdrl f,i .s,a¨ï fmÜá
(Sunk - Box) Ndú; flf¾'
² P.V.C. ng fhdod we;s wjia:dj, .s,a¨ïfmÜá ì;a;shg .s,ajk w;r
flaiska fhoSfï .e,fmk Wml%uhla u`.ska ì;a;sfha msg; iú flf¾'
39
² N+.; /yek iòyd (Earth wire) (7/067) /yeka Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'
² N+.; bf,lafg%davh f,i 50 mm úIalïNh iys; G.I. nghla wju
jYfhka 150 mm muK fmdf<djg .s,aúh hq;= fõ'
² N+.; /yeka tu bf,lafg%davhg fydòska N+.; ù ;sîu wksjd¾h fõ'
² fouy,a f.dvke`.s,a,l ;rmamq fm< jeks ia:dk iòyd my< tl u
ia:dk follska md,kh l< hq;= jk úg (2 way) foux iaúÉÑ 2laa fhdod
.efka'
² iaõÉj, iÔù /yek ol=Kq mig iú l< hq;= w;r jï mig WodiSk
/yek iú l< hq;= fõ' th oelaùug fofl<jr L yd N hkqfjka kï
lr we;'
² 100m2 ;=< flfjks msgjdka úYd, m%udKhla iú lrk wjia:dj, j,h
mßm:hla (Ring - Circuit) fhdod .; yels w;r ta ioyd 7$067 /yeka
Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' th 32 A M.C.B iu`. Wm mßm:hla f,i fhdod
.efka'
² ;djld,sl úÿ,s os.=jla myka Odrlhla u`.ska iïnkaO lsÍug
wkqyqrel=rejla (Adaoptor) Ndú; flf¾'
² uy,a f.dvke`.s,a,l my< yd by< ud, ioyd fjk fjk u úÿ,s iemhqï
,nd .kafka kï iajdëk m%fõY uds¾. msysgd ;sìh hq;= h' by< ud,hg
msg;ska m%fõY ùfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;= fõ'
² fouy,a f.dvke`.s,a,l tla tla uyf,a Wm mßm: ioyd wêOdrd
wdrlaIK Wml%u f.dvke`.s,af,a wod< uyf,ys iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
40
ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'10 ( ;djld,sl yegqï ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjH f;dard .kshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² m,xÑ ioyd oej fyda jdfka fldgia fyda Ndú;fha oS we;s jk jdis iy wjdis
² yevhï ioyd oej iy jdfka fldgia w;=frka iqÿiq øjH f;dard .kshs'
² ldkq lemSfï oS " tys iajNdjh wkqj me;s ,E,s fhoSug iqÿiq oej iy jdfka
fldgia ^wx.& f;dard .kshs'
² ;djld,sl yegqï ks¾udKfha oS wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'
² wod< ld¾hg .e<fmk mßos wrmsßueiafuka lghq;= lrhs'
msúiSu(
² mdi, wdikakfha msysá k.rh ;=< fyda wdikak m%foaYhl fyda w¨f;ka
bosflfrk f.dvke`.s,a,la ms<sn| j isys.kajñka" my; oelafjk m%Yakhg
ms<s;=re isiqkaf.ka ,nd f.k yqkq ,E,af,ys ioyka lrkak'
m%Yakh(- f.dvke`.s,a, bos lrñka mj;sk nj Tn y÷kd .kafka l=uk ,laIKhla
wkqj o@
ms<;
s r
= e ^n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels&
² ñksiqka Wv jev lrk nj fmkS hdu
² ;djld,sl uvq bos lr ;sîu'
² fldkalS%Ü ioyd yevhï iú lr ;sîu'
² mia lmd ;sîu'
² wk;=reodhl nj y`.jk mqjre m%o¾Ykh lr ;sîu'
² my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka" isiqkaf.a ,enqKq ms<s;=re mokï lr f.k
idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² f.dvke`.s,s bos lsÍfï oS ;djld,sl yegqï fhdod .; hq;= nj
² fuu ;djld,sl yegqïj,g my; oelafjk boslsÍï wh;a nj
² Wia ia:dkhl jev lsÍu ioyd bòsflfrk wdrlaIs; m,xÑ fhoSu
² fldkalS%Ü yegqï ks¾udKh ioyd wjYH yevhï' ilia lsÍu
² w;a;sjdrï ldkq lemSfï oS" bjqre lvd jeàu je<elaùug me;s ,E,s
fhoSu'
² jev ìfuys" .nvd" ld¾hd, iy iqN idOl myiqlï ioyd" ;djld,sl
uvq bos lsÍu'
² fï bos lsÍï ;djld,sl jqQj;a" .=Kd;aul øjH Ndú; lrñka wdrlaIs;
f,i" Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dj iy M,odhs;dj we;s jk mßos lghq;= l<
hq;= nj
41
b.ekaùu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-
² isiqka lKavdhï 4lg fjka lrkak'
² lKavdhï fj; ,enqKq ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'
ud;Dld
1' m,xÑ (Scaffoldings) ilia lsÍu'
2' yevhï (Shuttering) ilia lsÍu'
3' ldkq iòyd me;s ,E,s .eiSu'
4' ;djld,sl .nvd" ld¾hd, bos lsÍu'
² lKavdhï ioyd f;dard .;a boslsÍï jev ìu fj;" isiqka fhduq lrkak'
² my; oelafjk igykg iudk j.=jl u`.ska wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j o"
iduQysl j o" iuia: mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug isiqka iQodkï lrjkak'
lKavdhu iy ,enqKq ud;Dldj (- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
jev ìfuys ku (- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
f.dvke`.s,af,a iajNdjh (-
Tfí ksÍlaIKhg ,la lrk ,o yegqfuys o< rEm igyk
Ndú; lr we;s øjH yrialv m%udK Ndú; ia:dkh
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsrSu i|yd w;aje,la (-

² m,xÑ ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjH f,i m%Odk jYfhka oej iy
jdfka fhdod .efka'
² jevìfuys úYd,;ajh wkqj m,xÑ bos lsÍu ioyd oej fyda jdfka fyda f;dard
.ekSu iqÿiq h'
² m,xÑ iòyd oej fjkqjg jdfka fhdod .ekSfuka my; oelafjk jdis ,efnkq
we;'
² jeä jdr .kkla Ndú;l< yels ùu

² Yla;su;a Ndjh
42
² ld,.=K fjkiaùuj,g Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj
² iú lsÍfï iy .e,ùfï myiqj
² úYd, jevìï ioyd Ndú; lsÍu ,dNodhl nj
² yevhï ilia lsÍu ioyd oej fuka u jdfka fldgia o Ndú; l< yelsh'
² yevhï u`.ska oeßh hq;= Ndrh wkqj ,E,s" nd,al iy uqlal=j, m%udKh yd
úYd,;ajh fjkia úh hq;= h'
² yevhï ioyd oej Ndú; lsÍfï oS ir, oej uQÜgq fhdod .; hq;h'
² iSre udre l< yels jdfka uqlal= fhdod .ekSu jvd;a myiq fuka u jdis odhlh'
² ldkq lemSfï oS bjqre lvd jeàu je<elaùu ioyd oej fuka u jdfka mfka,
Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
² ldkqfõ .eUqr iy mia j¾.h wkqj oej fyda jdfka fyda fldgia f;dard .;
hq;h
= '
² ;djld,sl uvq ioyd " WK ,S iy fmd,a w;= Ndú; lrkqfha ñ, wvq neúks'
² WK ,S" m,xÑ wdOdrl f,i fhdod .kqfha iïmSvk m%n,;dfjka hq;a neúks'
² hlv ng yd /<s ;yvq " ;djld,sl uvq ioyd fhdod .ekSfuka" tajd kej;"
kej; Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj we;'
43
ksmqK;djh 2'0 ( boslsÍï lghq;=j, oS n, mj;akd kS;sÍ;s Ndú;hg iQodku
m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ( boslsÍï lghq;=j,g wod< kS;s fr.=,dis" wKmk;a u`.ska
ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² boslsrSï lghq;=j,g wod< kS;s rS;s ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² f.dvke`.s,a,la ;ekSfï oS ùÒ f¾Ldj iy f.dvke`.s,s f¾Ldj" ms<snò j mj;sk
iSud wkqj f.dvke`.s,a, msysgqjd ,Sug lghq;= lrhs'
² f.dvke`.s,s ;=< mosxÑslrejkaf.a ikSmdrlaIdj iq/lSug wjYH wdf,dalh yd
jd;dY%h iemhSug lghq;= lrhs'
² kS;s Í;s ms<sf.k ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍfuka wkjYH .eg`M yg .ekSu j<lajhs'
² mj;akd kS;s Í;sj,g .re lrñka lghq;= lsÍug yqremqreÿ fjhs'
msúiSu(
² my; y÷kajd ;sfnk PdhdrEm fol mka;sh bosßmsg m%o¾Ykh lsÍug lghq;=
lrkak'
^1 PdhdrEmh - f.dvke`.s,sj,ska msreKq fld< meyeh iq`Mfjka olskakg we;s
k.r
2 PdhdrEmh - l=vd fmdl=Kq iy f.dvke`.s,sj,g iudk j .y fld< we;s
k.rhla&
² fï PdhdrEmj,ska k.r fofla fjkialï' úúO lreKq hgf;a ixikaokh
lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² isiqkaf.ka ,efnk ms<s;=re my; oelafjk idOl hgf;a ;Sre follg fjka
lr l`M ,E,af,a i|yka lrkak'
² N+o¾YklrKh
² jd;dY%h
² WIaK;ajh
² udkisl m%fndaOh
² mßirh
² f>daIdldß;ajh
² msßisÿlu
² ikSmdrlaIdj
² my; oelafjk lreKq u;= lrñka f.dvke`.s,s kS;sÍ;sj, wjYH;dj ms<sn| j
isiqka iu`. by; lreKq mokï lrf.k idlÉPdj f.dv k`.kak'
² f.dvke`.s,s ;ekSfï oS uyd ud¾.fha isg kshñ; ÿrlska tajd ;eksh hq;=
nj
² wf,dalh fyd|ska iemhSug f.dvke`.,
s s f¾Ldj lemS fkdhk mßos boslÍ
s u
l< hq;= nj
44
² bvfuys f.dvke`.s,sj,ska f;dr újD; wjldYhla ;sìh hq;= nj
² jdyk kej;=ï iòyd bvlv ;eîfuka uyd ud¾.fha wjysr;d je<elaúh
yels nj
² .sks wdrlaIKh iòyd f.dvke`.s,s w;r mr;rhla ;sìh hq;= nj
² u;=msg c,h" iy wmf;a c,h neyer ,Sug l%ufõo ilia l< hq;=
nj
² f.dvke`.s,sj,g jd;dY%h iemhSfï oS fodr" cfk,aj, j¾.M,j,g
wju iSud we;s nj
² uyd ud¾.hg uqyqK ,d msysá ksjdi fyda f.dvke`.s,s 3la f;dard .kakg isiqka
fhduq lrkak' ôkakd y÷kk whj¨kaf.a ksjdi fyda mdi,a mßY%hg wh;a ks,
ksjdi fyda fï iòyd fhdod .; yelsh& merKss yd w¨f;ka ;kk ,o ksjdi$
f.dke`.s,s f;dard .kafka kï jvd;a iqÿiq h'
² ksjdi fyda f.dvke`.s,s fyda whs;slrejkaf.a wjirh yd leue;a; ,nd f.k
my; oelafjk .fõIK m;sl % dfõ wvx.= lreKq iïnkaOfhka f;dr;=re fidhd
n,d igyka lrjd .kak'
² .fõIK m;s%ldfõ ioyka ish¨ f;dr;=re" f;dard .;a ksjdifhys fyda
f.dvke`.,s f
a ,ys" we;=<;a fkdùug mq`Mjk' túg" f;dr;=re fkdue;" hkqfjka
ioyka lrkq uekú'
1' uyd ud¾.fha isg we;s ÿr ógr $ wä''''''
2' ksfjfia jï udhsug we;s ÿr '''''''
ksfjfia ol=Kq udhsug we;s ÿr''''''
ksfjfia msgqmi udhsug we;s ÿr'''''
3' o< jYfhka bvfï j¾.M,h
f.dvke`.s,af,a j¾.M,h
ta wkqj f.dvke`.s,a, yer" bvfï ksoyia j we;s N+ñ m%udKh
4' ldur 1 f.ìu j¾.M,h - cfk,aj, j¾.M,h - cfk,a$ljq`Mj, j¾.M,h
f.ìu j¾.M,h
5' ldur 2 f.ìu j¾.M,h - cfk,aj, j¾.M,h - cfk,a $ljq`Mj, j¾.M,h
f.ìu j¾.M,h
6' idudkH ì;a;sj, Wi
7' f.dvke`.s,af,ka bj;a jk wmf;a c,h neyer ,Su i|yd fhdod we;s l%uh
8' jdyk kej;=ï bvlv
9' msúiqï ud¾.h
10' wod< n, m%foaYh
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-
² A , B yd C jYfhka ud¾. j¾. we;s wdldrh wkqj ùÒ f¾Ldj yd f.dvke`.s,s
f¾Ldj msysgqjd we;s nj
² ksjdihla ioyd f.dvke`.s,a,la ;ekSfï oS wod< bvfuka 1$3 fldgia újD;
wjldY f,i ;sìh hq;= nj
45
² ieu ksjilg u msúiqï ud¾.hla ;sìh hq;= nj iy wju m<, 8' la úh hq;= nj
² jdKsc f.dvke`.s,s ;ekSfï oS" f.dvke`.s,af,a uq`M f.ìu j¾.M,hg iß ,k
fia" jdyk kej;=ï bvlv iemhsh hq;= nj
² wdf,dalh yd jd;dY%h iemhSug fodr" cfk,aj, j¾.M, m%udKj, wju iSud
we;s nj
² ;rmamq ks¾udKfha oS " wju m<," mähl Wi" m<," yevh hk ñkqïj,g wju
yd Wmßu iSud we;s nj
² wmøjH neyer ,Su iy m,afodare neyer ,Su ioyd wdrlaIs; l%u fhdod .; hq;=
nj
² úYd, f.dvke`.s,s ;ekSfï oS" .sks wdrlaIK l%u ilia l< hq;= nj
² iuyr k.rj, f.dvke`.s,s boslsÍfï os úfYaI kS;s Í;s mkjd we;s nj
^WodyrK (- f,dal Wreu k.rh" uykqjr" uy fld<U wd¾Òl fldñiu
2'1 rEmh
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ( boslsÍï lghq;= i|yd ls%hd;aul lsÍfï oS" wjYH n,m;% yd
wkque;sh ,nd .ekSug ls%hd lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqu wkqj" n,m;%h ,nd .ekSu ioyd b,a¨ï m;%h ilia lrhs'
² ksu lsÍfï iy;slh ,nd .ekSu ioyd " f.dvke`.s,s kS;sÍ;s ls%hd;aul l< hq;=
wdldrh m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² ;u f.dvke`.s,a,la ioyd c, fiajdj yd úÿ,s fiajdj ,nd .ekSug wjYH
lghq;= lrhs'
² hï ld¾hhl oS kS;s wjYH;d imqrd ,ñka lghq;= lsÍug fm<fUhs'
² kd.ßl m%foaYj," wkjir boslsÍï ksid we;s jk .eg¨ j<lajd ,Sug iydh
fjhs'
msúiSu(
² kj f.dvke`.s,a,la boslsÍu wdrïN lrk wjia:djla flá kdgHhla f,i
r`. oelaùfuka miq my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
miqìu
² ^kj ksfjil w;a;sjdru lemSu ioyd kQ,a weoSug" ñkqï máhla" l+[a["
kQ,a /f.k msßila iQodkï fjhs'&
² wi,ska mdf¾ .uka lrk mqoa.,fhla kQ,a wosk msßi iu`. l;dnyl
fhfohs'
A mqoa.,hd - isßfiak u,a,S" f.hla yokak jf.a'
isßfiak - Tõ udfï" wo ksjdvq ojfia" lv lE,a,la yokak" w;a;sjdrï
lmkakhs ,Eia;sh'
A mqoa.,hd - wkak ÿïßhfmd< <`. lv fma<shla fvdair lrkjd'
isßfiak - ta fudk wmrdOhla o" ñksiaiq uykais fj,d yod .kak tajd
k.r iNdfjka lv,d odkafka'
A mqoa.,hd - kE isßfiak" tajd yo,d ;sfhkafka mdrg whs;s fldgfi¨'
jkaoh
s l=;a keye" k.r iNdfjka ,ehsfidka lvodishla ke;sj
lr,d ;sfhkafka' fldalg;a isßfiak u,hd lv lE,a,
yokak biafi,a,d k.r iNdfjka wy,d ysáfhd;a
krl o@
B mqoa.,hd - mdrg wä 50 la ;sh,d f.j,a yokak ´fka lsh,d fldfya
foda md,ul ì;a;sfh ,sh,d ;snqKd'
² ksfjila ;ekSu fyda fjk;a ixj¾Ok lghq;a;la fyda iòyd wod< m%dfoaYSh
iNdj$ uy k.r iNdj fj;ska n,m;%hla ,nd .; hq;= nj
² n,m;%h ,nd .ekSug b,a¨ï lsÍu iòyd f.dvke`.s,s whÿï m;%hla b,a,d
isáh hq;= nj
54
² f.dvke`.s,s whÿï m;%hg my; i|yka ,shú,s we;=<;a l< hq;= nj
² f.dvke`.s,af,a ie,eiafuys msgm;'
² bvfï whs;sh ms<sn| ;yjqre lsÍfï iy;slh'
² wod< .dia;= f.ùfï ,ÿ m;'
² wmjyk moaO;sj, ie,eiau'
² f.dvke`.s,a, kshñ; ld,h ;=< oS wjidk lsÍfuka miq j wod< ks,OdÍkag
okajd" wkql+,;d iy;slh (C. O.C) ,nd .; hq;= nj
² wkql+,;d iy;slh (C. O.C) bosßm;a lrñka
² c, fiajdj
² úÿ,s fiajdj
² m,afodare neyer ,Su
hk wjYH;d imqrd .; hq;= nj
² wkque;sh ,nd .ekSug iqÿiq uÜgul ilia lrk ,o ksjdi ;=kla bosßm;a lr"
tla tla lKavdhu fj; bka tlla ne.ska fhduq lr th fyd|ska wOHhkh
lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
² m%dfoaYSh iNdj$ uy k.r iNdj fj; bosßm;a lrk f.dvke`.s,s whÿï m;%hl
msgm;la tla tla lKavdhu fj; ,nd .kak'
² f;dard .;a ie,iqu ;=<ska wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd f.k f.dvke`.s,s b,a¨ï m;%h
iïmQ¾K lsÍug iydh jkak'
² úÿ,s yd c, fiajd ,nd .ekSu iòyd" bosßm;a l< hq;= b,a¨ï m;% msgm;a ,nd
oS" ie,eiafuys iòyka úia;r wkqj tajd msrùug iydh jkak'
² tla tla lKavdhu u`.ska ie,eiau iu`. mqrjk ,o f.dvke`.s,s b,a¨ï m;%
iuia; mka;sh fj; bosßm;a lsÍug iqodkï lrjkak'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(-
² ixj¾Ok ld¾hhla f,i w¨f;ka ksjdihla ;ekSfï oS fyda fjkia lsÍfï oS
fyda Bg wod< n,m;%hla ,nd .; hq;= nj
² n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSfï oS" f.dvke`.s,s ie,eiau yd fjk;a ,shú,s iu`. b,a¨ï
m;%hla wod< wdh;kh fj; bosßm;a l< hq;= nj
² bos lsÍï wjidkfha ,nd .kakd wkql+,;d iy;slh (C. O.C) my; oelafjk
wjia:dj, oS bosßm;a l< hq;= nj
² ksfjfia mosxÑ ùu iòyd
² c, iïnkaO;dj ,nd .ekSu iòyd
² úÿ,s fiajdj ,nd .ekSu iòyd
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 ( m%dfoaYSh iy kd.rsl boslsrSï i|yd f.dvke`.s,s j¾.SlrKh
lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² f.dvke`.s,s A,B,C jYfhka j¾. lr y÷kd .kshs'
² A,B,C jYfhka j¾. flfrk úúO f.dvke`.s,sj,g n,mdk f.dvke`.s,s kS;s
Í;s fjka fjka j m%ldY lrhs'
² ;u wjYH;djg .e<fmk f.dvke`.s,s j¾.h f;dard .kshs'
² iSñ; bvlv iys; ia:dk ioyd A yd B j¾.fha f.dvke`.s,s bos lsÍug fhdackd
lrhs'
² kS;s fr.=,disj,g wkql+, j lghq;= lrhs'
msúiSu(
my; oelafjk udisl úÿ,s ì,am;a ms<snò j.=j l`M,E,af,a igyka lrkak' 2009
ud¾;= udih ;=< my; ia:dkj, Ndú; lr we;s tall ixLHdj iudk f,i i,lkak'
fmf¾rd .fï mkai, jHdmdßl ia:dkhla jk l¾udka; Yd,djla

uy;df.a ckisß iafgda¾ia
ksfji
re' 320$- re' 120$- re' 560$- re' 1500$-
² by; úúO f.dvke`.s,sj, úÿ,s .dia;= fjkia ùug fya;= ms<sn|j isiqka iu`.
idlÉPd lrkak'
² isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re wkqj mQckSh ia:dkj,ska wju .dia;= wh lrk nj
² jHdmdßl yd l¾udka; lghq;= iòyd jeä .dia;= wh lrkq ,nk nj
² úúO f.dvke`.s,sj,ska whlrkq ,nk úÿ,s .dia;= fjkia nj
² tfiau f.dvke`.s,s kS;sÍ;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfï oS yd nÿ wh lsÍfï oS
f.dvke`.s,af,a ;rd;sru wkqj fjkia jk nj
² f.dvke`.s,sj, ;rd;sru wkqj tajd A B yd C jYfhka j¾. lr we;s
nj
² mka;sh lKavdhï 3 lg fjka lrkak'

² my; iòyka j.=j wkqj f;dr;=re we;=<;a lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
71
f.dvke`.s,a, uy,a ixLHdj fjk;a j¾.SlrKh
Ndú;h
1
2
3
4
² tla tla lKavdhu iòyd kshuqfjla iys; j mdi,g wdikak ùÒ$ ud¾.j,
.uka lsÍfuka" wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .kak'
² f.dvke`.s,s 10l f;dr;=re wju jYfhka ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lrkak'
² ta wkqj yòqkd .;a f.dvke`.s,s A , B, yd C jYfhka j¾. lsÍug iydh jkak'
² ,nd .;a f;dr;=re iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'
² uy,a 5la fyda ógr 15lg jvd fyda Wia jQ f.dvke`.s,s 'A ' j¾.hg wh;a h'
² my; iòyka wkaoug ilia lr we;s f.dvke`.s,s B j¾.hg wh;a h'
² ìï uy, iys; j uy,a 2g jeä 5g wvq f.dvke`.s,s
² uyckhd /iajk ia:dkhla fyda fmdÿ f.dvke`.s,s
² .nvd iy l¾udka;Yd,d f.dvke`.s,s
² A yd C j¾.j,g wh;a fkdjk f.dvke`.s,s
² j¾. ógr 300g wvq yd j¾. ógr 100g jeä" mosxÑh ioyd Ndú; flfrk
f.dvke`.s,s 'C' j¾.hg wh;a h'
² A yd B j¾.fha f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqï jr,;a .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amshl= úiska
iy;sl l< hq;= nj
72
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4 ( wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu iòyd wod< wdh;k fj; f.dvke`.s,s
ie,iqï bossßm;a lsÍug ilia úh hq;= wdldrh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ksjeros j f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqula ilia lsÍug imqrd ,sh hq;= wjYH;d bosßm;a
lrhs'
² úúO f.dvke`.s , s fia j d oela f jk ld¾h igyka (Working drawings)
lshjhs'
² jHQy ie,iqï" .Dy ks¾udK ie,iqï iy f.dvke`.s,s fiajd ld¾h ie,iqï hk
tlsfkl w;r we;s fjkialï bosßm;a lrhs'
² úúO kv;a;= lghq;=j, oS" fiajd ie,iqï Ndú;hg .kshs'
² hï lsis jHdmD;shla .eg¨ rys; j ls%hd;aul lsÍu ioyd ie,iqul wjYH;dj
bosßm;a lrhs'

msúiSu(
² k.r iNdj fj; wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu iòyd bosßm;a lr ;snQ f.dvke`.s,s
ie,iqula wiïmQ¾K hehs i,ld m%;slafIam lr ;sìKs' tfia ùug fya;= ldrKd
ms<snò j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
² ,efnk ms<s;=re l`M,E,af,a iòyka lrñka my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia
isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² ie,iqï kshñ; mßudKhg ilia l< hq;= nj
² b,a¨ïlref.a w;aik ieu ie,iqï msgm;lu ;sìh hq;= nj
² wkque;sh ,;a iy;sl lsÍfï ks,Odßhd úiska ie,iqu iy;sl lr ;sìh
hq;= nj
² my; oelafjk fiajdj,g wod< ld¾h ie,iqï" m%Odk ie,iqu iu`. bosßm;a
l< hq;= nj
² c, iemhqï moaO;s
² úÿ,s fiajd moaO;s
² c, wmjyk moaO;s
² m,afodare neyer ,Sfï l%uh
² yosis .sks ksùfï l%ufõoh
² uy,a f.dvke`.s,s ioyd jHQy ie,iqï o ilia lr ;sìh hq;= nj
b.ekajSu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia(
² m<d;a md,k wdh;k fj; bosßm;a lr wkque;sh ,nd .;a' ksjdi ie,iqï
lSmhl msgm;a' tla tla lKavdhu fj; ksÍlaIKh ioyd fhduq lrjkak'
73
² my; iòyka f;dr;=re ie,iqu wOHhkh lsÍu u`.ska ,nd f.k Bg we;=<;a
lrk f,i isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
² lKavdhï u`.ska ilia lrk ,o" f;dr;=re iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug
iQodkï lrjkak'
ie,iqï wxlh ie,iqfï ku oelafjk f;dr;=re mßudKh

² .Dy ks¾udK ie,iqï wka;¾.;h
ie,eiau $PLAN - ìï uy," 1 jk uy," 2 jk uy, Ground floor, 1st Floor,
2rd Floor (1: 100)
fljqï$ ELEVATIONS - bÈß" me;s iy wla FRONT, SIDE AND END (1: 100)
fþo $ Sections - tlla fyda jeä .Kkla One or more (1:100)
w;a;j
s drï úia;r $ Foundation details - tlla fyda jeä .Kkla one or more (1:20)
Schedule of openings - fodr " cfk,a wdÈh Door, Windoor , etc
Site plan - bvfï ie,eiau
jHQy ie,iqï wka;¾.;h
1' w;a;sjdrï úia;r $ Foundation details - ;Sre" fldÜg" mokï wdÈh $ strip,
pad ,foundation /etc.
2. l=`MKq" o`vq" fldkalS%Ü ,E,s úia;r$ Columns, Beams, Slabs details
3. ;rmamq fm< úia;r $ Stair case details
fiajd ie,iqï
1. c, fiajd iemehqï moaO;s$Water supply systems
we,a Èh iemehqï $Cold supply
WKq Èh iemehqï $Hot supply
2. wmjykh $Drainage
wm; c,h $Waste water
m,afodarej$Sewage
jeis c,h$ Rain water
74
3. úÿ,s $Electrical
4. .sks wdrlaIKh$ Fire protection
² bvfï ie,eiaug wvx.= úh hq;= oE
² fjk;a f.dvke`.s,s we;akï tajdfha msysàu
² W;=re osYdj oelafjk ixfla;h
² bvug msúiqï ud¾.h
² mj;akd ldkq iy c, ud¾.
² bvu bosßmi ùÒfha uÜgu
² ùÒ iy udhsïj, isg ÿr
² ie,eiafï wvx.= úh hq;= oE

² ldurj, iy fjk;a fldgiaj, os. × m<,
² ldur Ndú; flfrk ld¾hh
² fodr cfk,aj, msysàu iy ñkqï
² yrialvg (Section) we;=<;a úh hq;= oE
² ì;a;sj, Wi iy .klu
² fodr" cfk,a Wi uÜgu
² boslsÍï øjH ^ì;a;s yd jy,&
² jyf,a ieleiau iy Wi
² iS,sï Wi
² f.dvke`.s,af,a úúO jQ Wi uÜgu
75
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5 ( boslsÍu u`.ska bvï ixj¾Okh yd neòs fjk;a kS;sÍ;s úuid
n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g wu;r j" boslÍ s ï iòyd n,mj;akd kS;Í
s ;s lsh
% d;aul
lrk fjk;a wdh;k kï lrhs'
² c, m%Nj" uqyqÿ fjr<" jkdka;r jeks iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrlaIKh ioyd
mkjd we;s kS;s Í;s bosßm;a lrhs'
² mkjd we;s ixrlaIK iSud wkqj lghq;= lsÍfuka uyd ud¾. iy ÿïßh ud¾.
ixj¾Okhg we;s ÿIalr;d j<lajhs'
² úúO ixrlaIK wjYH;d iòyd mkjd we;s kS;s Í;s ms<s.kshs'
² iajdNdúl iïm;a iq?lSfï yjq,alrejl= fjhs'

msúiSu(
² fuys iòyka mqj;a isria;, mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'
² jejg hd j ixpdrl fydag,hla bos lsÍug hhs' oUq,a, k.rfha uyck
úfrdaO;djla'
² .ia lmk le,E fydreka w,a,kak .sh jk ks,OdÍkag myr fohs' 6la
frdayf,a fofokl=g widOHhs'
² ÿïßh ud¾.hg hdno j ;kd ;snQ ksjdi neflda hka;%hla fhdod lvd
bj;a lrhs' mosxÑ lrejkaf.a úfrdaOh' ÿïßh .ukd.ukh kj;S'
² my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² kS;s úfrdaë f,i ;udg wh;a fkdjk bvï mßyrKh lsÍu ksid by;
;;a;ajhka mek ke`.S we;s nj
² ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka ksis ie,iqula fkdue;s j ls%hd;aul lsÍu" iajdNdúl
iïm;a úkdY ù hdug fya;= jk nj
² fï ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu je<elaùug úúO kS;sÍ;s mkjd we;s nj
² my; oelafjk ud;Dld" tla tla lKavdhu fj; fhduq lrkak'
² uyd ud¾. iy ÿïßh ud¾.
² jdß ud¾.
² jk ixrlaIKh ^jk Ôù&
² fjr< ixrlaIKh
² my; j.=j wkqj fyda fjk;a wdldrhlg wod< f;dr;=re /ia lr iuia;
mka;shg fyda bosßm;a lsÍug isiqka fufyhjkak'
76
ud;Dldj (------------------------------
ixj¾Ok ld¾hh mßirhg$ixrlaIKhg je<elaùug .; hq;=$f.k we;s

we;s úh yels n,mEu ks;suh mshjr
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la(
² ksjdi" f.dvke`.s,s jeks ixj¾Ok lghq;= lsÍfï § ùÓ f¾Ldj f.dvke`.s,s

f¾Ldj ms<snò kS;s Í;s ls%hd;aul jkqfha kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh u`.sks'
² fjr, ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;= j u`.ska" f.dvke`.s,s jeks ixj¾Ok lghq;=

iòyd fjrf<a isg ;sìh hq;= ÿr iSudj ógr 100 ls'
² .x.d yd c,dY iòyd" rlaIs; iSudjka úúO jk w;r" tajdfha msysàu" foaY.=Kh
iy Odß;djh wkqj fjkia fõ'
² f.dvke`.s,s bÈlsÍu jeks ixj¾Ok lghq;= l< yelafla rlaIs; jkhla f,i fjka
lr we;s iSudjg msg;ska h'
² by; iSudjka ms,snòj kS;s Í;s ls%hd;aul jkqfha my; ±lafjk oE isÿùu je<elaùu
iòyd nj ie,lsh hq;= h'
² ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,s u`.ska bj;,k le,s li< iy wm; c,h" .x.d" c,dY
uqyqÿ hkdÈfha we;s úh yels c, ¥IKh
² ksjdij, mÈxÑlrejka yg we;súh yels wk;=re c, .e,Sï jeks ÿIalr;djhka
² mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùu
77
ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( ir, boslsÍfï ld¾h ioyd weia;fïka;= ilia lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( boslsÍug m%:ufhka weia;fïka;= ms<sfh< lsÍfï wjYH;dj
úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² weia;fïka;=jl wjYH;dj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² boslsÍï lghq;= ixúOdkh ioyd weia;fïka;=j m%fhdackhg .kS'
² ks¾udKhl .=Kd;aul Ndjh mj;ajd .ekSug weia;fïka;=fõ iòyka msßú;r
Ndú; lrhs'
² ksjdi Kh ,nd .ekSu ioyd weia;fïka;=j ilia lr bosßm;a lrhs'
² hï ksmhqul id¾:l;ajh ioyd weia;fïka;= ms<sfh< lrhs'

msúiSu(
² isiqka lSmfofkla fhdod f.k my; oelafjk fonia iys; j flá kdgHhla
mka;hs bosßmsg r`. olajkak' ^mshodif.a f.or j;=r gekalh
s la bos lrk w;r;=r"
ksfjiska msg;g meñKs mshodig wi,ajeis isßfiak yuq fjhs&
isßfiak - fudlo mshodi yosishla jf.a'
mshodi - f.or jevla lrkjd' ndia Wkakefy isfuka;s uoshs lshkjd' ;j
isfuka;s fldÜghla ´fk¨' wfka nx re 1000$ la oSmka w; udrejg'
isßfiak - ;ry jkak tmd' ud <`. ;sfhkafka fï re 100 ú;rhs' ^mshodi mdf¾
bosßhg .uka lrhs' ykaosfha f;a lvhg f.dv fjhs'&
uqo,d,s - fudlo mshodi @
isßfiak - re 1000$= yosishlg
uqo,d,s - wehs jefâ mgka .;af; ndiaWkakefyag f.jkak uqo,a wf;a ke;s
j o@
mshodi - kE' kE' isfuka;s fldÜghla uos fj,d'
² mshodig yosisfha uqo,a m%Yakhla we;s jqfka wehs @ hkakg isiqkaf.ka ms<s;=re
,nd f.k my; lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² boslsÍfï lghq;=j, § wod<" jHdmD;sh iòyd weia;fïka;=jla ilia lr
.; hq;= nj
² weia;fïka;=j u`.ska bos lsÍug wod< jk øjH" Y%uh yd úhou ms<sn| j
wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels nj
² wjYH uqo," øjH yd Y%ñlhka iQodkï lr ;nd .ekSfuka" bos lsÍu
wdrïN lr ndOdjlska f;dr j lr f.k hd yels nj
² my; i|yka jev ld¾hj,g" wod< j mka;sh lKavdhï 3lg fjka lrkak'
² 220 mm .klug 1 m2 m%udKfha .fvd,a ì;a;shla bos lsÍu'
78
² 110mm .klug 1 m2 m%udKfha .fvd,a ì;a;shla bos lsÍu
² 1 ( 2 ( 4 ^20& ñY%Kfhka fldkalS%Ü .k ógrhla (m3) ms<sfh< lsÍu
² tla tla jev ld¾hhg wod< j my; oelafjk f;dr;=re .fõIKh lr iuia;
mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'
² øjH yd m%udK
² Y%u wjYH;dj iy .; jk ld,h
² wdjqo yd WmlrK
² msßú;r
² weia;fïka;=jla ilia lsÍu u`.ska wjYH øjH m%udK" Y%ñl wjYH;dj iy
wjYH wdjqo" WmlrK imhd .ekSfuka boslsÍï lghq;= ixúOdkh l< yels h'
² boslsÍug wod< j wjYH uqo, ^m%;smdok& fldmuK oehs l,a;shd y÷kd .; yels
h'
² boslsÍï ld¾hj, msßú;r y÷kd .ekSfuka" tys .=Kd;aul nj /l .; yels h'
² msßú;r y÷kd .ekSu iòyd ICTAD wdh;kh u`.ska m< lr we;s S.L.S 573
.%ka:h Ndú; lrkak'
79
ksmqK;djh 3'0 ( ir, boslsÍfï ld¾h ioyd weia;fïka;= ilia lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ( ir, boslsÍfï ld¾h ioyd m%udK ì,am;% ieleiafï iQodku
m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² B S Rg wkql+, j" úúO ld¾h ioyd m%udK tall f;dard .kshs'
² ir, boslsÍfï jHdmD;s i|yd m%udK .ekSfï m;% ilia lrhs'
² ir, boslsÍï ioyd m%udK ì,am;% ilia lrhs'
² úúO ld¾hj,g .e<fmk mßos iïu; ñkqï fhdod .kshs'
² úúO ksmehqï ioyd iïu;j,g wkql+, j weia;fïka;= ilia lrhs'
msúiSu(
² ir, boslÍ s ula ioyd ilia lrk ,o m%udK ì,am;%hla mka;h
s bosßfha m%o¾Ykh
lrkak'
² tys wvx.= my; iòyka fldgia bosßm;a lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'
² jev úia;rh
² m%udK
² tall
² f¾Ü .Kk ^tall .dia;=&
² uqo,
² wod< whs;ïj, ld¾hNdrh jev úia;rh hgf;a meyeos,s lrk nj
² tla tla jev ld¾hhg wod< m%udK .; hq;af;a" m%udK m;% ilia lsÍfuka nj
² m%udK m;%hl my; oelafjk mßos ;Sre fjka lr we;s nj
² .=K l< hq;= .Kk Timsing
² udkh Dimension
² j¾. lsÍu Squaring
² jev úia;rh Descriptions of works
² m%udK m;%hla ilia lsrsfï oS Mhg u iïu; l%uhla we;s nj
² tla tla lKavdhug ir, f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqu ne.ska bÈßm;a lrkak'
² oS we;s ie,eiau wkqj my; i|yka boslsÍï ld¾h y÷kd .ekSug bv i,ikak'
² w;a;sjdrï ldkq lemSu
² w;a;sjdrï fldkalS%Ü oeóu
² r`M .,a w;a;sjdrï neïu ^lhsre neïu&
² f;;a ksjdrK jeáh
80
² fuu jev ld¾h ioyd tall y÷kajd fokak' ^ S.L.S. 573 yd S.M.M .7 hk
m%ldYk mßYS,kh lrkak'&
² boslsÍï ld¾h i|yd m%udK ,nd f.k" tajd m%udK m;%j, we;=<;a lrk wkaou
m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
² ,nd oS we;s lshùï lÜg,h wOHhkh lrñka wod< jev ld¾h hgf;a m%udK
ì,a m;%h ilia lrkak'
1 ie,eiau
2'4 m
225
D 1'2m
W
Plan (1)
2 ie,eiau
2'8 m
2'0m
D
W
Plan (2)
3 ie,eiau
2'0 m
1'8 m
D
W
Plan (3)
rEmh 1'2
rEmh 3'1
81
² m%udK .ekSfï oS uOH f¾Ld l%uh Ndú; l< hq;= h'
² jev whs;u ioyd m%udK .ekSfï oS iïu; ñkqï l%u ( S M M 7, SLS 573)
Ndú; l< hq;= h'
² m%udK .ekSfï m;%fha ñkqï we;=<;a lsÍfï oS
² ñkqï .Kkh l< hq;af;a oYuia:dk 2lg nj
² ish¨ ñkqï os." m<," yd Wi fyda .eUqr wkqms<sfj<g we;=<;a l< hq;=
nj
² weia;fïka;=jla iòyd m%udK ì,a m;%hla Ndú; lrk nj
² m%udK .ekSfï m;%fhka ,nd .kakd ,o m%udK ì,am;% we;=<;a l< hq;=
nj
² m%udK ì,am;%hla my; ioyka ;Srej,ska iukaú; nj
² whs;ï wxlh
² jev úia;rh
² m%udKh (Quantity)
² tallh
² ñ,
² uqo,
² by; ;Sre iïmQ¾K lsÍfï oS my; i|yka f,aLkj, iydh ,nd .; hq;= nj
² SLS 573 1999
² BSR (Building Schedule of Rates)
82
m%udK ì,a m;%h- Bill of Quantities
bÈlsÍï fldgia" ldKavj,g fjka lrk w;r" m%udK ì,a m;%h ieliSfï § wod<
ldKavh hgf;a" bÈlsÍï whs;u iòyka lrkq ,efí'
óg WodyrKhla f,i m%udK ì,a m;%fhys fldgila my; olajd we;'
wkq úia;rh m%udK tallh f¾Ü uqo,

wxlh .Kk re' Y;
A-leKSu iy mia
jev
A-1 f.ìfuys msysá .ia"

m`ÿre fyda fjk;a Item - 5000 00
øjH bj;a lr f.ìu whs;u
Y=oaO mú;% lsÍu'
A-2 ì;a;s w;a;sjdrï 250'0 m2 250$= 6250 00

iòyd idudkH
mfiys 1'5 m .eUqr
fkdblaujd w.,
leKSu" w.f,a m;a,
uÜgï lr ;e<Su" yd
jeäuk;a øjH
f.ìfuka bj;a lsÍu
A-3 l=`MKq iòyd o 1'5 m 18'0 m3 1200$= 21600 00

.eUqrla fkdblaujd
by; A - 2 wkqj mia
lmd bj;a lsÍu
A-4 há ìï fydòg ;e`Me 2'5 m3 1500$= 3750 00

ix>á;" msßisÿ ;o
miaj,ska msrùu
tl;=j idrdxYhg
f.k hk ,os'
83
wxlh .Kk re' Y;
B - fldkalS%Ü jev
B-1 1(2(4 ^20& ñY%Kh wkqj ilia 24'0 m2 3500'00

lrk ,o fldka l S % Ü "150mm
.klug w;a;sjdrï m;=, iòyd
fh§u
B-2 1(2(4 ^20& ñY%Kfhka" ^225mm x

225mm& yrialv iys; fldkalÜ %S
,s k a g ,a ilia ls Í u' 12mm 12'0 m 950'00
m%udKfha uDÿ jdfka lïì 2la
m;=,g wdikak j fhÈh hq; =h'
B-3 by; B-2 wkqj" ^225mm x 150mm& 6'0 m 850.00

fldkalS%Ü ,skag,a ilia lsÍu'
tl;=j idrdxYhg f.k hk ,os'
C .fvd,a $ r`M.,a neñ jev
C- 1 150mm x 225mm m% u dKfha

18'0 m3 3000/=
r`M.,a fhdod 1(6 is'je nodfuka
f;;a ks j drK jeáh ola j d
w;a;sjdrï lhsre neïu ilia
lsÍu'
C-2 220mm la .klug" 1(5 is'je'

nodfuka fydò j¾.fha .fvd,a 120'0 m2 2200.00
fhdod" f;;a ksjdrK jeáfha isg
jy, uÜgu olajd .fvd,a ì;a;s
ilia lsÍu'
84
wxlh .Kk re' Y;
D - jvq jev yd msßoaÿï jev
D1 D-1 j¾.fha mfk,a fodr mshk" 1 8'0 m2 5600$}

jeks mka;sfha ±jj,ska 32mm la
.klug ilia lr" 1 fjks
mka;sfha (100mm x 75mm )
m%udKfha ±j fhdod ilia lrk ,o
W`Mjyq rduqjg ms;a;, irfkare"
fidhsn hkdÈh fhdod iú lsÍu'
D2 D-2 j¾.fha l,ïm fodr mshk 1 jeks 4'5 m2 3800$}

mka;f
s ha ±ejj,sk"a 32mm la .klug
ilia lr 1jeks mka;sfha
(100mm x 75mm ) ±j fhdod ilia
lrk ,o fodr rduqjg hlv irfkare"
fidhsn hkdÈh fhdod iú lsÍu'
D3 W1 j¾.fha" ùÿre iú lrk ,o

cfk,a mshka" 1 ^100mm x 75mm& 16'0 m2 2400.00
m%udKfha 1 jeks mka;sfha ±ejj,ska
ilia lrk ,o cfk,a rduqjg" ms;;
a ,
irfkare" fidhsn hkdÈh fhdod iú
lsÍu'
D-4 W2 j¾.fha ùÿre cfka, by; D3 12'0 m2 2200.00

wdldrhg ilia lsÍu
85
wxlh .Kk re' Y;
E- lmrdre jev
E.1 1:3 is'je' ñY%kfhka 20mm 4'0 m2

.klug w;a;sjdrï neïu u;"
uÜgug lmrdre lr" ;dr$ìáhquka
;Ügq 2la fhdod" isyska je,s ;Ügqjla
fh¥ f;;a ksjdrK jeáh fhoSu'
E.2 1:1:5 is'yq' je,s ñY%Kfhka 12mm la

.klug we;=<; ì;a;s lmrdre lr 60'0 m2
yqKq fld,qmq fhdod iqug ksudj lsÍu'
E.3 1(1(5 is'yq'je,s ñY%Kfhka 15mm la

.klug msg; ì;a;s lmrdre lr r`M 25'0 m2
ksudj l< hq;= h'
idrdxYh
uqo,
fldgi$ldKavh re' Y;
A mia jev
B fldkalS%Ü jev
C .fvd,a ì;a;s$r`M .,a neñ jev
D jvq jev yd msßoaÿï jev
E lmrdre jev
F fjk;a úúO úhoï
uq`M uqo,
86
m%udK ì,a m;% idrdxYh
B.O.Q
SUMMARY
² Excavation and earth work 17340 . 00

² Concrete works 297070 . 00
² Masonry works 130650 . 00
² Joinery 107625 . 00
² Floor wall and ceiling finishes 167312 . 00
719997 . 00
Prepard by:
87
No DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT RATE AMOUNT
A EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORK
01. Allow for clearing site, removal of trees Item 5000.00

and cart away debris out of site.
02. Excavate trench for wall foundations depth

not exceeding 5' -0" in normal soil includ 2.30 Cu 900/ 2070.00
ing levelling ramming bottom of trench and
return fill and ram and removing surplus
material out of site.
03. Ditto for column foundations depth not 4.30 Cu. 800/ 3520.00
exceeding 5' - 0"
04. Filling under floors with clean hard earth 7.50 Cu. 900/ 6750.00
well rammed and consolidated.
Total carried to summary. 17340.00
CONCRETE WORK.
01. 2" thk. 1:3:6 (1") concrete in floors well 5.50 Sqr. 3500/ 19250.00
rammed and consolidated.
02. 1:2:4(3/4") conc. in column bases.

(rate including shuttering) 0.50 Cu. 20000/ 10000.00
03. 1:2:4 (3/4") conc. in 9"x9"column shaft

up to d.p.c. level. (rate including shutter 0.25 Cu. 27000/ 6750.00
ing)
04. 2" thk. 1:3:6(1") lean conc. under

column footings. 1.50 Sqr. 3700/ 5550.00
05. 1:2:4:(3/4") con. in 9"x9" columns up to

slab level. (rate including shuttering) 0.50 Cu. 29000/ 17400.00
88
06. 4" thk, r.c.c. slab in 1:2:4(3/4") mix rate 7.40 Sqr. 9500/ 70300.00
( including shuttering)
07. 9"x9" conc. beams in 1:2:4(3/4") conc. 0.80 Cu. 29200/ 23360.00
08. R.C.C. Staircase in 1:2:4(3/4") mix 0.50 Cu. 25000/ 12500.00

(rate including shuttering)
09. 41/2"x6 r.c.c. lintels in 1:2:4(3/4") mix. 70.00 Li.ft. 139/50 9765.00
Reinforcements.
(rate to include tying, hoisting & deeping
in position)
10. 10 mm tor steel in column bases at 71/ 1.70 Cwt. 6000/ 10200.00
2" c/c both ways.
11. 12 mm tor steel in column shaft up to 1.50 Cwt. 6000/ 9000.00

d.p.c. level.
12. 6 mm m.s.stirrups at 6" c/c up to d.p.c. 0.35 Cwt. 6500/ 2275.00

level.
13. 12 mm tor steel in column shaft up to 1.25 Cwt. 6000/ 7500.00

slab level.
14. 10 mm tor steel in slab at 8" crs. 8.50 Cwt. 6500/ 55250.00
15. 12 mm tor steel in beams. 1.50 Cwt. 6500/ 9750.00
16. 10 mm tor steel in beams. 1.00 Cwt. 6500/ 6500.00
17. 6 mm m.s. stirrups at 6" crs. in columnls

up to slab level. 0.88 Cwt. 6500/ 5720.00
89
18. 6 mm m.s. stirrups at 6" crs. in beams. 1.00 Cwt. 6500/ 6500.00
19. 10 mm tor steelin stair case. 1.00 Cwt. 6500/ 6500/
20. 10 mm tor steel in lintels

0.50 Cwt. 6000 3000.00
Total carried to summary.
297070.00
C. MASONRY WORKS.
01. Random rubble foundation in 1(6 ct. 5.00 Cu 10000/ 50000.00

mortar, up to d.p.c. level.
02. 4" thk. ct. block work up to slab level in 13.60 Sqr. 5500/ 74800.00
1:5 ct. mortar.
D OOINERY
01. D1 type paneled door 11/4" thk. in

special class timber with 4" x 3" class 1 28.00 Sqr.ft. 600/ 16800.00
timber frame with carved louvres at top,
including a mortice type lock, 4" x 3" 3
nos. brass hingers ets.
02. D2 type marine plywood door with

class 1,4" x 2" timber frame and 3 nos. 38.00 Sqr.ft. 450/ 17325.00
1,4" x 3" brass hingels, rim lock, 9"
brass tower bolts etc.
90
03. D5 type 1" thk. class 1 timber flush door 18.00 Sq.ft. 550/ 9900.00
with 4"x3" class 1 timber frame, including
3 nos. 4"x3" brass hinges, rim lock, 9"
tower bolt etc,
04. W1 type glazed window in special class

timber sashed, 4"x3" class 1 timber frame 72.00 Sq.ft. 475/ 34200.00
with carved louvres at top and 4"x3" brass
hingeus, 10 " casement stays, 6" barrel
bolts etc.
05. W2 type - ditto - 60.00 Sq,ft. 475/ 28500.00
06. F type centre pivoted fanlight in class 1 3.00 Sq.ft. 300/ 900.00
timber sash and 4"x2" class 1 timber
frame with spring latch and brass pivots.
Total carried to summary.

107625.00
91
E FLOOR WALL & CEILING

FINISHES.
01. 5/8" thk. external plaster in 1:1:6 ct, 11.00 Sqr. 2600/ 28600.00
include forming door and window
revels.
02. 1/2 " thk. lime, ct, sand internal

plaster in 1:1:6 mix. finished smooth 16.20 Sqr. 3100/ 50220.00
with lime putty, rate to include
forming door and window revels.
03. 1/2" thk. soffit plaster to slab in 7.50 Sqr. 3700/ 27750.00
1:1:6 ct. lime sand mix, finish smooth
with lime putty.
04. Ditto to staircase. 0.56 Sqr. 3700/ 2072.00
05. Ditto to sides of beams 1.40 Sqr. 3800/ 5320.00
06. Ditto to sides of columns. 1.50 Sqr. 3700/ 5550.00
07. 6"x 6" glazed ceramic wall tiles

to bath room walls up to 5' - 0'
height. set in 1/2" thk. ct, mortar 0.95 Sqr. 19000/ 18050.00
bedding, joints to be pointed in
neat tile grout to match the tile.
08. 8" x 8" ct. pressed tiles to bathroom

floor laid on 1/2" thk. 1:3 ct. mortar 0.28 Sqr. 12000/ 3360.00
bedding, finished with pointing to
match the tile.
09. 3/4" thk, ct. rendered floor in 1:3 ct.

mortar finished smooth with coloured ct. 6.50 Sqr. 2500/ 16250.00
10. 3/4" x 3" skirting in 1:3 ct. mortar 156.00 Li,ft. 65 10140.00
finished smooth with coloured ct.
92
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 ( weia;fïka;= msßjeh ilia lsÍug wod< wx. úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² weia;fïka;= ilia lsÍug wod< uQ,dY% kï lrhs'

² SLS 573, SMM 7 jeks iïu; ñkqï l%u ms<sn| j we;s m%ldYk mßYS,kh
lrhs'
² tall ñ, .Kkh lsÍfï oS i,ld n,kq ,nk idOl úYaf,aIKh lrhs' (BSR
- Building Schedules of Rates)
² iïu; msßú;rj,g wkql+, j" jeh l< yels uqo,g iß ,k mßos ks¾udK
ls%hdj,sh f;dard .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'
² wju msßjehla hgf;a .=Kd;aul ksuejqula ilia lrhs'

msúiSu(
² mdi,a mßY%h ;=< c, lrdu l=¨kla iEoSug fhdackd lrkak'

² o< ie,eiaula l`M,E,af,a igyka lrkak'
² fï l=vd jHdmD;sh i|yd l< hq;= ld¾hhka fudkjd oehs isiqkaf.ka úuid
ms<s;=re l`M,E,af,a fm< .iajkak'
² ta ta ld¾hh ioyd úhou .Kkh lrk whqre úuiñka" my; lreKq u;= jk
fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² msßjeh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; oelafjk uQ,sldx. (Elements) fhdod .;
hq;= nj
² øjH i|yd úhou
² øjHj, ñ,
² øjH m%udK
² m%jdyk .dia;=
² Y%ñl úhou
² mqyqKq lïlre ld,h iy f.ùï
² kqmqyqKq lïlre ld,h iy f.ùï
² wdjqo yd WmlrK ioyd úhou
93
rEmh 3'2

² tla tla lKavdhu ioyd my; ud;Dld f;dard fokak'
² .,a 1$2 .fvd,a ì;a;shla 1(5 is'je nodu Ndú; lr 1 m2 la bos lsÍu'
² 1 ( 2 ( 4 ^3$4& ñY%Kfhka fldkalS%Ü 1 m3 ms<sfh< lsÍu
² 1 ( 1 ( 5 is' yq' je' nodfuka 15 mm .klug msg; ì;a;sh 1 m2 la
lmrdre lsÍu
² f;dard .;a ud;Dldj hgf;a jev ld¾h y÷kd f.k wjYH øjH iy Y%ñl
wjYH;d ilia lrkak'
² øjH m%udK yd Bg wod< Y%ñlhka ms<snò úia;r BSR u`.ska ,nd .kak'
² ,dNdxY yd Wäia úhoï wjYH;dj wkqj uq`M w.fhka m%;sY;hla wod< tall
ñ,g u tl;= l< hq;= h'
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tl;= l< hq;= h'
² msßjeh jkqfha my; iòyka fldgiaj, tl;=j h'
² øjH ñ,
² Y%ñl .dia;=j
² wmf;a hdu ^m%;sY;h&
² wdjqo" WmlrK iòyd uqo, ^m%;sY;h&
² ,dNdxY yd Wäia úhou ^m%;sY;h&
94
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 ( ir, boslsÍï ld¾h i|yd weia;fïka;= msßjeh ilia lsÍfï
yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² hï ks¾udKhl msßjeh ilia lsÍfï wjYH;d bosßm;a lrhs'
² ieu ks¾udKhlg u wod< msßjeh ilia lsÍfï oS wkq.ukh lrk ls%hdoduh
úia;r lrhs'
² ks¾udK wdYs%; j úúO ie,iqï yd rEmigyka lshjd msßjeh ilia lsÍug
wjYH o;a; bosßm;a lrhs'
² ir, boslsrSï ioyd msßjeh ilia lrhs'
² hïlsis ld¾hhla wju msßjehlska bgq lr .ekSug fm<fUhs'
msúiSu(
² ^3'1" 3'2" 3'3g wod< jk mßos fmr oekqu msßlaiSug jdÑl m%Yak weiqfrka
,efnk ms<s;=re yqkq ,E,af,a i|yka lrkak'& WodyrKhla (
² hï ksaIamdokhl ksIamdok msßjeh ;SrKh lsÍfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq
fudkjd o@
wfmalaIs; ms<s;=re
² øjH mssßjeh
² Y%u msßjeh
² hka;% iQ;% laIhùï
² ,dNdxY yd Wäia úhoï
² m%jdyk .dia;=
² oS we;s lshùï lÜg,h yd weia;fïka;= ilia lsÍug wod< uQ,dY% Wmfhda.S
lr .ksñka by; ms<s;=re u; my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak
² weia;fïka;= ms<f
s h< lsÍfï oS wod< ie,iqï lshjd iïu; tallj,g
wkqrEm j m%udK .ekSu isÿ lr .; hq;= nj
² m%udK .ekSfï m;%fhka m%udK ì,am;%hg wod< whs;u hgf;a WoaOD;
m;%h ielish hq;= nj (Abstract Sheet)
² msßjeh ilia lsÍfï oS BSR Ndú; lr wod< tall ñ, .Kka iEosh
hq;= nj
² wod< jev úia;r" tall" m%udK" tall mssßjeh u`.ska uq`M msßjeh
.Kkh lsÍu i|yd m%udK ì,am;%h ilia l< hq;= nj
² msßjeh .Kkh lsÍfï idOl f,i
² øjH ñ,
² Y%ñl úhou
² wdjqo yd WmlrK úhou
² wmf;a hdï
95
² Wäia úhoï
² ,dNh
ie,lsh hq;= nj
² we;eï wjia:dj, Wäia úhoï" ,dNh yd wdjqo yd WmlrK úhou tall
msßjehg tl;= fkdlrk nj
Wod(- ;u ksIamdokhla ;udg Ndú; lsÍug ks¾udKh lrk wjia:djl
² my; oS we;s ud;Dld w;=ßka tla tla lKavdhug ,eî we;s ud;Dldj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'
² l=vd fïihla iEoSu ^rEm igyk oS we;&
² f.ìu W`M we;sÍu
² 1m x 1m .fvd,a ì;a;shla bos lsÍu
² ì;a;s lmrdre lsÍu
² c, k< t<Su
² imhd ÿka ie,iqu wkqj tys ñkqï Ndú; lr m%udK .ekSfï m;% ilia lrjkak'
( T.D.S Sheet)
² tla tla jev fldgi úia;r iu`. idok WoaOD; m;%h ( Abstract Sheet)
m<sfh< lrjkak'
² tla tla lKavdhug wod< jev fldgi i|yd m%udK ì,am;%hg jev úia;r"
tall yd m%udK we;=<;a lrjkak'
² B.S.R. mßYS,kh lr wod< tall ñ, we;=<;a lr m%udK ì,am;%h ilikak'
² tla tla lKavdhug wh;a jev ld¾hh iòyd uq`M msßjeh ilia lr iuia;
mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï lrjkak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK wfkla lKavdhï iu`. ii|d ;u ks¾udKfha wruqK
;yjqre lrjkak'
² l=vd lKavdhï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a
lrùug iQodkï lrjkak'
96
25 .klï ,E,a,
rEmh 3'3
3m x 4m ldurhl f.ìï Tiles we;sÍu

rEmh 3'4
97
rEmh 3'5
98
ksmqK;dj 4'0 ( f.dvke`.s,a,la boslsÍfï oS jHQy fldgia tl,ia ù we;s
wkaou úuid n,hs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( jia;= u; ls%hd lrk ndysr n, iy m%;sls%hd u`.ska we;s
flfrk úúO m%;Hdn, yd úls%hd úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
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² f.dvke`.s,a,la bos lsÍfï os úúO yegqï u; nr ls%hd lrk wdldrh úia;r
lrhs'
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fhdod .kS'
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iòyd nr" n,h fyda Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lr wegjqï ilia lrhs'

msúiSu(
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fya;= úuiñka my; lreKq u;= jk fia ilÉPdj;a f.dv k`.kak'
² wod< tla tla øjHhg ord .; yels Wmßu n,hla we;s nj
² wod< iSudj blaujd .sh miq tys ndysr yevh fjkia jk nj
² n,h ord .; yels iSudfõ isák úg oS muKla kej; uq,a msysàug
meñKsh yels nj
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iSud we;s nj
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wjia:dj fokak'
² wod< øjHj, ord .ekSfï Yla;sh ms<snò ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrjkak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lrjkak'
99
² uq,ska ;snqKq os.;a weÿKq miq os.;a w;r wka;rh" uq,aÈ. iu`. wkqmd;hlg .;a
l, th úl%shdj f,i ye`Èkafjhs'
² tall j¾.M,hla u; fhfok n,h m%;H" n,h fõ'
² yevfha fjkila isÿ ù kej; uq,a yevhg meñKSu m%;Hdia:;dj fõ'
² yevfha fjkila isÿù kej; yevh uq,a wjia:djg fkdmeñKSu iqúld¾h;dj
fõ'
² n,h fhoSu ksid øjHh ìòS hdu Nx.=r;dj fõ'
² rn¾ máh weoSfï WodyrKh u rem igykla u`.ska my; mßos úia;r l< yels
h'
² weoSula" f;rmSula" weUÍula jeks n,hla u`.ska jia;=jla úrEmKhg ,la l<
yels h'
² hï jia;=jla u; fhdok ,o ndysr n,hla ksid tys fN!;sl fjkia ùula
isÿ fõ kï th úl%shdj (Strain) fõ'
idudkH os.
fhdok ,o ndysr n,h
weoqKq os.
rEmh 4'2
weÿKq os.
túg" úl%shdj =
idudkH os.
² fuh os." j¾.M,h" mßudj wdÈ rEmfha fjkia ùu ljr wdldrfhka isÿ jqj;a
tfia u fhdod .; yels h' fuys tallhla fkdue;' tkï wkqmd;hla f,i"
m%ldY lrk neúks'
² ysu u; .uka lrk ñksiqka úfYaI mdjyka j¾.hla m,òs;s" tajdfha m;=f,a
j¾.M,h jeä h'
fï Wml%uh fhdod f.k we;af;a tall j¾.M,hla u; fhfok nr wvq lr
.ekSu iòyd h'
F ^n,h&
A
A = yrialv j¾.M,h
m%;Hdn,h Stress = F
A
tall - n,fha tall N ^ksõgka&
- j¾.M,fha tall m2 ^j¾. ógr&
rEmh 4'3
100
tall j¾.M,hla yryd ls%hd lrk n,h (Nm-2) m%;H" n,h fõ'
² yQla kshuh Hooke's law wkqj fï m%;H" n,h by; iòyka l< úl%shdjg wkqf,dau
j iudkqmd;sl fõ' tkï" tall j¾.M,hla u; fhdok ndysr n,h jeä ùu;a iu`.
isÿ jk fN!;sl fjkia ùfï wkqmd;h o jeä fõ' túg
m%;Hdn,h
= ksh;hls'
úl%shdj
² jia;=jla u; fhdok ,o ndysr n,hla ksid tys fN!;sl iajNdjh fjkia ù n,h
bj;a lsÍfuka miq th uq,a iajNdjhg m;a fõ kï th m%;Hdia:;dj fyj;a m%;Hdia:
úrEmKh f,i yeòskafõ'
rEmh 4'4
n,h ,eîu úrEmKh ùu n,h bj;a ùu

² hï jia;=jla u; fhdok ,o ndysr n,hla ksid tys fN!;sl iajNdjh fjkia ù n,h
bj;a l< miq isÿ jQ úrEmKh tf,i u mj;S kï th iqúld¾h;dj fyj;a iqúld¾h
úrEmKh fõ'
rEmh 4'5
ueá fyda ;dr fyda .=,shla jeks øjHhla fï iòyd ir, WodyrK f,i oelaúh yels
n,h ,eîu úrEmKh ùu n,h bj;a ùu
h'
² mqjdfidka wkqmd;h wjfndaO lr .ekSu ioyd rn¾ máhla WodyrKhg fhdod .;
yels h'
L
rEmh 4'6
² taldldr yrialvla we;s oKafâ fofl<jr ;sria n,hla fhdod we;' oKafâ os. L o
úYalïNh D f,i o .kS'
rEmh 4'7
D-∆D
∆L
D
101
² mqjdfidka wkqmd;h hkq ;sria n,h ksid we;s jk úl%shdj isria j we;s lr .kq
,nk úls%hdjg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;sl nj h'
os. wkqj isÿ jk úls%hdj εχ = ∆L

L
m<, "" "" "" εy

= ∆D
D
∴ mqjdfidka wkqmd;h (µ) = ε χ
ε y
∴ εy = ε χ
102
ksmqK;dj 4'1'2 ( f.dvke`.s,a,l jHQyuh wx. iy tajdj u; Ndysr Ndr ls%hd
lsrSfï § we;sjk yeisÍu úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² fhdað; ie,eiaul jHQyuh wx. yd fldgia" jHqyuh fkdjk ixrpl j,lska
fjkafldg fmkajhs'
² mj;sk jHQyuh ks¾udKhl ia:dhS;djg fya;= ù we;s fldgia fjka lr bÈßm;a
lrhs'
² jHQy ks¾udKhla wNHka;rfha we;s m%;Hd n, iïmSvk yd wd;;s jYfhka
fjkafldg ifya;=lj úia;r lrhs'
² ord .ekSfï yelshdj jeä lsÍug fhdod .; yels Wml%u m%dfhda.slj fhdod
.kS'
² tlu wjYH;dj bgq lrj .ekSu iòyd ia:dfkdaÑ;j úúO wdfoaYl fhdod .kS'

msúiSu(
² jy,l iúlr we;s ;dmamhla isiqkag fmkajkak'
² tfia fkdue;s kï ;dmamhl rEm igykla mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
² fujeks rduqjla jk nr ls%hd lsÍu ms<snòj idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² tys§ my; iòyka wx. yryd n, ls%hd lsÍu ms<snò wjodkh fhduq lrkak'
² jyf,a nr ;dmamhg ,nd .ekSu
² ;dmamfhka lq`Mkq fyda ì;a;s u;g ,nd .ekSu
² ì;a;s fyda lq`Mkq yryd w;a;sjdrug ,nd .ekSu
² fuu n, iïfm%aIkfha § m%Odk jYfhka ;dmamh u; we;s wx.j," my; iòyka
n, ls%hd lrk fldgia fjk fjku y`ÿkd .kak' tajdfha ÈYdj ks¾Kh lsÍug
Wmfoia fokak'
² iïmSvk n,
² wd;kHd n,
² kuH n,
² úrEmk n,

² my; iòyka f.dvke`.s,s wx. fldgia fjk fjku i,lkak'
² tajd tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍfï § wNHka;r n,j iïfm%aIKh jk wdldrh ;ks
;ksj rEmigyka u`.ska ksrEmkh lsÍug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
² w;a;sjdrï " ì;a;s yd lq`Mkq" ,skag,a yd ;,d o " jy, ;dmam" ;rmamq hk wx.
iïnkaO lsÍug fokak'
² fuu rEmigyka u`.k
s a wkdjrKh lr .kakd f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj
fokak'
103
² jHQy fldgiaj, ls%hd lrk m%Odk n, f,i iïmSvk yd wd;;sl n, ye`Èkaúh
yel'
² w;a;sjdrï" ì;a;s yd l=`Mkq hk wx.j, m%Odk jYfhka iïmSv n, ls%hd lrhs'
² ;dmamj, iïmSvk yd wd;;sn, folu ls%hd lrk n,
² fldkalS%Üj,g jeä iïmSvH;d Yla;shla we;s w;r wd;kH n, iòyd ÿ¾j,h'
² l=Mkq yd ;,dòj, úlD;s ùu yd úl, ùu je<elaùug Wvy`M (Stirrups)
fhdod .kS'
104
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1'3 ( øjHhl ia;íO;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl úuid n,hs'

bf.kqï M, (
² WmlrKhla fyda jia;=jla u; we;s øjHj, ia;íO;dj yeisfrk wdldrh
meyeos,s lrhs'
² n,hg fyda úia:dmkhg fyda .e<fmk mßos ia;íO;dj we;s Wmdx. ksujd
.ksh's
² m%fhdackj;a ld¾h iòyd ia;íO;dj j¾Okh fyda W!kkh fyda lrk wegjqï
ilia lr .kS'
² wjYH;dj wkqj wjia:dkql+, j ord .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh lr .kS'
² md,kh l< yels iSudj y`ÿkd .kS'

msúiSu(
² f,day lsh;a ;,hla mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'
² tys fofl<jßka w,a,d keóug W;aidy lsÍug bv fokak'
² tys u yß wvla keóug kej; bv fokak'
² Bg;a jvd wvq os.la kej; keóug bv fokak'
² fuys oS oefkk foa isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
² p,kh lsÍug fyda keóug fyda jeä wdhdihla oeßh hq;= fujeks fjk;a
wjia:d ms<snòj mka;sfhka úuikak'
² hï lsis jia;=jla p,kh lsÍug fyda keóug ksIamdos; WmlrKfha fyda
øjHfha"
yevh
wuqøjH
fN!;sl ;;a;ajh ^>k" øj" jdhq&
WIaK;ajh
n,mdk nj
² fndfyda wjia:dj, oS fkdkeó isàfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu iòyd
úúO Wml%u fhdod f.k we;s nj
² wjia:dkql+, j m%udKd;aul j fjkia lsÍug úúO Wml%u fhdod f.k
we;s nj
² ;uka wjg mßirh ;=< nrla" p,s;hla fyda úia:dmkhla ord .ekSu iòyd
fhdod f.k we;s Wml%u lSmhla ^ldmam" fjila l+vq" /,s ;yvq& yÿkd .kakg
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
105
² tajdfha yeisÍu jHQyd;aul f,i i,ld n,kakg fhduq lrjkak'
² tajdfha ord .ekSfï yelsshdj ,eî we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lrjkak'
² wod< Wml%u iïnkaO ù we;s wdldrh o< rEm igykaa u`.ska fmkajkakg isiqka
fhduq lrkak'
² wod< Wml%u Ndú; lr m%fhdackj;a ld¾hhla bgq lr .ekSu ^mqgqjla" fïihla"
nxl=jla & iòyd wegjqula ilia lsÍug iqÿiq fhdað; ie,iqï ks¾udKh lrjkak'
² ta iòyd wjYH wuq øjH" wdjqo" WmlrK" ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= úfYaI wjia:d
,ehsia;=.; lrjkak'
² fujeks ie,eiaula ls%hd;aul lsÍfï oS u;= jk .eg¨ ÿn,;d iòyka lr tajd
j<lajd .ekSug fhdackd bosßm;a lrkakg isiqka fhduq lrkak'

² ia;íO;dj we;s lsÍu" jeä lsÍu" fyda wvq lsÍu úúO NdKav fyda WmlrK
ks¾udKh lsßfï oS b;d jeo.;a nj
² iaÓr nj fyda oro`vq nj fyda ,nd .ekSu iòyd úúO iels,sj, úúO Wml%u
fhdod .kakd nj
² jHQy jdfka iels,s iys; md,ul oDV nj ,nd f.k we;af;a tys iels,af,a we;s
yevh wkqj nj
↓
iels,a,
wdOdrl
rEmh 4'8
² ;s;a bfrka oelafjk f,i fkdkefukafka tys iels,a, ilia lr we;s wdldrh
ksid nj
² lekaá,Sjr f,i o ieliSfuka fuu ia;íO;dj ,nd .ekSug yels nj" úYd,
m%udKfha úÿ,s /yeka lKq yd ÿrl:k iïfm%aIK l=`Mkq foi ne,Sfuka fuh
wjfndaO lr .; yels nj
² n,hla ls%hd lsÍfï oS fydòska f¾Çh p,s;h ord isák ks¾udKhla f,i
jdykj, fhdod we;s ÿkq lÜg,h .; yels nj
106
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1'4 ( f.dvke`.s,a,l jHQy fldgia u; Ndr ls%hd lrk wdldrh
úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² f.dvke`.s,a,l ls%hdldÍ jk wÔù Ndrj,g wh;a wx. f;dard .kshs'
² f.dvke`.s,a,l ls%hdldÍ jk iÔù Ndr f;dard .kshs'
² Ndr ud;%j,ska jHQyj,g yqjudre jk wdldrh m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² ls%hdldÍ Ndrj,g" .e<fmk fia úúO ks¾udK wdrlaIs; j ilia lrhs'
² hïlsis ks¾udKhla ilia lsÍfï oS" tys jHQy ieleiaug wu;r j" myiqj"
Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dj" Wmßu jYfhka bvlv Ndú; lsÍu" iy kv;a;= lsÍfï
yelshdj ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
msúiSu(
² YsIH lKavdhula ^150& la mdif,a uy,a f.dvke`.s,a,l by< ud,hla fj;
.uka lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| j isiqka iu`. flá idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² uy,a 10lska hq;a f.dvke`.s,a,l 5 jk uyf,a msysá /iaùï Yd,dj ;=<g isiqka
tla /iaùug kshñ; nj Wml,amkh lrkak'
² myiqj i|yd úÿ,s fidamdk Ndú; lrk f,i isiqka oekqj;a lrkak'
² /iaùï Yd,dj fj; isiqka ish¨ fokd tla /iaùug ld,hla .;jkafka wehs@
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels ms<s;=re
² úÿ,s fidamdkh ;=< m%udKj;a bv lv fkd;sîu'
² jrlg úÿ,s fidamdkh ;=< .uka l< yels isiqka m%udKh iSud iys; ùu'
² kshñ; m%udKhg jvd u`.Ska îsiqka& m%udKh blaujd hk úg" úÿ,s
fidamdkh ls%hd fkdlsÍu'
my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka isiqkaf.ka ,enqKq ms<s;=re mokï lr .k
idlÉPdj fufyhjkak'
² f.dvke`.s,a,l ls%hd lrk Ndr m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg wh;a nj
² f.dvke`.s,a, Ndú; lrk îsiqka& iÔù Ndr f,i i,lk nj
² f.dvke`.s,a, bos lsÍug Ndú; lrk ,o jHQy fldgia wÔù Ndr f,i i,lk
nj
² .Dy NdKav" fmd;a m;a" WmlrK jeks øjH iÔù Ndrj,g wh;a nj
² f.dvke`.s,a,l ls%hd lrk iÔù yd wÔù Ndrj,g wu;r j iq<`.ska we;s lrk
Ndr ls%hd lrk nj
² f.dvke`.s,af,a ls%hd lrk iÔù Ndrj,g Tfrd;a;= fok mßos wod< jHQy ilia
lr we;s nj ^Wod( Wvq uyf,a /iaùï Yd,dfõ f.ìu&
² my; ud;Dld tla tla lKavdhu fj; fhduq lrkak'
² boslsÍul iÔù Ndr ^Ndú;fha mj;sk uy,a f.dvke`.s,a,la&
107
² boslsÍul wÔù Ndr ûy,a f.dvke`.s,a,l&
² iq<x Ndr boslsÍula i|yd n,mEu' ^ÿrl;k iïfm%aIK l=`MKq&
² ish¨ u lKavdhï wod< boslsÍu f;dard .;a mrsY%h fj; fhduq lrkak'
² lKavdhug ,eî we;s ud;Dld wkqj lshùï lÜg,h mßYS,kh lrñka wod<
f;dr;=re .fõIK m;s%ldfõ i|yka lrjkak'
.fõIK m;s%ldj (-
f.dvke`.s,af,a iajNdjh (-
^w& f.dvke`.s,af,a yrialv oelafjk igykla w|skak'
^wd& jHQyfha fldgia kï lrkak'
^we& tla tla jHQyfha Tn lKavdhug wod< Ndr iïfm%I
a Kh jk wdldrh
fmkajkak'
² tla tla lKavdhfï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j bosßm;a lsÍug
i,iajkak'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la
² f.dvke`.s,s jHQy u; ls%hd lrk Ndr m%Odk wdldr folla we;s nj
² iÔù Ndr
² wÔù Ndr
fuhg wu;r j
² iq<x Ndr
² ysu Ndr
jeks Ndr o jHQy u; fhfok Ndr jk nj
² boslsÍïj, oS iÔù " wÔù yd iq<`.ska we;s flfrk ydksj,g Tfrd;a;=
fok mßos jHQy ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj
² wod< ish¨ Ndr" jHQy fldgia yryd w;a;sjdrï u`.ska fmdf<djg
iïfm%aIKh jk nj
² wod< Ndr ls%hd lrk jHQy fldgia ilia ù we;af;a úúO wxY= ud;% (ele
ments& iïnkaO ùfuka nj
² fldkalS%Ü l=¨kq" ;<d|" f.ìu hk úúO jHQyj, ls%hd lrk Ndr
wkqj
² yrialv j¾.M,h
² yevh
² jer .ekakqï
wdosh ks¾udKh úh hq;= nj
² iÔù Ndr f,i "
mqoa.,hka" .Dy NdKav jeks fjkia l< yels Ndr ie,flk nj
² wÔù Ndr f,i f.dvke`.s,s jHQyh ksid we;s jk Ndr ie,flk nj
108
w;a;sjdru u; ls%hd lrk wÔù Ndr f,i"
jyf,a nr
ì;a;s yd l=¨kqj, nr
Wv ;Ügq f.ìu yd ;<dòj, nr
we;s w;r" tajd w;a;sjdru fj; l%ufhka iïfma%IKh fõ'
² jy, u; fhfok iq<x Ndr wdoshg Tfrd;a;= oSug tys jHQyh ilia l< hq;= nj
² w;a;sjdru u; wod< ish¨ iÔù yd wÔù Ndr ls%hd lrk nj
² ish¨ u Ndr mia ;Ügqj u`.ska ord isáh hq;= nj
² miaj, iajNdjh wkqj" Ndrj,g Tfrd;a;= oSug iß ,k mßos w;a;j
s dru ks¾udKh
l< hq;= nj
4'9 rEmh
109
4'10 rEmh
f.dvke`.s,s w;a;sjdru u; ls%hd lrk Ndr

f.dvke.s,a,l jHQyh ilia ù we;s whqre óg fmr i|yka lr ;snqKq mßos há yegqu
yd Wvq yegqu jYfhka m%Odk fldgia 2lg fjka lruq' há yegqug wh;a w;a;sjdru
u; ls%hd lrk Ndr mq`:,a f,i i,ld ne,Sfï oS j¾. 3lg fjka l< yels h'
1' ks;H Ndrh - Dead Load

2' p, Ndrh - Live Load
3' iq<x Ndrh - Wind Load
ks;H Ndrh (Dead Loed)

f.dvke`.s,a,l úúO wx. ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd øjHj, nr" ks;H Ndr
f,i i,luq' ì;a;s" jy," fodr cfk,a" iS,su" fldkalS%Ü ;<dò ,skagka hkdÈh óg
wh;a h'
f.dvke`.s,a,l jHQyh ilia ù we;s ish¨ fldgiaj, ia:djr Ndr fï i|yd .; hq;=
h' tla;rd yegqul wvx.= tla tla øjH m%udKh" >k mßudjla f,i f.k Bg wod<
j nr m%udKh .Kkh l< yels h' my; ±lafjk j.=fjys óg wod<j WodyrK §
we;'
110
3
øjH úia;rh nr kN/m
1' fldkalS%Ü
1(2(4 jr.ekakqï rys; 24
1(2(4 jr.ekakqï iys; 25
2' ì;a;s ^nr ork&

.fvd,a ì;a;s 19'2
r`:.,a neñ 24'0
3' nodu
isfuka;s nodu 20'8
yqkq nodu 17'6
4' bÈlsÍï øjH

isfuka;s 14'2
je,s ^úh<s& 16'0
mia ^weyqreKq& 22'0
±j ^6'4 - 9'6&
r`: .,a 16'4
ùÿre 26'0
3
øjH úia;rh nr N/m
1' jy,
rg W`: 3200
weiafniafgdaia 490
.e,ajkhsia 200
2' ldur fjka lsÍfï 100 mm

.fvd,a ì;a;s 1950
111
p, Ndrh Live Load
f.dvke`.s,a, Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hkaf.a nr" .Dy NdKav iy fjk;a .nvd øjHj,
nr"
fïjd p, Ndrhg we;=<;a h' f.dvke`.s,s j¾.h wkqj" th Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hka
ixLHdj fjkia fõ' uy,a f.dvke`.,s ,
a l Wv ;Ügq f.ìu u;" msyá
s ksok ldurhlska
iy /iaùï Yd,djlska we;s lrk p, Ndrh tlla wfklg fjkia h' Ndú; lrk
mqoa.,hka ixLHdj w;r úYd, fjkila mj;S' fï p, Ndr f.ìu iy ;<dò u`.ska
ì;a;s Èf.a" w;a;sjdru fj; ^há yegqu& f.khkq ,nhs' my; j.=j u`.ska úúO
f.dvke`.s,sj, ls%hd lrk p, Ndr ms<sn| j WodyrKhla § we;'
2
f.dvke`.s,af,a Ndú;h jHdma; Ndrh kN/m
1' /iaùï Yd,d ( wdik rys; 4'0
wdik iys; 5'0
2' ksok ldur ( .Dyia: 1'5

fydag,a 2'0
3' mka;s ldur 3'0

4' l¾udka; Yd,d ^5'0-10'0&
5' frday,a 2'0
6' ld¾hd, ( idudkH 2'5
.nvd iys; 5'0
iq<x Ndrh (Wind Load)

fuhska woyia flfrkqfha f.dvke`.s,af,a msg; ì;a;s yd jy, u; iq<`.ska we;s lrkq
,nk f;rmquhs' jvd;a iq<x Ndrh we;s jkqfha Wi f.dvke`.s,s i|ydhs' iq<x yuk
fõ.h iy f.dvke`.s,af,a jHQyh ilia ù we;s wdldrh iq<x n,h wvq jeä ùug
n,mdhs' isria j f.dvkef`.k ì;a;s u; iq<x Ndrh ksid we;s jk n,mEu" ì;a;j s ,g
,ïn j msysá yria ì;a;s u`.ska wvq jkq we;'
112
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1'5 ( úúO mia ia;rj, jHQy Ndr ord isàfï yelshdj úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² mia j¾. kï lrhs'
² tla tla mia j¾.fha bis¨ï Odß;dj fjkia nj ms<s.kshs'
² ;ks yd uy,a f.dvke`.s,s u`.ska fmdf<dj u; we;s flfrk f;rmqï w;r
fjkila we;s nj ms<s.kshs'
² tla tla mia j¾.fha bis¨ï Odß;dj wkqj ta u; Ndr ls%hd lrùfï oS iqÿiq
l%ufõo ú.%y lrhs'
² ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍfï ir, Wml%u Ndú; lrhs'
msúiSu(
² we;eï f.dvke`.s,s jHQy .s,d neiai wjia:d isiqka wid we;s ±hs úuid tajd
n,md we;s fya;= isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
² wod< ms<s;=re wkqj my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² mia j¾. ;ekska ;ekg fjkia jk nj
² tajdfha bis¨ï yelshdj mia j¾.h u; r|d mj;sk nj
² jHQyj, Ndr u`.ska mia ;Ügq u; f;rmqula we;s jk nj
² wod< Ndrh mig ord isàug fkdyels jQ úg .s,d nisk nj
² Ndrhlg Tfrd;a;= fok f,i mdou ilia lsÍfuka .s,d neiSu je<elaúh
yels nj
² my; f;aud fol isiqka lKavdhï follg ,nd oS" tla tla lKavdhug ,eî
we;s f;audj ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'
² mdxY= jHQyh ^mia j¾.h& wkqj bis¨ï Odß;dj fjkia ùu
² boslsÍï jHQyfhka we;s flfrk f;rmqu mig n,mdk wdldrh
² kshñ; j.=j" lafIa;%hg f.dia iïmQ¾K lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
mia ksheosh lemQ mfia mia ksheoshl c,fha

f;dard .;a jf<ys j¾Kh wef,k f;;a nr úh<s nr c,h wj,ïnkh
ia:dkh .eUqr ùu
iq¨ nj
113
² Tng ,nd oS we;s lshùï lÜg,h mßYS,kh lrñka tla tla ia:dkfhys wvx.=
mia j¾.h y`ÿkd .kak'

² úúO mia j¾. wkqj bis¨ï Odß;dj fjkia fõ'
² ueá miaj,g jvd je,s ñY% mfiys bis¨ï Odß;dj jeä h'
² ;Sre w;a;sjdrul m<, jeä lsÍfuka fmdf<dj u; fhfok mSvkh wvq l<
yels h'
² mia ;e<Su" isfuka;s oshr mSvkhla hgf;a mig we;=,a lsÍu" yd fldkalS%Ü mdoï
fhoSu u`.ska bis¨ï Odß;dj by< kexúh yels h'
² j.=re ìï" md,ï jeks ia:dkj, oS" bis¨ï Odß;dj jeä lsÍfï úúO l%ufõo
fhdod .kq ,efnhs'
² merKs .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amSka bis¨ï Odß;dj by< kexùug fydr ,S l|ka mfia
.s,a jQ w;r j¾;udkfha fmr ksñ fldkalS%Ü geï Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
114
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1'6 ( ir, boslsÍï tallhl boslsÍï wkqms<sfj< iy .; hq;=
wdrlaIs; ls%hdud¾. úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ir, ksjdi ie,iqï lshjd wod< boslsÍï fldgia kï lrhs'
² ksfjila ;ekSfï oS wkqms<sfj< bosßm;a lrhs'
² øjH yd WmlrK Ndú;fha oS wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a idlÉPd lrhs'
² ieu ld¾hhl oS u wdrlaIdj iys; j jev lsÍug fm<fUhs'
² tosfkod Ôú;fha oS wkqms<sfj<lg jev lsÍug mqreÿ mqyqKq fjhs'
msúiSu(
² ksfjil ie,eiaula mka;sh fj; bosßm;a lrkak'
² ie,eiafuys fmkajd we;s boslsÍï fldgia y÷kd .ekSug wjia:dj fokak'
² boslÍs ï fldgia fudkjd oehs isik
q f
a .ka úuiñka tajd my; oelafjk wdldrhg"
boslsÍfï wkqms<sfj< wkqj l`M,E,af,a i|yka lrkak'
² f.m< Y=oaO lsÍu
² w;a;sjdrï ldKq lemSu
² w;a;sjdrï neñ boslsÍu
² ì;a;s $ l=¨kq boslsÍu
² jy, ks¾udKh
² f.ìu yd ì;a;s ksudjla ilia lsÍu
² my; oelafjk lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
² ie,iqu tlla wfklg fjkia jq j o fmdÿ boslsÍï ls%hdj,shla we;s nj
² úfYaIs; boslsÍï fldgia we;s nj
² f.ìu yd ì;a;s ksudjla l< hq;af;a ish¨ fjk;a boslsÍï ksu jQ miq j
nj
² ieu boslsÍul oS u" wdrlaIl l%ufõo fhdod .; hq;= nj
² f.dvke`.s,s jevìul oS" ;ud fuka u fiiq whf.a;a wdrlaIdj i|yd
lghq;= l< hq;= nj
² my; iòyka ud;Dld foflka ta ta lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj ms<sn| j
wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'
² wuqøjH Ndú;fha oS mj;ajd .; hq;= wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a
115
² WmlrK Ndú;fha oS mj;ajd .; hq;= wdrlaIl Wmfoia
² Tng ,nd oS we;s lshùï lÜg,h Ndú; lr my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re
imhkak'
² bos lsÍï lafIa;%fha oS Ndú; lrk YÍr fi!LHg wys;lr wuqøjH i|yka
lrkak'
² jev ìula ;=< wksjd¾hfhka u Ndú; l< hq;= wdrlaIl me,÷ï fudkjd
o@
² úÿ,s n,fhka ls%hd lrk WmlrK Ndú;fha oS ms<smeosh hq;= wdrlaIl
ms<sfj;a fudkjd o@
² úÿ,s n,fhka ls%hd lrk hka;% Ndú; lsÍfï oS me,òsh hq;= wdrlaIl
fuj,ï fudkjd o@
² f.dvke`.s,s øjH" jev ìfuys wdrlaIl f,i .nvd lr ;sfnk wdldrh
i|yka lrkak'
² m,xÑ iú lsÍfï oS yd Ndú;fha oS i,ld nef,k wdrlIl ms<sfj;a
úuid n,d igyka lrkak'
² ysKsux ;eîfï oS ,siaid hdu je<elaùu iòyd Ndú; l< hq;= wdk;sh rEm
igyklska fmkajkak'
² boslsÍï lghq;=j, oS fm!oa.,sl wdrlaIdj iòyd Ndú; flfrk wdrlaIl
fuj,ï rEm igyka u`.ska fmkajkak'
² f.dvke`.s,a,la boslsÍu wkqms<sfj<lg isÿ úh hq;= h'
² øjH yd WmlrK Ndú;fha oS wdrlaIs; jev ms<sfj<la wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
² yqkq isfuka;s jeks øjH Ndú;fha oS uqL wdjrK yd weia wdjrK me,òsh
hq;= h'
² ysia wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd ysia wdjrK me,òsh hq;= h'
² ysKsux ,siaid hdu je<elaùug th 750 wdk;shg ;eìh hqq;= h'
² úÿ,s WmlrK Ndú;fha oS kshu wdldrhg úÿ,sh ,nd .; hq;= h'
² hka;% Ndú; lrk wjia:dj, oS uqyqKq wdjrK yd w;a wdjrK me,òsh hq;=
h'
116
ir, f.dvke`.s,a,l boslsÍï fldgia
117
rEmh 4'11
^1& w;a;sjdrï lemSu - w;a;sjdrï máh oeóu
^2& lhsre neïu
^3& DPC we;sÍu $;dr .Eu
^4& 225 mm m<, ndysr ì;a;s ne|Su
^5& ì;a;s hg,Sh oeóu
^6& uq`ÿka hg,Sh oeóu
^7& mrd, oeóu
^8& Ímam oeóu
^9& fiú,s øjH fhoSu
^11& fodr cfk,a ;eîu
^12& ndysr lmrdrej lsÍu
^13& f.m< we;=<; mi msrùu
^14& wNHka;r lmrdrej
^15& fmdf<dj ksudj
^1& w;a;sjdrï lemSu - w;a;sjdrï máh oeóu

² w;a;sjdrï lemSfï oS lvd fkdyef<k ;o mila kï .eg¨ ixlS¾K nj
we;s fkdfõ' lvd yef<k mil w;a;sjdrï n|sk f;la ,E,s (Planks) yd
l=/md ^Struts& fhdod .ksñka mia r|jd ;nd .kakd nj
^4& ì;a;s ne|Su

² m,xÑ ksjeros yd Yla;su;a wdldrfhka idod .; hq;= nj
² m,xÑ iòyd WK nïnq" GI ng " GI m,xÑ" ,E,s" fhdod .; yels nj
² by< jev lrk úg wdrlaIs; ysiajeiqï me,|sh hq;= nj
jy,
² jyf,a jev lsÍfï oS wdrlaIl má" ysiajeiqï yd iúu;a m,xÑ Ndú; l<
hq;= nj
² ishü boslsÍï ld¾hhka ukd ixhuhlska hqla; j" ksjeros wkqms<sfj<g
isÿ l< hq;= nj
² wod< boslsÍïj, oS iqÿiq WmlrK Ndú; l< hq;= nj
² ;o mila we;s úg mia yEÍug - hW," Woe,a,
² nqre,a mila we;s úg mia yEÍug - Woe,a,
² úYd, mia m%udKj,g - neflda f,dav¾
² lmrdrejg - uksia ,E,a,"lmrdre yekao
² ì;a;s ne|Sug - fïika yekao
wdosh;
² wod< wdjqo yd WmlrK Ndú;fha oS ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj
118
ksmqK;dj 4'2 ( f.dvke`.s,s fiajdj,g wod< ixrpl f;dard .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2'1 ( .Dyia: úÿ,s ia:dmk moaO;sj, wvx.= fldgiaj, Ndú;h
úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² úÿ,s ia:dmk ie,iqïj, ixfla; u`.ska ksrEmKh lrk Wmdx. meyeos,s lrhs'
² úÿ,s ia:dmk ie,iqu wkqj Wmdx. iú jk ia:dkh ;SrKh lrhs'
² úÿ,s mßm:hl fodaI ksjeros lrhs'
² tosfkod ld¾h ie,iqï iy.; j bgq lrhs'
² tosfkod ld¾h iòyd ir, wdjqo" WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfï yqrej ,nd .kS'
msúiSu(
² mka;s ldurfha $;dlaIfõo ldurfha úÿ,s mßm:h ksÍlaIKhg mka;sh fhduq
lrjkak'
² tajdfha Wmdx. ia:dmkh ù we;s wkaou ,E,af,a weòSug isiqjl= fhduq lrjkak'
² wod< igyk ixfla; fhdod .ksñka ie,iqula njg m;a lsÍug fjk;a isiqjl=g
wjia:djla fokak'
² flfjks msgjdkl iÔù w.%h y`ÿkd .ekSug ksfhdka mÍlaIlh Ndú; lsÍu
iòyd isiqjl= fhduqlrjkak'
² fjk;a isiqjl=g u,aáógrfhka AC mrdifha 500V fhdod fjda,aàh;dj
uekSug wjia:dj fokak'
² úÿ,sh ia:dmkfha oS WmlrK yeisrùu ioyd md,k Wmdx. fhdod
.kakd nj
² wod< Wmdx. mßm: igykaj, oS ixfla; u`.ska ksrEmKh lrk nj
² m%Odk úÿ,s iemhqul iÔù (L) yd WodiSk (N) hkqfjka /yeka
folla Ndú; jk nj
² tajd y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd wNHka;r mßjrKh j¾K fldg we;s nj
merKs kj
L - r;= L - ÿUqre
N - l`M N - ks,a
² iÔù w.%hg ksfhdka mÍlaIlfha ikakdhl ;=v ;nd by< fldgi
iam¾Y l< úg ksfhdka n,anh oe,afjk w;r WodiSk w.%fha oS
tfia fkdjk nj
² iaúÉÑh u`.ska iÔù w.%h WmlrKfhka úikaê $ ikaê flfrk
nj
² WodiSk w.%h iDcq j u Wmdx.hg iïnkaO jk nj
² idudkH u,aáógrfhka m%;Hdj¾;k fjda,aàh;dj (AC Voltage)
ueksh yels w;r m%;Hdj¾;k Odrdj (AC Current) uekSfï
myiqlï fkdue;s nj
119
² m%Odk úÿ,sfha fjda,Aàh;dj 230V nj

² my; ioyka ud;Dldj,ska tla ud;Dldj ne.ska l=vd lKavdhïj,g ,nd
fokak'
² mka;s ldurfha$ ;dlaIfõo ldurfha $fjk;a iqÿiq ia:dkhl" úÿ,s iemhqï
moaO;shla ksÍlaIKhg wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
² ksÍlaIKh l< úÿ,s moaO;sh úÿ,s /yeka we§fï mßm:hla njg m;a
lsÍu'
² wod< moaO;sfha Wmdx. ia:dmkh lsÍfï ms<sfj< yd ia:dk.; lsÍu
oelaùu
² wod< moaO;sfha úÿ,s /yeka /òùfï l%ufõo úoyd oelaùu
² wod< ld¾hh bgq l< miq my; f;aud Tiafia lKavdhï ish,af,a u wjOdkh
fhduq lrjkak'
² úÿ,s ier jeoSu yd úÿ,s .sks we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= úuikak'
² wod< wjia:d wju lsÍug fhdod we;s l%fudamdh fidhd n,d jd¾;d
lrkak'
² m%ñ;sfhka f;dr wod< ia:dk wef;d;a tajd ksje/os l< hq;= wdldrh
olajkak'
² m%ñ;sfhka f;dr ia:dk ksjerÈ lsÍu ioyd iqÿiq jev ms<sfj<la i l i a
lrkak'
² wê Odrd yd ldkaÿ Odrd mßm: ìòskj, ls%hdldß;ajh úuid n,kak'
² ldkaÿ Odrd mßm: ìòskh ksjeros j ls%hd;aul fõ oehs mÍlaId lrk
wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'
² fjda,aàh;dj yd Odrd uekSfï WmlrK kï lr tajd Ndú; lrk
wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'
² Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a
lsÍug iQodkï jkak'
² úÿ,s Wmdx. ixfla;j;a lsÍug iïu; ixfla; fhdod .kakd nj
² iÔù" WodiSk yd N+.; /yeka oelaùug iïu; j¾K fhdod .efka'
² úÿ,s moaO;sj, Wmdx. ia:dmkfha oS wdrlaIdj yd Ndú;fha myiqj .ek wjOdkh
fhduq fldg udkj.;sl njg .e<fmk fia tajd ia:dk.; l< hq;= nj yd
tjeks Wmdx. mßjdrl ndysr wdjrK iys; úh hq;= nj
² úÿ,s /yeka /òùu ioyd iqÿiq l%ufõo Ndú; l< hq;= nj yd bka w,xlrKhg
ndOd fkdmeñKsh hq;= nj fuka u wdrlaIdj flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= nj
² úÿ,s ier jeoSug my; iòyka ;;a;aj fya;= úh yels nj
120
² mßjrKh fkdjQ úÿ,s /yeka
² flfjks msgjdka N+.; fkdlsÍu'
² iïmQ¾Kfhka mßjrKh fkdlrk ,o f,day wdjrK iys; úÿ,s WmlrK
iòyd ;=ka l+re fmakq fhdod fkd.ekSu'
² c, ldkaÿ ùu iys; ia:dkj, úÿ,s /yeka$ Wmdx. msysàu'
² úÿ,s .sks we;s ùug my; iòyka lreKq n,mdk nj
² iqug Odrdjlg Tfrd;a;= fkdfok /yeka Ndú;h
² ksis f,i iïnkaO fkdjQ úÿ,s iïnkaO;d
² wod< fodaI ksjeros lsÍu wksjd¾h nj
² wê Odrd .e,Sfuka jk ydks wju lsÍug is`.s;s mßm: ìòsk (M.C.B.) Ndú;
flf¾' ^fiajd ú,dhlh" Wm mßm: iòyd jQ ú,dhl$ M.C.B.)
² mßm:fhka ,nd .kakd Odrdjg .e<fmk M.C.B' fhdod .ekSu
² M.C.B. uQ,sl jYfhka l%u follg ls%hd;aul fõ'
² oaúf,day iaúÉÑ l%uh ^wê Odrdjla .e,Sfuka r;aùfï oS tla f,dayhla jeäfhka
m%idrKh ùu&
² úoHq;a pqïnl l%uh ( wêOdrdjla .e,sfï oS we;s jk pqïnl lafIa;%h by< hdu
² ñysldkaÿ wdrlaIKh ioyd my; lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
² úÿ,sh ,nd .kakd ieu ksjdihlg u fYaI Odrd mßm: ìòk
s hla ^R.C.C.B)
Ndú; lsÍu'
² ieu flfjks msgjdkla u N+.; lsÍu'
² úÿ,s /yeka weoSfï § úÿ,s ;dlaIKfõo fr.=,disj,g wkql+, j úÿ,s
iemhqï osla lsÍfuka wdrlaIdj ;yjqre fjhs'
² fYaI Odrd mßm: ìòskhl mÍlaIl fnd;a;u ;o lsÍfuka tys ls%hd;aul
nj mÍlaId l< yels w;r uilg jrla fyda ta fnd;a;u ;o ls Í fuka
th ls%hd;aul ;;a;ajfha we;s nj ;yjqre lr .ekSu wjYH nj
² fYaI Odrd mßm:hla ;=<ska .,k Odrdj yd bka msg jk Odrdj wiu;=,s;
jQ úg ^ldkaÿ jQ úg& WmlrKh ls%hd;aul jk nj
² m%Odk úÿ,sh m%;Hdj¾;k (AC), jk w;r tys fjda,aàh;dj 230 V la neúka
fjda,aàh;dj mÍlaId lsÍug AC mrdifha 250V fyda Bg jeä mrdihla ueksh
yels fjda,aÜógrhla mßm:hg iudka;r f,i L yd N yryd iïnka O l<
hq;= h'
² Odrdj o m%;Hdj¾;k ksid m%;Hdj¾;k weïmshr ógrhla mßm:hg fYaA%Ks.;
f,i iïnkaO lsÍfuka Odrdj ueksh yels w;r WmlrKh wod< mrdihg
.e<fmkakla úh hq;= h'
² m%;Hdj¾;k fjda,aàh;dj yd Odrdj uekSfï oS WmlrKfha mÍlaIK w.%j,
O%eùh;dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fkdfõ'
121
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2'2 ( .Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;shl fldgia tl,ia ù we;ss wdldrh
wdo¾Ykh lr fmkajhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ie,iqï lshjd tajdfha wvx.= fldgia y÷kd f.k m%Odk c, iemhqfï isg
ksfjig c,h ,nd .kak" úúO wdldr bosßm;a lrhs'
² wod< iïu; ixfla; Ndú; lrñka" c, iemhqï moaO;s f¾Ld igyka u`.ska
fmkajhs'
² .Dyia: c, wjYH;d imqrd ,Sug fhdod .; yels jvd;a fhda.H;u l%ufõoh
;¾ldkql+, j bosßm;a lrhs'
² úúO fiajd oelafjk f¾Ld igyka lshjd wod< Wmdx. yd iúl=re ,ehsia;=.;
lrhs'
² WmlrKhla Ndú;hg .ekSfï oS" Bg wod< Ñ;%" f¾Ld igyka wdosh lshjd" th
ksjeros j ls%hd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj we;s lr .kshs'
msúiSu(
² mS'ù'is' c, k< yd Wmdx. Ndú;fhka ilia lrk ,o my; oelafjk c,
iemhqï moaO;sh isiqka bosßfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
122
² tla jrlg tla isiqjl= ne.ska wu;d tla tla fldgi y÷kd .ekSug bv
i,ikak'
² wod< k< moaO;sh oelafjk f¾Ld igyk yqkq mqjrefõ olajkak'
² ,efnk ms<s;=re yqkq mqjrefõ igyka lrkak'
² my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdj fufyhjkak'
² ie,iqu wkqj .Dyia: c, iemhqu isÿ lrk nj
² úúO iúl=re yd Wmdx. ie,iqï oelaùug ixfla; Ndú; flfrk nj
² lrdu fyda lmdg fyda iú lsÍug Bg wod< .e<fmk Wmdx. f;dard .; hq;= nj
² ldkaÿùï j<lajd .ekSug lrdu yd lmdg" k< moaO;shg iïnkaO
lsÍfï oS fmdg uqødmá ^Thread seal& Ndú; flfrk nj'
² mdi,a mrsY%h ;=< fyda fjk;a iqoqiq ia:dkhl fyda msysá f.dvke`.s,a,l c,
iemhqï moaO;s lSmhla fj; isiq lKavdhï fjka fjka jYfhka fhduq lrkak'
^fuys oS iDcq yd jl% hk l%u fol u wvx.= jk mßos c, iemhqï moaO;s f;dard
.ekSu jvd;a iqÿiq h'&
² c, iemhqï moaO;sh ilia ù we;s wdldrh f¾Ld igyklska olajd tys ish,q
fldgia kï lsÍug isiq lKavdhï fj; Wmfoia fokak'
² /ia lrk ,o o;a; weiqfrka my; j.= iïmQ¾K lsÍug lKavdhï fhduq
lrkak'
1 j.= j - k<
k< j¾.h k<fha úIalïNh

^mSvk mka;sh& ^kdñl úIalïNh&
2 j.=j - Wmdx.
Wmdx.fha ku k<fha úIalïNh .Kk ^Nos)
^φ)
123
3 j.=j - lrdu iy lmdg
ku úIalïNh .Kk ^Nos)

^φ)
fï wkqj c, iemhqï moaO;shl uQ,sl fldgia" tajdfha wjYH;d wkqj fhdod .;

yels wdldr idrdxY.; lrjkak'
² f;dard .;a mßY%fhka fyda c, iemhqï moaO;shl f¾Ld igykla yd wjYH
Wmdx." k< j¾. ,nd oS tajd tlla wfklg iïnkaO lr wod< tallh m%o¾Ykh
lrk f,i isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
² my; oelafjk c, iemhqï tallj, f¾Ld igyka fldgia fjka fjka j
lKavdhï 3 lg ,nd fokak'
² kdk u,g c,h iemhSu
² fojqï fíiug c,h iemhSu
² fodard gekalshg c,h iemhSu
² ksis f,i f¾Ld igyk lshjd wjYH fldgia kshñ; mßos tl,ia lsÍul
isiqka fhdojkak'
² w;aoelSï bosßm;a lsÍug l=vd lKavdhï iQodkï lrjkak'

² f.dvke`.s,s iòyd c,h iemhSfï oS m%Odk jYfhka 1' iDcq l%uh" 2' jl% l%uh
hkqfjka l%u folla Ndú; flfrhs'
² ikSmdrlaIl WmlrK ioyd iDcq j u m%Odk c, iemhqfuka c,h ,nd .kakd
l%uh iDcq l%uh f,i ye`Èkafjhs' (Direct system)
² c, gekalsj,g m%Odk c, fiajdj u`.ska fyda <sx u`.ska fyda c,h iemhsh yels
l%uh jl% l%uh f,i ye`Èkafjhs'
² c, .nvd gekals yryd c,h iemhSu jl% l%uh (Indirect system) f,i yeòk
s f
a jhs'
² iDcq yd jl% l%u tlla wfkl ixikaokh lsÍfï oS úúO jdis yd wjdis we;'
² msßjeh jeä ùu jl% l%ufha wjdishls'
² wê mSvk fmdïm fhdod c, .nvd gekals rys; j Wi f.dvke`.s,sj,g m%Odk
c, iemhqfuka c,h imhk iDcq l%uhla j¾;udkfha kd.ßl j fhdod .efkhs'
124
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
.Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;ss - Domestic Water Supply Systems
.ïnog jvd kd.ßl m%foaYj, ck.ykh wêl neúka mdkSh c, wjYH;dj imqrd
,Su b;d jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh hq;= h' l%u l%ufhka kd.ßl j jeä jk ck.ykhg
m%udKj;a mdkSh c,h iemhSu yd fnod yeÍu myiq ld¾hhla fkdfõ' fï i|yd
iajdNdúl c, iïm; /l .; hq;= h' c,h msßisÿ lsÍfï fhdackd l%u ls%hd;aul
l< hq;= h'
ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,s i|yd mdkSh c,h k< u`.ska iemhSug wjYH c, iemhqï
moaO;s ie,iqï fhdod .kakd m%Odk fldgia .ek lreKq fidhd n,uq'
lrdu - Taps
c, iemhqï moaO;s ilia lsÍfï § w;HjYH iúl=re fldgila we;' Ndú;h i|yd
c,h ,nd .kqqfha lrdu u`.sks'
ysá lrduh - (Bip Tap)
1' ye`v,h Handle

2' boao Shaft
3' nQis uqßÉÑh Glant Nut
4' wejqreï fmÜáh Stuffing Box
5' Wjiqk Bonnet
6' lmdg ;eáh Valve Disk
7' fjdIrh Washer
8' uqßÉÑh Nut
9' lmdg wiqk Valve Seat
10' lrdu n| Body of the Tap
ms;a;," ;U jeks u, fkdnef|k f,day j¾.j,ska ;kkq ,efnhs' 12mm, 20mm yd

25mm m%udKj,ska ,nd .; yels h' j¾;udkfha ma,diaála j¾. o we;'
ysá lrduh ilia ù we;s fldgia by; fþ§h yrialv u`.ska meyeÈ,s flfrhs'
ye`v,h ls%hdlrùfï § boao (Shaft) fldgi by<" my< .uka lrk úg lmdgh
újD; ùu iy jid ±óu isÿ fjhs'
125
jD;a;dldr f,day ;eáhlska yd rn¾$yï fjdIrhlska lmdgh ilia ù we;'
Ndú;fha § fjdIrh wn,ka jQ úg lrduh jid ±uqj;a c,h ldkaÿ úh yels h'
m`:ÿ jQ fjdIrh .,jd bj;a lr w¨;a fjdIrhla fh§fuka lrduh kej; Ndú;hg
.; yels h'
geï lrduh - Pillar Tap
iú lrkqfha uqyqK fidaok fíiu" kdk

fíiu jeks WmlrK iu`.hs' ysá lrduh
fuka fkd j" fl%dañhï wdf,ams; neúka
geï lrduh ukd fmkqulska hqla; h'
12-25mm olajd m%udKj,ska ,nd .; yels
h'
c, iemhqï isria j iú l< hq;= h' fï lrdufhka we;=<; lmdgh" ysá lrdufha
lmdghg iudk h' lrduh" újD; l< úg fíifuka msg;g c,h úys§u je<elaùu
i|yd lrdufha fl<jr we;=<;ska l=vd keiskakla iú lr we;'
uqyqK fidaok fíifuys we,a c,hg wu;r j WKq c,h iemhSu l< hq;= úg geï
lrdu 2la iú flf¾' WKq c,h iy we,a c,h iemhqu y\qkd .ekSu i|yd lrdufha
u;=msg ks,a$r;= meye;s lrduh fíifï jï miska iú flf¾'
Tnk lrduh - Push Button Tap

fjk;a lrduj, ls%hd lrk ye`v,h fjkqjg ;,a¨ l< yels fnd;a;ula iys;
fldgila ks¾udKh lr we;' fnd;a;u w;ska ;,a¨ lrk úg we;=<; we;s lmdgh
újD; ù c,h ksl=;a fjhs' fnd;a;u w;ska ksoyia l< úg" lmdgh kej; jeiS hk
mßÈ fnd;a;u iys; ÿkaklg iïnkaO lr we;'
kslrefKa lrduh újD; j ;eîfuka c,h wmf;a hdu Tnk lrduh Ndú;fhka
je<elaúh yels h' fï ksid Tnk lrdu fndfyda úg Ndú; lrkqfha mdi,a" nia
kej;=ïfmdf<dj,a jeks uyck fmdÿ ia:dkj, h'
lmdg - Valves
c, iemhqï moaO;sj, c, iemhqu md,kh lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH ks¾udK fldgila
we;' .Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;sj, § fuka u m%Odk c, fnodyeÍï moaO;sj, o
lmdg fhdod .; hq;= fjhs'
m%Odk jYfhka" lmdg c, iemhqï moaO;sj, § fhdod .kqfha"

1' c,h .e,Su wvq fyda jeä lsÍug
2' iajhxls%h j c,h .e,Su k;r lsÍug iy
3' c,h wdmiq .e,Su j<lajd .ekSu i|ydhs'
.Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;sj, jeämqr Ndú; flfrk lmdg ms<sn| lreKq wOHhkh
lruq'
126
kej;=ï lmdgh - Stop Valve
c,h .,d hdu wvq fyda jeä fyda lsÍug
kej;=ï lmdgh Ndú; flfrhs'
iïmQ¾Kfhka jid ±uQ úg c,h .e,Su
k;r fjhs' ì%;dkH iïu; msßú;rj,g
wkqj ilia flfrk kej;=ï lmdg ms;; a ,
fyda ;U fyda f,da y j,s k a ks m oefjhs '
j¾;udkfha ma,diaála j¾.j,ska ;ekQ úúO
j¾. o fjf<|fmdf<ys we;' kej;=ï
lmdg ^12mm-50mm& olajd m%udKj,ska
,nd .; yels h' kej;=ï lmdgfhys
we;= < ; ks ¾ udKh fndfyda ÿrg ys á
lrduhg iudk h' rnr fjdIrh iys;
lmdgh m`:sÿ jQ úg w¨;ajeähd l< yels
rEmh 4'12 h' boao iys; ye`v,h o ysá lrduh fuks'
.Dyia: c, iemhqï moaO;sj, fndfyda úg fhdod .kakd kej;=ï lmdgh iú lsÍfï

§ kshñ; ÈYdjg iú l< hq;= h' lmdgfha msg; .e,Sï ÈYdj ,l=Kq lr we;'
fodrgq lmdgh - Gate Valve
rEmhs 4'13
kej;=ï lmdgfha wjYH;dj fodrgq lmdgfhka o imqrd .; yels h' fuh ms;a;,"
;U f,dayj,ska ksmoefjhs' jeä mSvkhla iys; c, k< i|yd fï lmdgh iú
lsÍsfuka jid ±óu yd újD; lsÍu myiqfjka l< yels h' c,h .e,Su flfrys we;s
flfrk >¾IK m%;sfrdaOh kej;=ï lmdghg jvd wvq jk f,i isria j my<g ls%hd
flfrk fodrgqjl wdldrhg lmdgh ilia ù we;' ñg ye`v,h jD;a;dldr yevhla
f.k ;sîu" ls%hd lrùfï § myiqjls'
l%ufhka lmdgh f.ù hdfï §" jid ±uQ miq j;a c,h ldkaÿ úh yels h' fuh
kej;=ï lmdgh fuka w¨;ajeähd lsÍu wmyiq h' lmdgfha jD;a;dldr ñg fldgig
ks,a" r;=" jeks j¾K fhdod we;af;a" we,a c,h yd WKq c,h iemhqï moaO;s y÷kd
.ekSu i|ydhs' c,h .e,Sfuka we;s jk >¾IK ydksh wvq neúka c, .nvd gekalj
s ,ska
c,h msg;g .kakd k<h i|yd fodrgq lmdg úfYaIfhka fhdod .efka' fïjd
12mm-75mm olajd m%udKfhka ,nd .; yels h'
127
fnda, lmdgh - Ball Valve
iajhxls%h f,i c,h .e,Su k;r lsÍu i|yd fnda, lmdgh fhdod .efka' c, uÜgu
wkqj" lmdgfha ls%hdldß;ajh isÿ fjhs' ta i|yd lmdgfha fl<jr bms,a,la ^Float&
,Sjr fldgilska lmdgh yd iïnkaO lr we;' c, uÜgu by<" my< .uka lrk
úg" ta wkqj lmdgh ls%hd lrhs'
c, .nvd gekalsj,g k< c,h iemfhk k<fha fl<jrg fnda, lmdghla iú

lsÍfuka" gekalsh c,fhka msÍ hk úg lmdgh iajhxls%h f,i jeiS hhs' c,h
wmf;a hdu je<elafjhs' jeisls<s fmdaÉÑ fidaod mú;% lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd
jrdik (Cisterns) i|yd o fnda, lmdg fhdod .kq ,efnhs'
md lmdgh - Foot Valve

c, fmdïm iú lsÍfï §" fmdïmh ;=<g c,h weo.kakd pQIK k<h fl<jr iú
lrkqfha md lmdghls' md lmdgh iú lsÍfï wruqK c,h wdmiq .,d hdu je<elaùuhs'
md lmdg úúO yevj,ska ks¾udKh flfrk w;r u, ne£u isÿ fkdjk øjHhlska
ks¾udKh úh hq;= h'
c, k<" jeisls<s kdkldur WmlrK i|yd c, iemhqï moaO;s

f.dvke`.s,a,l c, iemhqï moaO;s ilia l< hq;= wdldrh ie,iqï lrkq ,efnhs'
k< yd Wmdx. iú l< hq;= whqre f¾Ld igyka u`.ska fmkajkq ,efnhs' weia;fïka;=
ilia lsÍug iy bÈlsÍï lghq;= i|yd fï ie,iqï Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
128
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2'3 ( m,afodare wmjyk moaO;shlg wh;a fldgia úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² f.dvke`.s,s m,afodare wmjyk moaO;s ie,iqï lshjd Bg wh;a fldgia kï
lrhs'
² wjYH;dj wkqj m,afodare wmjyk moaO;sj, fhdod .; hq;= k< yd Wmdx.
j¾. iy tajdfha m%udK bosßm;a lrhs'
² N+.; c, uÜgï fjkia ùul oS " ffcj ls%hdj,shg ndOd we;s fkdjk fia
mQ;sl gekals iy fm`.jqï j< iòyd iqÿiq ia:dk f;dard .kshs'
² ksjeishkaf.a fuka u wi,ajeishkaf.a fi!Lhg ndOd ysßyer isÿ fkdjk mßos
iqÿiq m,afodare wmjyk moaO;s l%uhla ls%hd;aul lrhs'
² úúO ikSmdrlaIl WmlrK ;=<ska bj;a jk" wys;lr jdhq iys; wmsßisÿ øjH
u`.ska mßirhg we;s úh yels ydks j<lajhs'

msúiSu(
² jeisls<s fmdaÉÑhlska bj;a jk m,afodare c,h mQ;sl gekalsh fj; fhduq
lrk wmjyk moaO;shl rEm igykla mka;shg bosßm;a lr" my; oelafjk
m%Yakj,g flá ms<s;=re wfmalaIdfjka" isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
² jeisls<s fmdaÉÑhl m;=f,ys c, fldgila /òS mj;skqfha wehs @
² mQ;sl gexlsfha fyda Bg wdikakfha fyda jd;k k<hla (Vent pipe)
fhdod .kafka wehs @
² c, iemhqï moaO;sj,g jvd jeä úIalïNhlska hq;a" k< yd fldgia
m,afodare wmjyk moaO;shl fhdod .kqfha wehs @
² jeisl<
s s fmdaÉÑhg msg;ska m,afodare k< ud¾.fha ukqì,la fhdod .ekSfï
wjYH;dj l=ula o@
² by; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd .ksñka" my; lreKq u;= jk fia isiqka iu`.
idlÉPdj bosßhg f.k hkak'
² jeisls<s fmdaaÉÑhl m;=f,ys ks;r r|jd .kq ,nk c, fldgi c,
W.=,la ^Water trap& f,i y÷kajk nj
² mQ;sl gekalsh ;=< wvx.= úI jdhq jeisls<s fmdaÉÑh ;=<ska bj;a ùu
je<elaùug c, W.=,la fhdod .kakd nj
² mQ;sl gekalsh ;=<g m,afodare c,h we;=,a l< yelafla" jd;k k<hla
u`.ska" mQ;sl gekalsh ixjd;kh lsÍfuka muKla nj
² c, k< fuka fkd j wmjyk k< ;=< .e,Su isÿ jkqfha .=re;ajc n,h
u`.ska neúka" c,h iu`. jd;h .uka lsÍug m%udKj;a úIlïNhlska
hq;a k< fhdod .; hq;= nj
² wmjyk k< ud¾. iu`. ukqì,a fhdod .ekSfuka" we;s úh yels wjysr;d
je<elaúh yels nj
129
² my; ±lafjk m,afodare wmjyk moaO;s (Sewage drainage Systems) ie,iqï
tla tla lKavdhu fj; ,nd fokak'
1' idudkH ksfjil jeisls<sfha isg mQ;sl gekalsh olajd ilia lr we;s
m,afodare wmjyk moaO;shla oelafjk ie,iqu
2' idudkH ksfjil jeisls<sfha isg kd.ßl m%Odk m,afodare k<h olajd
ilia lr we;s m,afodare wmjyk moaO;sh oelafjk ie,iqu
3' fouy,a ksfjil jeisls<sj, isg mQ;sl gekalsh olajd m,afodare wmjyk
moaO;sh oelafjk ie,iqu
^1&
VP - Vent pipe ^jd;k k<h&
WC - Water closet ^c, uqøs; jeisls<s fmdaÉÑh&
MH - Man Hole ûkqì,&
ST - Septic tank ^mQ;sl gekalsh&
SP - Soaking pit ^fm`.jqï j<&
f.dvke`.s,a,
MH
WC ST SP
o
vp
m,afodare neyer lsÍfï mQ;sl gekals l%uh
rEmh 4'14
130
2 kd.ßl m,afodare wmjyk l%uh
------
f.dvke`.s,a,
------
WC WC M.S.P - Main Sewage Pipe

------
G MH - Man Hole
I.M.H - Interceptor Man Hole
------
MH MH W.C - Water closet

I.M.H
MSP G. - Gulley
rEmh 4'15
3. fouy,a ksfjil m,afodare wmjyk moaO;sh
rEmh 4'16
131
² ;u lKavdhug wh;a ie,iqu ksÍlaIKh lr my; f;dr;=re bosßm;a lrk
f,i Wmfoia fokak'
1' m,afodare k< iy Wmdx.
2' ukqì,aj, msysàu iy iajNdjh
3' ikSmdrlaIl WjdrK iy Bg iïnkaO lr we;s c, W.=,a j¾.h'
4' jd;k k<fha úIalïNh iy Wi
² tla tla lKavdhu fidhd .;a f;dr;=re iuia; mka;h
s g bosßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj
fokak'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu iòyd w;aje,la(
² m,afodare wmjyk moaO;s i|yd wju jYfhka 100 mm hq;a k< iy
Wmdx. Ndú; l< hq;=hs'
² wjysr;d je<elaùug iy kv;a;= ld¾hhg ukqì,a fhdod .; hq;=hs'
² P, S, yd Q jYfhka c, W.=,a j¾. lr we;'
² fmdf<dj ;=< m,afodare k< w;=rkqfha iajhx mú;% wd;;sh wkqj h'
² mQ;sl gekalsh ;=< oS m,afodare osrdm;a ùu" nelaàßhd j¾. u`.ska isÿ
flfrhs'
² fm`.jqï j< (Soaking pit& fhdod .kqfha" c,h mig Wrd .ekSu iòyd h'
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
rEmh 4'17
f.dvke`.s,a,l wmjyk moaO;s l%uh
132
m,afodare ldKq k< ^mSùiS& Wmdx.
rEmh 4'18
133
m,afodare wmjyk moaO;s
úúO wjYH;dj i|yd ksjdi iy f.dvke`.ss,sj,g c,h iemhSu fuka u wm; c,h
neyer ,Sfï l%uhla ilia lsÍu b;d jeo.;a wjYH;djls' kdkldurj, Ndú; c,h"
ñksia u," iy uqM;ekaf.hs Ndú; flfrk c,h fufia neyer ,sh hq;= wm; c,hg
wh;a h' ñksia u, m,afodare f,i ye`Èkafjhs' m,afodare neyer ,Sfï moaO;s ilia
lsÍug wod< lreKq wOHhkh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a f,i i,luq'
m,afodare wmjyk moaO;shl ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl wjYH;d
1' wmjyk moaO;sh i|yd fhdod .kakd k< yd fldgia ;=<ska" c,h ldkaÿùula isÿ
fkdúh hq;= h'
2' k< t<Su iy fjk;a bÈ lsÍï fldgia wjika jQ miq li< iys; c,h .e,Sug ndOd
jk lsisjla k< ud¾. ;=< fkd;sìh hq;= h'
3' c,h fuka u >k øjH o" w;r u`. /`§ulska f;dr j .,d hdu i|yd wjYH
wkql%uKhla iys; j k< t<Su l< hq;= h'
4' k< t<Su iDcq f¾Ldjlg úh hq;= w;r ^fmdf<dj ;=<& ÈYdj fjkia ùfï §" mrSlaIK
ljq`: fyda ukqì,a fyda fh§u l< hq;= h'
5' wjysr;djla we;s úh yels ieu ;eklg u ukqì,la fhdod .; hq;= h'
6' m,afodare k< i|yd fhdod .kakd k<j, wju úIalïNh 100 mm ls'
7' m%Odk wmjyk k<hlg YdLd k<h iïnkaO úh hq;af;a 450 fyda Bg wvq fyda
fldaKhlsks'
8' m,afodare k<hg" YdLd k<hla iïnkaO lsÍfï § YdLd k<h ;=<ska .,d hk c,h
c, W.=,la ;=<ska .uka lsÍug bv ie,ish hq;= h'
9' Ndú; lsÍug fmr iïmQ¾K wmjyk moaO;sh ;=< ldkaÿùï fyda fjk;a wjysr;d
we;a oehs mÍlaId l< hq;= h'
134
c, W.=,a
‘ U ‘ k<fha uQ,O¾uh wkqj" c, fldgila ks;r /`§ mj;sk wdldrhg c, W.=,a
ks¾udKh ù we;' my; olajd we;s mßÈ /fòk c, m%udKfha isria Wi c, uqøs;h
f,i ye`Èkafjhs' úúO yevhlg kud .;a k< fldgia c, W.=,a f,i Ndú;
flfrhs'
rEmh 4'19
kud .;a yevh wkqj c, W.=,a ‘P’, ‘S’ yd ‘Q’ f,i kï lr we;' ÖkÉpÜá"
.e,ajkhsia wf,ams; hlv ^G.I&" ueá iy ma,diaála j¾.j,ska fïjd ks¾udKh flf¾'
c, W.=,aj,ska we;s m%fhdack

ikSmdrlaIl WjdrK ^WmlrK& ;=<ska bj;a jk wmsßisÿ c,h" wmjyk k<hlg
iïnkaO lsÍug fmr c, W.=,la iú l< hq;= h' wmjyk k<h fyda m,afodare k<h
fl<jr jkqfha" mQ;sl gekalsh (Septic tank) fyda uyd ud¾.h wdY%s; j fhdod we;s
fi!LHhg wys;lr wmsßisÿ jdhq (NH3, CH4, H2S) k< Èf.a wdmiq tau c,
W.=,la fh§fuka j<lajd .; yels h'
jeisls<s fmdaÉÑ iú lsÍfï § ‘P’ fyda ‘S’ fyda j¾.fha c, W.=,la fhdod .ekSu l<
hq;= h' c, W.=,a" c, ynl f,i o ye`Èkafjhs' c, W.=,a j¾. lsysmhla my;
y÷kajd § we;'
.,s ynl - Gulley Trap
mshk
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
12345678901234567890
.,sh rEmh 4'20
wm; c,h
meñfKk
k<h
^1$1$4& 1234567890123456789
wm; c,h
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789
1234567890123456789 m%Odk
k<hg
/ÿKq li< fldgia
fuh ‘P’ yd ‘S’ yevfhka ilia flfrhs' uqyqK fidaok fíiï u.ska fyda kdkldur
;=<ska fyda bj;a jk wm; c,h m%Odk k<hg fyda ldkqjlg fyda tl;= ùug fmr
.,s ynlla iú flf¾' fï ksid m%Odk k<fha wjysr úh yels l=Kq" frdvq" je,s
hkdÈh ynl ;+< r|jd .; yels h'
135
w;=rej< c, W.=, - Intercepting Trap
m%Odk m,afodare k<hg fyda mQ;l

s gekalhs g
fyda wdikak j m,afodare k< ud¾.fhys
fï c, W.=, iú flf¾' idudkH c,
W.=,lg jvd fuys uqø;s h jeä Wilska ^1000
mm& fhdod we;s w;r" Y=oaO lsÍfï weila o
^Cleaning eye& tys wvx.= h' w;=rej< c,
W.=, fmdf<dj uÜgñka my< muKla
fhdod .kakd w;r" tys Ndú;fha m%Odk
wruqK jkqfha wmsßisÿ jdhqj ksjdi yd
f.dvke`.s,s ;=<g we;=,a ùu je<elaùuhs'
rEmh 4'21
wmjyk k<
m,afodare fyda wm; c,h neyer ,Sug fhdod .kakd k<" wmjyk k< f,i y÷kajuq'
w;S;fha isg fï i|yd ueá k< Ndú; flfrk w;r" j¾;udkfha ÖkÉpÜá k<
^Cast Iron & iy P.V.C. k< fndfyda úg fhdod .efka' ueá k< fmdf<dj uÜgñka
my< wmjyk moaO;s i|yd fhdod .; yels w;r" f.dvke`.s,s i|yd" ÖkÉpÜá jeks
f,day k< iy mSùiS k< Ndú; l< hq;= h'
wmjyk moaO;shl k<" Ndú;h wkqj j¾. ;=kls'

1' wm; k<h - Waste pipe
2' m,afodare k<h - Sewer pipe
3' jd;k k<h - Vent pipe
m,afodare k< i|yd wju jYfhka 100mm úIalïNh we;s k< fhdod .; hq;= h'
iïnkaO flfrk jeisls<s fmdaÉÑ m%udKh jeä jk úg 150mm k< Ndú; flfrhs'
iajhx fiaÿï wkql%uKh

fmdf<dj uÜgñka my< m,afodare k< fyda fjk;a k< wkql%uKh fyda t<Sfï §
hïlsis wkql%uKhla ;sìh hq;= h' fufia lrkqfha k<h ;=< .e,Su isÿ jkqfha
.=re;ajc n,h wkqj neúks' m,afodare k< ;=< c,h iu`. li< o" .uka lrk w;r
tajd w;r u`. fkd/`§ c,h iu`. u bj;a úh hq;= h' fï i|yd iqÿiq .e,Sfï m%fõ.h
we;s lsÍug k< we;sÍu l< hq;= wkql%uKh iajhx fiaÿï wkql%uKh f,i y÷kajhs'
m,afodare k< i|yd iajhx fiaÿï wkql%uKh
k<fha wkqlu
% Kh wkqlu% Kh
úIalïNh ueá k< mSùiS k<
mm
100 1 : 40 1 : 80
150 1 : 60 1 : 120
225 1 : 90 1 : 180
136
mQ;sl gekals l%uh
m,afodare neyer ,Su i|yd kd.ßl jHdmD;shla l%shd;aul jkqfha fld<U k.rfha
muKs' tjeks l%uhla fkdue;s m%foaYj, msysá ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,s i|yd ;u
bvu ;=< mQ;sl gekals l%uh" m,afodare neyer ,Su i|yd fhdod .; yels h'
my; f¾Ld igykska fmkajd we;s mßÈ mQ;sl gekals l%shdj,shg" iDcqfldaKdi%
yevfhka hq;a mQ;sl gekalshl=;a jD;a;dldr yevfhka hq;a pQIK gekalshl=;a ilia
l< hq;= h'
M.H. - ukqì,
S.T - mQ;sl gekalsh
S.P. - fm`.jqï j< Sockage Pit
rEmh 4'22
mQ;sl gekals ks¾udKh
A - A fþ§h yrialv fmkqu
rEmh 4'23
137
ie,eiau - Plan
ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd ^ Anerobic Bacteria & u`.ska isÿ flfrk l%shdj,sh u`.ska m,afodare
ydksodhl fkdjk" fndr ^ Sludge & fldgia njg m;a lsÍu fuu mQ;sl gekals
l%ufhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%Odk wruqKhs' c,h ldkaÿ fkdjk fia" .fvd,a"
íf,dla .,a" fldkal%SÜ jeks øjH Ndú; lr ì;a;s ilia lsÍfuka mQ;sl gekalsh bÈ
l< yels h'
my; i|yka lreKq mQ;sl gekalshl ks¾udKh flfrys jeo.;a jkq we;'
1' yevh iDcqfldaKdi% úh hq;= h' m<, fuka 2-3 .=Khla jk fia È. .;
hq;= h'
2' wjYH øjH mßudj" Ndú; lrkakd jQ mqoa., ixLHdj wkqj úh hq;= h' Wmßu
c, uÜgu by<ska ksoyia wjldYhla i|yd ^250mmla muK& bv ;eìh hq;= h'
3' ì;a;s i|yd iqÿiq fldkal%SÜ w;a;sjdrula fhdod .; hq;= h'
4' m;=f,a yevh" we;=<;ska ;rula wdk; yevhlska ilia úh hq;= h'
5' mQ;sl gekalsh u;=msg fmriú fldkal%SÜ ,E,sj,ska wdjrKh úh hq;= h'
6' c,h we;=M jk k<h" msgdr k<h uÜgug jvd 40mmla muK by<ska ;sìh
hq;= h' fï i|yd ‘ T ‘ k< fldgila fhdod .ekSu jvd;a iqÿiq h'
7' mQ;sl gekalsfha Wmßu c, uÜgug by<ska jd;k k<hla ^vent pipe& fhdokak'
fm`.jqï j< ^^Soaking pit)
mQ;sl gekals l%shdj,sfha 2 jk mshjrhs'

mQ;sl gekalsh ;=< § isÿ jk tkfrdaìla
nelaàßhd l%shdj,sfhka miq j >k fldgia
gekalsh m;=,g tla jk w;r" msgdrh
fm`.jqï j< fj; hjd mi ;=<g li<
c,h Wrd .ekSug ie,eiaùu fuys wruqKhs'
fï ksid fm`.jqï j< f;;ukh Wrd.kakd
iq¨ mi msysá ia:dkhl ilia úh hq;= h'
<s|la jeks c, m%Njhlg wE;a j msysáh
hq;= h'
rEmh 4'24
138
fm`.jqï j< ks¾udKfha § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
1' yevh jD;a;dldr h' idudkH úIalïNh 1200mmla muK fõ'
2' .eUqr idudkHfhka ógr 3la muK fõ' mfiys ;;a;ajh wkqj fuu .eUqr fjkia
úh yels h'
3' ì;a;s" c,h msg;g ldkaÿ ùug yels mßÈ ilia úh hq;= h' .fvd,a Ndú; lrkafka
kï ‘V’ l=ia;+r fhdod .ekSu id¾:l j l< yels h'
4' ì;a;s i|yd w;a;sjdru jD;a;dldr yevfhka hq;a fldkal%SÜ ;<dòlska ilia lr
.; yels h' ^ R.C.C. Beam &
5' u;=msg fldkal%SÜ wdjrK fh§u'
6' fmdf<dj u;=msg uÜgfï isg" 750mmla muK my<g fm`.jqï j< ì;a;s we;=<;
me;af;a isfuka;s lmrdre l< hq;= h'
mfiys jEiaiSï mÍlaIdj - Percolation Test for Soil

fm`.jqï j< i|yd mfiys f;;uk Wrd.ekSfï ;;a;j a h fidhd ne,Su fï mrSlI
a Kfha
wruqKhs' mig c,h tl;= jQ úg mi ;=< c,h jeiaiSu isÿ ùug .; jk ld,h fï
mÍlaIKfha § ksÍlaIKhg ,la l< hq;= h' mÍlaIKh lrkq ,nk ms<sfj< (
1' fm`.jqï j< i|yd fhdað; ìfuys 600mm-900mm m%udKfha .eUqre isÿre 6la
ydrkak'
2' ish¨ u isÿre c,fhka mqrjkak'
3' c, uÜgu 150mm olajd wvq ùug bv yßkak'
4' 25mmlska c, uÜgu my< neiSug bv yer Bg .; jQ ld,h igyka lr .kak'
^c, uÜgu mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd ñkqï oKavla Ndú; lrkak'&
5' my; j.=j wkqj fm`.jqï j< i|yd wjYH j¾.M,h .Kkh lrkak'
25mmlska c, uÜgu fm`.jqï mßudj$mqoa.,hl= i|yd

my< neiSu i|yd .; jQ ld,h ^ñks;a;=& m2/p
2 fyda Bg wvq 4
3 5
4 6
5 6'5
10 8
15 9
30 13
60 17
60g jvd jeä fm`.jqï j< i|yd kqiqÿiq h
wmjyk moaO;s ie,iqï

f.dvke`.,s j
s , kdkldur jeisl<
s s ;=< fyda fjk;a ia:dkj, iú lr we;s ikSmdrlaIl
WmlrK ;=<ska fyda bj;a jk wmú;% c,h wmf.a ikSmdrlaIdjg ndOdjla fkdjk
mßÈ neyer ,Sug wmjyk moaO;s l%uhla ie,iqï l< hq;= h' idudkH ksfjil fuka
u Wiska jeä úYd, f.dvke`.s,a,l jqj o " ilia flfrk wmjyk moaO;shlg my;
i|yka m%Odk wx. we;=<;a h'
1' k< yd Wmdx.
2' c, W.=,a $ ynl
3' ikSmdrlaIl WjdrK
4' mQ;sl gekalsh iy fm`.jqï j<
139
5' ukqì,a $ mÍlaIK ljq`:
wmjyk moaO;s ie,iqï lsßfï § m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; lrk l%u folls'
1' ixfhdað; l%uh - Combined system
2' wiïnkaê; l%uh - Seperate system
1 ' ixfhdað; l%uh

ish¨ u ikSmdrlaIl WmlrK ;=<ska bj;a jk wm; c,h neyer ,Su i|yd tla
fmdÿ k<hla fhdod .ekSu fuhska woyia flf¾' rEm igyfka fmkajd we;s mßÈ
kdk Trej ^Bath Tub&" uqyqK fidaok fíiu jeks WmlrK ;=<ska bj;a jk wm;
c,h;a" jeisls<s fmdaÉÑ ;=<ska bj;a jk m,afodare c,h;a tla m%Odk k<hlg fhduq
lr we;' by; rEm igyfkaa ixfhdað; l%uh ie,iqï lrk whqre meyeÈ,s lr we;'
my; lreKq ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
B.T. - kdk Trej

W.B. - .uqyqK fidaok fíiu
C - jeisls<s fmdaÉÑh
^fldfudavh&
S - iskala Ndckh
G.T. - .,s ynl
M.H. - ukqì,
rEmh 4'25
1' m%Odk k<h i|yd úIalïNh jeä k<hla ^wju 100mm& fhdod .ekSu'
2' k<fha by< újD; fl<jr f.da,Sh lïì ±,lska wdjrKh lsÍu'
3' ish¨ u YdLd k< i|yd c, W.=,a iú lr ;sîu'
4' ìï ud,fha we;s WmlrKj,ska bj;a jk wmú;% c,h YdLd k<hla ;=<ska m%Odk
k<hg ukqì,la ud¾.fhka iïnkaO lsÍu'
140
2' wiïnkaê; l%uh
kdk fíiu ^Trej&" uqyqK fidaok fíiu jeks WmlrKj,ska bj;a jk wm; c,h
i|yd tla k<hl=;a" jeisls<s fmdaÉÑ" hqßk,aia ûQ;%& jeks WmlrK ;=<ska bj;a jk
m,afodare c,h i|yd fjk u k<hl=;a" fuu l%ufha § fhdod .kq ,efnhs' fmdf<dj
uÜgfï § wm; c,h iy m,afodare k< ud¾. fjk fjk u neyer ,Sfï ls%hdj,shg
fhduq l< hq;= h' fuúg m,afodare k< ;=< we;s wmsßisÿ jd;h ^ÿ¾.kaOh& wm; c,
k< ud¾.j,g we;=`Mùu isÿ fkdfõ' c, W.=,a wjYH;dj" m,afodare k<hg iïnkaO
flfrk ikSmdrlaIl WmlrKj,g muKla iSud fõ'
V.P. - kdk Trej

W.P. - wm; c, k<h
S.P. - m,afodare k<h
R.W.P. - jeis c, k<h
W.C. - jeisls<s fmdaÉÑh
B.T. - kdk Trej
W.B. - .uqyqK fidaok
fíiu
C - jeisls<s fmdaÉÑh
^fldfudavh&
P.S. - mekaá% iskala
G. - .,sh
M.S.P. - m%Odk m,afodare
k<
M.H. - ukqì,
I.T. - w;=rej< c, W.=,
rEmh 4'26
141
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2'4 ( ks¾ñ; mßirh jeä oshqKq lsÍug wjYH ls%hdud¾. .kshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,sj, jd; ixirKh we;s lsÍfuka we;s jk jdis bosßm;a
lrhs'
² f.dvke`.s,s ;=<g iajdNdúl j wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSfuka we;s jk jdis ifya;l=
j bosßm;a lrhs'
² f.dvke`.s,s iòyd oQú,sj,ska f;dr jd;dY%h iy iajdNdúl ysre t<sh iemhSu
jeä oshqKq lsÍfï l%ufõo bosßm;a lrhs'
² ksjdi ;ekSfï oS fi!LHhg ys;lr mßirhla iys; ia:dk f;dard .kshs'
² mßir ydks wju lrñka ;u fi!LHh wdrlaId lr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'

msúiSu(
² mßirh by< uÜgul mj;sk isxyrdc wvúh jeks ia:dkhla ;=<g we;=`Mjk
´kEu mqoa.,hl=g we;s jk ye`.Su ms<snò j isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
tjka mßir rgdjla ;=< udkisl yd wdOHd;añl jYfhka we;s jk ;Dma;sh
w.h lrñka my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia flá idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² ÿ,sj,ska f;dr ùu" úI jdhqj,ska f;dr jd;dY%h" Yío ¥IKh f;dr ùu
hk lreKq mßirh /l .ekSfï uQ,sl wjYH;d nj
² iajdNdúl j ,eî we;s msßisÿ jd;dY%h" ñksia ls%hdldrlï ksid ¥IKh ù
we;s nj
² kd.ßl m%foaYj," .ïno m%foaYj,g jvd jd;h ¥IKh ù we;af;a l¾udka;
Yd,d iy wêl jdyk .ukd.ukh ksid nj
² kd.ßl j Yío ¥IKh jeä w;r th ukd j wjfndaO jkafka .ïno fydaa
le,Eno fyda m%foaYhlg wj;S¾K jQ úg nj
² ¥ú,sj,ska f;dr ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jeks úI jdhqj,ska wju jd;
ixirKhla we;s lsÍfï l%ufõo wm úiska ls%hd;aul l< hq;= nj
² ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,s iòyd yels ieu wjia:djl u ysre t<sh ,nd
.ekSug ie,eiaùfuka n, Yla;sh iqrlaIs; lr .; yels nj
² my; ud;Dld w;=frka" tla tla lKavdhu iòyd ud;Dldjla f;dard oS" my;
j.=j wkqj f;dr;=re tla /ia lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
1' f.dvke`.s,s iy wjg mßirfhys msßisÿ jd; ixirKhla mj;ajdf.k
hdu
2' ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,s ;=<g iajdNdúl ysre t<ssh iemhSu'
3' Yío ¥IKh wju jQ mßirhla we;s lsÍu
142
ud;Dldj'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' lKavdhu '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ndOl$ .eg¨ je<elaùug fhdað; l%ufõoh ls%hd;aul jk kS;sÍ;s
² YsIH lKavdhï úiska wkdjrKh lr .;a f;dr;=re iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a

lsÍug w jia:dj ,nd fokak'
² jd;dY%h yd wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu iòyd" ieu ldurhla iòyd m%udKj;a
j¾.M,fhka hq;a cfk,a ljq`M ;eìh hq;= h'
² ysre t<sh ks;r fydòska fkd,efnk m%foaYj, oS fodr cfk,a iòyd ùÿre Ndú;
l< hq;= h'
² f.dvke`.s,s we;=<; ukd jd; ixirKhla we;s lsÍu iòyd ì;a;sj, my< iy
by< fldgiaj,g ljq`M ;eìh hq;= h'
² WKqiï
q jd;h bj;a lsÍu iòyd mshis jd; ljq`M ;eîfuka id¾:l jd; ixirKhla
isÿ fjhs'
² f.dvke`.s,s wjg N+ñh ;Kfld< jeùu jeks wdjrK fhoSfuka ¥ú,s we;s ùu
wju lr .; yels h'
² ckdjdij,ska neyer j l¾udka;Yd,d we;s lsÍug wjYH lghq;= ie,eiaùfuka
Yío ¥IKh fndfyda ÿrg wju l< yels h'
fuys wys;lr n,mEï
² wdf,dalh yd jd;dY%h iemhSfï oS" kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh u`.ska mkjd we;s
kS;sÍ;s wkq.ukh l< yels h'
143
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2'5 ( f.dvke`.s,s kv;a;= lghq;= lsÍu m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² f.dvke`.s,s kv;a;= lsÍfuka we;s jk jdis bosßm;a lrhs'
² f.dvke`.s,s kv;a;= ld¾h ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² ksis l,g wod< kv;a;= ld¾hhka isÿ lsÍfuka" úúO f.dvke`.s,s fiajdjka
ld¾hlaIu j mj;ajd f.k hhs'
² tosfkod Ndú; flfrk WmlrKhl fyda NdKavhl fyda we;s úh yels
ÿ¾j,;d h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍfuka tys l,a meje;au jeä lr .kshs'
² l,g fõ,djg kshñ; kv;a;= ld¾hhka isÿ lsÍfuka fmdÿ wd¾Òl M,odhs;dj
kexùug iydh fjhs'

msúiSu(
² Z wxlh iys; merKs fudag¾ r:hla ud¾.fha .uka lrk whqre oelafjk
PdhdrEmhla$msk;a r
+ hla mka;h
s g bosßm;a lrkak' tjekakla fidhd .ekSu
s ÿIalr
ld¾hhla fõ kï jdyk isiqka oel we;ehs i,ld flá idlÉPdjla fufyh
jkak'
² fï merKs r:jdyk Odjk ;;a;ajfha mej;Sug m%Odk fya;=j isiqkaf.ka
úuikak'
² l,g fõ,djg ksis mßos kv;a;= lsÍu" wo jk ;=re Odjk ;;a;ajfha mej;Sug
m%Odk fya;=j nj meyeos,s lrñka my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdj bosßhg
fufyhjkak'
² hul l,ameje;au" tys kv;a;=j wkqj isÿ jk nj
² kv;a;= ld¾h hïlsis ld,igykla wkqj Wiia uÜgulska mj;ajd
f.k hd hq;= nj
² f.dvke`., s ,
a l ia:dhs;dj iy l,a meje;au ròd mj;skf
q ha ksih
s dldr
kv;a;= ls%hdoduhlska nj
² úúO f.dvke`.s,s fiajdj, ld¾hlaIu;dj t,odhS f,i mj;ajd
f.k hd yelafla" fiajdjka ksis mßos kv;a;= lsÍfuka nj
² ksis ld, mßÉfþohlg miq j iy oskm;d l< hq;= ld¾h f,i
kv;a;= ls%hdj,sh m%Odk fldgia follg fjka l< yels nj

² mdi,a mßY%h ;=< fyda msg; msysá fyda me/Ks f.dvke`.s,a,la ksÍlaIKh
lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
² tys wvq mdvq" w¨;ajeähd lsÍï" fjk;a ÿ¾j,;d my; oelafjk j.=j wkqj
jd¾;d lsÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
144
² my; oelafjk wx. hgf;a isiqka lKavdhï wkqj fufyhjkak'
1' jy, iy iS,su
2' ì;a;s iy f.ìu
3' fodr" cfk,a " ljq`M
4' c, iemhqï" wmjyk moaO;s" úÿ,s fiajdjka
f.dvke`.s,s fldgi$fiajdj
w¨;ajeähd l< w¨;ajeähd lsÍfï l%uh wjYH øjH fjk;a lreKq

hq;= wxYh$ fldgi
tla tla lKavdhu úiska wkdjrKh lr .;a f;dr;=re$jd¾;d iuia; mka;shg

bosßm;a lsÍug iydh jkak'

² f.dvke`.s,a,l l,ameje;au" tys kv;a;= ls%hdj,sh u; n,mdkq we;'
² fydòska kv;a;= lr mj;ajd f.k hk f.dvke`.s,a,l mosxÑlrejkaf.a
ikSmdrlaIdj by< uÜgul mj;S'
² úÿ,s" c," wmjyk hk fiajdjka ld¾hlaIu j mj;ajd f.k hdu ioyd" wod<
fldgia ksishdldr j kv;a;= l< hq;= h'
² iq`M kv;a;= u`. yeÍ hdfuka" l,lg miq j lrk kv;a;= lghq;= iòyd úYd,
msßjehla wjYH fõ'
145
ksmK
q ;dj 5'0 ( li< ksis mßos l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï l%u f;dard .kshs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 ( li< ckkh iy j¾.SlrKh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² li< >k" øj" jdhq jYfhka ckkh jk wdldr úia;r lrhs'
² úúO ia:dkj,ska li< ckkh jk wdldrh úuiñka mßir ¥IKh wju
lsÍfï l%ufõo fhdod .kshs'
² li< ksishdldr j neyer lr ,Sfï jeo.;alu ms<s.kshs'
² ms<sfj<lg jev lsÍug yqre fjhs'
² .eg¨jla úu¾Ykd;aul f,i ú.%y fldg ta .eg¨j úiòSug lghq;= lrhs'
msúiSu(
² mdif,a$ ksjfia ckkh jk li< øjH fudkjd oehs mka;sfhka úuikak'
² y`ÿkd .;a li< j¾.SlrKh l< yels wdldrh úuikak'
² li< ksis f,i neyer fkdlsÍfuka isÿ jk wmyiq;d idlÉPd lrkak'
² my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² mdif,a$ ksfjfia ckkh jk li<

² ñksia nysiai%dùh øjH
² uq`M;ekaf.hska bj;a flfrk wmøjH yd N+ñfha we;s fld<" frdvq " >k
wmøjH" f,i o
² uq`M;eka f.hska bj;a lrk wm; c,h" øj wmøjH f,i o
² c,hg ldnksl øjH tl;= ùu ksid iEfok yhsv%cka i,a*hsv (H2S)
jeks jdhq j¾."
jdhq wmøjH WodyrK f,i o oelaúh yels nj
² fï wmøjH ksis f,i neyer fkdlsÍfuka mßirh ¥IKh jk w;r
tu`.ska frda.ldrl i;=ka fndaùu jeks fi!LH .eg¨ we;s úh yels nj

² li< ckkh iïnkaOfhka jk my; iòyka ud;Dld ;=k isiq lKavdhï
;=kla fj; mjrkak'
² >k wmøjH
² øj wmøjH
² jdhq wmøjH
² lKavdhug ,nd fok ud;Dldj my; iòyka f;aud Tiafia úu¾Ykhlg
fhduq lrjkak'
² .Dyia: wmøjH
² wdh;ksl wmøjH
² jdKsc wmøjH
146
² l¾udka; wmøjH
² lDIsld¾ñl wmøjH
² tla tla f;audjg wod< j ckkh jk wmøjH ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh< lrjkak'
² y`ÿkd .;a wmøjH ckkh jk wdldrh úuid ne,Sug lKavdhï fhduq lrjkak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQyslj iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a
lrjkak'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la
² >k wmøjH
>k wmøjH iajdNdúl yd lD;su jYfhka j¾. l< yels fõ'
tajd osrd hk yd osrd fkdhk f,i j¾. l< yels w;r mßirhg úYd, ydkshla
f.k fokqfha osrd fkdhk wmøjHj,sks'
² øj wmøjH
øj wmøjH f,i uQ;% " ^j<x$ ms`.ka yd uq`M;ekaf.hs t<jq`M fidaod yeÍfuka
msg jk& wm; c,h" ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=j, oS bj;a flfrk wm; c,h" øj
wmøjHj,g wh;a fõ'
² jdhq - wmøjH
jdhq wmøjH f,i bjqï msyqï lghq;=j, § msg jk ÿï" hka;% iQ;%$ fudag¾ r:
ls%hd;aul lsÍfï oS msg jk jdhq j¾. ^CO, CO2, H2O, SO2 jeks jdhq j¾.) yd
l=Kq f.dvj,a m,a ù hdfï oS msg jk jdhq j¾. óg we;=,;a h'
.Dyia: wmøjH
.Dyia: f,i ckkh jk wmøjH iòyd WodyrK lsysmhla f,i my; iòyka
oE bosßm;a l< yels h'
² jeisls<s fj; fhduq lrk ñksia u, wmøjH
² ksjdi uq`M;ekaf.hska msg jk >k wmøjH
² t<jq`M fYaI fldgia
² uia " ud`M wdosh fyda fYaI
² ksjdi N+ñh msßisÿ lsÍfï oS neyer flfrk wmøjH
² fld< j¾.
² ma,diaála øjH
² f,day j¾.
² fiaoSfï oS bj;a jk wmøjH
² øjH yd WmlrK
² we`ÿï fiaoSfï oS
147
wdh;ksl wmøjH
wdh;k f,i i,lkq ,nkafka rcfha ld¾hd," mdi,a" frday,a jeks wdh;k fõ'
fï ia:dkj,ska msg jk wmøjH f,i
² jeisls<s wmøjH ^>k" øj" jdhq jYfhka&
² wdmk Yd,d wdosfhka msg jk wmøjH ^>k" øj&
² Ndú;fhka bj;a lrk ,o øjH
² lvodis j¾.
² weiqreï j¾.
² f,day j¾.
² ma,diaála øjH
² lEu T;k lvodis
wdosh ±laúh yels h'
jdKsc wmøjH
jdKsc wdh;k f,i fNdackYd,d $fydag,a" ixpdrl fydag,a" fjf<ò wdh;k oelaúh
yels h'
fï ia:dkj,ska neyer ,k wmøjH f,i
² jeisls<s wmøjH
² wdmk Yd,d wmøjH
² mú;% lsÍfï os neyer jk wmøjH
² fld< frdvq
² lvodis
² ma,diaála øjH
² f,day j¾.
l¾udka; wmøjH
l¾udka; wmøjH my; iòyka mßos úia;r l< yels h'
² jeisls<s wmøjH ^f.dvke`.s,sj, isg&
² msßisÿ lsÍfï oS msgjk wmøjH
² lvodis j¾.
² bkaOk j¾.
² ma,diaála øjH
148
lDIsld¾ñl wmøjH
lDIsld¾ñl wmøjH my; iòyka mßos úia;r l< yels h'
² i;a;aj f.dúfmd<j,ska neyer flfrk wmøjH
² lDIsld¾ñl fnda. j.dj iòyd fhdok fmdfydr j¾." ridhksl
øjH ñY% c,h
² c,h tla /ia ù m,aùu ksid we;s jk wmøjH
² oykh ksid msg jk ÿï j¾.
² l=Kq f.dvj,a m,aùu ksid we;s jk ÿ¾.kaOh
li< ckkh jk wdldrh
1' >k li< iajdNdúl j ÔrKh jk wdldrhg tla ia:dkhl f.dv .id
fkd;nd ìfuys ;ekska ;ek neyer ,Su ksid i;=ka lEug mqreÿ ùfuka ;ekska
;ek li< øjH úisÍ mej;Su'
2' ud¾. wi, >k li< f.dv .id ;eîu u`.ska fï li< i;=ka lEug mqreÿ ùu
ksid tajd ;ekska ;ek úiqrejd yeÍu" iq<`.g ;ekska ;ek úisÍ mej;Su'
3' ;ekska ;ek c,h m,aùu" wmøjH tl;= ùu u`.ska wys;lr jdhq j¾. ckkh
ùu ksid ÿ`.ò yeóu'
4' l¾udka; Yd,d ;=<ska ridhksl øjH iys; c,h u;=msg ldkq fj; fhduq lsÍu
yd ÿï j¾. jdhqf.da,hg fhduq ùu'
149
ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ( wkdrlaI;
s f,i li< neyer lsÍu ksid ñksidf.a meje;aug
isÿ jk ydks úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² wkdrlaIs; f,i li< neyer lsÍfuka iudchg isÿ jk wmyiq;d meyeos,s
lrhs'
² wkdrlaIs; f,i li< neyer lsrSfuka mßirh ¥IKh jk wkaou úia;r lrhs'
² wdrlaIs;j li< neyer lsÍfï jeo.;alu ixikaokd;aul j w.h lrhs'
² mßirh wdrlaId lsÍfï l%ufõo flfrys W;aiql fjhs'
² tosfkod ld¾hj, oS ydks wju lsÍfï l%ufõo fhdod .kS'
msúiSu(
² li< øjH wkdrlaIs; f,i neyer ,Su ksid iudchg isÿ úh yels wys;lr
n,mEï mka;sfhka úuikak'
² li< wkdrlaIs; f,i neyer lsÍu ksid iudcSh yd fi!LH .eg¨ we;s
úh yels h'
² li< ksis l<ukdlrKfhka f;dr j neyer lsÍfuka c,h yd jdhq
¥IKh fõ'
² we;eï úg mßirfha ix>gl p,kj, fN!;sl" ridhksl" ffcùh
fjkialï we;s jk w;r úlsrKh fya;=fjka o úúO wmyiq;d we;s fjhs'
² wkdrlaIs; f,i li< neyer,Su ksid u;=jk iudcSh" ck fi!LH .eg¨
ms<snò my; iòyka ud;Dld fol isiq lKavdhï fj; mjrkak'
² c,h ¥IKh ùu
² jdhq ¥IKh ùu
² isiq lKavdhï fj; ,nd fok ud;Dld my; iòyka f;aud Tiafia úu¾Ykhl
fhfokak'
² fN!;sl fjkiaùu
² ridhksl fjkiaùu
² ffcj fjkiaùu
² úlsrK fjkiaùu
² fi!LH .eg¨ my; iòyka f;aud Tiafia úuid n,kak'
² frda. iajNdjh$frda.ldrl
² frda. ;;a;aj we;s ùug$W;aikak ùug n,mdk wkaou
lrjkak'
150
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu iòyd w;aje,la (
² iudcSh yd fi!LH .eg¨
² c, jHdma; frda.
² wmøjH YÍrfhys ;ejÍu ksid ifuys frda. we;s ùu
² wys;lr jdhq j¾. wdYajdi lsÍu ksid yqiau .ekSfï wmyiq;d yd isys
uQ¾Pd ùu
² c,h ¥IKh ùu
c,h ¥IKh ùu ksid my; iòyka .eg¨ we;s úh yels h'
² fN!;sl fjkiaùu
² ridhksl ixhq;sh fjkiaùu
² ffcj fjkiaùu
² úlsrK n,mEu
² jdhq ¥IKh ùu
jdhq ¥IKh ùu ksid fkdfhla wys;lr úI jdhq j¾. ckkh úh yelsh'
c, jHdma; frda. - Water Borne Diseases
my; iòyka wdldr u`.ska c, jHdma; frda. fnda úh yels h'
1' nelaàßhd u`.ska - (From Bacteria)
2' jhsria u`.ska - (From Viruses)
3' mKqjka u`.ska - (From Worms)
4' uÿrejka u`.ska - (From Mosquitoes)
nelaàßhd u`.ska fndajk frda.
1' WKikaksmd;h - Typhoid
2' fld,rdj - Cholera
3' neis, w;Sidrh ^mdpkh& - Bacillary Dysentery
4' cGr wdka;%ody ^mdpkh& - Diarrhoea
jhsria u`.ska fndajk frda.

1' fix.ud,h - Hepatitis
2' fmda,sfhda - Poliomyelitis
mKqjka u`.ska fndajk frda.
1' mKq frda.
uÿrejka u`.ska fndajk frda.
1' fvx.= WK - Dengue
2' nrjd frda.h - Filaria
151
² wmøjH YÍrfhys ;ejÍu ksid ifuys we;s jk frda.
² ifuys oo j¾. we;s ùu
² ifuys ;=jd, we;s ùu
² ifuys leiSu we;s ùu
² li< c,h cSrKh ùu ksid ckkh úh yels wys;lr jdhq j¾. lsysmhla
1' ldnka fufkdlaihsâ jdhqj - CO
2' ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj - CO 2
3' yhsv%cka i,a*hsâ jdhqj - H2S
4' fuf;aka jdhqj - CH4
^j.=re jdhqj& Ôj jdhqj
c,h fjkiaùu ksid we;s jk fN!;sl fjkiaùï
1' mdg - Colour
2' rih - Taste
3' .kaOh - Odour
4' fndr .;sh - Turbidity
² c,h ¥IKh ùu ksid we;s jk ridhksl fjkiaùï
² ridhksl øjH c,hg tl;= ùu
² osrdm;a ùug Ndckh ùu ^hlv u, lEu&
ffcj fjkiaùu
ffcj fjkiaùu ksid nelaàßhd ls%hdldß;ajh jeä úh yels w;r wvq ùug o
mq`Mjk' ridhkssl øjH jeä jYfhka li< c,hg tl;= jQ úg nelaàßhd udOH úkdY ùu
ksid li< ÔrKh wvmK úh yels h' tneúka ksjdi li< c,h neyer ,Sfï oS jeisls<sj,
ñksia nysia i%dùh øjH muKla jeisls<sj,g fhduq flf¾'
úlsrK n,mEu
úlsrK hka;% ls%hd;aul jk ia:dkj,ska msg lrk úlsrKj, n,mEu ñksidg
wys;lr úh yels h'
152
ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ( wdrlaIs;j li< neyer ,Sfï l%u f;dard .kshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² li< øjHj, .;s ,laIK meyeos,s lrhs'
² li< øjH neyer ,Sfï l%ufõ o meyeos,s lrhs'
² kd.ßl li< øjH neyer ,Sfï l%ufõo Ndú;fha úoHd;aul moku ixikaokh
lrhs'
² wmøjH wdrlaIs; f,i neyer lrhs'
² mßir ixrlaIKfha fldgialrejl= f,i lghq;= lrhs'
msúiSu(
² li< W;amdokfha oS li<j, .;s ,laIK mka;sfhka úuikak'
² li< f.dv .id ;sìh oS we;s jk li<j, .;s ,laIK mka;sfhka úuikak'
² li< neyer ,Sfï l%ufõo isiqka iu`. idlÉPd lrñka y`ÿkd .kak'
² wdrlaIdldÍj li< neyer lsÍfï wjYH;dj mka;sfhka úuikak'
² li< W;amdokfha ,laIK f,i my; iòyka lreKq oelaúh yels h'
² wêl .kaOhla mßirhg fhduq lsÍu
² úI jdhq j¾. mßirhg uqod yeÍu
² li< f.dv .id we;s úg we;s jk ;;a;aj my; iòyka mßÈ oelaúh yels h'
² i;=ka li< weo ±óu ksid mßirh wj,iaik ùu
² ikSmdrlaIl nj fkdue;sùu
² f,v frda. fndaùu$f,v frda. we;s lrk ldrl fndaùu

² wdrlaIs; f,i li< neyer lsÍu iïnkaOfhka jk my; iòyka ud;Dld
fol l=vd lKavdhï follg ,nd fokak'
² idudkH f,i li< neyer lsÍu
² kd.ßl m%foaYj, wdydr neyer lSÍu
² ,nd ÿka ud;Dld .ek my; iòyka f;aud Tiafia úu¾Ykhl fhfokakg
isiqka fhduq lrkak'
² ;kQllrKh - (Dilution)
² m%,dyh - (Recovery)
² ,sy,
s l
a rKh - (Mitigation)
² ffcjiudphkh - (Bio - accumulation)
² ffcj ydhkh - (Photo degradation)
153
² li< neyer lsÍfï l%ufõo my; ioyka m%fhdackj;a ld¾hj, fhdod .kakd
wdldrh .fõIKh lrjkak'
² bvï f.dv lsÍu
² fldïfmdiaÜ fmdfydr ksmoùu
lrjkak'

² wdrlaIs; f,i li< neyer lsrSfuka my; iòyka ;;a;aj we;s lr .; yels h'
² mrsirh ikSmdrlaIl ùu
² mßirh w,xldr ùu
² f,v frda. fndaùu wju ùu
li<j, .;s ,laIK
W;amdokfha oS
™
1' wêl .kaOhla mßirh g fhduq ùu
f.dv .id ;sìh oS
2' wys;lr jdhq j¾. mßirhg fhduq ùu
li< m%;sldrl moaO;s u`.ska li< W;amdokh lsÍfï oS fuu ;;a;aj wju l<
yels h'
f.dv .id ;sìh oS
1' i;=ka wmøjH lEug mqreÿ ùu ksid mßirh mqrd u wmøjH úisÍ ;sìh
yels h'
2' wêl .kaOhla mßirhg fhduq ùu
3' wys;lr jdhq j¾. mßirhg fhduq ùu
li< neyer ,Sfï l%ufõo
;kQlrKh - Dilution
li< c,h c,dYhlg fhduq lsÍfï oS ;kQlrKhg Ndckh l< hq;= h' tl;= lrk
li< c,h mßudj fuka 9 .=Khl muK c, m%udKhlg li< c,h tl;= lsÍu u`.ska
;kQlrKh l< yels h' fufia li< c,h c,dYhlg tla l< úg mßirhg wys;lr
;;a;ajhla we;s fkdfõ' jeis c,h u`.ska o li< ;kQlrKhg Ndckh fõ'
m%,dyh - Recovery
li< c,h yd >k li< øjH úfhdackh lsÍu u`.ska c,h mßirhg ys;lr wdldrhg
uqod yeÍu isÿ l< yels w;r >k wmøjH ÔrKh lrùu u`.ska fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .;
yels wdldrhg m;a l< yels h'
154
,sy,
s l
a rKh - Mitigation
li< o%jH u`.ska mrsirhg wys;lr n,mEula we;s fkdflfrk fia iqoqiq m%foaYhl
f.dv .id ;sîfuka l%u l%ufhka osrd m;a ùug Ndckh ùfuka li<j, we;s úh
yels úI jdhq" .kaOh wdosh mßirhg bj;a ùfuka li<j, we;s wjodkï ;;a;ajh
wju l< yels h'
ffcj iudphkh - Bio accumulation

li< øjH jdhqf.da,hg ksrdjrKh lr ;eîfuka ijdhq nelaàßhd j¾Okh ùu
u`.ska li< øjH osrdm;aùu isÿ jk w;r" li< øjH f.dv .id ;sîu u`.ska
wNHka;r jYfhka ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd ls%hdldrs;aj u`.ska li< øjH osrdm;a ùu isÿ
fõ'
Wod(- mQ;sl gekals yd .jr j< wdos jeisls<s wmøjH tla /ia jk ia:dkj, >k
wmøjHj, ÔrKh ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd u`.ska isÿ fõ'
ffcj ydhkh - Bio degradation

li< o%jH jdhqf.da,hg ksrdjrKh lsrSu u`.ska fyda f.dv .id wdjrKh lr ;eîu
u`.ska fyda li< Ôùka u`.ska ÔrKhg m;a ù úfhdackh ùu ksid miq wjia:dj, oS
fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .; yels fõ'
m%ldY ydhkh - Photo degradation

li< fydòska ysre rYañh we;s ia:dkj, w;=rd fõ<Sug Ndckh lsÍu u`.ska li<j,
we;s wjodkï ;;a;ajh wvq lr .; yelsh' wod< øjH fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .;
yels h" ke; fyd;a mq`Miaid oeñh yels h'
kd.ßl li< neyer ,Sfï l%ufõo

² bvï f.dv lsÍu
² fldïfmdiaÜ fmdfydr ksmoùu
bvï f.dv lsÍu

k.rj, tl;= jk l=Kq li< j¾. lsÍfuka osrd m;a jk øjH f;dard my;a ìï f.dv
lsÍu iòyd fhdod .; yels h' fld<U k.rfha fndfyda my;aìï fï li< øjHj,ska
mqrjd iu;,d ìul ld,hla ;sfnkakg yer osrd m;a jQ miq Bg by<ska wkqu; j¾.fha
fndr¨ mia mqrjd ;<d iu;,d ìï Ndú;h iòyd fhdod .; yels h' fuu`.ska
bvïj, jákdlu o jeä lr .; yels h'
155
fldïfmdiaÜ fmdfydr ksmoùu
li< øjH j¾. lsÍu u`.ska osrdm;a jk øjH f;dard f.k li< øjH l=vd j<j,a
lmd j<j,aj,g fyda ldkq lmd ldkqj,g fyda mqrjd ;eîfuka udi lSmhla .;
jQ miq li< øjH osrdm;a jQ úg øjH fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .; yels h'
ñksia nysiai%dùh wmøjH jeisls<sj, isg li< m%;sldrl moaO;s fj; fhduq lsÍfuka
msßhï lr bka msg jk c,hg úIîckdYlhla fhdod úIîcyrKh lr iqÿiq
c,dYhlg fhduq l< yels h' >k li< øjH fõ' fmdfydr f,i Ndú;hg .; yels
h'
kd.ßl >k li< øjH o j¾.SlrKh lr m%;sldr lsÍu u`.ska fldïfmdiaÜ fmdfydr
ksmojkq ,efí'
wdrlaIs; f,i li< neyer ,Sfï jeo.;a lu

1' mßirh b;d w,xldr f,i ;nd .; yels ùu
2' f,v frda. fndaùu wju lr .; yels ùu
3' rchg ffjoHdOdr ,nd oSug jeh l< hq;= uqo,a wju lr .; yels ùu
4' f,v frda. ksid isÿ jk urK m%udKh wju lr .; yels ùu
156
ksmqK;djh 6'0 ( ir, ìï uekqï lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( oïje,a ñkqï l%uh Ndú; lr l=vd ìï lÜáhla ukshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² oïje,a uekqu fhdod f.k ueksh yels ìï lÜáhla f;dard .kshs'
² oïje,a f¾Ldjlg yuq jk ndOl u. yer fodaI wju lr uekqu igyka lrhs'
² oïje,a uekqula is;shï .; lrhs'
² ld¾hhl oS o;a; igyka lr .ekSu yqre lr .kS'
² msßisÿ j" meyeos,s j" ksjeros j ld¾h bgq lsÍu yqre lr .kS'
msúiSu(
² oïje, iy fiiq WmlrK lÜg,h mka;shg fmkajkak ^lshùï lÜg,h
lshjkak,
² tajd ksÍlaIKhg wjia:dj fokak'
² tajd Ndú; l< yels wjia:d mka;sfhka úuikak'
² idudkH ñkqï máhlg jvd oïje,la fhdod .ekSfï we;s jk .eg¨ úuikak'
² my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv k.kak'
² bosßm;a lr we;s WmlrK ìï uekqug fhdod .kakd nj
² oïje, fhdod ìï uekSfuka my; jdis ie,fik nj
² ÿr isg mdGdxl lshùu
² ìu t<d ;eîfï yelshdj
² ìu osf.a weo f.k hdfï yelshdj
² r`M Ndú;hg Tfrd;a;= oSu
² WmlrK lÜg,h Ndú; lsÍfï oS my; i|yka .eg¨j,g úi÷ï
,nd .; yels nj
² uekqï f¾Ldjlg ndysßka jQ ,laIHhl msysàu y÷kd .ekSu
² oïje,a f¾Ldjlg yuq jk ndOlhla u`. yeÍu
² tl u mdoï f¾Ldjlg (Base line) fomiska iïnkaO ;s%fldaKdldr rEm fol
,efnk fia bvï lÜáhla jï yd ol=Kq jYfhka lKavdhï follg fnod
fokak'
∆ Base line
LHS ^mdoï
jï mi f¾Ldj&
∆ ∆
Land ^ bvï lÜáh&
ol=Kq mi
RHS ∆ Peg Stations
l+[a[ ia:dk
rEmh 6'1
157
² wod< lKavdhug wh;a ìï fldgfia j¾.M,h ,nd .ekSug;a tys is;shu
we`§ug;a Wmfoia fokak'
² ta i|yd my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrk f,i isiqka oekqj;a lrkak'
² l+[a[ (Pegs) msysgqjd ,laIH y÷kajd fokak'
² tajd w;r iuia; ÿr uek igyka lrjkak'
² l+[[
a folla w;r oïje, t<d udhsïj,g yd jeo.;a ia:dkj,g wkq,ïn
,nd f.k lafIa;% fmdf;ys igyka lrjkak'
² ;s%fldaKj, mdoj, os. fhdod f.k j¾.M,h fidhkak'
² lKavdhï fofla u m%;asM, tlg tl;= lrkak'
² lKavdhï fofla u o;a; Ndú; lr is;shula ks¾udKh lrjkak'
úIh lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSug w;aje,la

² ,laIH folla w;r ÿr uekSfï oS ,nd .;a ñkqu i|yd fYdaOk fhosh hq;= h'
² wkq,ïn .ekSfï oS (Perpendicular & Oblique) ,ïn f,i iy wdk; f,i
jYfhka l%u folla we; ^lshùï lÜg,h n,kak&'
² ;s%fldaKhl mdo ;=fka os. muKla oS we;s úg j¾.M,h fiùfï l%uh y÷kajd
§u
² ;sf
% ldaKfha mdoj, isg udhsïj,g ,nd .;a wkq,ïn Ndú; lr kej; lvodish
u; is;shï .; l< yels h'
² is;shï we|Su i|yd iïu; mßudK Ndú; l< hq;= h' ta wkqj
,eî we;s ìï lÜáh we`§ug iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .; hq;= h'
² is;shï we|Sfï úúO WmlrK we;'
² úúO fldgia i,l=Kq lsÍug ixfla; iy j¾K fhdod .; yels h'
158
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
uekqï úµdfõ uQ,O¾u
uekqï úµdj hkq b;d l=vd mrudkql fldgiaj, isg úYajfha wE; fl,jr wkka;h
olajd jQ ieu ish¨ mod¾:hla yd Yla;shla j ms<snò wOHhkh" ix.kKh yd idfmalaI
úia;r lsÍu uekqï úµj f,i ir,j w¾: ±laúh yel' fuys m%Odk jYfhka uQ,O¾u 3 lg
fjka flf¾'
1' uQ,sl lafIa;% wOHhkh (Reconnaissance)
2' uekSu yd o;a; igyka lsÍu (Measure and record)
3' úia;rd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍu (Presentation)
I uQ,sl lafIa;% wOHhkh ûQ,sl msßlaiqu&

´kEu uekqï ld¾Hhla wdrïN lsÍug fmr Bg wod, lafIa;%h ms<snò wOHkhla l,
hq;= h' tys § weò .kq ,nk msßlaiqï igyka ^lgq igyka& (Prospection Diagramne) j,
" m%Odk yd uQ,sl md,l ,laI" jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l, hq;= ia:dk ms<snò igyka ;nd
.; hq;= h' tys § uekqu ms<snò ish¨ ;SrKj,g ''''''''' hq;= h' uekqu wdrïN lrk Èkh"
fhdod .kakd uekqï l%uh" Ndú; WmlrK Ys,AmSka yd uekqu wjidkfha n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk wruqK ms<snò wjfndaOhla o ;sìh hq;= h'
2' uekSu yd igyka lsÍu

l,ska ;SrKh lr.kakd ,o ;SrKj,g wkqj uekqu wdrïN lr wod< l%u yd
WmlrK Ndú;d lr uekSu lrkq ,efí' WmlrK Ndú;d lsÍug fmr ksjerÈ;dj mÍlaId
l, hq;= igyk lsÍfï § lafIa;% fmd;a (Field Book) fyda igyka lsÍu iòydu we;s úfYaIs
fmd;a Ndú; l, hq ; = h' (Leveling Sheet/ Book, Co - ordinate sheet etc.)
mqfrda.dñh$ fyj;a m,mqreÿ mqoa.,hd ,sùfï ld¾h mqoa.,hd uekSu lrkq ,efí' igyka
lsÍfï kS;s yd iïm%odhkag wkqlQ,j msßisÿj meyeÈ,sj igyka ;eìh hq;= h' .kakd,o
ñkqïj, ksjerÈ;djh ;yjqre lr .ekSug wfõlaIK ñkqï (Check measurments)
.; hq;= h'
3' úia;rd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍu

´kEu uekqï ld¾hl wjika m%;sM,h jkafka fuu úia;rd;aul bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'
th wdlD;shla" ie,eiaula" msUqrla" is;shula úia;r f,aLkhla" ,ÿ m;la PdhdrEmhla jek
s;j;a mqoa.,fhl=g lshjd ±ln,d hul jákdlula ;lafiare l, yels bÈßm;a lsÍula úh
hq;= h' iïmQ¾K uekqfï meyeÈ,sj m%ldY jk wjia:djls'
uekqï úµdfõ j¾.SlrK

1' Ndú; lrk WmlrKh wkqj lrk ,o j¾.SlrKh
2' uekqu isÿ lrk lafIa;%h wkqj lrk j¾.SlrKh
3' uekqfuka ,efnk m%;sM,h wkqj lrk j¾.SlrKh
1& uekqug fhdod .kakd WmlrKfha ku fhdod f.k uekqï ld¾hg ku ,nd fohs
kï fuu j¾.hg wh;a h'
² oïje,a uekqu (Chain Survey)
² ud,sud uekqu (Compass Survey)
159
² ;, fïi uekqu (Plane Table Survey)
² ;sfhdv,hsÜ uekqu (Theodolite Survey)
2) uekqug Ndú; lrk lafIa;%fha ku Ndú; lr uekqï ldrhhg ku ,nd fohs kï

fuu j¾.hg wh;a h'
² ìï uekqu (Land Survey)
² Lksc uekqu (Minaral Survey)
² øj wdYs%; uekqu (Hydrological Survey)
3& úfYaIs; jQ m%;sm,hla fyda fjk;a rEm ks¾udkh lsÍfï wruqkska lrk uekqu
² N+ ,laIk uekqu (Topographycal Survey)

² leveia;r uekqu (Cadastal Survey)
² ifudaÉp f¾Ld uekqu (Contour Survey)
ìï uekqu (Land Survey)

fmdf<dj u; we;s ñksid úiska ks¾udKh l< fyda iajNdúl jia;+ka o fyda N+
,laIkj, o msysàu idfmalaI j ks¾kh lsÍu iòyd fldaKslj fyda f¾Çh j fyda
ta foflkau ñkqï .ekSfï Ys,amh ìï uekSuhs'
fufia ,nd .;a ñkqï Ndú; lr msUqre fyda is;shï ks¾udKh lrhs' (Plan /map)
ta iòyd úúO mßudKhka (Scales) f;dard .kS'
ìï uekqfuys fldgia
i& ;, ñ;sl uekqu (Plane Survey)
mD;=ú mDIaGh ;sria ;,hla hehs Wml,amkh lr uksk wjia:djhs' fuh l=vd
m%foaYhlg muKla iSud fõ'
ii) N+ ñ;sl uekqu (Geodetic Survey)
fmdf<dfõ jl%;djh o ie,ls,a,g f.k uyd mßudkfhka lr uekqï fuu
fldgig wh;a fõ'
oïje,a uekqu (Chain Survey)

oïje, m%Odk WmlrKh fldgf.k ;j;a iyfhda.S WmlrK o fhdodf.k f¾Çh
ñkqï muKla fhdod lrk oïje,a uekquhs'
oïje,a uekqfuys uQ,O¾u

i' m%Odk mdoï f¾Ldjlg idfmalaI j (Base line) ;s%fldaKhhl fldgiaj,g N+ñh
fnod tu ;s%fldaKj, mdo È. uekSu
ii. wkq,ïN uekSu (offset) u`.ska o;a;j, msysàu uekSu
iii' wfõlaIk f¾Ld (Check line) u`.ska ksjerÈ;dj ;yjqre lr .ekSu
160
ìï uekqfuys uQ, O¾u
² mQ¾Kfhka fldgig jeä lsÍu (Whole into parl)
m%udKfha úYd, ìula mßY%ukh (Traverse)
u`.ska fyda ;s%fldaKlrKh (Trangulation) u`.ska iuia: N+ñhg m%Odk md,k
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka wjYH;djg .e,fmk oaú;Sl yd ;D;shsl jYfhka kej;
fldgiaj,g lvd .kS' fuu fldgiaj, wOHhkh fjk fjku lrkq ,efí'
idfmalaI ,laIH ks¾Kh (Relative Positioning)

,laIH folla hd lsÍfuka f¾Ldjla iEfoa' tjeks f¾Ldjlg idfmalaIj ;j;a
,laIHhl msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu fuu`.ska isÿ flf¾' fuh my; Wodyrk y;frka
meyeÈ,s lr .; yel'
A yd B ,laIH hd lsÍfuka f¾Ldjla iEfoa' C hkq tu f¾Ldjg msáka jQ ,laIHhls'
B B B B
C l2
)
l1 C
C C
l2 l1
l1
)
A A A A
(i& (ii& (iii& (iv&
rEmh 6'2
^1& A isg l1 ÿrla f.dia AB g ,ïNlj l2 ÿrla hdfuka C ,laIHh yuqfõ'
^2& AB f¾Ldjg olaIsKdj¾: j A fldaKhla N%ukh ù l1 ÿrla hdfuka C
,laIHh yuq fõ'
^3& A isg l1 ÿrla o B isg l2 oqrla o hdfuka AB f¾Ldjg ol=Kq miska C
,laIh yuq fõ'
^4& AB f¾Ldjg A ys§ A fldaKhla o B ys§ fldaKhla o uekSfuka AB g ol=Kq
miska tu fraLd tlsfkl fPaokh jk ia:dkfha oS C ,laIh yuq fõ'
oïje, uekqug Ndú; jk WmlrK

1' oïje, (Chain)
5mm g wvq úIalïNh we;s jdfka lïì kjd mqrela jYfhka idod tlg wuqKd
oïje, idod we;' we§u iòyd fofl,jr w,a¨ folla we;' iEu mqrela 10 lgu j¾l
rEmfha mßÈ mqvqjla (Tag) we;' m%Odk jYfhka oïje,a j¾. 3 ls'
² ñkskafodare oïje, - È. wä 66 hs mqrela 100 hs'

² bxðfkare oïje, - È. wä 100 hs' mqrela 100 hs'
² fuá%la oïje, - È. óg¾ 20$25$30 mqrela 100 hs'
161
2' B l+re (Arrows) - 25 cm - 40 cm f;la È. tla fl<jrla W,a yevfhkq;a wfkla
fl<jr uqÿ yevfhkq;a hqla; 4 mm jdfka lïìfhka idok ,o l+rls'
3' fm< .ekakqï oKav - (Ranging Rod) - 3 cm - 4cm úIalïNh we;s ógr
2-3 È. rjqï mhsmamj,ska idod we;' fmdf<djg myiqfjka .s,aúh yels jk fia
tla fl<jrl W,a jdfka im;a;=jla iú lr we;' wfkla fl<jf¾ r;=" fld<
fyda fjk;a meyehl frÈ lene,a,la iú lr we;af;a ÿr isg myiqfjka fmkSu
i|yd h'
4' fm< .ekakqï ßg - (Ranging Pole) - 5 cm - 7'5 cm olajd úIalïNh we;s ógr
3-5 È. k<j,ska idod we;' fm< .ekakqï oKavg iudk h' tfy;a m%udKfhka
úYd, h' fm< .ekakqï o`vq myiqfjka fkdfmfkk ;rï ÿr i|yd ßá Ndú; fõ'
5 ' ñkqï má - (Tapes) - l=vd ñkqï myiqfjka ksjerÈ j uek .ekSu i|yd Ndú;
fõ' fuys m%fNao rdYshls'
1' ,skka ñkqï máh
2' f,day ñkqï máh
3' jdfka ñkqï máh
4' bkajd ñkqï máh
ìï ñkqï jev i|yd nyq, f,i Ndú; jkqfha f,day ñkqï má h' ógr 10" 15" 20
yd 30 m%udKj,ska ,nd .; yels h' 5 mm fnÿïj,g l%udxlkh lr we;'
6 ' ,U legh - ^^Plumb Bob) - ;shqKq W,a fl<jrla iys; ms;a;, fyda jdfka fyda
l=Üáhla kQ,l t,a,Sfuka idod we;' fmdf<dj uÜgug by<ska msysá ,laIH
msysàu fmdf<dj uÜgu u; ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd Ndú; flf¾'
7 ' l+[a[ - ^^Pegs) - ±jj,ska fyda jdfkaj,ska idod we;' uekqï fmd< i,l=Kq
lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka' tla fl<jrla W,a jk w;r ñáhlska ;Ügq lr
fmdf<dfõ .s,ajkq ,efí'
8' iqÿ ;yvq fyda iqÿ yqkq - ;Kfld< yd me<Eá we;s ia:dkj, uekqï fmd<j,a
meyeÈ,s j fmkSu i|yd Ndú; flfrk hg me;af;a W,la iys; Wv me;a; iqÿ mdg
lrk ,o ;yvq lene,a,ls'
162
rEmh 6'3
163
oïje,a f¾Ldj - Chain Line - l+[a[ hd lrñka oïje, t¨ ud¾.h olajk f¾Ldj'
mdol f¾Ldj - Base Line - oïje,a uekqul os.u f¾Ldj'
wfõlaIk f¾Ldj - Check Line - oïje,a f¾Ldj, ksrjoH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd
msysgqjk f¾Ld' tla uekqï fmd<la iy oïje,a f¾Ldjl msysá ,laIHh hd lrk
f¾Ldjls'
hd f¾Ldj - Ice Line - oïje,a f¾Ld folla u; msysá ,laIH folla hd lrk
f¾Ldj' fï u`.ska o uekqfï ksrjoH;dj ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre flf¾'
wkq,ïn f¾Ldj - Offsets - oïje,a f¾Ldj,g ,ïn f,i udhsï u; msysá ,laIH
w|sk ,o f¾Ld' fï ,laIH hd lsÍfuka msysàu msUqf¾ i,l=Kq lr .; yels h'
f.dvke`.s,a,la jeks jia;=jl uq¨ fmkaùu iòyd uekqï f¾Ldj, isg Bg ,ïn
fkdjk we, wkq,ïn o Ndú; flf¾'
164
lafIa;% fmd; - Field Book
ìï uekqul b;du jeo.;a ,shú,a, lafIa;% fmd; tys jev fmd; ksid th ksjeros
f,i igyka lsÍu yd kv;a;= lsÍu jeo.;a h' 10 cm x 20 cm m%udKfha msgq iys; os.á
msgq we;s fmd;ls' ieu msgqjl u yß ueo 2 cmla mr;rh we;s iudka;r f¾Ld folls'
lafIa;% fmd;a igyka ;eîu wrUkafka wjidk msgqfõ isg h'
AB f¾Ldj
wdrïNh
lafIa;% msgqjl wdo¾Yhla
rEmh 6'4
165
ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( ir, ìï uekqï lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( uÜgï .ekSfï ir, l%u Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² bxðfkare f,j,hl uQ,O¾uh yd ls%hdldß;ajh m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
² WmlrK Ndú;fhka .kakd mdGdxl ;=<ska uÜgï fjki .Kkh lrhs'
² fodaI wju lr ;djld,sl ms,a ,l=Kq msysgqjd .kS'
² WmlrKhla Ndú; lsÍug fmr tys ksrjoH;dj ;yjqre lr .kS'
² iïu; uÜgu Ndú;h" ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj, ld¾hlaIu;dj iy M,odhs;dj
i|yd fhdod .efka'

msúiSu(
² idudkH c,h Ndú; lrk f,j,a nghla mka;shg fmkajkak'
² th Ndú; lr ì;a;shla u; ;sria f¾Ldjla we|Sug wjia:dj fokak'
² ;sria f¾Ldjla ksÍlaIKhg we;s fjk;a l%u úuikak'
² ,laIHhlg idfmalaI j thg jvd by<ska fyda my<ska fyda msysá fjk;a
,laIHhla w;r Wi - fjki m%ldY lrk wdldrh úuikak' ûqyqÿ uÜgfï isg
Wi&
² my; lreKq wjfndaO jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² ksi, c,fha u;= msg ;,h ;sria nj
² u;=msg ;,hg iudka;r ;j;a ;, ks¾udKh lr tajd w;r mr;rh
ueksh yels nj
² ,laIH 2 la yryd hk ;sria ;, folla w;r mr;rh wod< ,laIH fol
w;r isria Wi nj
² wod< Wi fjki uekSug WmlrK ks¾udKh lr we;s nj

² mdi, wjg mßirfha 100 m muK mr;rfhka" fmdf<dj u; iaÓr ,laIH 2
la" A yd B f,i ,l=Kq lrkak'
² tla lKavdhulg A isg B olajd;a" fo jeks lKavdhug B isg A olajd;a
uÜgï .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
² uÜgï .ekSfï oS my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrjkak'
² uÜgï WmlrKhla msysgqjd .kakd wdldrh ms<snò j Wmfoia fokak'
² ;u lKavdhu wdrïN lrk ,laIHh uQ,sl ms,a ,l=K A f,i;a wjika
lrk ,laIHh ;djld,sl ms,a ,l=K B f,i;a ^TBM) i,lkak'
² uQ,sl ms,a ,l=K uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg 100 m Wiska we;s nj i,lkak'
² uQ,sl ms,a ,l=Kg idfmalaI j ;djld,sl ms,a ,l=K ^TBM) fld;rï
by<ska$my<ska o msysgkafka hk j. uÜgu .Kkh lsÍfuka fidhd
.kak'
166
² uÜgï .ekSu kej; TBM j,ska wdrïN lrkak' (Fly back)
² wdrïNl ,laIHfha Wi 100 m u ,efí o hkak mÍlaId lrkak'
;djld,sl ms,a ,l=Kl my; ,laIK ;sìh hq;= h'
² myiqfjka <`.d úh yels ùu
² fkdfjkia yd iaÓr Ndjh
² fndfyda ia:dkj,g o¾Ykh ùu
² fuh f;dard .ekSfuka fjk;a ydkshla fkdue;s nj
meyeos,s j wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'
² WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍug my; A yd B l%uh Ndú; l< hq;= nj
ueo ìkaÿ
f,j,h
² uÜgï bial=remamq
²
A B
rEmh 6'5
² o;a; igyka lsÍug ke`.Sï" neiSï l%uh ^Rise & Fall) iy iudka;rK
WmlrK Wi l%uh ^Collimation& f,i l%u folls' tajdhska .Kkh lsÍfuka
tl u ms<s;=r ,efnkq we;'
² mdGdxl .ekSfï oS isÿ úh yels fodaI wju lsÍug úúO Wml%u we;'
² hï fodaIhla isÿ ù wef;d;a wjidkfha wdrïNl w.h fkd,efnkq we;'
² fkdi,ld yeßh yels ;rï fodaIhla isÿ ù wef;d;a th fnod yeßh hq;= h'
167
4 uÜgï .ekSu - Levelling
fmdf<dfõ úúO ia:dk w;r idfmalaI Wi ks¾Kh lsÍfï bxðfkareuh ld¾hh

uÜgï .ekSu hkqfjka ye|skafõ'
boslsÍï jHdmD;shl oS uÜgï .ekSu úúO lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackj;a fõ'

1' k< ud¾.hl fyda ldKqjl fyda neiau ks¾Kh lsÍu'
2' .xj;=r uÜgug idfmalaI j f.ìu uÜgu msysgqùu'
3' lmd bj;a l< hq;= mia mßudj .Kkh lsÍu'
4' ifudaÉP f¾Ld igyka ms<sfh< lsÍu'
uÜgï .ekSu i|yd m%Odk WmlrK folla wjYH fõ'

1' f,j,h - Levelling instrument
2' uÜgï ßg - Levelling Staff
f,j, yd uÜgï ßá úúO j¾. we;'
ieu f,j, WmlrKhla u`.ska u lrkqfha isria wlaIhla jgd w;sYhska ;sria j
lrlefjk o¾Yk f¾Ldjla ckkh lsÍuhs'
uÜgï ßg u`.ska lrkqfha fmdf<dfõ ´kEu ia:dkhl isg f,j,h u`.ska ckkh
l< ;sria f¾Ldjg we;s Wi oelaùuhs'
fï wkqj uÜgï .ekSfï oS wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%Odk lreKq ;=kla we;'
1' ieu mdGdxlhla u f,j,fha o¾Yk f¾Ldj ;sria j ;sìh § .ekSu'
2' uÜgï ßg ksjeros j lshùu'
3' mdGdxl lshùï ksjeros j lafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lsÍu'
f,j,hl rEm igyk
rEmh 6'6
168
uÜgï .ekSfï oS my; moj, w¾: oelaùu ksjeros j jgyd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
• wdrïNh - Datum - Wi 0 jYfhka ie,flk ia:dkh fï kñka ye|skafõ' ßgla

is;shï .; lsÍfï oS hï fjr<l uOHl uqyqÿ uÜgu 0 jYfhka ie,fla'
• W!ks; uÜgu - Reduced Level - wdrïNl ,l=fKa isg iuqø foaY ,laIHhlg
we;s idfmalaI Wi'
• ms,a ,l=K - Bench Mark - fï ia:dkhl iaÓr W!ks; uÜguhs'
• iudka;rK f¾Ldj - Line of Collimation - f,j,fha ÿr olakfhka

jia;=jla foi neÆ úg tys oDIaá lafIa;%h;a f,j,fha m%dÖrh;a yryd osfjk
uk#l,ams; f¾Ldj'
• isria wlaIh - Vertical Axis -

f,j,hl ÿrolakh ;sria ;,hl lrlefjk wlaIh'
• WmlrKfha Wi - Height of Instrument

wdrïNl ,l=fKa isg iudka;r f¾Ldjg Wi'
• uÜgï mDIaGh - Level Surface

mDÓúfha mDIaGhg iudka;r mDIaGhhs' ;,ñ;sl ñkqï i|yd fuh ;sria mDIaGhla
f,i ie,fla'
• ;sria mDIaGh - Horizontal Surface

´kEu ia:dkhl oS tys uÜgï mDIaGhg iam¾Yl j msysá mDIaGhhs'
uÜgï .ekSfï l%uh - Method of Levelling
rEmh 6'7
uÜgï .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh by; rEm igykska meyeos,s fõ'

A - 100'0 M ms,a ,l=K fõ'
Ays lshùu miq oelau (Back Sight) f,i o
169
Fys lshùu fmr oelau (Fore Sight) f,i o
B, C, D yd E lshùu wka;¾ oelau f,i o ye|skafõ'
uÜgï .ekSfuka ,nd .;a oelau lafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lrkqfha my; oelafjk mßos h'
ia:dkh ÿr miq wka;¾ fmr ke.Su neiau iudka;rK ia:dkj, fjk;a

(M) oelau oelau oelau f¾Ldfõ W!ks; lreKq
W!ks; uÜgu
uÜgu
A 1.850 - - 101.850 100.00

B 10 2.155 - 0.305 101.850 100.00
C 50 0.655 1.500 101.850 101.195
D 15 1.955 1.300 101.850 99.895

E 25 2.315 0.360 101.850 99.535
F 35 2.865 0.550 101.850 98.985
2.865 1.500 2.515
mÍla I dj
fmr oelau yd miq oelau w;r fjki - 2'865 - 1'850 = 1'015
A yd F w;r W!ks; uÜgï fjki - 100'00 - 98'985 = 1'015
ke.Su yd neiau w;r fjki - 2'515 - 1'500 = 1'015
wka;r ish,a, u iudk fyhska .Kkh lsÍu ksjeros fõ'
5 ir, f.dvke`.s , a , la f.m< u; i,l=Kq lsÍu

idudkH f.dvke`.s,s ie,eiaul my; i|yka rEm igyka yd f;dr;=re we;=<;a fõ'
my; rEmh n,kak'
1' ksfjfia ìï ie,eiau - Ground Plan

2' ksfjfia bosß fmkqu - Front Elevation
3' ksfjfia me;s fmkqu - Side Elevation
4' ksfjfia fþoSh fmkqu - Sectional Elevation
5' f.m< ie,eiau - Site Plan
6' fodr cfk,a úia;rh - Schedule of Doors & Windows
7' w;a;sjdrï úia;rh - Foundation Details
170
ksmqK;dj 6'0 ( ir, ìï uekqï lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shula ilia lr we;s whqre úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² is;shula u; ifudaÉp f¾Ld weòSfuka we;s jk jdKsc jákdlï bosßm;a lrhs'
² ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shul we;s N+ ,laIK bosßm;a lrhs'
² wjYH;dj mßos ifudaÉp wka;rh fjkia lr .kshs'
² is;shul ,laIK jvd meyeos,s jk f,i kej; we|Su lrhs'
² ksjdi" mdrj,a" <sx" fmdl=Kq" c, wmjyk ldkq jeks ks¾udK ioyd iqÿiq
ia:dk f;dard .kshs'

msúiSu(
² nd,aoshl$fíiul c,h we;s wdldrh mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'
² tys c, mDIaGfha u;= msg uÜgu ksÍlaIKh lsÍug bv fokak'
² tla tla c, uÜgfï oS tys isÿ jk fjki i,l=Kq lrkak'
² wä rE,la isria j c,fha .s,ajd iudk mr;rj,ska c,h wvq lrkak'
² c,dYhl fujeks isÿ ùula we;s jQ úg ksÍlaIKh jk foa úuikak'
my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak
² nd,aoshl c, mDIaGfha odrh jD;a;hl yevh .kakd nj
² c, uÜgu wvq jk úg jD;a;h l=vd jk nj
² c,dYhl fujeks isÿ ùul oS c, mDIaGfha odrhg f.dvìu yuqjk f¾Ldj"
wúêu;a ;sria f¾Ldjla nj
² c, mDIaGfha odrh iudk Wiska we;s ;sria f¾Ldjla f,i oelafjk nj
² fjkia l< c, uÜgï folla w;r fjki ifudaÉp wka;rh f,i ye`Èkafjk
nj
² ifudaaÉp f¾Ld is;shï lSmhla isiq lKavdhï fj; fhduq lrkak'
² fmdf<dfõ we;s my; oelafjk N+ ,laIK wod< is;shïj,ska y÷kd .ekSug
isiqkag iydh jkak'
² lkao
² ksïkh
² fkrej
² idkqj
² Tng ,eî we;s is;shfï fok ,o f¾Ldj wkqj isrialvla we|Sug wjYH
Wmfoia fokak'
² ifudaÉp wka;rh ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
171
ifudaaÉp f¾Ld is;shu
rEmh 6'8
² isrialfvys oelafjk ifudaÉp f¾Ld wka;rh ^10& fjkia lrkak; tkï

kej; fldgiaj,g fnokak'
² th kej; is;shu fj; m%lafIamKh lr kej; we|Sug Wmfoia fokak'
² ;sria fmdf<djl ^msÜgkshl& ifudaÉp f¾Ld fkdue;'
² tl u wdk;shla we;s fmdf<djl ifudaÉp f¾Ld tlla wfklg iudka;r j
msysghs'
² ifudaÉp wka;rh ksh; úg f¾Ld wka;rh jeä fõ kï wdk;sh wvq fõ'
² ifudaÉp wka;rh ksh; úg f¾Ld wka;rh wvq fõ kï wdk;sh jeä fõ'
172
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4 ( ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj Ndú; lrK isria iy ;sria fldaK uekSfï
l%u úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ;sria yd isria fldaK f;dard .kshs'
² ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj oS we;s ,laIH u; iSreudre lrhs'
² boslsÍï jHdmD;sj,g wod< ;sria yd isria fldaK ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj Ndú;fhka
,nd fohs'
² WmlrKhla Ndú; lsÍfï oS ksjeros;dj jeä lr .ekSu i|yd mQ¾fjdamd
fhdohs'
² ñkqï .Kkh lsÍfuka ,nk ksjeros;dj Wmßu jk mßos fYdaOk fhdod .kshs'

msúiSu(
² yß ueoska ìug wuqKk ,o" kQ,l fofl<jr isiqka fofokl=g fokak'
² fofl<jr tla lr ìu msysá ,laIHhg isria j by<ska w,a,kak'
² kQf,a fijKe,a, ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjia:dj fokak'
² fofl<jr úúO osYdjg fhduq lrñka tajdfha isria m%lafIamK ksÍlaIKh
lsÍug bv fokak'
² wod< tla tla wjia:dfõ oS isria ;,hl we;s lrk m%lafIamKh ms<sn|
idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² isria f¾Ldjla .=re;aj f¾Ldj nj
² thg ,ïn ;,h ;sria ;,h nj
² .=re;aj f¾Ldj yryd hk ;sria ;,hg ,ïn ´kEu ;,hla isria ;,hla
nj
² ;,j, we;s f¾Ld folla fþokh ùfuka fldaK ks¾udKh jk nj
² tajd isria fldaK yd ;sria fldaK nj
² ;sria yd isria fldaK uekSu i|yd ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj fhdod .; yels nj
² tllg tlla wkqhd; j fmfkk ,laIH y;rla" f.dvke`.s,a,la jgd" msg;ska
,l=Kq lrkak ôS we;s rEm igyk n,kak&'
² tla ,laIHhla u; isria f,i msyg
s k mßos ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj ^Theodolite& ia:dk.;
lr fldaKh uksk wdldrh wdo¾Ykh lrkak'
² fï ls%hdoduh wkqj hï ,laaIHhla fomiska we;s ,laIH 2 g hd lsÍfuka
iEfok fldaKh uekSug Wmfoia fokak'
fï i|yd my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrjkak'
² fmdf<dj u; msysá ,laIH u; f;mdj ^Tripod& uOH.; lrkak'
173
² f;mdj u; ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj ;nd ,U lrkak'
² fmdf<dj u; ,laIHh yryd hk isria f¾Ldj yryd hk f¾Ldjg WmlrKh
f.k tkak'
² th u; uÜgï lr .kak'
² WmlrKfha ;sria mdGdxlh Y+kH lr .kak'
² wkqhd; f,i we;s ,laIHhla foi ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² wkqhd; f,i wfkla miska we;s ,laIHh fj;g mdGdxlh ^fldaKh& jeä jk
f,i WmlrKh N%uKh lrkak'
² wod< ,laIHh u;g ,efnk mdGdxlh lshjd .kak'
² fï wdldrhg tla tla A, B, C yd D ,laIH u; we;s flfrk fldaKh uek
.kak' ^fï i|yd lshùï lÜg,h Ndú; lrkak'&
,laIH 4la neúka fldaK ish,af,a tl;=j 3600 úh hq;= h'
tfia fkdfõ kï fldaK tlla fyda lSmhla fyda fodaI iys; j uek we;'
fï m%udKh ieu fldaKhla w;f¾ u iu fia ^1$4& fnod" fodaIh fnod yeÍula
l< hq;= h ^Closing error distribution).

² ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj ia:dmkh lsÍfï oS
² uOH.; lsÍu (Centering)
² uÜgï lsÍu (Levelling)
² wiïmd;h bj;a lsÍu (Elimination of Parallax)
hk mshjr ;=k wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
² fldaK uekSfï oS fodaI wju lr .ekSug wdrïNl mdGdxlh Y+kH f,i f.k
tla jrla uek fjk;a w.hla wdrïNh f,i f.k fojrla ueksh hq;= h'
WmlrK fodaIhla isÿ ù wef;d;a th wju lr .ekSu i|yd h'
² WmlrKh wgjkakd w;ska isÿ jk fodaIh wju lr .ekSu i|yd "
ixl%dka;s ^Transit& lr mdGdxl .; hq;= h ; tkï ju;a uqyqK; yd
ol=K;a uqyqK; f,i h' thska uÜgï lsÍfï fodaIhla isÿ ù wef;d;a th
wju l< yels h'
A
B
f.dvke`.s,a,
D C
rEmh 6'9
174
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5 ( ìï uekq f ï iy i,l= K q ls Í fï kùk WmlrKj,
;dlaIKfõoh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² kùk WmlrKj, ;dlaIKfõ§ uQ,O¾uh m%ldY lrhs'
² ;dlaIKfõ§ WmlrK Ndú; l< yels wjia:d f;darhs'
² idudkH WmlrK fjkqjg úoHq;a ÿr uekqï WmlrK Ê.D.M& Ndú; lsÍfuka
blaukska yd ksjeros j ñkqï .; yels nj ms<s.kshs'
² merKs WmlrKj,g idfmalaI j" kùk WmlrK Ndú;fha we;s jdis iy
wjdis ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrhs'
² ld¾hlaIu;dj iy M,odhs;dj iòyd kùk ;dlaIKfõ§ WmlrK Ndú;hg
fm<fUhs'

msúiSu(
² fgksia fnda,hla isiqkag Ndú; lsÍug fokak'
² th ì;a;sfha .id wdmiq meñfKk wdldrh fmkajkak'
² th u fjk;a ÿrlg .id kej; meñfKk wdldrh úuikak'
² o¾mKhlska wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh jk wdldrh ms<sn| j mka;sfhka úuikak'
² my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² fnda,hla mrdj¾;kh ùug ksl=;a lrk fõ.h .uka lrk ÿr yd m;kh
jk fldaKh u; n,mdk nj
² wdf,dal lsrKhla ir,f¾Çh f,i .uka lr o¾mKhla yuq fõ' iuñ;sl
f,i mrdj¾;kh jk nj
² kùk uekqï WmlrKj, wod< Wml%uh fhdod f.k we;s nj

² Tn mdi,g kùk;u WmlrK fkdue;s kï ;djld,sl j fyda ,nd .ekSug
W;aidy jkak'
² wod< WmlrKj, uQ,O¾uh y÷kd .kak' isiqkag o y`ÿkajd fokak'
² fuys oS isÿ jk ls%hdldß;ajh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd isiqka iu`. m%dfhda.sl Wml%u
fhdod .kak'
² fï Wml%u i|yd rEm igyka fyda lgq igyka fyda fhdod .kak'
² f,air kshdul l%uh (Laser Guided System& Ndú; lsÍug fuf;la bf.k
f.k we;s uÜgï .ekSu yd ;sfhdv,hsÜgq uekqï l%u kej; Ndú; lrkak'
² bf,lafg%daksl ÿr uekqï l%uh Êlectronic Distance Mesurement& wOHhkh
i|yd oïje,a uekqqfuka uksk ,o ÿrj,a kej; uek ms<s;=re m%;HlaI lr
.kak'
² Global Positioning System (GPS) ^by; msysgqï l%uh& wjfndaO lr .ekSu
i|yd yuqodjg iïnkaO ks,Orhl=f.a fyda jr,;a ñkskf a odarejl=f.a fyda iydh
,nd .kak'
175
² wod< ls%hdldrlï ;=<ska WmlrKh ms<sn| j ,nd .;a w;aoelSï yd .eg¨ ms<sn|
j isiqka iu`. woyia yqjudre lr .kak'
² tla tla YsIHhd wkdjrKh lr .;a oekqu iduQyl
s j mka;h s g bosßm;a lrjkak'
úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsÍug w;aje,la
² kùk WmlrKj, Ndú; flfrkafka ixLHd;h okakd úoHq;a pqïnl ;rx.hla
nj
² tajdfha fõ.h okakd neúka
ÿr
fõ.h = hk iQ;%h uQ,O¾uh lr f.k we;s nj
ld,h
² pkaøls d ;dlaIKfõoh fhdod .kakd WmlrKj, llaI.; lr we;s pkaøl

s djla
u`.ska ,nd .kakd o;a; Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
² f,air ;dlaIKfõoh fhdod .kakd WmlrKj, oS f,ai¾ lsrK f jkia ùulska
f;dr j fndfyda ÿr .uka lrhs'
² mrdj¾;k uQ,O¾uj, oS tlla wfklg ,ïn f,i we;s o¾mK 3la wdldrfhka
idok ,o ms%iauh Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
176
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'6 ( bvï N=la;sh yd Ndú;h ms<sn| j úúO rdcH wdh;kj,
wh;a ld¾h Ndr úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² Tmamqjla lshjd bvul kS;Hkql+, whs;sh m%ldY lrhs'
² bvula kS;Hkql+, ,shú,a,la njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug wjYH uQ,sl f;dr;=re
úia;r lrhs'
² Tmamqjl wuqKd we;s ie,eiau lshjd" bvfï m%udKh" udhsï wdÈ úia;r m%ldY
lrhs'
² rdcH ks,OdÍka yd wdh;k iu`. l%uj;a f,i .kqfokq lrk wdldrh ms<sn|
j w;aoelSï ,nd .kshs'
² kS;Hkql+, .súiqula u`.ska ;u whs;sh iy mßyrKh lsÍfï whs;sjdislu ,nd
.kS'
msúiSu(
² mdi,a N+ñh wfkla bvïj,ska fjka lr we;s wdldrh mka;sfhka úuikak'
² ñf,ka jeä NdKavhla ñ, oS .ekSfï oS wkq.ukh flfrk ls%hd mámdáh
mka;shg úia;r lrkak'
² wod< w;aoelSu jdykhla ioyd fld f;la ÿrg idOdrK o hkak wjfndaO lr
.ekSug my; lreKq uq,a lr f.k idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² jákdlu
² ;lafiare lsÍu
² ,shdmosxÑ lsÍu
² mejÍu fyda ;E.s oSu
² kej; úlsKSu
² bvula fjka lr .ekSu ioyd iïu; udhsï f¾Ld i,l=Kq lr we;s nj
² iïu; udhï f¾Ldj,ska jg jQ m%udKhg kshñ; jákdlula we;s nj
² fï ksid wod< fldgia m%udK yqjudre lr .; yels nj

² fm!oa.,sl bvulg wh;a Tmamqjla yd bvfï ie,eiau isiqkag mÍlaId lsÍug
fokak'
² fuh kej; ,sùug ^msgm;a lsÍug& Wmfoia fokak'
² fuys we;s fhÿï yd j.ka;s y÷kd .kakg fhduq lrkak'
² ie,eiafï we;s m%udKh ksjeros oehs mÍlaId lsÍug lKavdhï jYfhka Wmfoia
fokak'
² bvu whs;s mqoa.,hdf.a isg fuu f,aLkh olajd ñkskafodarejd yryd lÉfÉßh
^bvï ,shd mosxÑ lsÍfï frðiag%d¾ ld¾hd,h" olajd .uka lrk wdldrh ms<sn|
j mka;sfha isiqka fufyhjkak'
177
² oïje,a uekqfuka fyda fjk;a uekqulska fyda fjka l< ìï fldgila fjka
lr we;s wjia:djla ioyd fuu ,shú,s kej; ilia lrjkak'
² fuu bvï iïnkaOfhka n,h we;s wdh;k tajdg whss;s rdcldß bgq lrk
wdldrh fjk fjku f.dkq lrkak'
² n,h,;a ñkskafodarejl=f.a rdcldß iy j.lSu idudkH bvïj, isg
wêlrKuh lghq;= olajd fhdod .; yels h'
² Tmamqjla ,sùu i|yd iïu; udhsï" iSud fyda N+ ,laIK ;sìh hq;= h'
² rcfha bvïj, mßmd,kh k.r iNdj" kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" m%dfoaYSh
iNdj jeks wdh;k i;= nj
² ieu bvulg u msúiqï ud¾. ;sìh hq;= w;r uyd ud¾.j, whs;sh ud¾.
ixj¾Ok wêldßh i;= h'
² rchg mjrd .ekSfï oS ta ta wdh;k i;= úúO kS;s wkqj lghq;= lrkq ,efnhs'
178
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
rEmh 6'10
wOHhkh iòyd bvul ie,eiaula
179
ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'7 ( ir, f.dvke`.s,a,la ie,iqug wkqj f.m< u; i,l=Kq
lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqula lshjd" f.m< u; i,l=Kq lsÍug wjYH ñkqï m%ldY
lrhs'
² f.dvke.s , s kS ; s Í ;s j ,g .e<fmk fia ir, WmlrK Ndú;fhka
ksjdi$f.dvke`.s,s f.m< u; i,l=Kq lrhs'
² f.ìu u; i,l=Kq lrk ,o ie,eiaul ksjeros;dj mßlaId lrhs'
² lS%vdx.k iy fmdÿ wjYH;djg wod< fjk;a cHdñ;sl yev ksjeros f.ìu u;
i,l=Kq lrhs' ^Wod ( oe,amkaÿ" fgksia" w;amkaÿ" neÜñkagka&
² f.dvke`.s,sj, msysàug wod< m<d;a md,k kS;sÍ;s ms<sn| j wjfndaOfhka
lghq;= lr kd.ßl j" fi!LH yd kS;s jYfhka .eg¨ we;s ùu j<lajhs'

msúiSu(
² mka;s ldurh ;=< iy wjg msysá øjH yd NdKavj, yev ms<sn| j úuiñka
isiqka iu. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
² fndfyduhla foa iDcqfldaKdi% yevj,ska ilia ù ;sîu ms<sn| j " my; lreKq
u;= jk fia idlÉPdj fufyhjkak'
² ,shk lvodis" fmd;a m;a" mqgq fïi" l`M,E,a, jeks øjH mßyrKh
lsÍfï oS myiq nj
² ksIamdokh i|yd wuqøjH Ndú;fha § wmf;a hdï wju l< yels nj
² we;eï jHQyj," ks¾udKj, ir, nj îS,su" jy,&
² ldur iòyd fyda fjk;a wjYH;d mßyrKh lsÍfï oS bvlv Wmßu
jYfhka m%fhdackhg .; yels nj
² w,xldr fmkqula we;ss lrk nj
² my; i|yka f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqï lKavdhï fj; fhduq lrkak'
² ie,eiau wkqj f.m< u; i,l=Kq lsÍug wjYH
² m%udKj;a f.ìu
² øjH yd WmlrK
² uOH f¾Ld ñkqï
iQodkï lr .ekSug isiqkg iydh jkak'
² lshùï lÜg,h mßyrKh lrñka oS we;s ie,iqu wkqj" i,l=Kq lsÍfï (Set-
ting Out) ld¾hh" mshjßka mshjr lr f.k hdug wjYH Wmfoia fokak'
180
3600 3000
220
5700
2700 5600
220
7500
rEmh 6'11
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqu wkqj f.m< i,l=Kq lsÍfï oS my; ioyka lreKq jeo.;a
fõ'
² ie,iqu wkqj msg; ì;a;sj, uOH f¾Ld os. .Kkh lsÍu
² i,l=Kq lsÍfï oS m<uqj os. me;a;la l+[a[ fhdod kQ,a weoSu
² iDcqfldaK uq,a,la iòyd kQ,a we§fï oS mhs;.ria m%fïhh ^3" 4" 5& Ndú;fhka
iDcqfldaKS nj ksjeros f,i ,nd .; yels nj
²
²
úl¾Kh
5
3 rEmh 6'12
² ² ²
4
²
181
² kQ,a weo .;a f.ìfï i,l=Kq ksjeros oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu ioyd úl¾Kj,
os. (Diagonal Checking) uek iudk;dj ,nd .; yels h'
C
B
AB = CD
A D
rEmh 6'13
² wk;=re j ueo ì;a;s iòyd ,Kq weoSu ñkqï wkqj l< hq;= h'
² olakd ,E,a, (Sight rail) Ndú; lr ldKqfõ m;=, uÜgï l< yels h'
² f,j,a ngh$ oshf,j,h (Level - tube) Ndú; lsrSfuka o" ldKqfõ m;=,
uÜgï l< yels h'
² ;sfhdv,hsÜgqj" uÜgï WmlrKh yd fjk;a kùk ñkqï WmlrKj,ska fï
ld¾hh b;d myiqfjka l< yels h'
182
fhdað; ksfjila iòyd ie,eiaula
rEmh 6'14
f.dvke`.s,af,a$ksfjfia ìï ie,eiau
ìï ie,eiaulska oelafjkafka f.dvke`.s,af,a ^ksfjfia& jy,g my<ska ì;a;s" fodr
cfk,a újr "yd ljq`: cfk,a mä yryd ;sria ;,hlska lemS hdfuka miq by< isg
,ïn f,i neÆ úg fmfkk wdldrhhs' my; rEmh n,kak'
rEmh 6'15
183
ìï ie,eiafuka ì;a;sj, .klu" ldurj, we;=<; ñkqï" ldurj, msysàï" fodr
cfk,a yd újr oelafjk w;r l=vd f.dvke`.s,sj, jyf,a ie,eiau" ysre wdjrK
wdosh o fmkakqï flf¾' fuÜßla tallj,ska we|Sfï oS fndfyda úg ie,eiaug 1(100
mßudKh Ndú; flfrhs' úfYaaI wjYH;d wkqj fï mßudKh fjkia úh yels h'
ì;a;sj, .klu ;ks .,a neñj, 215 mm f,i o .,andf.a ^nv.,a& neñj, .klu
102 mm f,i o fndfyda úg ie,fla' we;eï úg fï ñkqï fjkiaúh yels h'
f.dvke`.s,a,la isria ;,hlska lemQ úg fmfkk me;s fmkqu fþ§h fmkqu kï jk

w;r fmkqfuka f.dvke`.s,af,a w;a;sjdrï m;=f,a isg uqÿk olajd jeä u o;a;
^f;dr;=re& m%udKhla ,nd .; yels ksid fï fþoSh fmkqu b;d jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka
jyf,a f;dr;=re /ila fuhska wkdjrKh fõ'
w;a;sjdrï úia;rfhka w;a;sjdrï kQ,a we§u ^,Kq .eiSu& msa<sn| ñkqï ,nd .; yels
h' tfia u fuhska w;a;sjdru flfia ilia úh hq;= o hkak meyeos,s j oelafõ' fuh
mßudKh 1(20 jYfhka f.k fndfyda úg w|skq ,efí'
f.dvke`.s,a,la f.m< u; i,l=Kq lsÍfï oS f.m< ie,eiau b;d jeo.;a fõ' thska
W;=re osYdj" <sf|a msysàu" wmøjH neyer lrjk j<" tys isg wi, we;s <sxj,g we;s
ÿr" ta ta m%dfoaYSh iNd" k.r iNd" kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh jeks wdh;kj,
fr.=,disj,g mgyeks fkdjk fia ie,iqï fldg ;sfí o hkak ;yjqre lr .ekSug
f.m< ie,eiau w;HjYH fõ'
óg wu;r j ksfjfia yevh jgyd .ekSug bosß fmkqu yd me;s fmkqu o fodr
cfk,aj, m%udK yd yevh oek .ekSug fodr cfk,a úia;rh o Ndú; flf¾'
f.dvke`.s,a,la b+ÈlsÍfï oS m<uqj l< hq;af;a f.dvke`.s,s ie,eiau f.mf<ys

i,l=Kq lsÍuhs (Setting Out). fuh w;a;sjdrï kQ,a .eiSu hkqfjka ye|skafõ' fï
i|yd wjYH jk øjH yd WmlrK ,ehsia;=j fï mdvu wjidkfha olajd we;'
f.dvke`.s,a,la ks¾udKfha § tys w;a;sjdrfï iDcqfldaKS nj" th ;sria ;,hg

iudka;r nj" ì;a;s isria ;,hg ,ïn nj iy ksjerÈ ñkqï f.k ;sîu w;sYhska u
jeo.;a fõ' iDcqfldaKS nj fkd;sîfuka ìï W`: (Tile) we,a,Su" iS,sx .eiSu" jy,
;ekSu" /,s ;yvq fiú,s lsÍu b;d wiSre jk w;r ,ïn nj fkdue;sùfuka" ì;a;sj,
Yla;sh w;sYhska u ySk fõ' tfia u ;sria ;,hg iudka;r fkdùfuka o fndfyda
ydks isÿ fõ' fï ish¨ ÿ¾j,;d yd jer§ï isÿ ùu" wkjYH f,i ld,h wmf;a hdu
muKla fkd j w,xldrhg o ydkshls' tfyhska w;a;js drï kQ,a .eiSu b;d mßiaifuka
yd ksjerÈj bgq l< hq;= ld¾hhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
tfyhska fï i|yd ie,eiafï ì;a;s ish,a, yß ueÈka w;a;sjdrfï m;=f,a isg ì;a;s
by< fl<jr olajd fmdÿfõ Ndú; l< yels l,ams; uOH f¾Ldjla fhdod .ekSu b;d
jeo.;a fõ' w;a;sjdrfï mdou yd neïula ì;a;sj, iuñ;s wlaIhl uOH f¾Ldj hs'
uOH f¾Ldj wdOdrfhka w;a;sjdrï mdou yd ì;a;s ksjerÈ j i,l=Kq lr .; yels h'
ieu ì;a;shl u uOH f¾Ld tlsfkl iïnkaO ùfuka ,efnk rEmh uOH f¾Ld
igyk kï fõ'
ìï ie,eiafuys ldurj, ì;a;s w;r ÿrg fomiska we;s ì;a;sj, .klñka wvla
ne.ska tl;= l< úg ldurfha uOH f¾Ld w;r ÿr ,nd .; yels h'
184
rEmh 6'16
fufia ilia lr .;a uOH f¾Ld igyk wkqj f.m< u; uOH f¾Ld kQ,a weo.ekSu
myiqfjka yd ksjerÈ j l< yels fõ' f.dvke`.s,af,a jev yudr jk f;la tu kQ,a
iïnkaO l< W,a wdrlaIs;j ;sfnkakg yeÍfuka ñkqï ms<sn| .eg¨ wdÈh myiqfjka
ksrdlrKh lr .; yels h'
uOH f¾Ld kQ,a .eiSfï § ksjerÈ j ñkqï ,nd .ekSug wu;r j kshñ; ÈYdj" ksjerÈ
ia:dkh" jgmsgdfõ msysàu" .ia" l÷" N=ñfha my;a nj" f.dv l< mia ;Ügq" c,dY
iajdNdúl c,jyk l%u" m%dfoaYSh" m<d;a md,k yd kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh jeks
wdh;kj, fr.=,dis" wkqj mdr ueo isg f.dvke`.s,af,a mdrg wdikak u ì;a;shg
we;s ÿr bvfï udhsï jegg we;s ÿr" wdf,dalh" jd;h" iq<x yeóu" wdikak <sxj,g
we;s ÿr wdÈ lreKq .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= w;r f.m< iu uÜgulg ;kd mú;%
185
lr ;sfí o hkak ms<sn| j o fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' f.m< ie,eiafuys mdrg" <s|g"
jeg udhsug ÿr wdÈ f;dr;=re olajd ;sfí kï ta ñkqï wkqj ls%hd l< hq;= h'
uOH f¾Ld kQ,a .eiSfï § uq,ska u i,l=Kq lrk ì;a;sfha uOH f¾Ldj mdol f¾Ldj
(Base Line) hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' flfia fj;;a fï f¾Ldj,g msg;ska w;a;sjdrfï
fldgila jefgk nj o wu;l fkdl< hq;= h' mdol f¾Ldj i|yd .Dyfha È.ska jeä
u msg; ì;a;sfha uOH f¾Ldj f;dard .ekSu myiq fõ' fojkq j mdol f¾Ldjg ,ïn
È.ska jeä u msg ì;a;sfha uOH f¾Ldj o f;dard .; hq;= h' bka miq mdol f¾Ldj
i|yd .Dyfha iSudjg ógrhla muK j;a ÿßka w,jx.=fõ wdOdrfhka 50mm x 50 mm
m%udKfha W,la isgqjd tys isg .Dyfha iSudjg wju jYfhka ógrhla muK ÿßka
;j;a tjeks W,la isgqjd W,a fol f,j,a ngfhka tlsfkl ,U l< hq;= h' bka
miq W,a fofla fk;a;sj, yß ueo 50 mm m%udKfha W,a weK folla isgqjd tu weK
fol iïnkaO jk fia f;,a.dr fyda khsf,daka kQ,la ;Èka weo .eg .eish hq;= h'
fï i|yd Ndú; flfrk WmlrK yd øjH
rEmh 6'17
186
mdol f¾Ldj ^È. u ì;a;sh i|yd&
rEmsh 6'18
187
bka miq rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ mdol f¾Ldj f,i iú l< kQ,g ,ïn .Dyfha iSudjg
ógrhla j;a ÿßka kej; W,la isgqjd th yd wfkla W, uÜgï ^f,j,a& fldg W, uqÿfka
ueÈka weKh iú fldg fmr mßÈ tys kQ,la .eg .id wjYH ÿrg weo kQ,a fol tlla
wfklg ,ïn ±hs f,dl=jg ;ekQ uq¨ uÜgulska fyda fmof¾re uÜgulska fyda fjk;a
l%uhlska fyda n,d ;djld,sl j isgqjk ,o iudk W,l .eg .eish hq;= h' bka miq kQ,a
fol tlla wfklg lefmk ;ek isg mhs;.ria m%fïhh ^3(4(5 kS;sh& Ndú;fhka ógrhla
fyda Bg jeä leue;s iudk fldgia ;=klska kQ, w;ßka w,afmfk;a;la iïnkaO lr
;djld,sl j iú l< wfkla kQf,a o l,ska kQf,a i,l=Kq l< m%udKfha u fldgia y;rla
ÿßka w,afmfk;a;la iú lr m%:u kQf,a w,afmfk;af;a isg ñkqï máh wdOdrfhka l,ska
kQ,a u; i,l=Kq l< fldgia myl ÿr ;djld,sl j iú l< kQf,a w,afmfk;a; u;g m;a
jk whqßka ;djld,sl kQ, wod< W, iaj,amhla fjkia lrñka iDcqfldaKh ksis whqßka
ilia lr .; hq;= h' wod< ia:dkfha iaÓr W, iú lr tfia u uÜgï ^f,j,a& lr Wv
weKh iú fldg kQ, weo .eg .eish hq;= h' wjidkfha fï ñkqï kej; jrla uq, isg uek
ksjeros lr .; hq;= h' ilia lr .;a iDcqfldaKh ksjeros kï muKla ta kQ,a fol tlla
wfklg lemqKq ia:dkfha isg kshñ; os. yd m<, uek ta ia:dk j, kQ,a u; w,afmfk;s
isgqjd l,ska wosk ,o kQ,aj,g iudka;r j w,afmfk;s yrjd msysgqjk whqßka kQ,a weo W,a
isgj
q d uÜgï ^f,j,a& fldg p;=ri%h iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' wjidkfha ñkqï máh wdOdrfhka
p;=ri%fha úl¾K iudk j ;sfí oehs mÍlaId fldg uOH f¾Ld kQ,a we§u ksjeros nj
;yjqre lr .; hq;= h' wk;=re j uOH f¾Ld igyfka oelafjk mßos ldur wdÈ wfkl=;a
fldgia uek fmr mßos uOH f¾Ld kQ,a .id uÜgï ^f,j,a& fldg iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' fï
whqßka iú lr .;a uOH f¾Ld W, fkdfjkia j f.dvke`.s,af,a ìï jev wjika jk f;la
/l .ekSug ta W,a jgd fldkalS%Ü iaj,amh ne.ska oud iú lr ;eîu jeo.;a fõ'
wod< uOH f¾Ld kQ,a wdOdrfhka w;a;sjdrï lKq" wod< neñ yd ì;a;s ksjeros f,i
i,l=Kq lr .; yels fõ' tfia u fodaIh y÷kd .ekSu" fodaIh ksjeros lr .ekSu fjkia
l< hq;= kï fjkia lr .ekSu" wdÈ lreKq /ila myiqfjka lr .; yels fõ'
uOH f¾Ld kQ,a .eiSfuka wk;=re j wjYH mßos w;a;sjdrï ,Kq we§fï oS uOH f¾Ld
kQ,aj, isg fomig ÿr uek ,l=Kq ;nd ,Kq weo .; hq;= h' fï i|yd uOH f¾Ldjg
fomiska fjk u l=[a[ fol ne.ska iú l< hq;= w;r yryg Ímam má tlla wfklg
uÜgï ^f,j,a& jk fia iú lr .ekSu fyda ilia lr olakd f¾Ld Ndú;h myiq h' bka
miq fikag¾ ,Ufha wdOdrfhka uOH f¾Ld ,laIH wod< Ímam máj, lemqulska wgksh
(Notch& i,l=Kq fldg ta ,laIH j, isg wjYH ÿr fomiska ,l=Kq fldg ta ,l=Kq yryd
w;a;sjdrï ,Kq weo .; yels h' miqj uOH f¾Ld kq,a ;djld,sl j bj;a fldg ldKq lmd
fldkalS%Ü fldg w;a;sjdrï neñ ne|Sfï oS w;a;sjdrï kQ,a ksjeros j weo .; hq;= h' fuys
oS uOH f¾Ld kQ,a weo .ekSfuka ksrjoH;dj ;yjqre lr .; yels h' tfia u uÜgu
^f,j,a nj& o ;yjqre lr .; yels h'
bka miq w;a;sjdrï kQ,a olajd w;a;sjdrï ,ïn f,i uek .; hq;= h' fufia lhsre
uÜgu olajd neñ ne|Sfuka wk;=re j th u; f;; ksjdrK jeáh ^D.P.C& fhdod uÜgï
^f,j,a& l< hq;= h'
188
ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( ñksidf.a meje;au ioyd c, iïm; /l .ekSfï iQodku
m%o¾Ykh lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( j¾Idm;kh iy c,h mj;akd wdldrh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² c, pl%h wkqj wmg j¾Idm;kh ,efnk wkaou úia;r lrhs'
² j¾Idm;kudk iy j¾Idm;kh oelafjk is;shï Ndú;hg .kS'
² mDÒúh u;=msg c,h r|d mj;sk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
² mdkSh c, iïm; iSñ; neúka th iq/lSug ls%hdldÍ f,i bosßm;a fjhs'
² mdkSh c,h ¥IKh ùfï ls%hdoduj,ska neyer fjhs'
msúiSu(
² c, pl%h mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
² isiqkag c, pl%fha fldgia iy tla tla fldgfia wvx.= c, m%udKh
ksÍlaIKh lsÍug wjia:dj fokak'
² my; oelafjk m%Yak mka;shg bosßm;a lr ms<s;=re ,nd .kak'
² uqyqÿ ;=< we;s c,h m%udKh iy m%;sY;h o< jYfhka fldmuK o@
² f.dvìfuys c,h mj;akd wdldr fudkjd o@
² f.dvìu u; we;s c, m%udKh m%;sY;hla f,i fldmuK o@
² uq`M mdkSh c, m%udKh fldmuK o@ th uq`M c, m%udKfhka
fldmuK m%;sY;hla o@
² ,efnk ms<s;=re iudf,dapkh lrñka" my; oelafjk lreKq u;= jk fia
isiqka iu. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² mdkSh c, m%udKh 1'0 ]g jvd wvq m%udKhla nj
² W;a;r O%ejfha whsia l`ÿ f,i úYd, c, m%udKhla wvx.= nj
² ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid f,dj WIaK;ajh jeä ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i
whsia l`ÿ oshùfï YS>%;dj jeä ù we;s nj
² fï fya;=fjka l%ufhka uqyqÿ c, uÜgu by< hk nj
² fmdf<dj u; c,h ròd mj;sk ia:dk iq/lSu f,dj meje;au
ioyd b;d jeo.;a wjYH;djla nj
² my; oelafjk ls%hdldrlï lKavdhï fj; fhduq lrkak'
² j¾Idm;k udk u`.ska ffoksl j¾Idm;kh uekSu
² mdi,a f.dvke`.s,a,l jy, u; jefgk c, m%udKh uek .ekSu
² lshùï lÜg,h weiqßka j¾Idm;kh$ jy, u; jefgk c, m%udKh uekSug
fhdod .kakd l%ufõoh ioyd wjYH WmlrK wdosh ilia lrkak'
² jeis mj;sk wjia:djl wod< ñkqï ,nd f.k jd¾;djla ilia lsÍug isiqkag
iydh jkak'
189
² bosßm;a lrkq ,nk f;dr;=rej,g my; lreKq we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
² oskh iy fõ,dj
² j¾Idm;k m%udKh $ .e,Sï m%udKh
² j¾Idm;k udkh ilia lsÍu

wod< fldgia
² mqkS,h u;=msg úIalïNh 125mm la úh
hq;= h'
125 ma,diaála fyda f,day fyda ;yvqj,ska ;ekQ
tajd fhdod .; yels h ^;U jvd;a iqÿiq h&'
² is,skavdldr Ndck 2la'

2 jekak 1 jekak we;=<; /|úh yels úh
hq;= h'
u;=msg mqkS,h ?|úh yels úh hq;= h'
f,dayj,ska ;kd we;s úg" u, ne|Su
je<elaùu i|yd l`M mdg tku,a ;Ska;
wdf,am lrkak'
² ñkqï irdj
² t<suyka N+ñhl WmlrKh" 2n x 2n ,S

l+[a[ 2l wdOdrfhka msysgqjkak'
rEmh 7'1
² jy, u;=msg c,h m%udKh uekSu
² mdif,a jeys msys,s fhdod we;s

f.dvke`.s,a,la f;dard .kak'
² jeis c,h uek .ekSug mßudj okakd
ner,a 2la Ndú; lrkak'
190
msúiqu ioyd Ñ;%h (-
c, pl%h (Water cycle)
rEmh 7'2
² ish¨ u tall 103 km 3 j,sks'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(
² j¾Idm;kh uekSug yd jd¾;d lsÍug ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j u`.ska

Èjhsk mqrd uOHia:dk msysgqjd we;'
² jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh o;a; bÈß ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iòyd m%fhdackj;a jk w;r
ld,.=K wkdjels m%ldYlsÍu iòyd o fhdod .kS'
² f.dvke`.s,a,l jy,h u; m;s;s jk jei c,h uekSfuka o j¾Idm;kh fidhd
.; yels h' jy,h u;= msg j¾.M,h iy j¾Idj mej;=k ld,h igykalr .;
hq;= h'
191
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( c, pl%fha ls%hdldß;ajh flfrys we;s jk wys;lr n,mEï
úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² c,h ¥IKh lrk ls%hdldrlï bosßm;a lrhs'
² c,h ¥IKh ùfuka we;s úh yels wys;lr m%;sM, f,i fi!LHuh .eg¨ mek
ke``.Su wju lsÍfï l%fudamdh fhdackd lrhs'
² ¥IKh jQ c,h u`.ska c, pl%fha ls%hdldß;ajhg isÿlrk ndOd ms<sn| j úuid
n,hs'
² c, ¥IKh wju lsÍu i|yd ksjeros" iqÿiq l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka ta iòyd odhl
fõ'
² c, pl%fha ls%hdldß;ajhg ndOd we;slrk ls%hdldrlïj,ska neyer fjhs'
msúiSu(
² úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a c, idïm, ^ksheÈ& lSmhla mka;shg m%o¾Ykh
lrkak ^<s|lska" .`.lska" we< ud¾.hlska " c,h uv ù we;s j<lska" ksjdi
msgqmi c,h /ia jk ia:dkhlska" mdif,a c, lrduhla wi,&'
² tla tla idïm,fhys fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=Kdx." okakd mßos mj;sk iïm;a
fhdod .ksñka ú.%y lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrjkak'
² wmsßisÿ c,h Ndú;h ksid we;s jk frda. ;;a;aj ms<sn| j we;s ,sms tl;=jla
m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
² my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdj fufyhjkak'
² c,h i;= fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=K we;s nj
² fN!;sl .=K f,i j¾Kh" .kaOh" rih" wdosh o ridhksl .=K f,i PH
w.h" wdï,sl;dj" ,jK;dj o ie,flk nj
² c,fha fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=Kdx. fjkia ùu u`.ska tys ;;a;ajh
fjkia ùu c,h ¥IKh ùu f,i i,lk nj
² my; ud;Dld w;=ßka tla tla lKavdhug ,eî we;s ud;Dld flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrjkak'
² c,h ¥IKh lrk kd.ßl ls%hdldrlï
² c, ¥IKfha wys;lr m%;sM,
² lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj my; f;aud Tiafia úu¾YKh lrk f,ig
Wmfoia fokak'
² y÷kd .;a ;;a;aj
² wod< ;;a;ajh wju lsÍfï l%ufõo
² lKavdhïj, wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j bosßm;a
lsÍug iydh jkak'
192
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
² c, iïm; ¥IKh ùu i|yd
² kd.ßl j neyer lrk li<
² ld¾ñl wmøjH
² neyer lrk wm; c,h (waste water)
² lDIsld¾ñl wmøjH"
hkdosh fya;= jk nj
² kd.ßl li< md,khlska f;dr j c, fmdl=Kq" we< ud¾. wi, oeóu" c,h
/f|k ia:dk wmsßisÿ ùug n,mdkq we;'
² kd.ßl li< f,i fydag,a" ksjdi" wdfrda.HYd,d" fjk;a fmdÿ f.dvke`.s,s
wdÈfhys tl;= jk li< ye|skaúh yels h'
² l¾udka;Yd,dj, neyer flfrk wmsßisÿ c,h m%Odk we<ud¾.j,g" .x.dj,g
tl;= lsÍu"
² fmdÿ ia:dkj, li< yd wm; c,h ksid c,h ¥IKh jk nj
² f.dú ìïj, m<sfndaOkdYl" yd fjk;a wmøjH Ndck c,fha fiaoSu u`.ska
c,h ¥IKh jk nj
² ¥Is; c,h mßfNdackh lsÍfuka f,v frda. we;s fõ'
² c,h ¥IKh ùu ksid" .x.dj, we< fod<j, ud`M j| ù hdu" c,dY wdYs%;
Ydl úkdY ùu wdosh isÿ jk nj
² ¥Is; c,h c, ud¾.j,g ksoyia lsrSug fmr" iqÿiq msßisÿ lsÍfï l%ufõo
Ndú; lsÍu iqÿiq h'
² li< neyer lsÍfï oS kshñ; l%ufõo wkqj lghq;= lsÍu'
² m<sfndaO kdYl$ ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h fjkqjg iajdNdúl m<sfndaO
kdYl l%u iy lD;%su fmdfydr Ndú;h iqÿiq h'
² li< m%;splS%lrKh lsÍug fyda fldïfmdiaÜ fmdfydr ksmoùug fyda fhduq
l< hq;= h'
² m<sfndaO yd úI øjH wvx.= wiqrK ks¾foaYs; l%ufõo u`.ska bj;a lsÍu'
193
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( c, ud¾. iy c,dY /l .ekSug iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs
bf.kqï M, (
² fmdf<dj u;=msg c,h .,d hdu l<ukdlrKh lrhs'
² iajdNdúl yd f.dvke.+ c,dY j, jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
² fmdf<dj u;=msáka c,h .,d hdu ksid isÿ jk mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùug
Wml%u fhdohs'
² c, fmdaIl m%foaY wdrlaId lsÍug ls%hdldÍj odhl fõ'
² ìï N+o¾YklrKh lsÍfï lsh % dj wdrlaIl Wml%uhla f,i m%dfhda.l
s j Ndú;hg
fhdod .kS'
msúiSu(
² fyd`Èka fõ<d .;a uqyqÿ je,s" .x`.d je,s yd idudkH mia iudk m%udKfha
idïm, 3 la isiqkag mÍlaId lsÍug ,nd fokak'
² tajdfha wxY+j, m%udKh yd úYd,;ajh ms<snò f;dr;=re úuikak'
² mia fyda je,s mßudjg iudk c, mßudjla fjk fjk u tla tla Ndckhg
tl;= lrkak g Wmfoia fokak'
² tys § isÿ jk fjkialï yd yeisÍu ms<n
s ò my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla
f.dvk`.kak'
² c,h tl;=ùu ksid fldf;la ÿrg wxY= Èh fõ o@
² c,h tl;=ùu ksid fldf;la ÿrg wxY= tla /ia ù .=,s .efia o@
² c, myrg wxY= fia§ .,d f.dia /fòhs o@
² mia fyda je,s ;=< fldmuK c,h m%udKhla .nvd lr .kshs o@
² .f`.a je,sj,g c,h fh§fï § je,s leg p,kh ùula fyda .,d hdulska f;dr
j b;d myiqfjka je,s ;=<g c,h Wrd .kakd nj
² uqyqÿ je,sj,g c,h fh§fï § je,s c,h;a iu`. .,d hk w;r b;d myiqfjka
c,h Wrd .kakd nj
² mia u;g c, fh§fï § tys we;s l=vd mia wxY= b;d blaukska c,h Wrd .kakd
nj
² kuq;a mi ;=<g c,h .,d hdfï § je,sj, § ;rï fõ.hla fkdue;s nj
² fï ksid mi u;ska c,h .,d hdug jeä keUqre;djhla olajk nj
² fï wdldrfhka j¾Id c,h o tl jr fmdf<djg Wrd .ekSug wmyiq neúka
fmdf<dj u;ska .,d hk nj
² fuh mdxY= Ldokhg fl<ska u n,mdk nj
² my; lreKq fol u`.ska wod< ;;a;ajh u`. yrjd .; yels nj
² c,h .,d hdu l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu
² fmdf<dj u; wdjrKhla fh§u u`.ska (Ground Covers) fia§ hdu
je<elaùu
194
² by; § fhdod .kakd ,o ^7'2& c, pl%h kej; wOHhkhg fhdod .kak'
² u;=msg c,h f,i úYd, c, m%udKhla fmdf<dj u;= msg .,d hk nj
isiqkag wjfndaO lrjkak'
² fïjd .,d hkafka .x.d yryd c,dY u;ska nj úia;r lrkak'
² c,h iu`. úYd, mia mßudjla .,d hk nj isiqkag f;areï .ekSug bv
fokak'
² fuh mdxY= Ldokhla f,i iajdNdúl yd ks¾udKh l< c,dY" ú,a ".x.d
wdÈfha m;=f,a ;ekam;a jk whqre meyeÈ,s lrkak'
² wjika m%;sM,h b;d Nhdkl nj;a th je<elaùug yels nj;a úia;r lrkak'
² j<lajd .ekSug b;d ir, l%u fhdod .; yels nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

² Ökfha fydjexfyda .x.dj ms<snò úia;r fidhd n,d bÈßm;a lrkak'
² "fydjex"hkq ly mdg o "fyda " hkq .x.dj o fõ'
² ly .x.dj hkq jir mqrd u .x.dj ly mdg ksid h'
² ieu úg u .x.dfõ c,h iu`. mia .,d hhs'
² .x.djg "Ökfha fYdalh" hehs lshkafka o fï ksid h'
² .x.dfõ c, fmdaIl m%foaY b;d ksire njg m;a ù we;s njg;a" N+ p,k yd
kdh hdï we;s jk ld,j, § .f.a c,h r;= meyehg yefrk njg;a w;a±lSï
we;'
² ,xldfõ merKs jeõj, /ia jk uv bj;a lsÍug uv fidfrdõj hkqfjka
fldgila we;'
² j¾;udkfha § o c,dYj, /iajk uv bj;a lsÍug úúO l%u fhdod .ekSug isÿ
ù we;af;a mdxY= Ldokh isÿ jk ksid h'
195
ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( u;=msg c,h wmjykh úêu;a f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï
iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² u;=msg c,h yd N+.; c,h w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² u;=msg c,h neyer lssÍfï l%u iy l<ukdlrKh lsÍu úêu;aj isÿ lrhs'
² u;=mgs c,h wmjykhg ndOd isÿ jk iajdNdúl yd ñksia lsh
% dldrlï y`ÿkf.k
tajd je<elaùug ls%hdldÍ j odhl fjhs'
² c,h .,d hdulska f;dr j wúêu;a f,i ;ekska ;ek ?`§u j<lajhs'
² li< c,h yd wm; c,h ksis mßÈ neyer lsÍfï jeo.;alu ifya;=l j úia;r
lrhs'
msúiSu(
² isiqka lKavdhï lSmhlg fnoS mdi,a N+ñh jgd weúo hdug Wmfoia fokak'
² weúo hdfï § my; lreKq ksÍlaIKh lsÍug jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk
f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
² îug .kakd c,h we;s c, lrdu wjg m%foaYh
² ldkq fl<jrj,a wjika jk ia:dk
² jeys mS,s u`.ska jefgk c,h ksl=;a jk m%foaY
² m%Odk ñÿf,a jeis c,h neyer jk ia:dkh'
² pdßldj wkqj my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

² îug .kakd c, lrdu u`.ska jeä c, m%udKhla wmf;a hk nj
² c,h ksis mßÈ l<ukdlrKh fkdùu ksid th meyeÈ,s j fkdfmfkk
nj
² ldkq fl<jr ;j;a m%Odk ldKqjlg iïnkaO fkdù we;s ieu ;ekl u
fidaod md`Mjg ,la j we;s nj
² jeysmS,s leã we;s fyda Èh niakd k< (Down Pipe) leã we;s ;ekaj,ska
c,h neyerg .,d hhs" kï ta ;eka fidaod f.k hk nj
² m%Odk ñÿf,a jeis c,h .,d nisk ;eka fia§ f.dia we;s nj
² c,h .,d fkdhkafka kï ;eka ;ekaj,ska frdka uv j<j,a we;s jk
nj
² mdi,a N+ñh ;=< isÿ jk" fï wdo¾YK uyd mßudKfhka rgla ;=< o isÿ
jk nj
² rgla ;=< c, pl%hg;a c, ¥IKhg;a fï ls%hdj,sh iDcq j u n,mdk nj

² mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï follg fnokak'
² u;=msg c,h ¥IKh jk l%u" tla lKavdhulg mjrkak'
² c, ¥IKh je<elaùug fhÈh yels mQ¾fjdamdh fyda l%fudamdh wfkla lKavdhug
mjrkak'
196
² fïjd fldf;la ÿrg m%dfhda.l
s jkafka o hkak ifya;l
= j úu¾Ykh lrjkak'

² li< c,h fyda wm; c,h fmdf<dj u; tl ;ek /`§u ksid m,a fõ'
² .,d hk c,hg li< tl;= lsÍu ksid c,h ¥IKh fjhs'
² li< .,d hdug fjku ldkq fyda k< moaO;shla fhdod tajd ksis mßÈ
l<ukdlrKh yd kv;a;= l< hq;= h'
² iajdNdúlj u;=msg c,h .,d hk l%u iu`. wod< li< ud¾. iïnkaO
fkdúh hq;= h'
² li< ud¾. iïnkaO ùfuka ldkq isr ùu" c,h msgdr .e,Su yd .xj;=r ;;a;aj
olajd j¾Okh úh yels h'
² my;a ìï f.dv lsÍfuka o fujeks ls%hdj,shla isÿ fõ'
197
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( c,h Ndú; flfrk wjia:d úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² .Dyia: " fmdÿ lghq;=" jdKsc yd l¾udka; i|yd c,h Ndú; flfrk wjia:d
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² úúO ia:dkj," c, b,aü fjkia jk njg fya;= idOl bosßm;a lrhs'
² c, wjYH;dj uekSu i|yd ñkqï Ndú; lrhs'
² ld¾ólrKh iu`. c, b,aü jeä jk nj fya;= iys; j bosßm;a lrhs'
² c, b,aü jeä ùu ksid c, ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrhs'

msúiSu(
² c,h Ndú; lrk wjia:d lSmhla fmkajk rEm igyka mka;shg bosßm;a
lrkak ^Wod( kEug" c,úÿ,sh" frday,aj," l¾udka;j, oS&
² my; lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² c,h ñksidf.a uQ,sl wjYH;djla nj
² c, wjYH;d .Dyia:" fmdÿ lghq;= " jdKsc yd l¾udka; jYfhka
ldKavj,g fjka l< yels nj
² tla tla lKavdhug my; oelafjk ud;Dld f;dard oS" wod< ud;Dldj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lr jkak'
² .Dyia: c, Ndú;h yd c, b,aü uekSu
² fmdÿ lghq;= i|yd c, Ndú;h yd c, b,aü uekSu
² jdKsc yd l¾udka; c, wjYH;dj yd c, b,aü uekSu
² tla tla lKavdhu ;u wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
lrjkak'
² my; lreKq flfrys isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyh
jkak'
² osklg tal mqoa., c, mßfNdackh wkqj .Dyia: c, b,aü ueksh yels
nj
² fmdÿ ia:dkj, c,h mßfNdackh ia:dkfhka ia:dkhg fjkia nj
² m%Odk iemhqfuka c,h ,nd .kakd ia:dkj, c, ukqj yryd c,
mßfNdackh ueksh yels nj
² l¾udka; Yd,dj, oS o jdKsc lghq;=j, oS o c,h w;HjYH nj
² c, mßfNdaclhka ixLHdj yd tal mqoa., mßfNdackh wkqj o< c,
b,aü .Kkh l< yels nj
198
² k.rhl c, b,aü ^Water demand & hkq ñksfila iïmQ¾K osklg mßfNdackh
lrk c, m%udKh;a" uq`M ck ixLHdfõ;a .=Ks;hhs'
² osklg ñksfila c,h ,Sgr 135la idudkHfhka mßfNdackh lrhs'
² ck.yk j¾Okh c, b,aü jeä ùug n,md we;s neúka c,h ixrlaIKh
iy l<ukdlrKh l< hq;= h'
² c, b,aü
² .Dyia:
² îug
² wdydr msiSug
² ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=j,g
² kEug yd fiaoSug
² f.j;= lghq;=j,g
² fmdÿ lghq;=j, oS
² frday,a
² ld¾hd,
² mdi,a
² mQckSh ia:dk
jeks fmdÿ ia:dkj,g o c,h wjYH jk nj
² .Dyia: c, b,aü uekSu i|yd
² mqoa.,hka ixLHdj ^ksfjfia&
² c,h Ndú; lrk WmlrK .Kk ^Wod (- fros fidaok hka;%&
² Ôjk uÜgu ^jdyk Ndú; lsÍu" wdosh&
fhdod .; yels ks¾Kdhl fõ'
² m%Odk c, iemhqfuka ,nd fok c,h tall Ndú;h i|yd ,nd oSfï oS c, ukq
Ndú; flfrk nj
² fmdÿ ia:dkj,
Wod(- frday,a" ld¾hd," iskud Yd,d" Ndú; lrk mqoa.,hka ixLHdjg iß ,k
c, m%udKhla ,nd .; yels jk mßos myiqlï i,id we;' ^c, .nvd" gekals
wdosh mj;ajd f.k hdu&
² l¾udka; Yd,dj,
ksIamdok i|yd" hka;% iQ;% mssßisÿ lsÍu" ;dmh md,kh jeks lghq;=" fiajl
fiaúldjkaf.a ffoksl c, wjYH;d" f.dvke`.s,j s , mj;ajd f.k hk ffoksl
lghq;= iòyd wêl f,i c,h wjYH jk nj
² ld¾ólrKh iu`.u c,h mßfNdackh ;j ;j;a jeä ù we;s nj
199
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
c, iïmdokh yd ikSmdrlaIdj
c, wjYH;dj
mDÓúh ;=< Ôùka yeáhg isák ñksiqka" i;a;ajhka fuka u .y fld< meje;au r|d
mj;skqfha c,h u; h' f,dj ieuf.a c, wjYH;dj fojeks jkqfha jd;hg muKs'
fï ksid c, iïmf;ys we;s jákdlu lsisjl=g ñ, l< fkdyels h' f,dj we;s
iSñ; mdkSh c, m%udKh iq/lSfï jeo.;alu wms iefjdu oksuq' tfy;a l%shdfjka
th flf;la ÿrg isÿ jkafka o hkak iel iys; h'
1 úúO ld¾hh i|+yd c,h Ndú; flfrhs' k.rhla ;=< mdkSh c,h fhdod .kakd
m%Odk wxY lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'
1' îug yd wdydr msiSug

2' kEug yd fia§ug
3' WKqiqï lsÍu iy jdhqiuk l%u i|yd
4' u,a" t<jq`M iy fjk;a lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd
5' l¾udka; iy ksIamdok l%shdj,shg
6' ksjdi yd f.dvke`.s,sj, li< neyer ,Sug
7' .sks ksùug
8' j;=r u,a jeks Whka j;= w,xlrKh i|yd
9' msyskqï ;gdl
10' ú§ fia§ug ^ÈhqKq rgj,g iSud fõ&
2 Ndú; flfrk c, m%udKh wvq jeä ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl

1' ld,.=K ;;a;ajh - WIAK;ajh jeä ùu c,h Ndú;h jeä lrhs'
YS;, foaY.=Kh mj;sk úg wju c, m%udKhla Ndú; flfrhs'
2' Ôjk uÜgu - .ïno fuka fkd j kd.ßl j mÈxÑ ù isákakkaf.a
c,h Ndú;h jeä h' úúO WmlrK" jdyk hkdÈh ;u wjYH;djg fhdod
.kakd úg c,h Ndú;h jeä fjhs'
3' jdKsc yd l¾udka; - k.rhl we;s jdKsc iy l¾udka;
ksIamdok i|yd wjYH jk c, m%udKh idudkH m%udKhg jvd jeä h'
4' c, k< moaO;sfha mSvkh jeä ùu - c, k< wn,kaùu ksid iy WmlrK
wn,ka ùu u`.ska isÿ jk c, ldkaÿùï ;;a;ajh c, k< ;=< mSvkh jeä ùu;a
iu`. jeä fõ'
5' kv;a;= lsÍï - ksis mrsÈ c, k< w¨;ajeähd lsÍï jeks kv;a;= ld¾h i|yd
blauka wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrkafka kï c,h wmf;a hdu jeä fjhs'
200
c, b,aü - Water Demand
k.rhla i|yd mdkSh c, iïmdok l%uhla ie,iqï lsÍfuys ,d wjYH c, m%udKh
.Kkh l< hq;= h' tla mqoa.,hl= i|yd Èklg wjYH jk ,Sgr m%udKh fidhd n,d
k.rfha ck.ykh wkqj wjYH c, b,aü .Kkh l< hq;= h'
úúO wxY i|yd wjYH c, b,aü o< jYfhka my; j.=fjys olajd we;'
Ndú;h b,aü Èklg ,Sgr

1' .Dyia: 135
2' uyck fmdÿ 15
3' .sks ksùug 15
4' jdKsc iy l¾udka; 50
5' wmf;a" ydks 55
uq`M tl;=j 270
c,fhys .=Kd;aulNdjh
iajdNdúl c,h 100] msßisÿ j ,nd .; fkdyels h' úúO fya;= ksid c,h wmsßisÿ
ùug mq`Mjk' îug fmr c,h msßmyÿ l< hq;= h' mdkSh c, jHdmD;shla u`.ska c,h
iemhsh hq;af;a .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhks'
c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh uekSu" fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh ^ Bacteriological& jYfhka

ldKav ;=klg ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' fmdÿfõ mdkSh c,fha ;sìh hq;= .=Kd;aul
;;a;aj my; oelafõ'
1' frda. ldrl nelaàßhd jhsria f;dr úh hq;= h'
2' mdg rys; úh hq;= h' úksúo fmksh hq;= h'
3' c,fha WIAK;ajh idudkH uÜgñka mej;sh hq;= h'
4' c,h w¨;a úh hq;= h' wuq;= rihla fyda .kaOhla fyda we;s fkdl< hq;= h'
5' øjH Tlaiscka wvx.= úh hq;= h'
6' úIodhl øjHj,ska f;dr úh hq;= h'
7' úúO ridhksl o%jH wvx.= m%udKh wju úh hq;= h'
8' u, neòSï ;;a;ajhla we;s fkdl< hq;= h'
201
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 ( c,fha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² PH w.h",jK;dj" wdï,sl;dj" iy ri yd .kaOh" c,fha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh

;SrKh lrk m%Odk idOl f,i f;dard .kshs'
² mdkSh c,h Ndú;fha oS" iqÿiq .=Kd;aul w.h bv osh yels iSudj, fhdod .kshs'
² c, iemhqï jHdmD;sj, fhdod .kakd c, m%yjhg iß ,k msßmyÿ l%u f;darhs'
² ksfrda.slu i|yd .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhka hq;a c,h Ndú; lrhs'
² .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhka hq;a c,h mßfNdackh lsÍfuka rfÜ ixj¾Okhg
wjYH Y%u odhl;ajh ndOdjlska f;dr j ,nd fohs'
msúiSu(
² wxlkh lrk ,o" mÍlaIK k<$ îlr ;=< wvx.= c, idïm, lSmhla mka;shg
bosßm;a lrkak ^c, idïm," <sòlska" k< c,h imhk lrduhlska" uqyqoska"
.`.lska iy tl;= lrk ,o jeis c,h u`.ska ,nd .; yels h'&
² c, idïm, ksÍlaIKh lsÍug isik
q g
a wjia:dj ,nd oS c,fha fN!;sl" ridhksl"
yd ffcùh ^Ôj úoHd;aul& ,laIK ms<sn| j" my; oelafjk lreKq u;=
lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
² c,fha mj;sk úúO ,laIK" fN!;sl" ridhksl iy ffcùh jYfhka
j¾. l< yels nj
² úúO m%Njj,ska ,nd .;a c, idïm,j, mj;sk .;s ,laIK" tlla
wfklg fjkia nj
² j¾Kh" ri yd .kaOh" wdú,;dj ûKaä .;sh& jeks fN!;sl ,laIK
myiqfjka y÷kd .; yels nj
² PH w.h" ,jK;dj jeks ridhksl ,laIK ir, mÍlaIK u`.ska y÷kd
.; yels nj
² wm fi!LHhg ydksodhl jk ffcùh fldgia c,fha wvx.= úh yels
nj
² c,fha wvx.= fï ,laIK wkqj" Ndú;hg iqÿiq c,fha ;sìh hq;= .=Kd;aul
w.h bosßm;a l< yels nj
² my; i|yka c, m%Njj,ska c, idïm, tl;= lsÍug tla" tla YsIH lKavdhu
fufyhjkak'
c, m%Nj
² <s|la $k< c,h
202
² uqyqo$l,mqj $jej
² .`.la$we<la
² jeis c,h
² c, idïm, ùÿre Ndck ;=< tl;= lsÍfï ksjeros l%uh isik
q g
a meyeos,s lrkak'
² tl u ia:dkhlska m%udKj;a c, idïm, m%udK ,nd .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
² tla tla c, idïm,h ksÍlaIKhg ,la lrñka" my; oelafjk .=K ms<sn| j
jd¾;djla ilia lsÍug isiqkag iydh jkak'
c, idïm,h wdú,;dj PH w.h ,jK;dj ri yd .kaOh j¾Kh
by; mÍlaIK i|yd my; Wmfoia ms<smoskak'
1' wdú,;dj ^Turbidity) hkq c,fha úksúo fmfkk njhs'

wdú,;dj uekSu i|yd c, idïm, mÍlaIK k<hlg oud thg ^w,afmfk;a;la
jeks& l=vd øjHhla oukak' túg th fmkSu fkdfmkSu u`.ska wdú,;dj
ms<sn| o< woyila ,nd .; yels h'
2' PH w.h
PH lvodishla fyda PH ógrhla fyda imhd f.k c, idïm, ;=<g oud PH
w.h uek .kak'
3' ri yd .kaOh ^Taste and odour)
ri yd .kaOh mÍlaId lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
4' ,jK;dj (Salinity)
msßisÿ ùÿrejla u;g c,h ìkaÿ lSmhla biskak' th jdIam ù hEug bv yßkak'
,jK we;a kï tys ùÿrej u;= msg ,jK ñoS mj;S'
c,fha ,jK;dj fiùu" mÍlaIKd.drfha ridhksl mÍlaIK u`.ska o l<
yels h'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu iòyd w;aje,la (-
² c,h ,nd .; yels uQ,dY% c, m%Nj f,i ye`Èkafjhs'
² c, m%Nj m%Odk jYfhka
² u;=msg c,h
² N+.; c,h
f,i j¾. flfrhs'
203
² u;=msg c,h
.x.d" we<" fod<
c,dY" jeõ f,i j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
² N+.; c,h
<sx" k< <sx f,i j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
² c, m%Njh wkqj c,fha ridhksl .=K fjkia fõ'
² mdkSh c,fha ;sìh hq;= fN!;sl .=Kdx. f,i meyeos,s nj" j¾K" .kaO" ri
fkdue;s úg PH w.h WodiSk uÜgug wdikak w.hla .kS'
² mdkSh c,h f,i c, m%Njhla f;dard .ekSfï oS tys fN!;sl yd ridhksl
.=Kdx. flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
204
ksmqK;dj 8'0 ( wrmsrsueiafuka c,h Ndú;hg iy wm; c,h neyer ,Sug
iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'3 ( c, iemhqul c, ysig n,mdk idOl f;dard .kS'
bf.kqï M, (
² k< ud¾.hl c, mSvkhg n,mdk lreKq úia;r lrhs'
² k< ud¾.j, jyk ydks we;s jk wdldrh ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrhs'
² k< moaO;sj, ldkaÿ wju fldg wd¾Òl jdis we;s jk f,i k< moaO;shla iú
lrhs'
² ks¾udKd;aul wjYH;djg .e<fmk mßos Wmdx. yd fldgia tl,ia lrhs'
² md,khlska hq;= j yeisrùfï yelshdj ,nd .kS'

msúiSu(
² tl u yrialv j¾.M,h we;s iudk Ndck 2la f;dard .kak'
² tlla iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fhka mqrjkak'
² úksúo fmfkk iqkuH k<hlska c,h ke;s Ndckhg c,h we;s Ndckfhka
c,h .,d taug i,iajkak'
² fuh isiqkag ksÍlaIKh lsÍug bv fokak'
² c,h ke;s Ndckfha c,h msfrk fõ.h kej; kej; ksÍlaIKh lsÍug
fokak'
² tl u uÜgfuka Ndck 2l ;nd c,h ke;s Ndckfha tall Wila msÍug .;
jk ld,h uek .kak'
² ,nd .;a ksÍlaIK u; my; lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² c, uÜgï w;r mr;rh jeä wjia:dj, oS fõ.fhka c,h .,k nj
² c,h .,k k<fha úIalïNh jeä jQ úg fõ.fhka c,h .,k nj
² c,h .,k k<fha os. jeä ùu iu`. c,h .,k fõ.h wvq jk nj

² mdi, ;=< úúO ia:dkj, we;s c, lrduj, c, mSvkh uekSug isiqkag
wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
² fï iòyd tl u Ndckhla mqrjd .ekSug .; jk ld,h uekSug Wmfoia
fokak'
² tla tla lrdufha we;s mSvk fjkig fya;= myokak'
² tla tla lrdufha yevh wkqj" wNHka;r ls%hdldß;ajh wkqj ldkaÿ iys; nj
n,mdk wdldrh y`ÿkd .ekSug bv fokak'
² m%Odk c, iemhqï .nvd gekalsfha isg wod< lrduhg we;s ÿr fjk fjk u
uek .ekSug Wmfoia fokak'
205
² by; lreKq ie,iqula wkqj f,aLk.; lrjkak'
² by; lreKq tla tla lrdufha mSvkhg n,mdk wdldrh úuiSug ,la lrjkak'
² lKavdhï wkdjrK iduQysl j yd ks¾udKYS,S j bosßm;a lrùug iQodkï lr
jkak'
² k<hla ;=< .uka lrk c,fha mSvkh wvq jeä ùug k<fha fofl<jr isria
fia fjki n,mdk nj
² k<fha wNHka;r mDIaGfha iqugnj .uka lrk ´kEu ;r,hl fõ.hg n,mdk
nj
² k< ud¾.hl w;rueo ldkaÿ ;sîu wjika mSvkhg n,mdk nj
² fï ish,a,g u wu;r j .nvd lsÍfï oS ,nd .kakd .=re;ajc Yla;sh my<g
.,d hdu flfrys n,mdk nj
² fuh jvd meyeos,s lsÍug j¾Id c,h fhdod .; yels h'
² j,dl=<l .nvd ù we;s c,h b;d fõ.fhka my<g .,d ths'
² c,h fmdf<djg jegqKq miq fifuka .,d hk nj
² Wia ia:dkhl .nvd gekalshla ilia lsÍfuka wjYH mSvkh ,nd .;
yels h'
² fuh wd¾Òl jYfhka ,dNodhS fõ'
206
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'4 ( .Dyia: c, wjYH;d i|yd jeis c,h Ndú; lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
² k< c,h Ndú; lsÍfï oS udisl j uqo,a f.úh hq;= neúka wrmsßueiafuka c,h
Ndú; lrhs'
² .Dyia: lghq;= i|yd k< c,h fjkqjg jeis c,h Ndú;hg Wkkaÿ fjhs'
² jeis c,h tl;= lsÍug iy .nvd lsÍu i|yd l%ufõo ilia lrhs'
² yels ieu wjia:dfõ u jeis c,h Ndú;hg .ekSfuka iSñ; iajdNdúl c,
iïm; iqrlshs'
² k< c,h fjkqjg jeis c,h Ndú; lrñka fmdÿ wd¾Òlh kxjd ,Sug odhl
fjhs'

msúiSu(
² udisl c, ì,am; ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
² k< c,h myiqlï we;s isiqka lSm fofkla we;ehs i,ld ,enqKq ms<s;=re l`M
,E,af,a ioyka lrkak'
² óg jir 2lg fmr c, .dia;= ms<sn| j úuikak'
² ;j;a jir 2 loS c, .dia;=j ms<sn| j o isiqkaf.ka blauka ms<s;=rla ,efnkq
we;'
jir udisl .dia;=j remsh,a

isiq wxl 1 wxl 2 wxl 3 wxl 4 wxl 5
2007 650'00 1200'00 400'00 750'00 150'00
2009 850'00 1500'00 600'00 1000'00 350'00
2011 1000'00 1900'00 900'00 1200'00 500'00
² c, .dia;=j l%u l%ufhka jeä jk w;r" Bg úi`ÿula f,i" my; lreKq u;=
lrñka jeis c,h Ndú;hg .ekSfï jeo.;alu .ek isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'
² c, iemhqï jHdmD;s i|yd wjYH ridhksl øjH wdkhkh flfrk
fyhska Bg úfoaY úksuh wjYH nj
² fndfyduhla .Dyia: wjYH;d i|yd jeis c,h Ndú; l< yels nj
² jeis c,h tl;= lr Ndú; lsÍfuka c, ì,am; wvq lr .; yels nj
207
² lsisÿ whlsÍulska f;dr j ,efnk jeis c,h tl;= lsÍfuka wd¾Òl jdis
,efnk w;r mßir ydks o wju l< yels nj
² weuqKqu u`.ska olajd we;s ksjdi lSmhl jy, oelafjk ie,iqï tla tla
lKavdhu fj; fhduq lrkak'
² ie,iqï wkqj jeis c,h tl;= lsÍfï iy .nvd lsÍfï jHdmD;sh ie,iqï
lsßug wjYH Wmfoia ,nd fokak'
² f;dr;=re f.dkqj mßYS,kh lrñka wjYH ie,iqu ilia lsÍug" isiqkag
iydh jkak'
² ilia lrk ,o jeis c, jHdmD;s ie,iqï iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug
isiqka iQodkï lrjkak'
² lKavdhï úiska ilia lrk ,o ie,iqï iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍug
wjia:dj ,nd foñka" my; lreKq meyeos,s lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'

² osh niakd k<hla (R.W.P) u`.ska wdjrKh l< yels jyf,a Wmrsu j¾.M,h
j¾.ógr 65ls'
² msys,s w,a¨ (Gutter bracket) w;r Wmßu ÿr 350 mm ls'
² msys,s iú lsÍug jäïnq ,E,s iú lr ;sìh hq;= h'
P.V.C jeys msys,s iy Wmdx.
² Eaves Gutter Square type ² Down Pipe
² End Caps ² Down Pipe Elbow
² Running Head ² Down Pipe Clips
² Mitre Joint ² Down Pipe Socket
² Gutter Joiner
² Gutter bracket ² Spout (Gutter box)
² jeys msy,
s s P.V.C, G. I., Aluminium hk øjHj,ska ilia lrkq ,nk w;r" P.V.C
msys,s iy Wmdx. jvd;a ckms%h ù we;'
² msy,
s s yev w;=frka y;/ia j¾.fha msy,
s s ^Square Type Gutters) Ndú; lsÍfuka
c,h W;=rd hdu isÿ fkdfõ'
² jeis c,h .nvd lr we;s gekalsj, Odß;dj jeä jk ;rug c, ì,am; wvq
lr .; yels h'
² Wia ia:dkhl gekalsh ia:dk.; lsÍfuka mSvk Wila ,nd .; yels h'
² uÿrejka fndaùu je<elaùu i|yd oe,a fyda fldkalS%Ü fyda wdjrKhla .nvd
gekalsh u;=msgg fhdod .; hq;= h'
208
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
1' Running head

jeys osh niakd k<h w.= mS,a,g iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'
2' End cap $fl<jr jeiau
msys,s újD; fl<jr jid oeóug fhdod .efka'
3' Mitre Joint
w.= msys,s 900lska tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug Ndú; flfrhs'
4' jeys msys,s uQÜgq (Gutter joints)
msys,s os.ska jeä jk úg tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug fhdod .efka'
5' msys,s fmÜá (Down Spout)
ldkq mS,a,la jyf,a we;s úg fï u`.ska c,h tl;= ùug i,iajd Bg osh niakd
k<h iïnkaO l< hq;= h'
6' jeys msys,s w,a¨ (Gutter brackets)
jeys msys,s jäïnq ,E,a, yd /|ùug fhdod .efka'
jeis osh niakd k< (Rain water down pipe)

jD;a;dldr fyda y;/ia yrialv iys; k< fldgia fhdod .efka' 90 mm kdñl
úIalïNfhka hq;a PVC k< nyq, j Ndú; flfrhs'
rEmh 8'1
209
jeis c,h tl;= lsÍu yd mßyrKh
w;S;fha isg wmg odhdo l< jdß l¾udka; ;=<ska ìys jq c,dY" jeõ yd ne`ÿKq
lDIsl¾udka;h wo olajd mj;S' mdkSh c,h iy fjk;a wjYH;d" fï c, iïm;
u`.ska bgq úh' rcrg tfia mj;soaoS" fld<U jeks kd.ßl m%foaYj, mdkSh c,
wjYH;dj bgq jkqfha k< c,h u`.sks'
Tfí ksfjig mdkSh c,h k< u`.ska iemhSu i|yd úYd, OkialkaOhla jd¾Isl j
jeh fõ' úfoaYSh Kh fok wdh;kj,ska iy foaYSh jd¾Isl whjeh u`.ska ,nd
.kakd m%;smdok uqo,ska mdkSh c, jHdmD;s bos lr kv;a;= lr f.k hkq ,efnhs'
c, msßmyÿ lsh
% dj i|yd Ndú; flfrk ridhksl øjH ^we¨ñkshï i,af*aÜ" laf,daÍka
Cl & furgg f.kaùu i|yd úfoaY úksuh fjka l< hq;= h'
2
mdkSh k< c,h ,efnkqfha ck.ykfhka 30]lg muK jqj o" rfÜ ish¨ mqrjeishkaf.a
odhl;ajh fï i|yd fhdod .kq ,efí' tkï' k< c,h Ndú; lrkakkaf.ka
ì,am;a u`.ska .dia;= wh l<;a f,dal uQ,H wdh;k u`.ska ,nd .kakd Kh uqo,a wdmiq
f.ùug wm ish¨ fokd odhl fjhs' tfia kï yels ieu wjia:djl§ u jeis c,h
Ndú;hg .ekSu" mdkSh c,h wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍug m%Odk jYfhka bjy,a
fjhs' iajdNdúl j ,efnk jeis c,h ukd l<ukdlrKhlska" tla /ia lr .kafka
kï" f.a fodr Ndú;hg fuka u îug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg jqj o m;a lr .; yels h'
jeis c,h Ndú;fhka ,efnk m%;s,dN

jeis c,h"
w' f.dvke`.s,s jy, u; jefgk c,h u`.ska iy
wd'fmdf<dj u;=msg .,d hk c,h u`.ska tl;= lr .; yels h'
f.dvke`.s,s u;=msg jefgk c,h .Dyia: lghq;= i|yd;a mi u;=msg .,d hk c,h
f.j;af;a lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd;a fhdod .; yels h' Tn ksfjfia jy, u;
jefgk jeis c,h tl;= lr Ndú; lsßfuka Tng;a" rgg;a we;s jk m%;s,dN
fudkjd oehs fidhd n,kak'
1' udisl c, ì,am; wvq ùu u`.ska Tn yg ,efnk wd¾Ól jdish'
2' c, iïmdok jHdmD;sh u`.ska" c, msßmyÿj i|yd jeh jk úhou wvq ùu" b;sß
jk c, mßudj ;j mdßfNda.slhkg ,nd oS wdodhï ;;a;ajh by< hdu'
3' ridhksl øjH ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH úfoaY úksuh wvq lr .; yels ùu'
4' c, ixrlaIK ixialD;shla f.dv ke`.Sfï ld¾hhg Tnf.a odhl;ajh ,eîu'
5' mdxY= Ldokh je<lSu - u;=msg .,d hdu md,kh jk neúks'
6' jeis c,h N+.; lsÍfuka N+=.; c, uÜgu by< hdu'
jeis c,h tl;= lsÍfï jev ms<sfj,la i|yd ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl wjYH;d
1' f.dvke`.s,s jy, u;=msg mDIaGh ( ,xldfõ jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1600mmla
muK fõ' úúO m%foaYj, j¾Idm;k uÜgï fjkia jk w;r idudkHfhka
jy, mDIaGfha j¾. ógr 100 jmirshlska" jirlg c,h >k ógr 125lg jeä
m%udKhla tl;= lr .; yels h'
2' jeis c, wmjyk k< moaO;sh ( jy, u; jefgk c,h w.= msys,s u`.ska tl;= lr"
my<g f.k hdu i|yd k< fh§u óg wh;a h' fï i|yd .e,ajkhsia hlv"
mS'ù'iS' ^PVC& >k øjH j,ska ;eKQ k< msys,s iy fldgia fhdod .; yels h'
210
3' c, .nvd gekals ( fldkalS%Ü" .fvd,a" f*frda isfuka;s iy ma,diaálaj,ska c,
.nvd gekals fhdod .; yels h' Tnf.a bvfï msysàu wkqj fï gekals mj;ajd
f.k hd hq;= ia:dk ms<sn| j ;SrKh l< hq;= h'
jeis c,h tl;= lsrSfï moaO;s

f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqï lsÍfï § jy, u; jefgk jeis c,h msys,s u`.ska tl;= lr
fmdf<dj uÜgu olajd f.k hdug iqÿiq l%uhla ms<sn| j i,ld n,kq ,efnhs' w.=
msys,s" k< fhdod .ksñka ilia lrk fï l%uh jeis c< wmjyk moaO;sh ^Rain Water
Drainage System) f,i y÷kajuq' fï i|yd úúO øjH fhdod ilia lrkq ,nk msys,s
iy Wmdx. fjf<ò fmdf<ka ,nd .; yels h'
• ÑkÉpÜá -(Cast Iron) • weiafniafgdia isfuka;s

• .e,ajkhsia l< hlv ;yvq • hq''mS'ù'iS (U.P.V.C.)
• we¨ñkshï ñY% f,day ;yvq hk øjHj,ska msys,s iy Wmdx. ilia lrkq ,efnhs'
f.dvke`.s,a,l jy, fl<jr ^w.=j& iú lr we;s jäïnq ,E,a, wdOdrlhla f,i

fhdod .ksñka" w.= msys,s iú lsÍu l< yels h' msys,s úúO yevj,ska ksmo jk w;r
hq'mS'ù'iS (u.P.V.C.) jeys msys,s my; oelafjk j¾.j,ska ,nd .; yels h'
rEmh 8'2
1' w¾O ljdldr (Half Round)

2' y;/ia (Square)
3' ä¨laia (Deluxe)
mS'ù'iS jeys msys,s iy osh niakd k< fh§u

2
jyf,a Wmßu j¾.M,h M
msys,s j¾.h c,h nei hdu c,h nei hdu
ms y s , s fl<jr msys,s ueo
w¾O ljdldr 65 130

y;/ia 85 170
ä¨la i a 195 400
211
msysá uÜgu ;sri uÜgug wdikakj idïm, by; jy, jeä m%udKhla wdjrKh
jk w;r" 1(600 neiaula ;eîfuka" tu wdjrK j¾.M,h jeä jkq we;'
msys,s Wmdx. ^y;/ia P.V.C. msys,s&
Wmdx. Ndú;h
1' rkska fyâ jeys osh niakd k<h w.= mS,a,g iïnkaO
Running Head lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'
2' fl<jr jeiau msys,s újD; fl<jr jid oeóu i|yd fhdod .efka'
End Cap fïjd ol=Kq mi$jïmi jYfhka j¾. folls'
0
3' Mitre Joint w.= msy,
s s 90 lska tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Ndú;
uhsgr uQÜgqj flfrhs' msg;$we;=<; uq`: i|yd j¾. 2la we;'
4' jeys mS,s uQÜgq msys,s os.ska jeä jk úg tlsfkl iïnkaO lsßug
Gutter Joints fhdod .efka'
5' msys,s fmÜá ldkq mS,a,la jyf,a we;s úg fï u`.ska c,h tl;=
Down Spout ùug i,iajd Bg osh niakd k<h iïnkaO lsÍu l<
hq;= h' fï ksid c,h W;=rd hdu j<lS' rkska fyâ
(Running Head) fjkqjg o" msys,s fmÜá Ndú; l<
yels h' tfy;a úhou jeä h'
rEmh 8'3
212
6' jeys mS,s w,a¨ jeys msys,s" jäïnq ,E,a, yd /|ùug fuu w,a¨"
Gutter Brackets wdOdrl jYfhka fhdod .efka' w,a¨ w;r Wmßu ÿr
450mmls' ä¨laia ^Deluxe& j¾.fha msys,s i|yd Wmßu
ÿr 300mm ls'
7' osh niakd k< i|yd msys,s u; tl;= jk c,h my<g f.k hdu i|yd
je<ñá keñ fhdod .kakd k<fha wjYH yevh .kqfha fï
0
Down Pipe Elbow je<ñá keñ fldgia Ndú; lsÍfuks' keïu 90 g
jvd jeä neúka wjYH wd;;sh ,nd .; yels h' tla
osh niakd k<hlg wju jYfhka je<ñá keñ 3la
wjYH fõ'
8' osh niakd k< f.dvke`.s,af,a Wi wkqj Èh niakd k<fha Wi

iïnkaOl fjkia fõ' Wi jeä jk úg wjYH È. ,nd .ekSu
Down Pipe Joiner i|yd k< fofl<jr iïnkaO lsÍug fï Wmdx.h
fhdod .efka' iú lsÍfï § ksjerÈ ÈYdjg uQÜgq lsßu
jeo.;a h'
9' niakd k< w,a¨ niakd k< (Down Pipe) f.dvke`., s ,

a g iïnkaO lsÍu
Down Pipe Clips i|yd fï w,a¨ fhdod .efka' ì;a;sh isÿre lr fmakq
fhdod bial=remamq weK u`.ska iú l< yels h'
10'jeis Èh niakd k< fï i|yd jD;a;dldr fyda y;/ia yrialv iys; k<
Rain Water Down Pipe fldgia fhdod .efka' P.V.C. j,ska ;kkqfha jD;a;dldr
yevfhka hq;a k< muKs' msg; úIalïNh 90 mm
^31$2zz& fõ'
rEmh 8'4
213
jeis c,h tl;= lsßu yd .nvd lsÍu
ksfjfia fyda f.dvke`.s,af,a msysàu wkqj iqÿiq l%uhla f;dard .; hq;= h' jy,
uÜgug jvd my;ska" f.j;af;a Wi ia:dkhla we;a kï tl;= lrkq ,nk c,h
Ndú;hg .ekSu myiq h'
ma , dia á la $ hlv ner,hla Ndú; ls Í u

f.dvke`.s,af,a msgq mi f.j;a;g uqyqK
,d fujeks ner,a tlla fyda jeä .Kkla
fhdo f.k u,a me<" t<jq`M hkdÈhg c,h
iemhqu myiqfjka l< yels h'
wjYH foa
1' jeys msys,a, iú lr ;sîu
2' Èh niakd k<h iy msys,s fldgia
3' ma,diaála$hlv ner,h
4' ner,h /|úu i|yd .fvd,a fyda
fldkalS%Üj,ska ;eKq fõÈldj
5' jeis c,h msg ùu i|yd msgdr k<h
6' 12mm ysá lrduh
7' c,h ,nd .kakd Ndckh ;eîu i|yd
lrduhg my<ska fldkalS%Ü fyda .fvd,a
w;=reu
rEmh 8'5
rEmh 8'6
214
jeis c,h tla /ia lsÍfï § we;s úh yels .eg¨ iy úi÷ï
.eg¨j úi÷u
1' tl;= jk c,fha frdvq l=Kq jy, u; jefgk c,h tl;= ùu mgka .;a
wvx.=ùu m<uq ñks;;
a = 10l muK ld,h ;=< ,efnk
c,h" c,h tl;= lsÍfï moaO;sfhka msg;g
.,d hdug ie,eiaùu'
2' uÿrejka fndaùu jeys msys,s ;=< ;eka ;ekaj, c,h tl;=
ùu j<lajkak' frdvq l=Kq l,ska l,g
bj;a lr msßisÿ l< hq;= h' c, .nvd
gekals ysre t<sh fkdjefgk mßÈ jid
;nkak'
3' îug kqiqÿiq ùu c,h WKq lr Ndú; lsÍu fyda le,aishï

yhsf*dlaf,darhsÜ ^úrxck l=v&q tl;= lsÍu
fyda l< yels h' c,h >k ógr 1lg
^,Sgr 1000& úrxck l=vq ^Cl )f;a yekaol
2
m%udKhla tl;= lrkak'
4' je,s" uv tl;= ùu fïjd gekalsfha m;=,g ;ekam;a ùug bv

yeßh hq;= h' l,ska l,g gekalsh msßisÿ
lsÍfï § m;=,g tl;= jk ukaä fldgia
bj;a l< yels h' gekalshg c,h tl;=
ùfï § ndOlhla fhdod c,h le,;Su
j<lajkak'
215
ksmqK;dj 9'0 ( ud¾. boslsÍu yd kv;a;= lsÍu ioyd iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ( ud¾. boslsÍfï wjYH;dj yd m%jdyk l%u úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² w;S;fha isg wo olajd m%jdyk myiqlï úldYh jQ wkaou úia;r lrhs'
² m%jdyk l%u j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
² úúO m%jdyk l%uj, we;s jdis yd wjdis ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrhs'
² tosfkod Ôú;fha oS" myiq yd blauka m%jdyk udOH Ndú; lrhs'
² úúO ixj¾Ok lghq;=j, oS" m%jdyk myiqlï uQ,sl wjYH;djla f,i i,ld
lghq;= lrhs'

msúiSu(
² lvq.kakdj lemagka fvdaika isysjgk l=¨k ms<sn| j isys.kajñka isiqka
iu`. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
² my; lreKq idlÉPdj ;=<ska u;= lrkak'
² fld<U" kqjr uyd ud¾.h boslsÍu'
² Wvrg ÿïßh ud¾. boslsÍu hkdosh isÿ lrkq ,enQfha Wvrg f;a ksaIamdok
fld<U jrdhg f.k taug iy
² j;= md,lhka yd fjk;a ks,OdÍkaf.a .ukd.uk myiqlï imqrd ,Su
hk wjYH;dj iòyd nj
² w;S;fha meje;s m%jdyk l%uj,g jvd" j¾;udkfha jvd;a oshqKq m%jdyk
l%u we;s nj
² f.dvìï uyd ud¾.j,g wu;r j .=jka" uqyqÿ jeks m%jdyk l%u o" we;s
nj

² my; oelafjk ud;Dld tla tla lKavdhu fj; fhduq lrkak'
² uyd ud¾.
² ÿïßh ud¾.
² .=jka ud¾.
² uqyqÿ ud¾.
² ;u lKavdhug ,enqKq ud;Dldjg wod< j f;dr;=re /ia lr my; oelafjk
j.=jg we;=<;a lsÍug isiqkg Wmfoia fokak'
216
² uyd ud¾. $ÿïßh ud¾.$.=jka ud¾.$uqyqÿ ud¾.
Ndú; flfrk m%jdykh l< úhou$.dia;=j ld,h fjk;a lreKq

m%jdyk udOH yels u.Ska $ NdKav 100 km 100 km
m%udKh
² lKvdhï úiska" .fõIKh lr fidhd .;a f;dr;=re iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a

lsÍug iydh jkak'
² tla tla lKavdhfuka fidhd .;a f;dr;=re iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lsÍfuka
wk;=re j my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,slr .ekSug w;j,la(
² .ukdka;h ÿr jk úg" f.dvìu fyda uqyqoska tf;r fyda .uka ìuka
iòyd .=jka hdkd fhdod .ekSu myiq l%uhhs'
² ud¾. m%jdykh iòyd nia r: iy ÿïßh fhdod .ekSu ,dN odhlh'
² r:jdyk iòyd ud¾. ;onoh ndOdjla jqj;a" ÿïßh .ukd.ukhg tjeks
n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs'
² k.rj, jdyk ;onohg uQ,sl fya;=j jdyk >k;ajhg m%udKj;a
mq`M,a ud¾. fkdue;s ùuhs'
² bkaOk oykh lsÍfuka fhdod .kakd l%u u`.ska úYd, uqo,la jeh jk
w;r mdßißl ¥IKh we;s lrhs'
217
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 ( ud¾. ie,iqï lsÍfï oS imqrd ,sh hq;= wjYH;d úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² úúO nr m%udKj,ska hq;a jdykj,g .e<fmk ud¾. j¾. m%ldY lrhs'
² ud¾.hl we;s fN!;sl ,laIK wd¾Òlhg yd M,odhs;djg n,mdk wdldrh
² ud¾.hl iú lr we;s yd m%o¾Ykh lr we;s ix{d yd ixfla; tlsfkl úia;r
lrhs'
² rEm yd ixfla; udOHfhka f;dr;=rla fyda Wmfoila oSfï yelshdj ,nd .kS'
² ld,Sk fuka u wjYH;d wkqj ks¾udK lsÍug bosßm;a fjhs'

msúiSu(
² oekg Ndú;fha we;s úúO nr mka;sj,g wh;a jdykj, rEm igyka mka;shg
fmkajkak'
² fïjdfha m%udKh iy th ud¾.fha w;am;a lr .kakd bv m%udKh .ek
isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
² tla tla m%foaYfha ud¾.j, iajNdjh
² ta ta ud¾.fha nyq, j Odjkh jk nr mka;s fudkjd o@
² oekg mj;sk ud¾.j, fï jdyk fld;rï m%udKhla Odjkh jkafka oehs
hkak ms<snò j my; iòyka lreKq u;= jk fia idlÉPdjla f.dv k`.kak'
² jdykj, nrg .e<fmk mßos ud¾. ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj

² ud¾.hl m<, yd ord .ekSfï yelshdj jdyk Odß;djg .e,msh hq;= nj
² ud¾.hl jx.= yd nEjqï .uka fõ.hg n,mdk nj

² ud¾. ix{d lÜg, lsysmhla lKavdhï ;=klg ,nd fokak'
² wod< ud¾. ix{d lÜg, my; iòyka ldKavj,g fjka lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd
fokak'
² Wmfoia ix{d
² wk;=re ye`.ùfï ix{d
² úOdk ix{d
² wod< ix{d j,ska m%ldY jk ;;a;aj úia;r lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
² wod< ix{d oelsh yels ia:dk kï lsÍug fhduq lrjkak'
² M,odhS m%jdyk l%ufõohla ;sîfï jdis yd wjdis idlÉPd lrkak'
² M,odhS m%jdyk ud¾.hla ie,iqï lsÍfï oS wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
úuid n,kak'
218
² ud¾. ilia lsÍfï oS ud¾.h Ndú; lrk jdyk ixLHdj jeä ùfï .eg¨jg
fhdod .kq ,nk ie,iqï l%ufõo úuid n,kak'
² isiq lKavdhïj, wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j iuia; mka;shg
bosßm;a lrùug iQodkï lrjkak'
² ud¾. ix{dj,ska úúO woyia ikaksfõokh lrkq ,efnhs'
² wod< ix{d yd oekaùï mqjre u`.ska wdrlaIs; j ud¾.h Ndú;hg u`. fmkajk
w;r tu`.ska wk;=re j<lajd .ekSug yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
² ud¾. ix{d fldgia ;=klg fnod tajdfha miq ;,hg wod< j¾Kh fhdod we;'
² ix{d weòSug Ndú; lrk miqìï yevh jD;a;dldr" ;s%fldaKldr fyda
iup;=ri%dldr f,i ieliSfuka m%ldYs; w¾:fha fjki fmkajhs'
² M,odhS m%jdykhla u`.ska ld,h yd úhou wju l< yels h'
² M,odhS m%jdykhla iòyd ud¾. ie,iqïlrKfha oS my; iòyka lreKq flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
² ud¾.fha Odjkh jk jdyk Odß;dj
² ud¾.fha Odjkh flfrk jdykj, Ndr
² ud¾.h msysá m%foaYfha mfiys bis¨ï Odß;dj
² ud¾.fha m<,
² u;=msg iajNdjh
² jx.= m%udKh yd wrh
² nEjqu yd wdk;sh
² ld¾h nyq, ud¾.j, ux ;Sre .Kkdjlska hq;a jeä m<,la iys; ud¾. ks¾udKh
lsÍfuka ux ;Sre lsysmhla foosYdjg u fhosh yels ùu ksid M,odhs;dj by<
hkq we;'
² ud¾.h ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS Ndú; øjH wkqj úúO Yla;Ska yd u;=msg iajNdjh
fõ.h flfrys hdka;s%l j n,mdhs'
² j< f.dve,s fõ.h wvq lrhs'
² jx.= m%udKh wju ùfuka fõ.h jeä l< yels w;r wk;=re o wju
fjhs'
² jx.=jl wrh jeä lsÍfuka wê frdayKh wvq lr hdka;s%l myiqjla ,nd
osh yels h'
² ud¾.hla ie,iqï lsÍfï oS th yels ;dla ;sria lsÍfuka foosYdjg u
.uka lsÍfï § isÿ úh yels wk;=re wju fldg M,odhS Odjk fõ.hla
,nd .; yels h'
219
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
1987'03'13 osk rcfha w;s úfYaI .eiÜ ksfõokfha olajd we;s mßos fudag¾ r:jdyk
mkf;a wxl 237 ork j.ka;sh hgf;a ksl=;a lrk ,o ksfhda.hla iy ix{djla" miq
j jßkajr lrk ,o ixfYdaOk iys; j oekg ls%hd;aul fjhs' mhska .uka lrkakka"
jdyk mojkakka iy jdykj, .uka lrk u.Ska hk ldKav i|yd ms<smeosh hq;= kS;s
ß;s fjk fjk u we;s w;r" tla ldKavhla wod< kS;s Í;sj,g wjk; fkdjkafka
kï" fiiq ldKavj,g wh;a mqoa.,hka wk;=re lrorj,g uqyqK fokq we;'
l=vd l, mgka ud¾. kS;s Í;s ms<smoskakg jeäysáhka <uhskag wdo¾Yj;a jk mßos
ud¾.h Ndú; l< hq;= h' fudag¾ m%jdyk flduidßia u`.ska ksl;
= a lr we;s uyd ud¾.
kS;s ix.%yh wOHhkh lrkak' ud¾.fha .uka lsÍfï oS iy jdykhla meoùfï oS
ud¾. ix{d ms<smoskak' kS;s Í;sj,g .re lrkak'
ud¾. ix{d - Road Signs

ud¾. ix{d u`.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wjYH;d
1' wk;=reodhl ;;a;ajh ms<sn| j l,a ;shd oekqj;a lsßu'
2' jdyk k;r lsÍu" meoúh yels fõ. iSud ms<sn| j ßheÿrka oekqj;a lsÍu'
3' uyd ud¾.j, msysáu" ikaê" .uka l< hq;= osYdj hkdosh ms<sn| j f;dr;=re
,nd oSu'
YS% ,xldfõ ud¾. moaO;shg wod< j" ßheÿrka" u.Ska iy moslhka i|yd" fudag¾ r:
m%jdyk flduidßia úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o ud¾. ix{d moaO;shla we;' fï ieu
ix{d j¾.hla u" osjd rd;s% whym;a ld,.=K ;;a;j
a hgf;a o" y÷kd .ekSug yels mßos
ilia úh hq;= h' yels blaukska ix{d f;areï .; yels mßos" tys m%udKh" ÿr iy
j¾Kh fhoSu l< hq;= h' úúO NdId l:d lrk whf.a myiqj i|yd NdId udOHhla
Ndú;d fkdlr" rEmK u`.ska" ix{d ms<sn| j ßheÿrka yd moslhka oekqj;a lsrSug"
ieu úg u W;aidy lrkq ,efí'
ud¾. ix{d ±la ù u

1' ieu ix{d j¾.hlau Èjd" rd;s% whym;a ld,.=K ;;a;aj hgf;a o y÷kd .ekSug
yels mßÈ ilia úh hq;= h'
2' ix{d f;areï .ekSu yels blaukska l< yels mßÈ
(i) m%udKh ^jD;a;hla kï wju úIalïNh 600mm ls&
(ii) ÿr ^wod< ia:dkhg uSgr 100 m<uqj&
(iii) j¾K ^ly meye;s miq;,h jgd r;= msg ;Srejla& Ndú; l< hq;= h'
3' úúO NdId l:dlrK whf.a myiqj i|yd NdId udOHh Ndú; fkdlr" rEmK
u`.ska wod< ix{dj ms<sn| j ßheÿrka iy u.Ska ±kqj;a lsÍug W;aidy l< hq;=
h'
4' ix{dj i|yd mqjre Ndú; lrk úg fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg mqjrejg we;s Wi
2400mm-2800mm úh hq;= h'
220
ud¾. ix{d j¾.
1' wk;=re we`.ùfï ix{d - Warning Signs
2' md,k ix{d - Controlling Signs
3' f;dr;=re ix{d - Information Signs
1' wk;=re we`.ùfï ix{d
ol=Kq me;a;g jx.=j uxika ê h bÈßfhks jï me;a f ;ka m% O dk

ud¾.hg iïnka O jk
w;=re ud¾.hls
rEmh 9'1
úl¾K yevh .;a mqjrejl" miqìu ly meyeh jk mßÈ l`: meyefhka ix{dj olajd
we;' fuu ix{d mqjre ;djld,slj o fhdod .efka' Wod ( ud¾.h bÈßfhka ñksiqka
jefvys ksr; jk nj olajk ix{d mqjrej'
2' md,k ix{d

kd.rsl fuka u msg m<d;aj, o" jdyk yiqreùu i|yd fï ix{d mqjre Ndú;
flfrhs' 600 mm l úIalïNh we;s jD;a;dldr yevfhka hq;a mqjrejl fï ix{d
fmkakqï flfrhs' mqjrej jg r;= meye;s ;Srejla (Border) we;' miqìu iqÿ meye;s
h' ks,a meye;s miqìu fhdod .kqfha jdyk k;r lsÍu iïnkaOjhs'
jdyk md,kh lsÍug Ndú; flfrk ix{d ldKav lSmhlg wh;a h'
3' ;ykï ix{d
we;=`Mùu ;ykï U yevhg yerùu jdyk keje;aùu ;ykï

;ykï
rEmh 9'2
0
;ykï fkdl< hq;=h hkak y`.jkqfha ;sri iu. 45 yevhlska fhÿ yria r;=
;Srejlsk's
221
iS u dldß ix{d
rEmh 9'3
fõ. iSudj nia r: we;=`Mùu ;ykï fõ. iSudj ksoyia
fï ix{d mqjre fõ. iSudjlg iy jdyk iSudjlg wh;a h'
úOdk ix{d
rEmh 9'4
jï me;a;g yerúh hq;= h jgrjqu bÈßfhka jï me;a;g

yerúh hq;= h
jdyk .uka l< yels kshñ; ÈYd fmkakqï lrhs'
m% u q L ;d ix{d
bÈßfhka tk jdyk j,g

m%uqL;djh Èh hq;= h
rEmh 9'5
f;dr;=re ix{d - Information Signs
u`. fmkaùfï mQ¾j ix{d iy u`. fmkaùfï ix{d óg wh;a h' ßheÿrd fj; u`.
fmkaùu i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re iemhSu fï ix{d mqjrej, wruqKhs' ÈYdj" ÿr
m%udKh" .ukdka;h" kej;=ï ia:dk fï f;dr;=rej,g wh;a h' wod< ia:dkhg
l,ska fï f;dr;=re imhkqfha kshñ; ÈYdjg jdykh yerùu i|yd iqodkï ùu
i|yd h'
kq j rt<s h fld<U rEmh 9'6

72 Km 110 Km
wdf,da l ix{d (
m%Odk uxikaêj, jdyk yiqreùu i|yd úÿ,s wdf,dal ix{d Ndú;d lrkq ,efnhs'
ÿïßh yria ud¾.j, iy mÈlhka mdr yryd .uka lrk ia:dkj, o" fï úÿ,s
wdf,dal ix{d olakg we;' fï ix{dj,g ;rfha lSlreùu jeo.;a h' tfia fkdjqj
fyd;a Tn wk;=rg ,laùu je<elaúh fkdyels h'
222
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'3 ud¾. j¾.SlrKh lr we;s wdldrh úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² úúO ud¾.j, .;s ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
² A, B, C yd D j¾.SlrKhg wkqj ud¾. f;dard .kshs'
² ud¾. j¾.SlrKh wkqj" tla tla ud¾.fha we;s úfYaI ,laIK ixikaokd;aul
j bosßm;a lrhs'
² YS% ,xld ud¾. is;shï Ndú; lrñka " n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk .ukdka;hg ksjeros
j <`.d fjhs'
² foaYSh fuka u úfoaYSh ixpdrj, oS o" ud¾. is;shï Ndú;hg bosßm;a fjhs'

msúiSu(
² my; oelafjk Ñ;% igyka l`M,E,af,a i|yka lr" tajd y÷kd .ekSug isiqkag
wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
rEmh 9'7
² A 1, 2, 3 .............. 10 olajd ud¾.j, msysàu .ek isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

² isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re idjoH jk úg tajd ksjeros lrñka my; lreKq u;= jk fia
isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
² A B C yd D jYfhka ud¾. j¾.SlrKh lr we;s nj
² úúO fYa%Ksj,g wh;a ud¾. y÷kd .; yels jk fia
² ie;emqï lKqj,
² lsf,daógr lKqj,
223
² .ukdka;hg ÿr m%udKh olajk kdu mqjrej,
² ud¾. yuq jk ikaêj,g wdikak j moslfhys iú lr we;s mqjrej, iy
² ud¾. is;shïj,"
i|yka lr we;s nj'
² ud¾. j¾.SlrKhg my; i|yka lreKq fya;= ù we;s nj'
² m%Odk k.r iïnkaO lsrSu
² m%Odk k.rj, isg m%dfoaYSh k.r lrd fhduq ùu
² ÿr m%udKh
² ud¾.j, wdrïNl osk jljdkq ^b;sydih&
b.ekajSu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia(

² A,B, C yd D jYfhka lKavdhï fjka lr" Bg wod< ud¾. j¾.h ms<sn|
my; oelafjk f;dr;=re wOHhkh lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
² ud¾.fha yrialv úia;r" ñkqï iys; j ô< jYfhka&
² boslsÍï ioyd Ndú; lr we;s øjH
² ud¾.h Ndú; lrkq ,nk jdyk j¾. ^md meos" h;=re meos" fudag¾ ld¾
yd jEka" nia f,dß iy nr jdyk&
² ud¾.h wh;a mßmd,k wdh;kh
² tla tla lKavdhu u`.ska ilia lr .;a f;dr;=re jd¾;d iuia; mka;shg
bosßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj fokak'

² is;shul ud¾. i,l=KQ lsÍfï oS iïu; ixfla; Ndú; lrhs'
² A fYa%Ksfha ud¾. 1 - 35 olajd wxl lr we;'
² m%Odk k.r tlsfkl iïnkaO flfrk ud¾. fndfyduhla A fYa%Kshg
wh;a h'
² m%dfoaYSh m%Odk k.rhg" Wm k.r hd flfrk ud¾. B fY%aKshg wh;a h'
² fiiq ud¾. C , D fYa%Kshg wh;a h'
² ud¾. mßmd,kh yd kv;a;= lghq;= Ndr wdh;k
² fudag¾ r: m%jdyk flduidßia fomd¾;fïka;=j
² jdyk ,shd mosxÑ lsßu'
² ßheÿre n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu
² Odjkhg kqiqÿqiq r:jdyk Odjkfhka bj;a lsÍu
² ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldrsh
² ud¾. boslsÍu yd kv;a;=j
² ud¾. ixj¾Ok lghq;=
² ud¾. rlaIs; iSud mekùu
224
² m%foaYSh iNd iy uy k.r iNd
² ud¾. boslsÍu yd kv;a;=j
² noq wh lsÍu iy mßmd,kh
² YS% ,xld fmd,Sish
² r:jdyk yiqreùu'
² ud¾. kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy ov whlsÍu'
² r: jdyk rlaIK wdh;k

² r: jdyk rlaIKh
² u.Ska rlaIKh
² jkaos f.ùï lghq;=
225
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'4 ud¾.hl uQ,sldx. iy tajdfha wjYH;dj úuid n,hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ud¾.hlg wh;a fldgia kï lrhs'
² ud¾. Ndú; lrkakkaf.a wjYH;d bgq flfrk ud¾. uQ,sldx. f;dard .kshs'
² ud¾. boslsÍfï oS Ndú; flfrk úúO jHQy wdia;r ks¾udKh ioyd iqÿiq øjH
f;darhs'
² ud¾.h Ndú; lsÍfï oS" ßheÿfrla f,i fyda moslfhla f,i fyda ;udg
kshñ; ;Srej Ndú; lrhs'
² ud¾. mßyrKfha oS ;udf.a fuka u fiiq whf.a;a wdrlaIdj ie,iSug iydh
fjhs'

msúiSu(
² jeis oskl ;u we÷ïj, iy mdjykaj, uv me,a,ï iys; j" .ïno mdi,lg
meñfKk isif q jla" fyda isiú
q hla" mka;h
s g bosßm;a lrkak' ^fï i|yd YsIHfhla
l,a;shd iQodkï lr .ekSfuka fyda Ñ;%hla u`.ska fyda l< yels h'&
² wod< YsIHdhdg fyda YsIHdjg tjeks weneoaoshla ^wmyiq;djla& we;s ùug fya;=
m%ldY lrk f,i isiqkag okajkak'
² ,efnk ms<s;=re l`M,E,af,a i|yka lr" my; lreKq u;= lrñka isiqka iu`.
idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
² ;dr oud fyd|ska ilia lr we;s ud¾.hl fuka fkdj .ïno fndr,q
mdrl .uka lsÍfï oS fujeks ÿIalr;djkg uqyqKq oSug isÿ jk nj
² fndr,q ud¾. j, jeis oskj,oS" j<j,a iEoS c,h /|S mj;sk nj
² blaukska j;=r nei hdug ksishdldr ldKq moaO;shla wjYH nj
² jdyk .uka lrk úg mdf¾ whskg ùu i|yd m%udKj;a bvlv wjYH
nj
² ud¾. bos lsÍfï oS jHQyd;aul wdia;r ksis mßos ilia fkdlsÍfuka ud¾.h
u;= msg j<j,a iEoS" blaukska wn,ka jk nj

² tla tla lKavdhu fj; my; i|yka ud;Dld fhduq lr f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug
iydh jkak'
² fndr,q ud¾. ² fldkalS%Ü ud¾. ² ;dr$ìgquka ud¾.
² lKavdhï fj; ,eî we;s ud¾. j¾.fha jHQyd;aul yrialv rEm igykla we|
Bg wh;a uQ,sldx. ,l=KQ lrkak' ^lshùï lÜg,h Ndú; lrkak'&
² ud¾. yrialäka oelafjk uQ,sldx.j, wjYH;djka fjk fjk u i|yka
lrjkak'
² lKavdhï u`.ska .fõIKh lr ,nd .;a f;dr;=re iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a
lsÍug wjia:dj i,ikak'
226
ud¾. yrialfvys oelafjk fldgia
² leïnrh ^Camber& - jeis c,h nei hdu iòyd u;=msg yevh
fndr¨ ud¾. - 1$30 - 1$24
fldkalS%Ü - 1$72 - 1$60
;dr - 1$48 - 1$30
ìgquka ^ldmÜ& - 1$60 - 1$48
² Odjk ;Sre Lanes - ixLHdj jeä jk ;rug jdyk
;onoh wvq fjhs'
² ueo ;Srej wjYH;d
² m%;súreoaO osYdjg Odjkh jk jdyk fjka lsÍu'
² myka lKq isgqùu'
² mdr udre jk moslhkg wdrlaIs; ia:dkhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu'
² ix{d mqjre iú lsÍu'
² rd;s% ld,fha oS jdykj, m%Odk ,dïmqj, wdf,dalh u`.ska úreoaO
osYdjg Odjkh jk ßheÿrkaf.a weiaj,g we;s jk ÿIalr;dj wvq
lsÍug
² Wrysi - Shoulder
² jdyk k;r lsÍug ^yosishl oS&
² yosis wk;=re je<elaùug
² bosßfhka tk jdyk y÷kd .ekSug
² mosl fõosld - wdrlaId iys; j u.Skag .uka lÍ
s u
i|yd
² me;s ldkq - jeis c,h nei hdu i|yd
² Odjk m:h - ud¾.h u;= msg r:jdyk i|yd Ndú;
flfrk fldgia
² ia;r -
² yegqï ia;r - r:jdyk Ndrj,g Tfrd;a;= oSu'
² ksujqï ia;r - ud¾.h u;=msg c, ksjdrK ia;rhla
f,i fhdod .ekSu'
² háldKq moaO;sh - úúO fiajd i|yd ud¾.h fomi"
fmdf<dj ;=< ilia lr we;s k< yd
ldkq moaO;sh'
² jdyk kej;=ï myiqlï - ud¾.fha kej;=ï wdldrh i,l=Kq
lsÍu'
² iudka;r
² wdk;
227
f;dr;=re f.dkqj
1 ' ud¾. ks¾udKh yd kv;a;=j
Èjhsk ;=< msysá m%Odk k.r iïnkaO flfrk uyd ud¾." m<d;a m%Odk k.r iu`."
Wm k.r iïnkaO flfrk ud¾. iy k.rh iu`. .u hd flfrk w;=re ud¾.j,ska
iukaú; ud¾. moaO;shla wm rg ;=< mj;shs' fï ud¾.j, tl iudk myiqlï
ke;;a" fmdÿfõ jdyk Ndú; lrkakka úiska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wjYH;d imqrd
we;'
ud¾.hl ;sìh hq;= wjYH;d

1' ks;r úh<s ;;a;ajfhka ;sîu ^jeis fkdue;sùu&
2' fyd| ;;a;ajfha Odjk m:hla (Carriage Way) ;sîu
3' iq`: wdk;shla iy myiqfjka yerúh yels jx.=
4' fyd| ;;a;ajfha u;=msg ia;rhl ks¾udKh'
5' c, frdaOl u;=msg ksudj
6' ks¾udKh iy kv;a;= lsÍfï myiqj'
1 ud¾.hl fldgia (Road Elements)

ud¾.hl yrialvla i,ld ne,Sfï § my; ±lafjk m%Odk fldgia u`.ska ud¾.hla
ks¾udKh ù we;s nj fmkShhs'
^1& yevh ^leïnrh - Camber)

jeis c,h nei hdu i|yd ud¾.h fomig ;eìh hq;= yevh fyj;a wdk;sh"
leïnrh f,i y÷kajuq' ud¾.h u;=msg wdia;rhla i|yd Ndú; l< øjHh iy tys
ksudj wkqj leïnrh fjkia úh hq;= h' .uka lrk jdyk j¾.h yd j¾Idm;k
fõ.h o" leïnrh flfrys n,mdk w;sf¾l idOl fõ'
úúO ud¾.j, ;sìh hq;= leïnrh

mia mdrj,a ( 1$24 - 1$20
fndr¨ mdrj,a ( 1$30 - 1$24
;dr mdrj,a ( 1$48 - 1$30
ìgquka ^ldmÜ& ( 1$60 - 1$48
fldkalS%Ü ( 1$72 - 1$60
^2& ux ;Sre - Traffic Lanes

jdyk tlsfklg miqmiska .uka lsÍug fjka lr we;s ;Sre" ux ;Sre f,i ie,flhs'
jdyk mßudj wkqj wjYH ux ;Sre ixLHdj ;SrKh l< hq;= h' ud¾.fha m<, ilia
jkqfha ux ;Sre ixLHdj wkqj h' ux ;Sre ixLHdj jeä jk ;rug jdyk Odjk
fõ.h jeä jk w;r" .uka ld,h o wvq fjhs'
;ks ux ;Srejla muKla we;s mdrj,aj," tla ÈYdjlg muKla jdyk .uka l< yels
fjhs' wêfõ.S ud¾.j, úúO fõ. iSud hgf;a jdyk Odjk l< yels ux ;Sre jeä
ixLHdjla we;'
tla ux ;Srejl m<, ógr 3-4 úh hq;= h ux ;Sre folllska hq;a ud¾.hl wju m<,
ógr 7la muK fõ' fomi mÈlh i|yd fldkal%SÜ bjqre leg (Curbs) fhdokafka kï
wu;r 500 mm la" m<, ógr 7g tl;= úh hq;= h'
228
^3& ueo ;Srej (Central Reservation)
jdyk .ukd.ukh wêl ud¾.j," ueo fjka lsÍfï ;Srejla ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h'
tys wjYH;dj jkqfha"
1' m%;súreoaO ÈYdjlg Odjkh jk jdyk fjka lsÍu
2' rd;s% ld,fha § m%;súreoaO ÈYdjlg .uka lrk jdykj, m%Odk ,dïmq u`.ska
ßheÿrkayg we;s jk mSvdj je<elaùu
3' ikaêj, § jdyk yerùug wjYH bvlv ,nd .ekSfï myiqj
4' yÈis wjia:djl § mÈlhkg kej;S isáug bvlv ,eîu
r:jdyk Odjkhg wu;rj my; i|yka w;sf¾l myiqlï ueo ;Srej u`.k s a ,efnkq
we;'
5' ud¾. w,xlrKh û,a jeùu" ieris,s&
6' úÓ wdf,dal lKq iúlsÍu
7' ud¾. ix{d mqjre iú lsÍu
8' wmjyk moaO;s ilia lsÍu
fuu ueo fjka lsÍfï ;Srefjys m<, wju jYfhka ógr 0'5mm úh hq;= h' tfy;a
fmr i|yka wjYH;d imqrd ,Sug wvq jYfhka ógr 1'2mml m<,ska ilia úh hq;=
h'
tla ÈYdjlg ux ;Sre 2 ne.ska we;s ud¾.j, ueo ;Srefõ m<, ógr 1'75mmla f,i
.; hq;= h'
^4& lr (Shoulder)
fuh ud¾.fha u fldgila jk w;r" jdyk k;r lr ;eîug fukau yÈishl §
jdykhg .uka l< yels mßÈ m%udKj;a bvlv iys; j ilia úh hq;= h' Wrysi m<,
ógr 2'4-1'2 jk w;r" Odjkh flfrk jdyk mßudj wkqj m<, fjkia fõ'
jdyk j¾. yd mßudj

ud¾.hl Odjkh jk úúO jdyk j¾. we;s w;r mßudj .ek wOHhkh lsÍu ud¾.
ie,iqï lsßfï § b;d jeo.;a fõ' ojil ld,h ;=< hï lsis ld, iSudjla ;=< §
jdyk mßudj jeä jk w;r" i;shla we;=<; iuyr Èkj, jdyk mßudj wêl fõ'
jd¾Isl j iuyr ld,j, § o" jdyk mßudfõ fjkiaùï we;s fjhs'
jdyk mßudj úu¾ikh lsÍu l%u lSmhlg isÿ flfrhs'

1 ' mefhka meh l%uh --(Hourly Pattern)
oji ;=< meh 24 ;=< Odjkh jk jdyk m%udKh fjkia h' jdyk mßudj
Wmßu w.hla .kakd ld, iSud ;=kls' Woh" uOHdyakh iy iji fï Wmßu
w.hka fmkakqï lrhs' ^WodyrK - mdi,a" ld¾hd, jevìï lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu
iy ksu lsÍu&'
2' ojiska oji l%uh - (Day to day Pattern)

i;sfha Èk j, i`ÿod isg isl=rdod olajd jdyk mßudj iudk w.hla fmkajk
w;r" i`ÿod Woh yd isl=rdod iji jeä w.hla .kS'
229
3' udisl iy jd¾Isl l%uh
fndfyda úg udisl j jdyk mßudj flfrys jeämqr n,mdkqfha rcfha ksjdvq" §¾>
i;s wka;" mdi,a ksjdvq ld," isxy, wjqreÿ" k;a;,a jeks W;aij ld, h'
há ìu" há mdolh iy mdjßh yegqï wdia;rj,g o" f.fjk u;=msg ;Ügqj iy md
;Ügqj ksujqï wdia;rj,go wh;a h'
há ìu ^^Sub grade&&
ud¾.hl úúO wdia;rj,g my<ska nr r|d isák mi msysá iajdNdúl fmdf<dj há
ìu f,i ye`Èkafjhs' há ìu f,i msysá fmdf<djg wu;r j mqrjd ilia lrk ,o
f.ìu jqj o fhdod .; yels h' ish¨ Ndr ord isàfï Yla;shla há ìug ;sìh hq;=
h' há ìu fyd|ska nr ord isàfï yelshdj we;s úg" ta u; fhdok .egqï wdia;rj,
.klu wvq l< yels h' ks¾udK úhou o wvq fjhs'
há mdolh ^^Sub base&&
há ìfuys bis¨ï Odß;dj wvq jk úg ta u; nr ord isáh yels øjH fhdod ilia
flfrk ;Ügqj há mdolh f,i y÷kajuq' r`t fndr¨" je,s" .,a l=vq" isfuka;s ñY%
ueá jeks øjH fï i|yd fhdod .; yels h' há mdolh ;=<ska my; oelafjk
;dlaIKsl wjYH;d ie,fihs'
1' há ìfuys nr ord isàfï yelshdj jeä flfrhs'
2' c,h flaYsl l%shdj,sh uÕska u;=msgg tau je<elafjhs
3' r:jdyk u`.ska we;s flfrk f;rmqu iDcq j u há ìu u; ls%hd lrùu j<lajd
há ìu u;=msg fnodyßhs'
4' c,h" ud¾.fhka msg;g neyer lsÍu myiq lrhs'
md jßh - Base Course

u;=msg ksujqï ;Ügqj;a" há mdolh;a w;r fhdok ;Ügqjhs' ud¾.h u;=msg ksujqï
;Ügqjg ia:djr Ndjhla ,nd oSu iy jdyk frdao uÕska we;s flfrk f;rmqu há
ìug fhduq lsÍu" md jßh fhoSfï wruqK fjhs'
md jßhl ieleiau flfrys i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq

1' jdykj,ska we;s flfrk f;rmqug" leã ìoS f.ù fkdhk .,a leg fhdod
.ekSu
2' f;rmqï Ndrh ;=kS l< yels ;rï m%udKj;a .klulska hqla; ùu'
3' md jßh i|yd iqÿiq øjH Ndú; lsÍu'
my; oelafjk øjH Ndú;hg iqÿiq h'
1' m%udKfhka úYd, r`t .,a we;=reu
2' lvd .;a .,aleg uÕska uelvï w;=rkh
3' by; øjH fofla ñY%Kh
4' fldkalS%Ü nodu
5' ia:djr lrk ,o mi
f.fjk ;Ügqj ^ksujqï ;Ügqj& - Wearing Course
ksujqï wdia;rh" ksujqï ;Ügqjlska muKla fyda f.fjk ;ÜgqjlA yd u;=mg
s ;Ügqjlska
o iukaú; úh yels h'
230
fyd| ;;a;ajfha ksujqï wdia;rhla i|yd ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
1' jdyk .uka lsÍfï oS u;=msg ;Ügqfõ /,s iajNdjhla we;s fkdl< hq;=h
2' idudkHfhka jdyk ,siaik iq¨ iajNdjhla we;s fkdúh hq;= h
3' mdr u;=msg c, frdaOl mg,hla f,i l%shd l< hq;= h'
4' jdyk .uka lsÍfï oS we;s jk f;rmqug leä îoS .e, ù hdu isÿ fkdúh hq;=
h'
5' ud¾. u;=msg f.ùhdu isÿ fkdúh hq;= w;r úúO ld,.=K ;;a;aj,g
Tfrd;a;= osh hq;= h'
6' jdyk .uka lsßfï oS wiajdNdúl Yíohla we;s fkdl< hq;= h'
7' lïmkhg Tfrd;a;= osh hq;= h'
ksujqï wdia;rh i|yd iqÿiq øjH

1' l=vd m%udKfha ;o .;sfhka hq;a .,a leg we;=reu
2' ìgqula $;dr ;Ügqj
3' fmr - ñY%Kh ^Pre mix &
9'3'4 fndr¨ mdrj,a Gravel Roads

iajdNdúl fndr¨ iys; mi Ndú;fhka ilia flfrk mdrj< óg we;=<;a h'
.ïno m%foaYj, fndr¨ mdrj,a jeämqr olskakg we;'
ks¾udKh
1' fï ud¾.hl m<, ;ks ux ;Srejla i|yd ógr 3la o" ux;Sre fol i|yd ógr 6la
o fõ'
2' fndr¨ mia ;Ügq 2 lg fhÈh hq;= h' tla ;Ügqjla fhdod frdaf,ka ;e,Su l<
hq;= h' m%udKfhka úYd, .,aleg mi iuÕ we;akï tajd ±;s iys; frda,
fhdod l=vd len,sj,g fjka lsÍu l< hq;= h'
3' há ìu u; fhdok fndr¨ mia ;Ügqfjys .klu" .uka lrk jdyk m%udKh
iy j¾Idm;kh wkqj fjkia fõ'
4' yrialv wdk;sh 1$24 - 1$30 m%udKj;a h'
fndr¨ mdrl ,laIK

1' Èklg idudkH jdyk 300l muK m%udKhla Odjkh i|yd iqÿiq h'
2' fyd¢ka ilia lr we;s fndr¨ ud¾.j, .eiaiSu wvq h' jdyk ;=< .uka
lrkakkag wmyiq;djla isÿ fkdfõ'
3' jeis rys;" úh<s ld,fha § ÿú,s yg .kS'
231
fldkal%SÜ mdrj,a
yegqï wdia;r iy ksujqï wdia;r ldKav fol u i|yd taldYañl ^monolithic& fldkalÜ
%S
;Ügqjla fhoSu lrkq ,efnhs' úYd, m%udKfha fldkalS%Ü ,E,s f,i fhdod ud¾. bos
flf¾' fldkalS%Ü fldgia 2la w;r m%idrK uQÜgq ;eìh hq;= h'
ilia lrk ms<sfj,
1' há ìu ilia lsÍu'
2' há mdolh we;sÍu'
3' fldkalS%gh i|yd rduq ,E,s ieliSu ^m%idrK uqÜgq iys; j&'
4' fldkalS%Ü ñY% lsÍu'
5' fldkalS%Ü ;ekam;a lsÍu'
6' fldkalS%Ü u;=msg ksudj ieliSu'
7' m%idrK uQÜgq iy fl<jr odrj, ksudj'
8' fldkalS%Ü moï lsÍu'
fldkalS%Ü mdrj,a i|yd fldkalS%sÜys .klu fhdod.; hq;af;a"
1' jdykj, frdao u`.ska we;s flfrk Ndrh iy iajNdjh'
2' há ìfuys iajNdjh ^nr ord isàfï yelshdj&
wkqj h'
fldkalS%Ü mdrj, we;s úfYaI jdis
1' ´kEu nr jdykhlg .uka l< yels ùu'
2' l,a meje;au'
3' kv;a;= lghq;= wju ;;a;ajfhka mej;Su'
4' ÿú,s yd f>daIdj wvq h'
5' jdyk i|yd wju m%l¾IK m%;sfrdaOh ^Tractive resistance& we;s lsÍu'
6' c,h iu`. n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs ^jeiai" .xj;=r&'
7' rd;S% ld,hg ud¾.h fyd|ska oDYHudk fjhs'
8' u;=msg ,siaik iq¨ njla fkdue;'
wjdis
1' msmsÍï jeks m`t÷ we;s úh yels h'
2' ysre t<shg" mdr u;=msg oSma;su;a njla we;s lrhs
3' uQ,sl ks¾udK úhou wêl h
4' ud¾.h ;ekSfuka miq c,k< t<Su" úÿ,s flan,a oeóu jeks lghq;= wmyiq h'
5' w¨;ajeähdj ;rula wmyiq h' ^jdyk .ukd.ukh ;djld,sl j k;r l<
hq;= fjhs&'
232
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'5 ( ud¾. kv;a;= lsÍfï l%u f;dard .kshs'
bf.kqï M, (
² ud¾. kv;a;= lsÍfuka we;s jk jdis iy" l,g fõ,djg kv;a;= fkdlsÍfuka
we;s jk wjdis ifya;=l j bosßm;a lrhs'
² kv;a;= úhou wju l< yels ud¾. ks¾udK j¾. f;dard .kshs'
² wdj¾;k yd yosis kv;a;= ld¾hhka fjka fjka j bosßm;a lrhs'
² ks¾udKhla iòyd m%ñ;sfhka by< øjH yd WmlrK Ndú; lrñka kv;a;=
úhou wju lrhs'
² iq`M kv;a;= ld¾h jqj o" Bg blauka wjOdkh fhduq lrñka uyd mßudK
kv;a;= ld¾hhla njg m;aùu j<lajhs'

msúiSu(
² Odjkh jk fudag¾ r:hla ;=<" <ore mdi,g hk l=vd orejl= r:h mojk ;u
mshdf.ka wik m%Yakhla" my; oelafjk wdldrhg mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'
^jdyk ;onoh ksid jdykh bosßhg .uka lrkqfha b;d fiñks' orejd wdikfhka
ke.sg ud¾.h bosßmsg ksÍlaIKh lrhs' ud¾.h ;on,f,i wn,kaùu ksid"
.uka l< yels iSñ; bv m%udKh ;=<ska" jdykh bosßhg b;d fiñka .uka
lrhs'&
orejd( ;d;af;a" ;d;af;a wr mdr ueo flfi,a .ila ysgj,d fkao@
^mdr ueo j<la ;=< isgjk ,o flfi,a .i ÿgq mshdf.a uqjg uo iskdjla
we;s jQj o" ms<s;=rla oSu m%udo úh'
² fï isoaêh mokï lr f.k fï ;;a;ajh we;s ùug fya;= iy ud¾. ksis l,g
kv;a;= lsÍfï wjYH;d iïnkaO j" isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
idlÉPdfõ oS my; lreKq isys.kajkak'
² ud¾.h u;=msg iEfok l=vd j<la (Pot holes) w¨;ajeähd lsÍu flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq fkdùfuka th úYd, j<la njg m;a jk nj
² jeis oskj, oS ud¾. wn,ka ùug m%Odk fya;=j c,h nei hdug ud¾.h
fomi me;s ldKq moaO;shla fkdue;s ùu nj
² ldkq moaO;s we;;a tajd kv;a;= fkdlsÍfuka c,h nei hdu wjysr jk nj
² ud¾.h fomi ldKq moaO;sh wjysr ùug" ud¾.h fomi ksjdi yd f.dvke`.,
s s
ysñlrejka úiska fkdie,ls,su;a f,i li< bj;a lsÍu o" fya;= jk nj
² wn,kajQ ud¾. blaukska w¨;ajeähd lsÍug" wod< j.lsj hq;= wdh;k
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj
² ud¾. wn,ka ùu" jdyk ;onoh jeä lrk w;r wd¾Òl jYfhka rfÜ
ixj¾Okhg o ndOd we;s lrk nj
² ud¾. kv;a;= lsÍug úYd, úhoula jeh jk w;r th wju lsÍfï j.lSu"
ud¾. ixj¾Ok wdh;k fuka u ud¾. fomi mosxÑ lrejka o Ndr.; hq;=
nj
233
² my; oelafjk ud;Dld" lKavdhï fj; f;dard fokak'
² fndr¨ mdrj,a
² ;dr mdrj,a
² fldkalS%Ü mdrj,a
² ,enKq ud;Dldjg wod< f;dr;=re my; j.=j wkqj igyka lr iuia; mka;h
s g
bosßm;a lsÍug isiqkag iydh jkak'
² mdrj,a j¾.h( lKavdhï(
kv;a;= j¾.h kv;a;= ld¾h kv;a;= l%ufõoh
^w& idudkH 1
2
3
^wd& wdj¾;k 1
2
3
^we& yosis 1
2
3
4
5
lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bosßm;a lrjkak'

² idudkH kv;a;= ld¾h
² ud¾. msßisÿ lsÍu
² mdr u;=msg ud¾. i,l=Kq w¨;ajeähdj
² ud¾. rlaIs;hg wh;a" nek¾" mqjre" ieris,s wdosh bj;a lsÍu
² úÿ,s ix{d ls%hdldß;ajh mÍlaId lsßu
² wdj¾;k kv;a;= ld¾hhka
² l=Üá ldKq lemSu (Scutter drain)
² me;s ldKq iy fndalal= wjysr;d bj;a lsÍu
² ud¾. fomi yev lemSu
234
² ud¾. u;=msg l=vd j<j,a w¨;ajeähd lsÍu
² c, uqød wdia;rh (Water seal coat) fhoSu
² ix{d mqjre w¨;ajeähdj
² fndalal=" uqr.,a" mermÜ ì;a;s" ÿr lsf,daógr lKq" iqÿ msßhï lr wxlk
lsÍu'
² ud¾.h fomi wdjrK .ia$w;=$ lgqm`ÿre lmd bj;a lsÍu'
² yosis kv;a;= ld¾h
² ud¾. .s,d neiSu
² md,ï" fndalal= wn,ka ùu
² .ia lvd jeàu
² kdh hdfï m%;sM,hla f,i mia" .,a" u`.ska ud¾.h wjysr ùu hk ndOl
bj;a lr h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu'
235
ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'6 ( jdyk Odjkh ksid we;s jk ydks wju lsÍfï iQodku
m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,h ( ld,Éfþo 06 hs'
bf.kqï M, (
² jdyk Odjkh u`.ska ydks we;s jk whqre iy tajd j¾. lr bosßm;a lrhs'
² jdhq ¥IKh yd Yío ¥IKh u`.ska we;s jk mdßißl fi!LH .eg¨ ifya;=l
j bosßm;a lrhs'
² ydks wju l< yels l%u fhdackd lrhs'
² ßh wk;=re u`.ska isÿ jk wk;=re je<elaùug ud¾. kS;s Í;s ms<smoshs'
² ud¾. kS;s Í;sj,g ksr;=re j .re lrñka úkh.rel mqrjeisfhla f,i lghq;=
lrhs'

msúiSu(
² my; oelafjk flá l;dnyg wh;a fonia fldgi mka;shg bosßm;a lrkak'
^ú,aika ( isßfiakf.a ksjig meñfKhs&
ú,aika( Bfha iji;a wdjd" isßfiak yuq fjkak lsh,d'
fld<U .syska weú;a ysiroh lsh,d ksos lsh,d wïud lsõfõ' uu wdmyq
hkak .shd'
isßfiak( Tõ" fld<u .syska álla weúoskak jqKd' ;j u álla ysiroh jf.a' fï
n,mkafld' uf.a f,akaiqfj mdg' oyäh msi oeïud' f,akaiqj l`M mdghs'
fï w;aoelSu fndfyduhla isiqkag ,eî we;ehs i,ld my; lreKq u;=
lrñka isiqka iu`. idlÉPdjl ksr; jkak'
² kd.ßl j wêl jdyk Odjkh ksid ;on, mßir ydkshla isÿ jk nj
² jdyk Odjkh ksid we;s jk mßir ydksh
î& jdhq ¥IKh yd îi& Yío ¥IKh ksid we;s jk nj
² ¥IKh jQ jdhqj wd>%dKh lsÍug isÿ ùu ksid" fi!LH .eg¨ mek k`.sk nj
² kd.ßl j mj;sk f>daIdldß;ajhg" jdyk Odjkh o" fya;= jk nj
² fï wkqj fi!LH yd mdßißl ydks wju lsÍug kS;s Í;s mkjd ls%hd;aul
lsÍug isÿ ù we;s nj

² jdyk Odjk ksid we;s jk my; iòyka ydks w;=ßka tla ud;Dldjla ne.ska
l=vd lKavdhïj,g fnod fokak'
² mdßißl ydks
² fi!LH ydks
² mdi, bosßmsg uyd ud¾.fha jdyk m%udKh fm' j' 7'00 isg fm'j' 8'00 olajd;a
m' j' 1'00 isg m'j' 2'00 olajd;a jdyk ldKav jYfhka ix.Kkhla lrkak'
² ix.Kkh w;r;=r ;u ud;Dldjg wod< j m%n, f,i odhl jk wjia:d
io`yka lrjkak'
236
² ud;Dldjg wod< j we;s jk ydks wju lsÍu iòyd fhdackd bosßm;a lrjkak'
² ud;Dldjg wod< j isoq jk ydks wju lsÍu iòyd fhdod we;s kS;s rS;s fr.=,dis
fidhd n,jkak'
² fï ms<snò j jdyk n,m;% ,nd .ekSug fmr ^jir ;=klg jvd merKs jdyk&
,nd .; hq;= msgdr ÿï jd¾;dfõ ;sìh yels wmøjH m%udK iïu;hka fidhd
n,jkak'
lrjkak'

² mdi,a iy ld¾hd, fõ,dj,§" Odjkh jk jdyk ixLHdj wêl h'
² ãi,a jdyk ^f,dß" niar:& u`.ska bj;a jk CO m%udKh" fmÜr,a Ndú; lrk
fudag¾ r:j,g jvd jeä h'
² jdyk ;ono wjia:dj, oS k<dj Yío lsÍu" u.ska we;s lrk Yíoh kd.ßlhkg
uy;a ysirohls'
² mdie," frday,a" Widú jeks fmdÿ ia:dk wi, k<dj Yío lsÍu ;ykï h'
² jdyk kv;a;= lsÍu ksishdldr j isÿ fkdùu ksid tajd u`.ska msg jk ÿudrh
wju lsÍug kS;s u`.ska hï" hï iSud mkjd we;'
237
mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye|skaùu
bf.kqu-b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuys
iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh oek.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod .;hq;= nj;a iEu .=rejrhl= úiska u
o; hq;= meyeos,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j l%h
s d lrk nj;a tfiau tlsfkflys
ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu
ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿjk& we.hSï uq,O¾u wkqj
we.hSu isÿúh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r oSh' fuh bf.kqï-b.ekaúï
l%shdj,sh wdrïNfha oS fyda ueo oS fyda w. oS fyda hk ´kEu wjia:djl oS isÿúh yels nj
f;areï .ekSu .=rejrhl=g wjYH h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hSug wfmalaId
lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu" b.ekaùu iy we.hSu ms<sn| ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.;
hq;= fjhs'
mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj, yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍlaIK meje;aùula fyda
fkdfõ' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a" .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä oshqKq lsÍu
i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk ueosy;a ùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka Tjqkaf.a m%n,;d
iy ÿn,;d y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <Õd lr .ekSug
fhdod.; yels jevms<sfj,ls'
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï ;=<ska wkdjrK l%shdj,shlg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r"

.=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgqlrk ld¾h ksÍlaIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh
imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj, l%shd;aul lsÍfï oS wfmalaId
flf¾' fuys oS YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hSug ,laúh hq;= w;r" YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh wfmalaIs;
wkaoñka isÿjkafka oehs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'
bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkag ksis w;aoelSï ,nd foñka tajd isiqka úiska
ksis mßos w;am;a lr f.k ;sfí oehs ;yjqre lr .ekSu h' ta i|yd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh iemhSu
h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsÍfï& fhoS isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka i|yd fohdldrhl
ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd osh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y÷kajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh
^Feed Back& yd bosß fmdaIKh ^Feed Forward& hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a ÿn,;d yd fkdyelshd
wkdjrKh lr.;a úg Tjqkaf.a bf.kqï .eg¨ u.yrjd .ekSug m%;sfmdaIKh;a isiq yelshd
iy m%n,;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä oshqKq lsÍug bosß fmdaIKh;a ,nd oSu .=re ld¾hh
fjhs'
bf.kqï-b.ekakqï l%shdj,sfhaa id¾:l;ajh i|yd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;frka ljr wruqKq

ljr uÜgñka idlaId;a l< yels jQfha oehs y÷kd .ekSu isiqkag wjYH fjhs' we.hSï
jevms<sfj, Tiafia isiqka <.d lr .;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj .=rejrekaf.ka
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd fouõmshka we;=¿ fjk;a wod< md¾Yjj,g isiq m%.;sh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduqúh hq;= h' fï i|yd fhdod.; yels
fyd| u l%uh jkafka ika;;sl j isiqka we.hSug md;% lsÍug bv m%ia:d i,ik mdi, mokï
lr.;a we.hSï l%uhhs'
hf:dala; wruqK iys; j l%shd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekakqï l%shdj,sh;a isiqkaf.a
bf.kqï l%h
s dj,sh;a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu msKi
s jvd fyd| ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hql;
a bf.kqï"
b.ekakqï iy we.hSï l%u fhdod .; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag iy .=rejrekag
238
fhdod .; yels m%fõY ms<sn| m%fNao lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs' fïjd fndfyda l,l isg
.=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska o f;dr;=re
iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha .=rejreka
fyd|ska oekqj;a ù we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tu m%fNao fufiah(
01' mejreï 02' jHdmD;s
03' iólaIK 04' .fõIK
05' ksÍlaIK 06' m%o¾Yk$ bosßm;a lsÍu
07' lafIa;% pdßld 08' flá ,sÅ; mÍlaIK
09' jHQy.; rpkd 10' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK
11' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï 12' Y%jK mÍlaIK
13' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 14' l:kh
15' iaj ks¾udK 16' lKavdhï l%shdldrï
17' ixl,am is;shu 18' oaú;aj c¾k,
19' ì;a;s mqj;am;a 20' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka
21' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a 22' újdo
23' idlÉPd uKav, 24' iïuka;K %
25' laIKsl l:d 26' N+ñld rx.k
y÷kajd oS we;s fuu bf.kqï" b.ekakï

q iy we.hSï l%u iEu tllau iEu úIhhla iïnkaOfhka
iEu úIhh tallhg u fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhhg" úIh tallhg
.e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard .ekSug .=rejreka oekqj;a úh hq;=h; j. n,d .; hq;= h'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, .=rejrekag ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu
i|yd fhdod .; yels bf.kqï-b.ekakqï yd we.hSï m%fNao ms<sn| i|ykla ;sfí' tajd
.=rejreka úiska iqÿiq mßos ;u mka;sfha isiqkaf.a m%.;sh ;lafiare lsÍu msKsi fhdod .; hq;=
fjhs' tajd Ndú; fkdfldg u. yeÍu isiqkag ;u Ydia;%sh yelshd fuka u wdfõoksl .;s
,laIK;a ufkdapd,l olaI;d;a ms<sn| j¾Okhla <.d lr .ekSu;a m%o¾Ykh lsÍu;a ms<sn|
wvqmdvq we;s lrjhs'
239
bf.kqï b.ekaùï ie,iqu ieliSu iòyd wdo¾Y wdlD;sh
1' we.ehSï wjia:dj I jdrh - 01

2' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu - 1'1" 1'2" 1'3" 1'4" 1'5" 1'6" 1'7" 1'8" 1'9" 1'10
3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh
² boslsÍï øjH f;dard .ekSfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl

² f.dvke.s,s ì;a;"s l=¨kq yd f.ìu wdosh ilia lsÍug Ndú; flfrk .fvd,a"
isfuka;s" .,a r`M .,a" iy fldkalS%Ü
² mia yd mdIdK
² jy, ks¾udKh iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² fodr yd cfk,a iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² ì;a;s iy f.ìu ksudjla iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² c, iemhqï moaO;s iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² úÿ,s ia:dmk iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
² ;djld,sl yegqï iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
4' we.ehSï m%fNaoh

boslsÍï øjHj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh" .;s ,laIK yd Ndú;hg .ekSfï yelshdj ms<snò
j .fõIK jd¾;djla ilia lsrSu
5' we`.ehSï wruqKq

² úúO f.dvke`.s,s fldgia ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd Ndú; flfrk øjH y`ÿkd
.ksh's
² úúO boslsÍï øjHj, .;s,laIK wkqj" tajdfha .=Kd;aul (Quality) Ndjh
úuid n,hs'
² boslsÍï øjHj, msßú;r úia;r lrhs'
² boslsÍï lghq;=j,g .e<fmk øjH f;dard .kshs'
6' ie,eiau ls%hd;aul lsßu iòyd Wmfoia

.=rejrhdg( ² isiqka l=vd lKavdhïj,g fjka lrkak'
² f.dvke`.s,s øjH ksIamdokh iy wf,ú lrkq ,nk fjf<òi,a
fj;" lafIa;% pdßldjla iQodkï lrjkak'
² my; oelafjk ud;Dld ms<snò j .fõIKh lr f;dr;=re jd¾;djla
ilia lsÍu iòyd Wmfoia fokak'
1' ì;a;s" l=¨kq iy f.ìu ks¾udKh iòyd Ndú; flfrk

øjH
2' jy, fodr cfk,a ilia lssÍug wjYH øjH
3' ì;a;s yd f.ìu ksudjla ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjH
4' c, iemhqï ioyd Ndú; flfrk øjH iy úÿ,s ia:dmk
240
7' isiqkag - ² f.dvke`.s,s øjH wf,ú lrkq ,nk fjf<ò uOHia:dk y`ÿkd
.kak'
² mka;s Ndr .=re;=ud $.=re;=ñhf.a iydh we;s j" y`ÿkd .;a ia:dkh
fj; ;u lKavdhu iu`. f.dia" ;u lKavdhug ,eî we;s ud;Dldj
hgf;a f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'
² f.dvke`.s,s øjHhla f,i f;dard .ekSfï oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= .=Kdx.
flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrkak'
² .fõIK jd¾;dj iòyd iqÿiq j.=jla weiqfrka f;dr;=re igyka
lr kshñ; w;g bosßm;a lrkak'
8' we.ehSï ks¾Kdhl yd ,l=Kq §fï l%uh(
we.ehSï ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq mejÍu

4 3 2 1
1' ud;Dldjg wod< j bosßm;a lr we;s øjH ^m%;sY;h&

2' bosßm;a lr we;s f;dr;=rej, jeo.;alu
3' úúO øjHj, jdis yd wjdis fmkajd oSu
4' bosßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ú,dih
5' lKavdhï iyNd.s;ajh
241
1' we.hSï wjia:dj( I jdrh - 02
2' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu( 2'1" 2'2" 2'3" 2'4
3' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh(
² boslsÍï lghq;=j,g wod< kS;s yd fr.=,dis

² kS;sÍ;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfï n,h mejÍ we;s wdh;k
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqïj, wka;¾.;h
4' we`.hSï m%fNaoh( wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu iòyd .e<fmk fia" ir, f.dvke`.s,s
ie,iqï ilia ù we;a oehs mÍlaId lsÍu'
5' we`.ehSï wruqKq( ² boslsÍï lghq;=j,g wod< kS;s yd fr.=,dis úuid n,hs'
f.dvke`.s,s kS;sÍ;s ls%hd;aul lrjk wdh;k y`ÿkd .kshs'
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqï" wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu iòyd kS;sÍ;s"
fr.=,disj,g .e<fmk fia ilia lr we;a oehs úuid n,d
ksjeros lrhs'
6' ie,eiau ls%hd;aul lsÍu iòyd Wmfoia(

.=rejrhdg- ² isiqka lKavdhïj,g fjka lrkak'
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqï lSmhl msgm;a" lKavdhï fj; ,nd
fokak'
² f.dvke`.s,s kS;s Í;s ms<snò j isysm;a lr" tys idrdxYhla
,nd fokak'
² wod< kS;sÍ;sj,g fkd.e<fmk ks¾udK y`ÿkd .ekSug
isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
² y`ÿkd .;a kS;sÍ;sj,g mgyeKs fldgia iy tajdg úi`ÿï
fhdackd ilia lr meh 1l ld,hla ;=< wod< jd¾;dj ;ud
fj; ,nd fok f,i" lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia fokak'
7' isiqkg( ² Tng ,nd ÿka Wmfoia wkqj f.dvke`.s,s kS;sÍ;sj,g

.e,fmk fia ie,iqï ilia lr we;a oehs ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldÍ mk; hgf;a wxl 892$9 - 1986
ud¾;= 03 osk ksl=;a lrk ,o .eiÜ ksfõokh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
² oS we;s ie,iqfuys" kS;s fr.=,disj,g fkd.e<fmk ia:dk
,l=Kq lr" tajd ixfYdaOkh l<hq;= wdldrh jd¾;dj iu`.
kshñ; ld,h ;=< oS Ndr fokak'
242
8. we.ehSï ks¾Kdhl yd ,l=Kq §fï l%uh

4 3 2 1
1' ksÍlaIKhg ,la jQ kS;sÍ;s ^m%;sY;h&

2' bosßm;a lr we;s ixfYdaOkj, ksjeros;dj
3' ie,iqï" wkque;sh iòyd bosßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj
4' bosßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj
5' lKavdhï iyNd.s;ajh
243
1' we.hsï wjia:dj( II jdrh - 01
2' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu( 4'1'1" 4'1'2" 4'1'3" 4'1'4" 4'1'5" 4'1'6
² jia;= u; n,hka ls%hd lsÍfï oS we;s jk .;s ,laIK

² f.dvke`.s,a,l jHQy wxl
² øjHhl ia;íO;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl
² f.dvke`.s,a,la u`.ska we;s flfrk Ndr
² úúO mia ia;rj, Ndrhla ord isàfï yelshdj
² ir, f.dvke`.s,a,l boslsÍï wkqms<sfj< iy .; hq;= wdrlaIs;
lsh
% dud¾.
4' we.hSï m%fNaoh( ilia lrk ,o ksjdi ie,iqulg wod< j wikq ,nk
m%Yakdj,shlg ms<s;=re iemhSu'
5' we.ehSï wruqKq( ² f.dvke`.s,a,l ie,iqï lshjd .Dy ks¾udK$jHQy fldgia

y`ÿkd .kshs'
² boslsÍu u; n,hla ls%hdlsÍfï oS tajdfha we;s úh yels .;s
,laIK y`ÿkd .kshs'
² úúO jer.ekajqï fldkalS%Ü jHqy ilia lr we;s wdldrh
úuid n,hs
² øjHhl ia;íO;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl úuid n,hs'
² f.dvke`.s,a,la u`.ska ls%hd lrk Ndrj,g .e<fmk mßos"
úúO yegqï ks¾udKh lr we;s wdldrh úuid n,hs'

.=rejrhdg- ² f.dvke`.s,s ie,eiafuys yd m%Yakdj,sh iòyka m;%fhys
msgm;a isiqkag ,nd fokak'
² f.dvke`.s,s ie,iqï lshjd n,d wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re
fjk u lvodishl iòyka lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
m%Yak m;%h iòyd wdo¾Y m%Yak lSmhla my; iòyka lr we;'

1' w;a;sjdrï m;=, 450mm ^18") la f,i fhdod f.k we;'
mfiys bis¨ï yelshdj ÿ¾j, fõ kï oS we;s w;a;sjdfï jHQy jYfhka
fjkia l< hq;= lreKq 2la iòyka lrkak'
2' my; oelafjk n, ls%hd lrk boslsÍï fldgia ^jHQy& iòyd WodyrK 4
ne.ska fokak'
(i) iïmSvl n,
(ii) wd;kH n,
244
3' lhsre neïu (Plinth wall) u`.ska bgq jk wjYH;d 2la iòyka lrkak'
4' D, D1 fodrj,a" iy i cfka,h iòyd ilia flfrk fldkalS%Ü ,skag,aj,
yrialv j¾.M, fudkjd o@
5' ie,iqu wkqj Ndú; jk fldkalS%Ü ,skag,hl jer.ekajqï fhdok wdldrh
rEm igyklska fmkajkak'
6' jy, rduqj ilia lsÍfï oS fhdod .;a oej yrialvhka w;=ßka l=remdj
muKla iuyrialv iup;=ri% yevhla .ekSug fya;=j meyeos,s lrkak'
7' isiqkg( ² ie,iqu lshjd boslsÍï fldgia y`ÿkd .kak'

² wid we;s m%Yakj,g wod< boslsÍï fldgia u; ls%hd lrk n,
y`ÿkd f.k wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSug W;aidy lrkak'
² ms<s;=re meyeos,s lsÍug rEm igykla wjYH fõ kï tajd;a we;=`M
j ms<s;=re imhkak'
² kshñ; fõ,djg ms<s;=re m;a .=re;=ud$ .=re;=ñh fj; Ndr fokak'
8. we.ehSï ks¾Kdhl yd ,l=Kq §fï l%uh

4 3 2 1
245
b`Èß fljqu
246
me;s fljqu B -B
fþoh
ie,eiau w;a;sjdrfï ^mokfï& úia;r fodr cfk,a Wmf,aLkh

1' we`.hsï wjia:dj( II jdrh - 01
2' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu( 8'1" 8'2" 8'3" 8'4"
² c, b,aü - .Dyia:" fmdÿ lghq;=" jdksc" l¾udka;

² c,fha .=Kd;aul ,laIK
² c, m%Njhka
² c, msßmyÿj
² c, iemhqul c, ysis flrys n,mdk idOl
² jeis c,h Ndú;h
4' we`.hSï m%fNaoh( k< c,h iemfhk Tnf.a ksjig jeis c,h Ndú;d lsÍfï
jev ms<sfj<la we;s lsßfï jHdmD;s jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu'
5' we`.ehSï wruqKq( ² .Dyia: yd jdksc lghq;=j,oS
² c, wjYH;d iy c, b,aü úuid n,hs'
² k, c,h iemhSfï oS c, msßmyÿ n,d.drhl isÿjk
ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
² c,fha .=Kd;aul ;;ajhka f;dard .kshs'
² c, iemhqul c, ysi flfrys n,mdk idOl y`ÿkd.kshs'
² jeis c,h jHdmD;shla ie,iqï lrhs'

.=rejrhdg- ² k, c,h iemfhk$ksjdi we;s isiqka wju jYfhka tla
wfhla wh;a jk f,ig mka;sh l=vd lKavdhïj,g fjka
lrkak'
² my; oelafjk ud;Dld hgf;a ;u jHdmD;s jd¾;djg we;=,;a
l, hq;= f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu iòyd .fõIKh fhfok f,ig
Wmfoia fokak'
² úúO c, m%Njhka fyda wvx.= c,fha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh
² .Dyia: c, k, Ndú;h wjia:d iy c, b,aü k, c,h
iemhSuj iòyd msßjeh
² jeis c, jHdmD;sh u`.ska we;s jk m%;s,dN ^whjeh&
² ksjfia ie,eiaug iß,k jeis c, jHdmD;shla ie,iqu
7' isiqkg( ² m%foaYfha c, m%Njhka u`.ska ,nd.;a c, idïm, j, .=Kdx.
ms<snò l< yels ir, m¾fhaIK fhdod.kak'
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úhoï ms<snò o, woyila ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lrkak'
247
² ksjil tosfkod c, Ndú;h ,Sg¾ m%udKhg ilia l< Ndck
u`.ska uek n,kak'
² udisl c, ì,am; wkqj c, ,Sgrhla iòyd wh lrk .dia;=j
ms<snòj fidhd n,kak'
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lr jeis c, jHdmD;shla ilia l, yels wkaou lKavdhï
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8' we.ehSï ks¾Kdhl yd ,l=Kq §fï l%uh

4 3 2 1
248
1' we`.hsï wjia:dj( II jdrh - 04
2' wdjrKh jk ksmqK;d uÜgu( 6'1" 6'2" 6'4" 6'7"
² mj;sk N+ñhla yd f.dvke`.s,la

² iïu; l%u yd ixfla; Ndú; lr ñKqï igyka lsÍu
² ñkqï igyka fmdf<dj u; ,l=Kq lsÍu
² uÜgï i,l=Kq lsÍu'
4' we`.hSï m%fNaoh( mj;sk f.dvke`.s,a,la uek igyka lr" kej; th fjk;a
ia:dkhl ta wdldrfhkau lKavdhï ls%hd ldrlula f,i
i,l=Kq lsÍu'
5' we`.ehSï wruqKq( ² uekSfï WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu
² ;ekg .e,fmk uekqï l%u Ndú; lsÍu
² kQ,a .eiSu iòyd N+ñhla ilia lsÍu
² uÜgï .ekSu yd uÜgï ,nd oSfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsßu
² fldaK uekSfï yd ldrH msysgqùu yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu
² kQ,a .eiSfï oS uOH f¾Ld msysgq ùu'

.=rejrhdg- ² ksmqK;dj 6'0 wjia:dfõ oS ,eî we;s fyda .=rejrhdg ,nd
osh yels jvd;a oshqKq yd ksjeros ñkqï WmlrK isiqkag ,nd
fokak'
² isiqka ixLHdjg .e,fmk mßos l=vd m%udKfha
f.dvke`.s,a,la ^nqÿ ue`ÿrla jeks& f;dard .ekSug fokak'
² ixjD;a; mßl%ukhla u`.ska fyda mdoï f¾Ldjlg idfmalaIj
f.dvke`.s,a, uek igyka lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
² uekqï o;a;j, ksjeros ;djh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka miq f.dv
ke`.s,s uOH f¾Ld kej; ,l=Kq lsÍug wjia:dj fokak'
7' isiqkg( ² ,eî we;s ld,hg yd ;u lKavdhug .e<fmk úYd,;ajhlska
hq;a f.dvke`.s,a,la f;dard .kak'
² uekSug iqÿiq uekqï l%uhla f;dard .kak'
² uekqï o;a;j, ksjeros ;djh ;yjqre lr .ekSug iqÿiq
mQ¾fjdamdhka fhdod .kak'
² uksk ,o f.dvke`.s,a,g fmfkk ÿßka kej; tys uOH
f¾Ld ìu msysgqjkak'
² kQ,a weoSu tlu uÜgulska mj;ajd.kak'
249
8' we.ehSï ks¾Kdhl yd ,l=Kq §fï l%uh
we`.ehSï ks¾Kdhl ,l=Kq mejÍu

4 3 2 1
² f.dvke`.s,a, uekSu iòyd iqÿiq uekqï l%uhla f;dardf.k ;sîu

² ñkqï WmlrK ksjerosj Ndú; lsÍu
² ksjeros uÜgï oSfï yelshdj
² ld¾H msysgqùfï oS ks¾udKd;aul nj yd tys ksjeros ;dj
² lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï j, oS iyfhda.S;ajh yd iyNd.s;ajh
250

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