Chapter 4.indd 184 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM

Chapter 4.
indd 184 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM

5 Complex Number
5.1 Introduction Now,
Whenever x is thought to give a real value, it has been, till now, x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35 x 2 - x + 4 = ( x 2 + 10 x + 41) ( x 2 - x + 4 ) − 160
insisted that x ≥ 0. In other words, in the set of real numbers it is We know,
not possible to provide a value for the existence of x when x < 0.
To make this possible, we extend the number system so as to x 2 + 10 x + 41 = 0
include and cover yet another class of numbers called imaginary ⇒ x 4 + 9 x 3 + 35 x 2 - x + 4 = 0 - 160 = -160
numbers.
Let us take the quadratic equation, x 2 - 2 x + 10 = 0. The formal Hence, the value of given expression is −160.
2 ± 4 - 40
solution of this equation is , that is, 1± 3 -1, which is
2 5.2 Complex Numbers
not meaningful in the set of real numbers. So, a symbol i = √-1 is
introduced. A complex number, represented by an expression in the form
The symbol i, is thought to possess the following properties: x + iy (where x, y are the real numbers), is considered to be an
ordered pair (x, y) of two real numbers, combined to form a com-
1. It combines with itself and with real numbers satisfying the plex number, and an algebra is defined in the set of such numbers,
laws of algebra. represented by an ordered pair (x, y) to satisfy the following:
2. Whenever we come across −1 we may substitute i2. (addition) ( x1, y1) + ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x1 + x 2 , y1 + y 2 )
In the light of the foregoing, the roots of the equation discussed (subtraction) ( x1, y1) - ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x1 - x 2 , y1 - y 2 )
earlier may be taken as 1 + 3i and 1 − 3i. (multiplication) ( x1, y1) × ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( x1x 2 - y1y 2 , x1y 2 + x 2 y1)
It is considered that 1 is the real part and 3 (or −3) is the imagi-
nary part of the complex number 1 + 3i (or 1 − 3i ).  xx +yy x y -xy 
(division) ( x1, y1) ÷ ( x 2 , y 2 ) =  1 22 12 2 , 2 21 12 2 
It has now to be mentioned that the “+” symbol appearing  x2 + y2 x2 + y2 
between 1 and 3i does not seem to be meaningful, though the
following are true: For any real number a , a (x, y) = (a x, a y) and if (x, y) = (x′, y′), then
it must be x′ = x, y′ = y. In other words, the representation of a com-
( x1 + iy1) ± ( x 2 + iy 2 ) = ( x1 ± x 2 ) + i ( y1 ± y 2 )(5.1) plex number in the form (x, y) has a uniqueness property; and for
The real parts are added (or subtracted) separately and so in fact a complex number, it is not possible to have two different forms
are the imaginary parts [Eq. (5.1)]. of the representation of the ordered pairs. In the light of the fore-
going, it may be stated that the two representations (x, y) − in the
Also, ( x1 + iy1) ( x 2 + iy 2 ) = ( x1x 2 - y1y 2 ) + i ( x1y 2 + x 2 y1) (5.2) ordered pair form − and x + iy are indistinguishable.
x1 + iy1 x1x 2 + y1y 2 i ( x 2 y1 - x1y 2 ) Illustration 5.2 Find the sum and product of the two complex
= + (5.3)
x 2 + iy 2 x 22 + y 22 x 22 + y 22 numbers Z1 = 2 + 3i and Z 2 = - 1 + 5i .
To make these operations really meaningful, a formal extension of Solution:
the number system is presented in this lesson. Z1 + Z 2 = 2 + 3i + ( -1 + 5i ) = 2 - 1 + 8i = 1 + 8i
Illustration 5.1 If x = − 5 + 2 -4 , then find the value of
Z1Z 2 = (2 + 3i ) ( -1 + 5i ) = - 2 + 15i 2 - 3i + 10i = - 17 + 7i (i 2 = - 1)
4 3 2
x + 9 x + 35 x - x + 4.
Based on the above discussion, the following cases have been
Solution: observed:
x = - 5 + 2.2 -1
1. If z = a + ib, then the real part of z = Re(z) = a and the imaginary
x = - 5 + 4 i (i = -1) part of z = Im(z) = b.
x + 5 = 4i 2. If Re(z) = 0, then the complex number is purely imaginary.
Squaring both sides, we get 3. If Im(z) = 0, then the complex number is real.
4. The complex number 0 = 0 + 0i is both purely imaginary and
x 2 + 10 x + 25 = - 16 ⇒ x 2 + 10 x + 41 = 0 real.
Chapter 5.indd 185 01-01-2009 11:19:02 AM

186 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE
5. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts Y
and imaginary parts are separately equal, that is, a + ib = c + id P(x, y) = Z
⇔ a = c and b = d.
r
6. There is no order relation between complex numbers, that is,
(a + ib) > or < (c + id) is a meaningless expression. q
X′ X
O M
1
Illustration 5.3 Express in the form a + ib.
(1 - cos q + i sin q )
Solution:
1 (1 - cos q ) - i sin q Y′
=
(1 - cos q + i sin q ) (1 - cos q + i sin q ) (1 - cos q - i sin q ) Figure 5.1
{(1 - cos q ) - i sin q }(1 - cos q ) - i sin q
= 2 2
= Thus, z = r (cos q + i sin q ) can be written as
{(1 - cos q ) + sin q } 2 - 2 cos q
z = reiq
q q
1 - cos q i ⋅ 2 sin cos This form of representation of Z is called the trigonometric form
= - 2 2 = 1 - i.cot q
2(1 - cos q ) 2q 2 2 or the polar form or the modulus amplitude form.
2 sin When z is written in the form r (cos q + i sin q ), r is called the
2
modulus of z and is written as |z|, where
5.3 Representation of a Complex Number |z| = r = x2 + y2
1. Geometrical representation: It is known, from the coordinate a non-negative number. |z| = 0 for the only number (0, 0).
geometry, that the ordered pair (x, y) represents a point in the
Illustration 5.4 Represent the given complex numbers in the
Cartesian plane.
polar form:
It is now seen that the ordered pair (x, y) considered as Z repre-
sents a complex number. (i) (1 + i 3 )2 /4 i (1 - i 3 ) (ii)
sin a − i cos a (a acute)
It is therefore observed that to every complex number p p
Z ≡ (x, y), one can associate, a point P ≡ (x, y) in the Cartesian plane. (iii) 1 + cos + i sin
3 3
The point may be called to be a geometrical representation of
Solution:
Z. This association is a bijection – in the mapping language –
whereby the correspondence between Z and P is ONE–ONE and (i) i (1 - i 3 ) = i - i 2 3 = 3 + i

ONTO. It is therefore possible to go over to a point from Z, or Therefore,

reversing the roles, come back to Z from the point. (1 + i 3 )2 (1 + i 3 )2 -2 + 2i 3 ( -1 + i 3 ) ( 3 - i )
2. Argand diagram: The graphical representation of a complex = = =
4 i (1 - i 3 ) 4( 3 + i ) 4( 3 + i ) 2( 3 + i ) ( 3 - i )
number Z = (x, y) by a point P(x, y) is called representation in
the Argand diagram, which is also called Gaussian plane. In - 3 + 3 + 4i i
this representation, all complex numbers such as (2, 0), (3, 0), = =
2(3 + 1) 2
(−1, 0), (a , 0) with the imaginary part 0 will be represented by Now,
points on the x-axis. Since the real number a is represented as a ii iib
⇒
⇒ aa + + ib ⇒ a + ib
complex number (a , 0), all real numbers will get marked on the 22 2
x-axis. For this reason, the x-axis is called the real axis. Similarly, 11
all purely imaginary numbers (with the real part 0) such as (0, 1), ⇒
⇒ aa = = 00,,⇒bb a== = 0, b = 1
22 2
(0, 2), (0, −3), (0, b ) will be marked on the y-axis. Hence, the y-axis aa = cosaqq =,, bbr cos
= rr cos = qsin, qqb = r sinq
= rr sin
is also called the imaginary axis in this context. The Cartesian
11 1
plane (two-dimensional plane) is also called the complex plane. ⇒
⇒ 00 = ⇒ 0qq =,, 2r cos
= rr cos
cos =
= rrqsin
sin, qq = r sinq
3. Polar representation: See Fig. 5.1. Let P(x, y) be any point on 2 2
the complex plane representing the complex number z = (x, y), pp , r = 11p 1
⇒qq =
⇒ = ⇒ ,r =
with X′OX and Y′OY as the axes of coordinates. 22 q =22 2 , r = 2
Let OP = r and ∠XOP = q (measured anticlockwise).
So,
Then from ∆OMP, we find that
i 1 p p
x = OM = r cos q =  cos + i sin 
2 2 2 2
and
y = MP = r sin q Hence,
Thus, (1 + i 3 )2 1 p p 1
=  cos + i sin  = e ip/2
z = (x, y) = x + iy = r cos q + ir sin q = r (cos q + i sin q ) 4 i (1 - i 3 ) 2  2 2 2
Also, (ii) Real part > 0 and imaginary part < 0.
eiq = cos q + i sin q So, argument of sin a – i cos a is in the nature of a negative
acute angle. Therefore,
e−iq = cos q − i sin q by Euler’s formula
Chapter 5.indd 186 01-01-2009 11:19:11 AM

Chapter 5 | Complex Number 187
 p (iv) Division: See Fig. 5.4.

p p i a - 
 
sin a – i cos a = cos  a -  + i sin  a -  = e  2 
 2   2  Z1  r1 
= { cos (q1 - q 2 ) + i sin (q1 - q 2 )}
Z 2  r2 
p p p p p
(iii) 1 + cos + i sin = 2 cos2 + i ⋅ 2 sin cos
3 3 6 6 6 Q
r2
p  p p p ip / 6
= 2 cos  cos + i sin  = 2 cos ⋅ e
6 6 6 6 r1 P
q2
q1
4. Vector representation of a complex number: In the Argand O
E X
diagram, any complex number Z = x + iy can be represented
→
by a point P with coordinates (x, y). The vector OP can also be R
→
used to represent Z. The length of the vector OP , that is, OP is Figure 5.4
the modulus of Z and the angle q that OP makes with the posi- Construct ∆ORP similar to ∆OEQ
tive x-axis is the amplitude of Z. Now
OR OP
=
(a) Representation of an algebraic operation on complex OE OQ
numbers r
⇒ OR = 1
(i) S um: See Fig. 5.2(a). If two complex numbers Z1 and Z2 be r2
→ →
represented by the points P and Q or by OP and OQ , then the and
→ → → → ∠ROX = ∠ROP - ∠EOP = ∠EOQ - ∠EOP = q2 − q1
sum Z1 + Z2 is represented by R or OR , where OR = OP + OQ
and OR is the diagonal of the parallelogram with OP and OQ
as adjacent sides Therefore,
→
ifference: See Fig. 5.2(b). Z1 − Z2 will be represented by QP ,
(ii) D ∠XOR = q1 - q 2
→ → → →
where QP = OP - OQ . Z2 − Z1 will be represented by PQ . → Z
Hence, OR represents 1 .
Z2
Q R Q
Corollary 1: If Z1, Z2, Z3 are the vertices of a triangle ABC described
in the counter-clockwise direction, then
O P O P Z 3 - Z1 CA
= (cos a + i sin a ),
(a) (b) Z 2 - Z1 BA
Figure 5.2 where
ultiplication: See Fig. 5.3. If Z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1),
(iii) M a = ∠BAC
Z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2), then Z1 Z2 = r1r2 {cos (q1 + q2) + C(Z3)
Y
i sin (q1 + q2)}.
→ →
I f OP and OQ represent Z1 and Z2, construct ∆OQR similar to Q(Z3 − Z1) B(Z2)
a
∆OEP where OE = 1.
R A(Z1)
Y
a P(Z2 − Z1)
Q
r2 O X
r1 P
q2
q1
Figure 5.5
X
O E Let P and Q be the points representing Z2 − Z1 and Z3 − Z1,
respectively. (See Fig. 5.5.)
Figure 5.3 Then, the triangles POQ and BAC are congruent.
∠XOR = ∠XOQ + ∠QOR = ∠XOQ + ∠EOP = q 2 + q1 Therefore,
CA OQ
and =
and BA OP
OR OP
=
OQ OE ∠QOP = ∠BAC = a
Therefore,
OR = OP ⋅ OQ = r1r2 {as OE = 1}
Z 3 - Z1 OQ CA
→ Now has modulus = and argument ∠POQ = a .
Hence, OR represents the product Z1 Z2. Z 2 - Z1 OP BA
Chapter 5.indd 187 01-01-2009 11:19:25 AM

Hence, •• z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 2 Re ( z1z2 ) = 2 Re ( z1 z2 )
Z 3 - Z1  CA 
=   (cos a + i sin a )
Z 2 - Z1  BA 
•• z n = ( z )n
In particular, if a = 90° and AB = AC, then
•• If z = f (z1), then z = f ( z1)
Z 3 - Z1
=i
Z 2 - Z1
5.5 Modulus of a Complex Number
⇒ (Z3 − Z1) = i (Z2 − Z1)
(See Fig. 5.7.) Modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is a real
Corollary 2: (See Fig. 5.6.) If Z1, Z2, Z3 are represented by A, B, C,
number given by |z| = x 2 + y 2 . It is always non-negative and
then
|z| = 0 only for z = 0, that is, origin of the Argand plane. Geometrically,
 Z - Z1 
arg  3 = ∠BAC it represents the distance of the point z (x, y) from origin.
 Z 2 - Z1 
Imaginary axis
 Z - Z3 
arg  2 = ∠ACB
 Z1 - Z 3  A(z)
and
 Z - Z2  Real axis
arg  1 = ∠CBA O
 Z 3 - Z 2 
B(z)
C(Z3)
Figure 5.7
B(Z2) Properties of modulus

•• |z| ≥ 0 ⇒ |z| = 0 iff z = 0, and |z| > 0 iff z ≠ 0.
A(Z1)
•• −|z| ≤ Re(z) ≤ |z|, and − |z| ≤ Im(z) ≤ |z|.
Figure 5.6 •• |z| = | z | = |−z| = | -z |
•• z z = | z |2
5.4 Conjugate of a Complex Number • |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
In general, |z1z2z3 … zn| = |z1| |z2| |z3| … |zn|
The complex numbers z = (a, b) = a + ib and z = (a, - b ) = a - ib ,
where a and b are the real numbers, i = -1 and b ≠ 0, are called to z1 | z1 |
• = ( z2 ≠ 0 )
be complex conjugate of each other. (Here, the complex conjugate z2 | z2 |
is obtained by just changing the sign of i). • |z1 ± z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|
Note that, In particular, if |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then origin, z1 and z2 are col-
sum = (a + ib) + (a − ib) = 2a, which is real linear with origin at one of the ends.
and
product = (a + ib) (a − ib) = a2 − (ib)2 = a2 − i2b2 • |z1 ± z2| ≥ | |z1| − |z2| |
= a2 − (−1) b2 = a2 + b2, which is real In particular, if |z1 − z2| = | |z1| − |z2| |, then origin, z1 and z2 are
collinear with origin at one of the ends.
Properties of conjugate
• |zn| = |z|n
•• ( z ) = z
• | |z1| − | z2| | ≤ |z1| + |z2|
•• z = z ⇔ z is real
Thus, |z1| + |z2| is the greatest possible value of |z1 + z2| and
•• z = - z ⇔ z is purely imaginary | |z1| − |z2| | is the least possible value of |z1 + z2|.
z+z • |z1 ± z2|2 = (z1 ± z2) ( z1 ± z2 ) = | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 ± ( z1 z2 + z1z2 ) or
•• Re( z ) = Re ( z ) =
2
| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 ± 2 Re( z1 z2 )
z-z
•• Im ( z ) =
2i • z1 z2 + z1z2 = 2 | z1 | | z2 | cos (q1 - q 2 ) where q1 = arg (z1) and
q2 = arg (z2)
•• z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 z
• | z1 + z2 |2 = | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 ⇔ 1 is purely imaginary
z2
•• z1 - z2 = z1 - z2
• | z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 - z2 |2 = 2 {| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 }
z  z • | az1 - bz2 |2 + | bz1 + az2 |2 = (a2 + b2 ) (| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 ) where
••  1  = 1 ( z2 ≠ 0 )
 z2  z2 a, b ∈ R
Chapter 5.indd 188 01-01-2009 11:19:39 AM

• Unimodular, that is, unit modulus ⇒ Z1 + Z 2 ≤ r1 + r2

If z is unimodular then |z| = 1. A unimodular complex number can Thus,
always be expressed as cos q + i sin q, q ∈ R. Z1 + Z 2 ≤ Z1 + Z 2
z
Note: is always a unimodular complex number if z ≠ 0.
|z| Note: Equality occurs only when q1 = q2, that is, when Z1 and Z2
have the same amplitude.
Some of the proofs are given as:
Second triangle inequality
|Z1 Z2 | = |Z1| ë |Z2|
|Z1 - Z2| ê |Z1| - |Z2|
Proof:
Proof:
Let Z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1) and Z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2) Z1 - Z 2 = r1 cos q1 - r2 cos q 2 + i (r1 sin q1 - r2 sin q 2 )
Then
Therefore,
Z1Z2 = r1r2 {cos (q1 + q 2 ) + i sin (q1 + q 2 )} = r (cos q + i sin q )
where Z1 - Z 2 = (r1 cos q1 - r2 cos q 2 )2 + (r1 sin q1 - r2 sin q 2 )2
r = r1 r2 and q = q1 + q2.
Therefore, = r12 + r22 - 2r1 r2 cos (q1 - q 2 )
|Z1 Z2| = r = r1 r2 = |Z1| × |Z2|
≥ r12 + r22 - 2r1 r2 , since cos (q1 - q 2 ) ≤ 1
•• |Z1 Z2 … Zn| = |Z1| × |Z2| × |Z3| × … × |Zn|
Therefore,
Proof follows by writing Z1 Z2 … Zn as the product of Z1 Z2 …
Zn−1 and Zn and applying property (1) repeatedly. Z1 - Z 2 ≥ (r1 - r2 )2 = r1 - r2
• |Z n| = |Z|n Z1 - Z 2 ≥ r1 ~ r2 = Z1 ~ Z 2
Proof follows if we take Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = … = Zn.
Z = Z
Z1 Z1
=
Z2 Z2 Proof:
Proof: If Z = x + iy, then

Let Z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1) and Z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2) |Z| = x2 + y2
Then
Now,
Z1 r (cos q1 + i sin q1) r
= 1 = 1 (cos q1 + i sin q1) (cos q2 − i sin q2)
Z2 r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 ) r2 Z = x − iy

 1  ⇒Z = x + ( - y )2 =
2
x2 + y2
 since cos q + i sin q = cos q 2 - i sin q 2  Therefore,
2 2
r  | Z | = |Z|
=  1  {(cos q1 cos q 2 + sin q1 sin q 2 ) + i (sin q1 cos q 2 - cos q1 sin q 2 )}
r 2
Illustration 5.5 If |z − 2 + i | ≤ 2, then find the greatest and the
r  least value of |z|.
=  1  {cos (q1 - q 2 ) + i sin (q1 - q 2 )}
r  2 Solution: Given that
Hence,
Z1 r Z1 |z − 2 + i | ≤ 2 (1)
= 1 =
Z2 r2 Z2 (Using z1 - z1 ≥ z1 - z2 )
First triangle inequality |z − 2 + i | ≥ | |z| − | 2 − i | |
|Z1| + |Z2| ê |Z1 + Z2|
Proof: ⇒ |z − 2 + i | ≥ | |z| − 5| (2)
|Z1 + Z2| = r1(cosq1 + i sinq1) + r2 (cosq 2 + i sinq 2 From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
= (r1 cosq1 + r2 cosq 2 ) + i (r1 sinq1 + r2 sinq 2 ) | |z| − 5| ≤ |z − 2 + i | ≤ 2
Therefore,
= (r1 cos q1 + r2 cos q 2 )2 + (r1 sin q1 + r2 sin q 2 )2
| |z| − 5| ≤ 2
= r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos (q1 - q 2 )
⇒ −2 ≤ |z| − 5 ≤ 2
≤ r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 , since cos (q1 − q2) ≤ 1 ⇒ 5 -2≤ |z| ≤ 5 +2
Therefore, Hence, the greatest value of |z| is 5 + 2 and the least value of |z|
Z1 + Z 2 ≤ (r1 + r2 )2 is 5 - 2.
Chapter 5.indd 189 01-01-2009 11:19:54 AM

1 Illustration 5.7 If Z1 and Z2 be two complex numbers such that

Illustration 5.6 If Z + = a, where Z is a complex number and Z1 - 2 Z 2
Z = 1 and |Z2| ≠ 1. What is the value of |Z1| ?
a is a positive real number, then find the greatest and least value 2 - Z1Z 2
of |Z|. Solution:
Solution: Let us first find greatest value of |Z|. | Z1 - 2 Z 2 | = | 2 - Z1Z 2 |
1 Therefore,
If |Z| is greatest, then is least. Hence,
|Z|
| Z1 - 2 Z 2 |2 = | 2 - Z1Z 2 |2
1
|Z| >
|Z| ⇒ ( Z1 - 2 Z 2 ) ( Z1 - 2 Z 2 ) = (2 - Z1Z 2 ) (2 - Z1Z 2 )
1  1 1 ⇒ Z1Z1 - 2 Z1Z 2 - 2 Z1Z 2 + 4 Z 2 Z 2 = 4 - 2 Z1Z 2 - 2 Z1Z 2 + Z1Z1Z 2 Z 2

Write a= Z + = Z - -  ≥|Z |-
Z  Z |Z| ⇒ Z1Z1 + 4 Z 2 Z 2 - 4 - Z1Z1Z 2 Z 2 = 0
⇒ | Z |2 – a |Z| – 1 ≤ 0
| Z1 |2 + 4 | Z 2 |2 - | Z1 |2 | Z 2 |2 - 4 = 0
Hence, |Z| lies between the roots of the equation
⇒ (| Z1 |2 - 4 ) (| Z 2 |2 - 1) = 0
2
| Z | - a | Z | - 1= 0.
Since | Z 2 | ≠ 1 ⇒ | Z1 |2 = 4
a ± a2 + 4
Roots of the equation are .
2 ⇒ | Z1 | = 2
Hence,
a - a2 + 4 a + a2 + 4 5.6 Argument of a Complex Number
≤| Z |≤ (1)
2 2 If z = x + iy = r (cos q + i sin q ), where r = x 2 + y 2 , then q is
a- a +4 2 called the argument of Z or the amplitude of Z. Since
It is known that |Z| ≥ 0 while is < 0 and hence, x
2 x = r cos q and y = r sin q, q is such that cosq = and
Eq. (1) gets modified as x 2
+ y 2
y
a + a2 + 4 sin q = . Since there can be many values of q satisfying
0 ≤| Z |≤ x + y2
2
2 these conditions, by convention, q such that −p < q ≤ p is defined

a+ a +4 2 as the principal argument of Z and is denoted by arg Z. The argu-

Thus, the greatest value of |Z| is . ment of a complex number a + ib is given by a , p − a , −p + a or −a
2
if a + ib is in the first, second, third or fourth quadrant, respectively,
Now for the least value of |Z|. b
where a = tan−1 . For example,
1 a
In this case is greatest and hence,
|Z| •• Z = 1 + i = (1, 1) and is marked by point P(1, 1) that lies in first
1 quadrant. Therefore,
-| Z |> 0
|Z| |Z| = 2 and arg Z = p/4
1 1 1 • If Z = 1 − i = (1, −1), then P lies in the fourth quadrant and
Write a= Z + = - (-Z ) ≥ -| Z |
Z Z |Z| |Z| = 2 and arg Z = −p/4.
•• If Z = − 1 + i = (−1, 1), then P lies in the second quadrant and
⇒ | Z |2 + a | Z | - 1 ≥ 0
3p
arg Z = .
2 4
This is possible for all |Z| lying outside the roots of | Z | + a | Z | - 1 = 0 3p
•• If Z = −1 − i, then P lies in the third quadrant and arg Z = − .
| Z |2 + a | Z | - 1 = 0 4
1
- a ± a2 + 4 - a - a2 + 4 •• Argument of all positive real numbers such as 1, 2, 3, , …
Roots of the equation are , and of these 2
2 2 is 0 since they are marked on the positive x-axis. The argu-
is negative, hence |Z| cannot be less than this negative value. ment of all negative real numbers such as −1, −2, −3, … is p
Therefore, since they are marked on negative x-axis. The argument of
p
- a + a2 + 4 purely imaginary numbers such as i, 2i, 3i, … is since these
| Z |≥ 2
2 are marked on the positive y-axis. The argument of purely
p
- a + a2 + 4 imaginary numbers like −i, −2i, −3i, … is − . Since these are
Thus, the least value of |Z| is . 2
2 marked on negative y-axis.
Chapter 5.indd 190 01-01-2009 11:20:11 AM

Illustration 5.8 Among the complex numbers z which satisfies From the Fig. 5.8, E is the point with the least modulus and D is the
|z − 25i | ≤ 15, find the complex numbers z having point with the maximum modulus.
Hence,
(i) least positive argument (ii) maximum positive argument
→ → →
(iii) least modulus (iv) maximum modulus Z E = OE = OC - EC = 25i - 15i = 10i
Solution: The complex numbers z satisfying the condition |z − 25i| and
≤ 15 are represented by the points inside and on the circle of radius → → →
15 and centre at the point C(0, 25), Fig. 5.8. Z D = OD = OC + CD = 25i + 15i = 40i
The complex number having least positive argument and maxi-
mum positive arguments in this region are the points of contact of Properties of arguments
tangents drawn from origin to the circle. •• arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2kp (k = 0 or 1 or −1)
Here,
I n general arg (z1z2z3 … zn) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + arg (z3) + … +
q = least positive argument
arg (zn) + 2kp
and
f = maximum positive argument (where k ∈ I)
z 
Therefore, In ∆OCP, •• arg  1  = arg z1 − arg z2 + 2kp (k = 0 or 1 or −1)
z 
2
(OC )2 - (CP )2 = (25)2 - (15)2 = 20  z

OP = •• arg   = 2 arg z + 2kp(k = 0 or 1 or −1)
z
and •• arg (zn) = n arg z + 2kp (k = 0 or 1 or −1)
OP 20 4
sinq = = =
OC 25 5 z  z 
•• If arg  2  = q, then arg  1  = 2kp - q where k ∈ I.
Therefore,  z1   z2 
4 •• arg z = − arg z
tanq =
3 •• If arg z = 0, then z is real.
 4 Note: Proper value of k must be chosen in above results so that
⇒ q = tan-1  
 3 arguments lies in (−p, p ].
All the above formulae are written on the basis of the principal
Thus, complex number at P has modulus 20 and argument argument.
 4
q = tan-1   . Illustration 5.9 Let z, z0 be two complex numbers. It is given
 3
that |z| = 1 and the numbers z, z0, zz 0 , 1 and 0 are represented
Therefore, in an Argand diagram by the points P, P0, Q, A and the origin O,
respectively. Show that the triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent.
 3 4
Z P = 20 (cos q + i sinq ) = 20  + i  Hence, or otherwise, prove that |z − z0| = | zz 0 - 1| .
 5 5
⇒ Z P = 12 + 16i Solution: See Fig. 5.9. Given OA = 1 and |z| = 1
Similarly, Y
Z Q = -12 + 16i P0(z0)
D 40i
Tangent from P(z)

origin
C 25i
q A(1)
X
Q P O
E
f Q(zz0)
q
O N Figure 5.9
Therefore,
Figure 5.8 OP = |z − 0| = |z| = 1
Chapter 5.indd 191 01-01-2009 11:20:18 AM

So,  1 
OP = OA ⇒ { z 4 / 3 - ( z )4 / 3 } 1- 2 / 3  = 0
OP0 = |z0 − 0| = |z0|  | z | 
and Therefore,
OQ = | zz 0 − 0| = | zz 0 | = |z| | z 0 | = 1 |z0| = |z0| |z|2/3 = 1 (since z ≠ z )
Therefore, ⇒ |z| = 1
OP0 = OQ
Illustration 5.11 If |Z| ≤ 1 and |W| ≤ 1, then show that | Z - W |2 ≤ (| Z | - | W |)2 + (arg Z
 z - 0 z 
and ∠P0OP = arg  0 = arg  0 
 z - 0   z | Z - W |2 ≤ (| Z | - | W |)2 + (arg Z - arg W )2
 zz   zz   zz  Solution: Let
= arg  0  = arg  02  = arg  0  = - arg ( zz 0 )
 zz  | z |   1  Z = | Z | (cosq + i sin q )
 1  and W = | W | (cos j + i sin j )
= - arg( zz 0 ) = arg 
 zz 0 
| Z - W |2 = (| Z | cosq - | W | cos f )2 + (| Z | sin q - | W | sin f )2
 1- 0 
= arg  = ∠AOQ = | Z |2 (cos2 q + sin2 q ) + | W |2 (cos2 f + sin2 f )
 zz 0 - 0 
Thus, the triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent. -2 | Z | | W | (cos q cos f + sin q sin f )
Also,
= | Z |2 + | W |2 - 2 | Z | | W | cos (q - f )
PP0 = AQ
⇒ |z − z0| = | zz 0 - 1| = (| Z | - | W |)2 + 2 | Z | | W | (1- cos(q - f ))
q -f 
1 = (| Z | - | W |)2 + 4 | Z | | W | sin2 
Illustration 5.10 If arg (Z1/3) = arg ( z 2 + zz1/ 3 ), then find the  2 
2
value of |z|.
≤ (| Z | - | W |) + (q - f )2
2

Solution: 2
q -f 
As | Z | ≤ 1, | W | ≤ 1, and sin2 (q - f ) ≤  .
We have  2 
1
arg ( z1/ 3 ) = arg ( z 2 + zz1/ 3 )
2 Hence,
⇒ 2 arg( z1/ 3 ) = arg( z 2 + zz1/ 3 )
| Z - W |2 ≤ (| Z | - | W |)2 + (arg Z - arg W )2
⇒ arg( z 2 / 3 ) = arg ( z 2 + zz1/ 3 )
⇒ arg ( z 2 + zz1/ 3 ) - arg( z 2 / 3 ) = 0

 z 2 + zz1/ 3 
Your Turn 1
⇒ arg   = 0 1. If (a + 2b) − i (2a − b) = 2i − 6, then find a and b.
 z 2/3 
Ans. a = −2, b = −2
 z  4 n+7
⇒ arg  z 4 / 3 + 1/ 3  = 0
 z  2. Find the value of ∑ i k .
Ans. k =1 −1
z  z  1+ i
⇒ z 4 /3 + is real ⇒ Im  z 4 / 3 + 1/ 3  = 0 3. If a = , then prove that the value of a1929 is also equal to
z1/ 3  z  2
1+ i
 4 /3 z   4 /3 z  .
 z + 1/ 3  -  z + 1/ 3  2
⇒ z z =0 4. If z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 2 + 7i, then find |z1 − z2| and arg (z1 − z2).
2i
Ans. |z1 − z2| = 10 and arg (z1 − z2) = −p/2
z (z )
⇒ z 4 /3 + = ( z )4 / 3 +
z1/ 3 ( z )1/ 3 5. What is the polar form of z = 1 − i 3 ? Ans. z = 2ei(−p/3)
( z ) ( z )1/ 3 z ( z )1/ 3 (2 + 3i )2 2 29
⇒ z 4 /3 + = ( z )4 / 3 + 6. If a + ib = , then find a and b. Ans. a = , b =
| z |2 / 3 | z |2 / 3 2+i 5 5
7. Find the value of i13 + i14 + i15 + i16. Ans. 0
Since 8. Find the least non-zero positive integer n such that
[ z1/ 3 ( z )1/ 3 = ( zz )1/ 3 = | z |2 / 3 ]  1+ i 
n
  = 1. Ans. n = 4
1 1- i 
4 /3 4 /3 4 /3 4 /3
⇒z - (z ) - (( z ) - (z ) )=0 x y
| z |2 / 3 9. If X + iY = (x + iy)1/3, then prove that 4( X 2 - Y 2 ) = + .
X Y
Chapter 5.indd 192 01-01-2009 11:20:37 AM

10. If z1 = z2 = z3  = z n = 1, then prove that By adding we get

1
xmyn + = 2 cos ( mq + nj )
1 1 1 m n
x y
z1 + z2 + z3 +  + z n = + ++
z1 z2 zn (ii) By similar reasoning
xm yn
5.7 De Moivre’s Theorem n
+ = 2 cos ( mq - nj )
y xm
For any rational number n, the value or one of the values of
(cos q + sin q )n is (cos nq + sin nq ). The following may also be noted:
Illustration 5.13 If n be a positive integer, prove that
1. (co sq + i sin q )- n = (cos nq - sin nq ) = (cos q - i sin q )n

2. (cos q + i sin q )n = (cos nq + sin nq ) = (cos q - i sin q )- n 0 if n be odd
1 
. If x + = 2 cos q , and if the equation is solved for x, then
3  n
x (1 + i )2n + (1 - i )2n = 2n + 1 if be even
 2
1  n+1 n
x = cos q + i sinq = eiq ⇒ = cos q - i sin q = e−iq  -2 if be odd
x 2
or
Solution:
x = cos q - i sin q = e− iq
2n
 p p  np np 
1 (1 + i )2n = 2n  cos + i sin  = 2n  cos + i sin 
⇒ = cos q + i sin q = eiq  4 4  2 2 
x
2n
 p p  np np 
1 1 (1 - i )2n = 2n  cos - i sin  = 2n  cos - i sin 
Illustration 5.12 If 2 cos q = x + and 2 cos f = y + , prove  4 4  2 2 
x y
the following: Therefore,
1
(i) x m y n + m n = 2 cos( mq + nj )  np np np np 
x y (1 + i )2n + (1 - i )2n = 2n  cos + i sin + cos - i sin 
 2 2 2 2 
xm yn n+1  np 
(ii) n
+ = 2 cos ( mq - nj ) =2 cos  
y xm  2 
Solution: If n be odd = 2m + 1, then

1 p
(i) Given x + = 2 cos q ⇒ x 2 - 2 x cos q + 1 = 0. Solving this, RHS = 2n+1 cos (2m + 1) =0
x 2
x = cos q ± i sin q . n
If n be even and also even so that n = 4k, then
1 2
In fact, if x = cosq + i sin q , then = cos q - i sin q . It may also
x RHS = 2n + 1 cos (2kp ) = 2n + 1
1 1 n
be noted that x + = 2 cosq is symmetrical w.r.t. and hence If is odd, then
x x 2
1  np 
if one root is the value for x, the other root is and vice versa. RHS = 2n + 1 cos   = -2n +1
x  2 
1
Similarly, given that 2 cos q = y + , we have y = cos j + i sin j If z = r (cos q + i sin q ), and n is a positive integer, then
y
Therefore, 2kp + q 2kp + q 

z1/ n = r1/ n cos + i sin , k = 0 , 1, 2,..., n - 1
m m
x = (cos q + i sin q ) = cos mq + i sin mq ;  n n 
and
5.8 Roots of Unity
y n = (cos j + i sin j )n = cos nj + i sin nj
. Cube roots of unity
1
m n
x y = (cos mq + i sin mq ) (cos nj + i sin nj ) Consider the cubic (third degree) equation
= cos ( mq + nj ) + i sin ( mq + nj ) x 3 = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2kp + i sin 2kp
and Therefore,
3
x= 1 = (cos 2kp + i sin 2kp )1/ 3
1
= cos( mq + nj ) - i sin ( mq + nj )  2kp   2kp 
xmyn = cos  + i sin 
 3   3 
Chapter 5.indd 193 01-01-2009 11:20:58 AM

Y 2. Some useful results

(x3 + y3) = (x + y) (x + w y) (x + w 2y)
(x3 − y3) = (x − y) (x − w y) (x − w 2y)
1 3i
B (x3 + y3 + z3 − 3xyz) = (x + y + z) (x + w y + w 2z) (x + w 2y + w z)
w =− +
2 2
x3 x6
2p /3
Illustration 5.15 If a = 1 + + +  ∞,
2p /3 A 3! 6 !
X′ X
1 + 0i
2p /3 x 4 x7
b = x + + + ∞
4! 7i
C x2 x5 x8
and c= + + + ∞
1 3i 2! 5! 8 !
w =− −
2 2
Y′ Then, find the value of a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc.
Figure 5.10 Solution:
(See Fig. 5.10.) To get three roots of the cubic equation, we give a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw 2) (a + bw 2 + cw )
k = 0, giving the real root, cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
= e x ew x ew
2
x
2p 2p
k = 1, giving one imaginary root, cos + i sin =w x(1 + w + w 2 )
3 3 = e
4p 4p = e0 = 1
k = 2, giving the other imaginary root, cos + i sin =w2
3 3 3. nth Roots of Unity
It is said that 1, w, w2 are the three cubic roots of unity satisfying Generally, the nth degree equation xn = 1 has ‘n’ nth roots of
(a) 1 + w + w 2 = 0 unity given by
(b) w 3 = 1 2p 2p 4p 4p 2(n - 1)p
(c) 1, w, w2 are represented respectively by points A, B, C lying cos + i sin , cos + i sin ,  , cos
n n n n n
on the unit circle |Z| = 1 and forming the corners of an equi-
2(n - 1)p
lateral triangle with each side of length 3. + i sin
n
Illustration 5.14 If a , b, g are the roots of x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 7 = that is,
0 (and w is the cube roots of unity), then find the value of 1, a , a 2, …, a n−1 satisfying
a -1 b -1 g -1 (a) 1 + a + a 2 + … + a n−1 = 0
+ + . (b) a n = 1
b -1 g -1 a -1
(c) 1, a , …, a n−1 represent n points in the Argand plane situ-
Solution: We have ated on the unit circle |Z | = 1 and forming the corners of a
x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 regular n sides polygon. (See Fig. 5.11.)
⇒ (x − 1)3 + 8 = 0
Y
⇒ (x − 1)3 = (−2)3
3 A4 A3
 x - 1
⇒ =1
 -2 
2p /n
A5 A2
x -1 /n
⇒ = (1)1/ 3 2p
-2 2p /n A1
X′ X
= 1, w , w 2 (cube roots of unity) 1 + 0i
Therefore,
x = −1, 1 − 2w , 1 − 2w 2 |z| = 1
Here,
a = −1, b = 1 − 2w , g = 1 − 2w 2
So, Y′
a − 1 = −2, b − 1 = −2w , g − 1 = −2w 2
Then Figure 5.11
As the sum of nth roots of unity = 0
a - 1 b - 1 g - 1  -2   -2w   -2w 2  n -1
+ + =  +  + 
b - 1 g - 1 a - 1  -2w   -2w 2   -2  ⇒ ∑ak = 0
k =0
1 1
= + +w 2 n -1
w w   2kp   2kp  
⇒ ∑  cos   + i  sin
n  
 =0
n  
= w 2 + w 2 + w 2 = 3w 2 k =0
Chapter 5.indd 194 01-01-2009 11:21:06 AM

n -1
 2kp   p 2p   (n - 1)p 
⇒ ∑ cos 
 n 
=0 ⇒  2 sin   2 sin    2 sin
 n  n   n 
 =n
k =0
and p 2p (n - 1)p n
n -1
⇒ sin sin  sin = n -1
 2kp  n n n 2
∑ sin  n 
 =0
k =0 The nth Root of Unity
Generally, equation like x n = a + ib can be solved by using this Let x be the nth root of unity. Then
method.
x n = 1 = cos 2kp + i sin 2kp ( where k is an integer )
First write a + ib = r [cos q + i sin q ] = r [cos (q + 2kp ) + i
2kp 2kp
sin (q + 2kp )] and hence the n nth roots of x n = a + ib are ⇒ x = cos + i sin k = 0 , 1, 2, …, n - 1
n n
 q + 2kp q + 2kp 
n
r  cos + i sin  where k = 0 , 1, 2,  , (n - 1). 2p 2p
 n n  Let a = cos + i sin . Then the nth roots of unity are a t
n n
Illustration 5.16 Solve 2 2 x 5 = ( 3 - 1) + i ( 3 + 1). (t = 0 , 1, 2, …, n - 1), that is, the nth roots of unity are
Solution: 1, a , a 2 , …, a n -1.
2 2 x 5 = ( 3 - 1) + i ( 3 + 1) Sum of the Roots

1- a n
 3 - 1  3 + 1 1 + a + a 2 + … + a n − 1 = =0
x5 =  1- a
 +i 
 2 2   2 2 
n -1 n -1
2kp 2kp
5
x = cos
5p
+ i sin
5p ⇒ ∑ cos n
= 0 and ∑ sin
n
=0
12 12 k =0 k =0
 5p 3 -1 5p 3 + 1 Thus, the sum of the roots of unity is zero.

 Since, cos 12 = cos 75° = 2 2 ; sin 12 = sin 75° = 
 2 2  Product of the Roots
 5p   5p  a .a 2. .... . a n − 1 = (−1)n (−1) = (−1)n + 1
⇒ x 5 = cos  2kp +  + i sin  2kp + 
 12 12 
Therefore, the five roots of the given equation are 5.9 Rotation Theorem
 5p   5p  1. Coni method: This method gives the angle between two inter-
2kp + 2kp +
 12   12  (k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) secting lines.
x = cos 
5  + i sin  5 
   
D(z4)
Illustration 5.17 If 1, a , a 2, …, a n−1 are nth roots of unity, then q
B(z2)
prove that
(a) (1 − a ) (1 − a 2) … (1 − a n−1) = n A(z1)
p 2p 3p (n - 1)p n C(z3)
(b) sin sin sin  sin = n -1 , n ≥ 2 f1 f2
n n n n 2
Solution: If 1, a , a 2 … a n−1 are roots of xn = 1, then
xn − 1 = (x − 1) (x − a ) (x − a 2) … (x − a n−1)
Figure 5.12
xn -1
(x − a ) (x − a 2) … (x − a n−1) = = 1 + x + x2 + … + xn−1 See Fig. 5.12. Let z1, z2, z3 and z4 be complex numbers repre-
x -1
senting points A, B, C and D, respectively. Then
Put x = 1, then
(1 − a ) (1 − a 2) … (1 − a n−1) = n →
AB = z2 - z1
Also,
i2 kp
→
k
CD = z 4 - z3
a =e n
→ →
kp Let arg AB = f1 and arg CD = f 2 . Then angle of intersection
⇒ 1- a k = 2 sin
n → →
Taking modulus of the first result, we get q = f2 − f1 = arg CD − arg AB
z -z 
1- a 1- a 2  1- a n -1 = | n | = arg (z4 − z3) − arg (z2 − z1) = arg  4 3 
 z2 - z1 
Chapter 5.indd 195 01-01-2009 11:21:19 AM

z -z  B
(a) If q = 0 or ±p , then  4 3  is real. Points are collinear
 z2 - z1 
z -z 
as the two lines coincide. It follows that if  4 3  is real,
 z2 - z1 
points are collinear. 2−i
C A
M
p  z 4 - z3 
(b) If q = ± , then  z - z  is purely imaginary. It follows
2 2 1
z -z  1+i
that if  4 3  is purely imaginary, then the line joining
 z -z 
2 1 D
z1, z2 is perpendicular to the line joining z3, z4. Figure 5.14
(c) (See Fig. 5.13.) Hence, the angle between the lines passing 3i 1
through z2 and z3 and intersecting at z1 is given by Therefore, the complex number of A is either 1 - or 3 - i .
2 2
z -z 
arg  3 1  = q Illustration 5.19 See Fig. 5.15. Show that the triangles whose
 z2 - z1  vertices are Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 and a, b, c ( Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 and a, b, c are complex)
Also, Z1 a 1
z = |z| e iq are similar if Z 2 b 1 = 0.
z3 - z1 z -z Z3 c 1
⇒ = 3 1 e iq
z2 - z1 z2 - z1
A(Z1) D(a)
Y z3
a a
z2
q
z1
b g b g
X′ O X
B(Z2) C(Z3) E(b) F(c)
Y′
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.13
Solution: The two triangles are similar if
Illustration 5.18 ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD
intersect at M such that BD = 2AC. If the points D and M represent AB BC
=
the complex number 1 + i and 2 − i, respectively, then find the DE EF
complex number(s) representing A. and
Solution: See Fig. 5.14. Let A be z. The position MA can be obtained ∠ABC = ∠DEF = b (say)
p So,
by rotating MD anticlockwise through an angle ; simultaneously
the length gets halved. 2 Z1 - Z 2 AB
= (cos b + i sin b )
Z 3 - Z 2 BC
Therefore,
Similarly,
1
z - (2 - i ) =
2
[(1 + i ) - (2 - i )]e ip / 2 a - b DE
= (cos b + i sin b )
c - b EF
1
= (1 + i - 2 + i )( i ) Therefore,
2
Z1 - Z 2 a - b
1 1 ⇒
=
=
( -2 - i ) = - 1 - i Z3 - Z2 c - b
2 2
1 3i Z1 - Z 2 a-b
⇒ z = - 1- i + 2 - i = 1- ⇒ =0
2 2 Z3 - Z2 c -b
Another position of A corresponds to A and C getting interchanged
Z1 - Z 2 a-b 0
and in that the complex number of A is ⇒ Z2 b 1 =0
1 1 Z3 - Z2 c -b 0
1+ i +2-i =3- i
2 2
Chapter 5.indd 196 01-01-2009 11:21:30 AM

Z1 a 1 (b) See Fig. 5.18. Let z1, z2, z3 be the affixes of three points A,
→
⇒ Z 2 b 1 = 0 adding R2 to R1 and R2 to R3 B, C such that AC = AB and ∠CAB = q. Then AC = z3 − z1 will
Z3 c 1 →
be obtained by rotating AB = z2 - z1 through an angle q in
2. Condition for four points to be concyclic: See Fig. 5.16. Four the anticlockwise sense and therefore,
points z1, z2, z3 and z4 in the Argand plane are concyclic if and
only if (z3 − z1) = (z2 − z1)e iq
 z -z   z -z 
arg  1 3  = arg  1 4  = q (say) C(z3)
z -z 
2 3 z -z 2 4
Applying the coni method, we get

z1 - z3 z -z
= 1 3 e iq
z2 - z3 z2 - z3 q
B(z2)
z1 - z 4 z -z A(z1)
= 1 4 e iq
z2 - z 4 z2 - z 4 Figure 5.18
Illustration 5.20 Complex numbers Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 are the vertices A,
z1 B and C, respectively, of an isosceles right-angled triangle with ∠C
= 90° . Show that ( Z1 - Z 2 )2 = 2( Z1 - Z 3 ) ( Z 3 - Z 2 ) or equivalently
z4 q Z12 + Z 22 + 2 Z 32 = 2 Z1Z 3 + 2 Z 2 Z 3 .
Solution: See Fig. 5.19. It is seen that when CA is turned
anticlockwise through an angle 90°, the position of CB is obtained.
Lengthwise, CA = CB because the triangle is isosceles.
q
z3 z2 Therefore,
 p p
Z 2 - Z 3 = ( Z1 - Z 3 )  cos + i sin 
Figure 5.16  2 2
Solving the above two equations to eliminate q , we get Squaring both sides, we get
z1 - z3 z2 - z 4 z -z z -z
. = 1 3 2 4 ( Z 2 - Z 3 )2 + ( Z1 - Z 3 )2 = 0
z2 - z3 z1 - z 4 z2 - z3 z1 - z 4
⇒ Z12 + Z 22 + 2 Z 32 = 2 Z1Z 3 + 2 Z 2 Z 3
This is possible only if the expression on the left-hand side is
real (it may be positive or negative, depending upon whether which is the second result.
the points are considered in a cyclic order or not). To get the first from the second, we have
3. Complex number as a rotating arrow in the Argand plane: Z12 + Z 22 = 2 Z1Z 3 + 2 Z 2 Z 3 - 2 Z 32
(a) See Fig. 5.17. If a complex number z1 is rotated in the anti-
clockwise sense by an angle q and let z2 be its new posi- Z12 + Z 22 - 2 Z1Z 2 = 2 Z1Z 3 + 2 Z 2 Z 3 - 2 Z 32 - 2 Z1Z 2
tion, then
z1 = reif and z2 = rei(q + f) (as |z1| = |z2| = r) ⇒ ( Z1 - Z 2 )2 = 2( Z1 - Z 3 ) ( Z 3 - Z 2 )
⇒ z2 = z1e iq which is the desired form of the result.
®
Clearly, the multiplication of z with eiq rotates vector OP B(Z2)
through an angle q in the anticlockwise sense. Similarly,
®
the multiplication of z with e−iq will the rotate vector OP in
the clockwise sense.
Y
Q(z2)
r
P(z1) C(Z3) A(Z1)
q
f Figure 5.19
X′ X
O (c) See Fig. 5.20. In the above case if AB ≠ AC, then we consider
the rotation of unit vectors as
Y′ z3 - z1 z -z
= 2 1 e iq
Figure 5.17 | z3 - z1 | | z2 - z1 |
Chapter 5.indd 197 01-01-2009 11:21:40 AM

C(z3) a
⇒ ( Z 3 - Z 2 )2 = 4( Z 3 - Z1) ( Z1 - Z 2 ) sin2
2
q Concept of rotation: If z1, z2, z3, are the three vertices of a tri-
B(z2)
A(z1) angle ABC described in the counter-clockwise sense, then
Figure 5.20 z3 - z1 OQ CA ia | z3 - z1 | ia
= (cos a + i sina ) = ⋅e = ⋅e
This concept has also been explained in terms of the coni z2 - z1 OP BA | z2 - z1 |
method earlier.
Note that arg (z3 − z1) − arg(z2 − z1) = a is the angle through
Illustration 5.21 See Fig. 5.21. The points P, Q and R represent which OP must be rotated in the anticlockwise direction so that
the complex numbers Z1, Z2 and Z3, respectively, and the angles of it becomes parallel to OQ.
p a
the triangle PQR at Q and R are both - . Prove that C(z3)
2 2 Y
a  B(z2)
( Z 3 - Z 2 )2 = 4( Z 3 - Z1) ( Z1 - Z 2 ) sin2   Q(z3 − z1)
 2 a
P(Z1) A(z1)
P(z2 − z1)
a
a
O X
5.10 Theory of Equations with Complex

p − a p − a Coefficients
2 2 2 2
An nth degree equation with complex coefficients an, an−1, …, a0
Q(Z2) R(Z3) is given as
Figure 5.21 an z n + an -1z n -1 +  + a1z + a0 = 0
Solution: QP is obtained from QR by a rotation counter-clockwise
p a It has n roots say a 1, a 2, … a n, and
through an angle - , and the length PQ is different from the
2 2 an -1
length of QR. Therefore, ∑a1 = - an
PQ  p a  p a  an - 2
Z1 - Z 2 =
QR
( Z 3 - Z 2 ) cos  -  + i sin  -  
 2 2  2 2 
∑ a 1a 2 = + an

a0
Similarly, a 1a 2 a n = ( -1)n
an
PR  p a  p a 
Z1 - Z 3 = ( Z 2 - Z 3 ) cos  -  - i sin  -   In the case of quadratic equations with complex coefficients hav-
QR   2 2  2 2 
ing non-zero imaginary part, the discriminant has no role for the
Multiplying the two equations existence of roots.
 2 p a   Illustration 5.22 The roots z1, z2, z3 of the equation x3 + 3ax2
cos  2 - 2   + 3bx + c = 0, in which a, b, c are complex numbers, corresponding
PQ ⋅ PR  
( Z1 - Z 2 ) ( Z1 - Z 3 ) = 2
( Z3 - Z2 ) ( Z2 - Z3 )   to the points A, B, C on the Gaussian plane. Find the centroid of the
QR + sin2  p - a  
   triangle ABC and show that it will be equilateral if a2 = b.
2 2  
Solution: Since z1, z2, z3 are the roots of x3 + 3ax2 + 3bx + c = 0.
Now,
QR PQ PR We have
= = (By sine rule)
sin a cos a cos a z1 + z2 + z3 = -3a
2 2
Therefore, z1 + z2 + z3
⇒ = -a
a 3
PQ ⋅ PR cos2
2 and
=
QR 2 a2 a
4 sin cos2 z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 = 3b
2 2
So, Hence, the centroid of the triangle ABC is the point with affix −a.
a 2 Now, the triangle will be equilateral if
( Z1 - Z 2 ) ( Z1 - Z 3 )4 sin = ( Z3 - Z2 ) ( Z2 - Z3 )
2
Chapter 5.indd 198 01-01-2009 11:21:50 AM

z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 5.12 Section Formula

⇒ ( z1 + z2 + z3 )2 = 3( z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1) ⇒ (−3a)2 = 3(3b) See Fig. 5.22. Let z1 and z2 represent any two complex number rep-
Therefore, the condition is a2 = b. resenting the points A and B, respectively, in the Argand plane. Let
C be the point dividing the line AB internally in ratio m:n, that is,
Illustration 5.23 Find the value of |Z| from the equation AC
2 Z 3 - 3 Z 2 - 18iZ + 27i = 0. = m:n and let the complex number associated with point C be z.
BC
Solution: Then, let us rotate the line BC about C so that it becomes parallel
to CA. Then, the corresponding equation after rotation will be
2 Z 3 - 3 Z 2 - 18iZ + 27i = 0
z1 - z | z1 - z | ip m
= e = ( -1)
Z 2 ( 2 Z - 3) - 9 i ( 2 Z - 3) = 0 z2 - z | z2 - z | n
( 2 Z - 3) ( Z 2 - 9 i ) = 0 nz1 + mz2
⇒ z=
Therefore, m+n
2 Z - 3 = 0 ⇒ | Z | = 3/ 2 p
or
Z 2 = 9i ⇒ | Z | = 3 A(z1) C(z) B(z2)
m n
5.11 Logarithms of a Complex Number Figure 5.22

Thus,
Let loge (x + iy) = a + ib(5.1) 1. If Z1, Z2 are divided at P in the ratio m:n internally, then P has the
Suppose mZ 2 + nZ1
x + iy = r (cos q + i sin q ) = re iq (5.2) complex number . Particularly, the mid-point of the
m+n
then Z + Z2
x = r cos q, y = r sin q join of Z1 and Z2 is 1 .
2
so that
2. If Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 be three points A, B, C forming a triangle ABC, then
r = ( x2 + y2 ) the centroid G of the triangle ABC has an associated complex
and Z + Z2 + Z3
 y number 1 .
q = tan-1   3
 x
From Eq. (5.2) we get Illustration 5.25 If the vertices of a triangle ABC are represented
by Z1, Z 2 and Z 3 , respectively, then prove that
loge (x + iy) = loge (re iq ) = loge r + logee iq
= loge r + iq Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3
( i) the centroid is
 y 3
= loge ( x 2 + y 2 ) + i tan-1  
 x (a sec A) Z1 + (b sec B )Z 2 + (c sec C )Z 3
( ii) the orthocentre is , or
or a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
loge ( z ) = loge | z | + i amp z (tan A) z1 + (tan B ) z2 + (tan C ) z3
So, the general value of log (z) = loge |z | + 2np i (−p < amp (z) < p ). tan A + tan B + tan C
Illustration 5.24 If sin (log ii ) = a + ib, then find a and b. Hence, (sin 2 A)Z1 + (sin 2B )Z 2 + (sin 2C )Z 3
(iii) the circumcentre is
find cos (log ii ). sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C
Solution: Solution:
Z2 + Z3
a + ib = sin (log ii ) = sin (i log i ) (i) See Fig. 5.23. The mid-point D of BC is and the point G
= sin [i (log| i | + i amp i )] 2
on AD, which divides AD in the ratio 2:1 is
= sin [i (log 1 + i p /2)]
= sin [i (0 + i p/2)]  Z + Z3 
2 2 + Z1
= sin (−p /2) = −1  2 
Therefore,
2 +1
a = −1, b = 0
So,  Z + Z 3 + Z1 
⇒ 2 
sin (log i i ) = −1  3
Now,
Symmetry in Z1, Z 2 , Z 3 of this result indicates that this point G
cos(log i i ) = {1- sin2 (log i i )} = 1- 1 = 0 also lies on the other two medians.
Chapter 5.indd 199 01-01-2009 11:22:03 AM

Therefore, the medians are concurrent at G, the centroid, the  b sec B ⋅ Z 2 + c sec C ⋅ Z 3 
Z + Z2 + Z3 (b sec B + c sec C )   + a sec A ⋅ Z1
associated complex of which is 1 .  b sec B + c sec C
3 =
b sec B + c sec C + a sec A
A(Z1) (a sec A)Z1 + (b sec B )Z 2 + (c sec C )Z 3
=
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
2 The symmetry of this result in a, b, c and A, B, C indicates that

O lies on the third altitude also. Hence O, the orthocentre, is
G Z1a sec A + Z 2b sec B + Z 3c sec C
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
1
T o prove the other result substituting a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B
and c = 2R sin C in the above result:
B(Z2) D C(Z3) Z1 tan A + Z 2 tan B + Z 3 tan C
Figure 5.23 tan A + tan B + tan C
(ii) Orthocentre (see Fig. 5.24): Let the two altitudes AD and BE (iii) Circumcentre (see Fig. 5.25):
A(Z1)
intersect at O.
Now,
BD c cos B c sec C
= =
DC b cos C b sec B
R C
BD
The point D dividing BC in the ratio has a complex number S
DC
A
A(Z1)
B(Z2) D P C(Z3)
Figure 5.25
E
Let S be the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors
O
of BC and AB. S lies on the third perpendicular bisector also.
Let AS produced meet BC at D. Now,
C(Z3)
D BD area of ∆ABD
= ( triangles of the same altitude )
B(Z2) DC area of ∆ACD
Figure 5.24 AB ⋅ AD ⋅ sin ∠ BAD c sin ( 90° - C )

= =
AC ⋅ AD ⋅ sin ∠ CAD b sin (90° - B )
(c sec C )Z 3 + (b sec B )Z 2
sin 2C
b sec B + c sec C = (1)
sin 2B
Again,
Therefore, D is represented by the complex number,
AO Area of ∆ABO (sin 2C )Z 3 + (sin 2B )Z 2
= (triangles of the same altitude)
OD Area of ∆OBD sin 2B + sin 2C
1
AB ⋅ BO sin ∠ABE AS area of ∆ASB AS ⋅ BS ⋅ sin 2C
= 2 = =
1 SD area of ∆BSD BS ⋅ BD ⋅ sin (90° - A)
BO ⋅ BD sin ∠DBE
2
R sin 2C
= c cos A (c cos B ⋅ cos C ) = (2)
BD cos A
a cos A b cos C + c cos B 1
= = From Eq. (1),
a cos B cos C cos B cos C a sec A
BD DC BD + DC a
b sec B + c sec C = = =
= sin 2C sin 2B sin 2B + sin 2C sin 2B + sin 2C
a sec A
AO Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), we get
Therefore, the point O, dividing AD, in the ratio has a com-
OD
plex number AS R sin 2C
=
AO (complex number of D ) + OD (complex number of A) SD a sin 2C
⋅ cos A
AO + OD sin 2B + sin 2C
Chapter 5.indd 200 01-01-2009 11:22:14 AM

R sin 2C sin 2B + sin 2C where a is a complex number and b is a real number.

= = (a) Slope of a line: Let the equation of line be za + za + b = 0
2R sin A cos A sin 2C sin 2 A
sin 2B + sin 2C Replacing z by x + iy, we get
(a + a ) x + i (a - a) y + b = 0
Therefore, S is represented by
Its real slope is
 sin 2C ⋅ Z 3 + sin 2B ⋅ Z 2  -(a + a ) - Re(a)
(sin 2 A)Z1 + (sin 2B + sin 2C )   =
 sin 2B + sin 2C i (a - a) Im(a)
sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C
Its complex slope is
Z sin 2 A + Z 2 sin 2B + Z 3 sin 2C
⇒ 1 a coeff of z
sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C - =-
a coeff of z
5.13 Locus in an Argand Plane The equation of the line parallel to az + az + b is
It has been pointed that there is a bijective correspondence az + az + l = 0 (where l is a real number) and that of the
between a complex number Z ≡ (x, y) and a point P(x, y) in the com- line perpendicular to it is za - za + i l = 0.
plex plane or an Argand diagram.
(b) Ray
Coordinate geometry theory gives us the concept of a locus as
a curve, every point P(x, y) on the curve satisfies a relation between • arg Z = q is a ray (or a straight line) from the origin and
x and y termed as the equation to a curve. pointed in such a direction that any point Z situated on
But P(x, y) is also equivalent to Z = (x, y), and hence this relation the line has an argument q .
between x and y – representing the equation – can also be put in • arg (Z − a ) = q is a ray (or a straight line) from the point
the form of a condition on Z. a and pointed in such a direction that the line joining
To cite an example, x 2 + y 2 = 1, expressed in terms of Z, is |Z| = 1, a to Z is inclined at an angle q to the positive direction
and it is said that the condition |Z| = 1, being satisfied by all points of the real axis (x-axis).
Z at unit distance from (0, 0), represents a circle with a centre at
(c) Perpendicular bisector
(0, 0) and radius = 1. We therefore assert that any condition
• |Z − a | = |Z −b | represents the perpendicular bisector
imposed on Z automatically places a restriction on the possible
of the line joining the two points a ≡ (p, q) and b ≡ (r, s).
locations in the Argand diagram of the point P representing Z,
and hence all such points lie on a curve. Such a curve traced in the • The perpendicular distance of a point z0 from the line
Argand diagram by P ≡ Z, because of a condition imposed on Z, is
az + az + b = 0 is | az 0 + az 0 + b | .
termed as locus in an Argand diagram. 2|a|
1. Straight line: See Fig. 5.26. The equation of straight line pass-
ing through points A and B represented by complex numbers Equation of a Straight Line
z1 and z2 is • Equation of a straight line with the help of rotation for-
A(z1)
mula: Let A(z1) and B(z2) be any two points lying on any line
and we have to obtain the equation of this line. For this pur-
B(z2) pose, let us take any point C(z) on this line. Since
C(z)  z - z1  z - z1 z - z1
arg  = 0 or p ⇒ =
 z2 - z1  z2 - z1 z2 - z1
Figure 5.26 • General equation of the line:

Let us take C(z) as the general point on the line. Then za + za + b = 0 ,
 z - z1  where
arg  = 0 or p
 z - z 
2 1
a = ( z1 - z2 ) , b = z1 z2 - z2 z1
z - z1 z - z1 This is the general equation of a line in the complex plane.

⇒ =
z2 - z1 z2 - z1 • Slope of a given line: If za + za + b = 0 is the given line, then
It can also be represented in the following form: Re (a)
its slope = − .
Im (a)
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0 • Equation of a line parallel to the line za + za + b = 0 is
za + za + l = 0 (where l is a real number).
z2 z2 1
The general form of the straight line is • Equation of a line perpendicular to the line za + za + b = 0 is
za - za + i l = 0 (where l is a real number).
az + az + b = 0
Chapter 5.indd 201 01-01-2009 11:22:27 AM

• Equation of perpendicular bisector: Consider a line seg-  Z - Z2 

•• In fact the condition arg  1 = 0 or p is the condition
ment joining A(z1) and B(z2). Let the line ‘L’ be its perpendicu-  Z1 - Z 3 
lar bisector. If P(z) be any point on the ‘L’, we have PA = PB. for Z1, Z2 and Z3 to be collinear.
⇒ |z − z1| = |z − z2|  Z - Z1   Z - Z1 
•• arg  = q ≠ 0 ≠ p . The equation arg  = q
⇒ z ( z2 - z1) + z ( z2 - z1) + z1z1 - z2 z2 = 0  Z - Z 2   Z - Z 2 
•• Distance of a given point from a given line: Let the given geometrically expresses the fact that the join of Z1 and Z2
line be za + za + b = 0 and the given point be zc, then the dis- subtends the angle q at Z. Hence, the condition represents
the segment of a circle described on the join if Z1 and Z2 as a
z a + zc a + b
tance of zc from this line is c . chord and containing at any point P(Z) on the segment the
2a angle q. If 0 < q < p /2 the segment is a major segment. If
p /2 < q < p , the segment is a minor segment. If q = p/2 the
2. Circle locus is the semi-circle on the join of Z1 and Z2 with the circle
•• |Z| = r is a circle, centre (0, 0) and radius r. being appropriately chosen.
•• |Z − a | = r (a , complex) is a circle, centre at a ≡ (p, q) and radius It has already been pointed out that every point can be
= r since |Z −a | represents the absolute distance of Z from a . taken to be represented by a complex number Z. Thus, just
•• |Z − a | = k |Z − b | (k real > 0, ≠ 1) is the circle and any point as in coordinate geometry where we have for every point a
P on the circle, with reference to the points A(a ) and B(b ), pair of numbers (its coordinates), in complex number theory
AP every point has an associate complex number, of which the
satisfies the condition = k (k ≠ 1). point is a geometrical representation.
PB
Let us take, for exactness, 0 < k < 1. Let L and M divide the Equation of a Circle
join of A(a ) and B(b ) internally at L and externally at M in the
Equation of a circle of radius r and having its centre at z0 is
AL MA
ratio k, so that = = k < 1. |z − z0| = r
LB MB
⇒ |z − z0|2 = r2 ⇒ (z − z0) ( z - z 0 ) = r 2 ⇒ zz + az + az + b = 0,
Draw the circle with LM as the diameter. Any point P on this
AP where − a = z0 and b = z 0 z 0 - r 2 .
circle will satisfy the requirement = k . The locus of the point
PB It represents the general equation of a circle in the complex
| Z -a | plane.
P(Z) satisfying the condition = k ≠ 1 is the circle on LM
|Z - b | •• Equation of a circle described on a line segment AB, (A(z1),
as diameter and is called the Apollonius circle of A and B with B(z2)) as diameter is (z − z1) ( z - z2 ) + ( z - z2 )( z - z1) = 0.
respect to the ratio k. The circle meets AB at L and M and these
•• Let z1 and z2 be two given complex numbers and z be any
two points, being points on the circle, trivially satisfy the condi-
 z - z1 
tion to be satisfied by any point P to lie on the circle. In fact, the complex number such that arg  = a , where a ∈
choice of L and M has been made to satisfy this requirement.  z - z2 
It may be also pointed, as a property, that PL and PM bisect (0, p ). Then z will lie on the arc of a circle.
ÐAPB internally and externally (Fig. 5.27). •• Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral such that A(z1), B(z2), C(z3)
( z - z )( z - z )
and D(z4) lie on a circle. Then 4 1 2 3 is purely real.
P ( z2 - z1)( z 4 - z3 )
Illustration 5.26 Show that the equation ZZ + aZ + aZ + b2 = 0

(b is real) is the complex from of the equation to a circle.
M Solution:
O A(a ) L B(b )
ZZ + aZ + aZ + b2 = 0
Therefore,
ZZ + aZ + aZ + aa = aa - b2
Figure 5.27 ⇒ ( Z + a) ( Z + a ) = | a |2 - b2
 Z - Z1  ⇒ | Z + a |2 = r 2 (1)
•• arg  = 0 is a straight line – that part of the segment
 Z - Z 2 
where
of the line through Z1 and Z2 which is outside the segment
r 2 = | a |2 - b2
joining Z1 and Z2.
Equation (1) represents a circle with centre at −a (complex) and
 Z - Z1 
•• arg  = p represents the line segment joining Z1 radius r = | a |2 - b2, and for the circle to be real we need the con-
 Z - Z 2 
and Z2. dition | a |2 > b2 .
Chapter 5.indd 202 01-01-2009 11:22:40 AM

Illustration 5.27 Examine the locus that is represented by The locus of Z is the circle (segment) drawn to contain angle at p /4.
2 2
| Z - a | + | Z - b | = k (where k is real). The radius of the circle is = 9 + 9 = 3 2 .
It is therefore true that Z lies on | Z - (7 + 9i )| = 3 2 .
Solution:
But it is not true that every point Z on | Z - (7 + 9i )| = 3 2 satisfies
| Z - a |2 = ( Z - a) ( Z - a ) = ZZ + aa - ( Za + Za)
 Z - Z1 
that condition arg  = p /4.
= | Z |2 + | a |2 - 2 Re( Za )  Z - Z  2
Similarly, Therefore, the locus of Z subject to the condition arg

2 2 2
| Z - b | = | Z | + | b | - 2 Re( Zb )  Z - Z1 
 Z - Z  = p /4 can only be the major segment drawn on AB.
2
The given equation becomes
The part of the (minor) segment lying below AB may be found to
2 | Z |2 + | a |2 + | b |2 - 2 Re( Z (a + b )) = k
 Z - Z1   p  -3p
satisfy the condition arg  = - p -  = .
| a + b |2  Z - Z 2   4 4
Dividing by 2 and adding on both sides
4
3. Conic section
2  Z (a + b )  | a + b |2 k 1 | a |2 | b |2 (a) Parabola: Equation of parabola with focus at z0 and direc-
| Z | - 2 Re  + = + | a + b |2 - -
 2  4 2 4 2 2 trix as az + az + b = 0 is given by
2
a+b 1 1 2 2  | az + az + b |
⇒ Z- = k - [| a | + | b | - 2 Re ab]  | z - z0 | =
2 2 2  2|a|
2
a+b 1 1 2 (b) Ellipse: Equation of ellipse with foci at z1 and z2 and length
⇒ Z- = k - | a - b | 
2 2 2  of the major axes as 2a is
a+b |z − z1| + |z − z2| = 2a
This will represent a circle with centre at and radius
1 2 where
2k - | a - b |2 . 2a > |z1 − z2|
2
Illustration 5.28 Let Z1 = 10 + 6i and Z 2 = 4 + 6i . If Z be any (c) Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola with foci at z1 and z2
and length of the transverse axes as 2a is
 Z - Z1  | |z − z1| − |z − z2| | = 2a
complex number such that arg  = p /4. Prove that the
 Z - Z 2 
locus of Z is | Z - 7 - 9i | = 3 2 . where
2a < |z1 − z2|
Solution: See Fig. 5.28. Since
 Z - Z1  p Illustration 5.29 If | |z + 2| − |z − 2| | = a2, z ∈ C represents a hyper-
arg  = arg ( Z - Z1) - arg ( Z - Z 2 ) =
 Z - Z 2  4 bola for a ∈ R, then find the values of a.
p Solution: Here, foci are at −2 and 2 at a distance of 4. Hence, the
So, the join of A( Z1) and B( Z 2 ) subtends an angle =
at P(Z).
4 given equation represents a hyperbola if a2 < 4, that is, a ∈ (−2, 2).
Hence, the locus of Z is a segment of a circle drawn on AB to
p Illustration 5.30 Locate the points representing the complex
contain the angle .
4 numbers Z in the Argand diagram for which
The point M – the mid-point of AB – is (7, 6) and the centre is (a) | i - 1 - 2 Z | > 9 (b) 4 ≤ | 2 Z + i | ≤ 6
C(7, 9).
(c) | Z + i | = | Z - 1| (d) | Z - 1|2 + | Z + 1|2 = 4
Solution:
C  1 i
P(Z) (a) i - 1- 2Z = - 2  Z + - 
 2 2
  -1 + i  
⇒| i - 1 - 2 Z | = - 2  Z - 
  2  
B M A  -1 + i 
=2 Z -
(4, 6) (7, 6) (10, 6)  2 
O  -1 + i  9
Therefore, the given condition becomes Z -  > .
 2  2
Figure 5.28
Chapter 5.indd 203 01-01-2009 11:22:55 AM

This represents all points represented by Z and lying out- 3. If 1, w, w 2 are the cube roots of unity prove that
-1 + i 1 1 (1 − w + w 2) (1 − w 2 + w4) (1 − w 4 + w 8) … up to 2n factors = 22n.
side the circle with centre , that is,  - ,  and
2  2 2 4. If 1, a , a 2, …, a n−1 are the nth roots of unity, then find the value
radius 9/2.
3n - 1
i of (3 − a ) (3 − a 2) (3 − a 3) … (3 − a n−1). Ans.
 2
(b) 2Z + i = 2  Z + 
 2 z1 - z2
5. If is purely real for four complex numbers, then these
1 z3 - z 4
⇒| 2 Z + i | = 2 Z + i complex numbers are collinear. (True/False) Ans. True
2
6. The quadratic equation |z|2 + z |z| + z2 = 0 represents pair of rays.
Therefore,
(True/False) Ans. True
4 ≤ | 2Z + i | ≤ 6
7. |z − i| + |z + i| = 2 is the equation of an ellipse. (True/False)
1 Ans. False
⇒4≤2 Z + i ≤6 8. 1 < |z − 2 − 3i| < 4 represents circular strip between two con-
2
centric circles with centre (2 + 3i ) and radii 1 and 4. (True/False)
i
⇒2≤ Z +≤3 Ans. True
2
This represents the locations of all points Z on or outside Some Important Results to Remember
i  1 The triangle whose vertices are the points represented by complex
the circle with centre - , that is,  0 , -  and radius 2,
2  2 1 1 1
numbers z1, z2, z3 is equilateral if + + = 0,
1   1  z2 - z3 z3 - z1 z1 - z2
and on or inside the circle with centre at - i  i.e.  0 , -  
2   2  that is, if z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1.
and radius 3.
•• |z − z1| + |z − z2| = l represents an ellipse if |z1 − z2| < l , having
Thus, it denotes the circular strip lying between two con-
the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if |z1 − z2| = l , then z lies on
centric circles.
a line segment connecting z1 and z2.
(c) | Z + i | = | Z - 1|
•• |z − z1| − |z − z2| = l represents a hyperbola if |z1 − z2| > l ,
| Z + i | = | Z - ( - i )| denotes the distance of Z from −i, that is, having the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if |z1 − z2| = l , then z
(0, −1), and |Z − 1| denotes the distance of Z from 1, that is, lies on the line passing through z1 and z2 excluding the points
(1, 0). between z1 and z2.
Therefore, |Z + i| = |Z − 1| is satisfied for all Z equidistant
from (0, −1) and (1, 0), and thus it is perpendicular bisector
of the join of (0, −1) and (1, 0), whose Cartesian equation is Additional Solved Examples
x + y = 0.
-5 + i 3 .
1. Find the value of ( x 2 + 5 x )2 + x ( x + 5) for x =
(d) | Z - 1|2 + | Z + 1|2 = 4 2
Solution:
| Z - 1|2 + | Z + 1|2 = ( Z - 1) ( Z - 1) + ( Z + 1) ( Z + 1)
-5 + i 3 5+i 3
(| Z |2 = ZZ ) x +5= +5=
2 2
= ZZ - ( Z + Z ) + 1+ ZZ + ( Z + Z ) + 1 Therefore,
= 2 ZZ + 2  -5 + i 3   5 + i 3  ( -5) 5 + 3i 2
x ( x + 5) =   2 =
⇒ 2 ZZ + 2 = 4  2   4
-25 - 3
⇒ ZZ = 1 = = -7
4
⇒| Z |2 = 1
Therefore, the required value is
⇒| Z | = 1
( -7)2 − 7 = 49 − 7 = 42
Thus, the locus of Z subject to the given condition is the 2. Find two complex numbers satisfying the given conditions.
unit circle |Z| = 1. (i) the sum of their real parts is 3
(ii) the product of their real parts is 2
(iii) their product is 5 − i
Your Turn 2
Solution: Take the complex numbers as a + ib, p + iq. So, as per the
given conditions
i ( 2 k +1) p
1. Solve x7 + 1 = 0. Ans. x = e 7 k = 0, 1, 2, …, 6 a + p = 3; ap = 2
2. Find all non-zero complex number satisfying |z| + z2 = 0. a = 2 a = 1
Ans. z = i ⇒  or 
p = 1 p = 2
Chapter 5.indd 204 01-01-2009 11:23:08 AM

Also,  q q q q
(a + ib) (p + iq) = ap − bq + i(bp + aq) = 5 − i =  cos + i sin   cos + i sin 
 2 2  2 2
So,
ap − bq = 5; aq + bp = −1 q q
cos + i sin
Taking = 2 2
a = 2, p = 1; q q
cos - i sin
bq = − 3 and b + 2q = − 1 2 2
This gives q
2 + 2i  cot +i
b = - 3  2  q
 or 3  =  dividing by sin 
q = 1  1- i q 2
2  cot - i
The numbers are 2
2 + 2i  c+i q
2 - 3i   = where c = cot is real
 or 3  c -i 2
1+ i  1- i 
2  5. For every real b ≥ 0, find all the complex numbers Z satisfying
Thus, there are two pairs of a complex numbers satisfying the 2|Z| − 4bZ + 1 + ib = 0.
requirements. It may be verified that a = 1, p = 2, give the same set
Solution: Let Z = x + iy. The equation becomes
of numbers.
3. Prove that 2 x 2 + y 2 - 4b( x + iy ) + 1 + ib = 0
(i) | Z1 + Z 2 |2 + | Z1 - Z 2 |2 = 2(| Z1 |2 + | Z 2 |2 )
Real part: 2 x 2 + y 2 - 4bx + 1 = 0(1)
(ii)
Using above result, prove a - a 2 - b 2 + a + a 2 - b 2 = |a + b | + |a - b |
that
a - a 2 - b 2 + a + a 2 - b 2 = | a + b | + | a - b | , where a , b are com- Imaginary part: -4by + b = 0 (2)
2 2
plex numbers. From (2) either b = 0 and in that case from (1), 2 x + y + 1 = 0
and this equation is not satisfied for any (x, y)
Solution:
Therefore, b = 0, there is no solution for the equation. If b ≠ 0
| Z1 + Z 2 |2 = ( Z1 + Z 2 ) ( Z1 + Z 2 ) = Z1Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 + Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z1 (1) but > 0, then
−4y + 1 = 0
| Z1 - Z 2 |2 = ( Z1 - Z 2 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 ) = Z1Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 - Z1Z 2 - Z 2 Z1 (2) 1
⇒y=
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2) 1 4
From Eq. (2) substituting y = in Eq. (1)
2 2 2 2 4
| Z1 + Z 2 | + | Z1 - Z 2 | = 2( Z1Z1 + Z 2 Z 2 ) = 2 (| Z1 | + | Z 2 | )
1
Now, for the second part, 2 x2 + = 4bx - 1(3)
16
a - a2 - b2 + a + a2 - b2 1
This requires that 4bx − 1 > 0, that is, x > and b > 0 and hence
{ }
4b
1 x > 0.
= 2a - 2 a 2 - b 2 + 2a + 2 a 2 - b 2
2 Squaring Eq. (3)
=
1
2 { a + b +a - b -2 a2 - b2 + a + b +a - b + 2 a2 - b2 }  1
4  x 2 +  = 16b2 x 2 - 8bx + 1
 16 
+ b + a - b - 2 a 2 - b 2 + a + b + a - b + 2 a 2 - b 2 } x 2 (16b2 - 4 ) - 8bx +
3
=0
1 4
= {| a + b - a - b |2 + | a + b + a - b |2 }
2
1 1 So, roots are
= { | Z1 - Z 2 |2 + | Z1 + Z 2 |2 } = { 2 (| Z1 |2 + | Z 2 |2 )}
2 2
2 2
8b ± 16b2 + 12 4b ± 4b2 + 3
= a +b + a - b = |a + b | + |a - b | x = =
2(16b2 - 4 ) 16b2 - 4
4. If Z be a complex number with |Z| = 1, imaginary part of Z ≠ 0, 1
If 16b2 - 4 < 0 , which in effect means that b < (note already
c+i 2
then show that Z can be represented as where c is real. b > 0), the values of x are such that
c -i
Solution: Since |Z| = 1, Z can be represented as (cos q + i sin q ). (1) for the + sign x < 0 while the requirement is x > 0
Therefore, 1
(2) for the − sign, even if x > 0, the condition x > is not satisfied.
Z = (cos q + i sin q ) 4b
 2q q q q 1
=  cos - sin2 + 2i sin cos  Therefore, for 0 < b < , there is no solution.
 2 2 2 2 2
Chapter 5.indd 205 01-01-2009 11:23:24 AM

1 Similarly,
For b > , the solution is
2 1 1  p p
=  - cos - i sin  (2)
Z 2 - Z 3 Z1 - Z 2  3 3
4b + 4b2 + 3 i
Z= +
16b2 - 4 4 Adding Eqs. (1) and (2)
2 2 1 1 1
6. For complex numbers z and w, prove that z w - w z = z -w + =-
Z 3 - Z1 Z 2 - Z 3 Z1 - Z 2
if and only if z = w or zw = 1.
1 1 1
Solution: ⇒ + + = 0 (3)
2
Z 3 - Z1 Z 2 - Z 3 Z1 - Z 2
z z +1
= 2
= purely real number This may be equivalently written in the form
w w +1
z z  z ∑ ( Z1 - Z2 ) ( Z3 - Z1) = 0
⇒ is purely real, that is, =   ⇒ zw = zw (1)
w w w ⇒ ∑ Z1 ( Z 3 - Z1) - ∑ Z 2 ( Z 3 - Z1) = 0
2 2
z w- w z = z -w ⇒ Z12 + Z 22 + Z 32 = Z1Z 2 + Z 3 Z1 + Z 2⇒
Z 3Z12 + Z 22 (4)
+ Z 32 = Z1Z 2 + Z 3 Z1 + Z 2 Z 3

zzw - wwz = z - w ( ∑ Z2 ( Z3 - Z1) = 0) ( ∑ Z2 ( Z3 - Z1) = 0)
from Eq. (1),
The condition for Z1, Z 2 and Z 3 to form an equilateral triangle is
zw ( z - w ) = z - w (2)
given in one of the two equivalent forms given by Eqs. (3) and (4).
⇒ ( zw - 1)( z - w ) = 0 ⇒ z = w or zw = 1 Let us prove the converse also
Conversely, if z = w , then Assume
1 1 1
LHS = RHS = 0 + + =0
Z 2 - Z 3 Z 3 - Z1 Z1 - Z 2
If zw = 1, then from Eq. (2)
If p = Z 2 - Z 3 , q = Z 3 - Z1, r = Z1 - Z 2 , then p + q + r = 0
LHS = RHS = z - w
Therefore,
7. Show that the triangle whose vertices are the points repre-
sented by the complex numbers Z1, Z2 and Z3 on the Argand dia- p(q + r ) + rq = 0 ⇒ p( - p ) + qr = 0 ⇒ p2 = qr
1 1 1 So,
gram is equilateral if and only if + + =0
Z 2 - Z 3 Z 3 - Z1 Z1 - Z 2
p2 = qr ; p 2 = q r
(OR) equivalently Z12 + Z 22 + Z 32 = Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1.
Multiplying above two equations we get,
Solution: See Fig. 5.29. ABC is the equilateral triangle formed of
A( Z1), B( Z 2 ) and C ( Z 3 ) . So, p2 p 2 = qq rr ⇒ ( pp )2 ( pp ) = (qq ) (rr ) ( pp )
 p p Similarly, it is possible to prove pp qq rr = (qq )3 = (rr )3 . This gives

Z 3 - Z1 = ( Z 2 - Z1)  cos + i sin 
 3 3 pp = qq = rr
(AC is obtained from AB by a rotation anticlockwise through an
⇒| p2 | = | q |2 = | r |2
angle p /3)
Lengthwise, AC = AB ⇒| Z 2 - Z 3 | = | Z 3 - Z1 | = | Z1 - Z 2 |
A(Z1) Therefore, the triangle is an equilateral triangle.
Let us also prove the converse from the other condition,
Z12 + Z 22 + Z 32 - Z1Z 2 - Z 2 Z 3 - Z 3 Z = 0 (5)
w, w 2
being the two imaginary cube roots of unity, Eq. (5) may be
written as
( Z1 + w Z 2 + w 2 Z 3 ) ( Z1 + w 2 Z 2 + w Z 3 ) = 0
Hence,
B(Z2) C(Z3) Z1 - Z 2 = - Z 2 - w Z 2 - w 2 Z 3
Figure 5.29
= - Z 2 (1 + w ) - w 2 Z 3
1 1  p p
=  - cos + i sin  (1) = - Z 2 ( -w 2 ) - w 2 Z 3
Z 3 - Z1 Z1 - Z 2  3 3
Chapter 5.indd 206 01-01-2009 11:23:44 AM

Z1 - Z 2 = w 2 ( Z 2 - Z 3 ) ⇒ arg{( Z1 - Z 4 ) ( Z 2 - Z 3 )} = arg{( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 )}
Therefore,
⇒ arg{( Z1 - Z 4 ) ( Z 2 - Z 3 )} - arg{( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 )} = 0
| Z1 - Z 2 | = | w 2 || Z 2 - Z 3 | ⇒ | Z1 - Z 2 | = | Z 2 - Z 3 |  ( Z - Z ) ( Z2 - Z3 ) 
⇒ arg  1 4 =0
Similarly, it can be proved by combining the terms differently  ( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 ) 
| Z1 - Z 3 | = | Z 2 - Z 3 | This is possible, when A, B, C, D are concylic points, that is, when
Hence, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 represent four points which are concylic.
| Z1 - Z 2 | = | Z 2 - Z 3 | = | Z 3 - Z1 | 10. Solve the equation Z + a | Z + 1| + i = 0 (a is a real number ≥ 1).
Therefore, the triangle is an equilateral triangle. Solution: Taking Z = x + iy, the equation reduces to
8. Find all non-zero complex numbers satisfying Z = iZ 2 . x + iy + a x 2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2 + i = 0

Solution: Let Imaginary = 0 ⇒ y = −1
2 2 2
Z = x + iy; Z = x − iy ; Z = x - y + 2ixy Real part = 0 ⇒ x + a x 2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2 = 0
Therefore, the equation is Eliminating y, the equation in x is
x2 = a2 (x2 + 2x + 2)
x − iy = i ( x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy )
x2 (a2 − 1) + 2a2x + 2a2 = 0
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get This gives real x only if
x = − 2xy(1) 4a4 − 8a2 (a2 − 1) ≥ 0
2
-y = x - y 2
(2) ⇒ −a4 + 2a2 ≥ 0
⇒ 0 ≤ a2 ≤ 2
Equation (1) gives either x = 0, in that case y = 0 ; y = 1, or
Also, a ≥1(given), the value of a are 1 ≤ a ≤ 2.
1 1 1 Therefore,
y = - , in that case + = x 2
2 4 2 - a2 ± a 2 - a2
x= ,
a2 - 1
Therefore,
x < 0 for the negative sign and for the positive sign also x < 0.
3
x=± Hence, the solutions are
2
 - a2 ± a 2 - a2 
Hence, the non-zero Z, satisfying the equation are  
Z= 2 -i
 a -1 
3 1 3 1
Z1 = i ; Z 2 = - i ; Z3 = - - i where
2 2 2 2
1≤a≤ 2
9. If A, B, C, D are four points in a plane forming a quadrilateral
ABCD, then prove that AC ⋅ BD ≤ AB ⋅ CD + AD ⋅ BC . When does
the equality exist? Previous Years' Solved JEE Main/AIEEE
Solution: Let the four points A, B, C and D have associate complex Questions
numbers Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4.
First factor Z4 fixed, Z1, Z2, Z3 cyclically changed. We have 1. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity then (1 + w – w 2)7 equals
(A) 128w (B) –128w
( Z1 - Z 4 ) ( Z 2 - Z 3 ) + ( Z 2 - Z 4 ) ( Z 3 - Z1) + ( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 ) = 0 (C) 128w 2 (D) –128w 2
[AIEEE 2002]
⇒ - ( Z 3 - Z1) ( Z 2 - Z 4 ) = ( Z1 - Z 4 ) ( Z 2 - Z 3 ) + ( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 )
Solution:
⇒ | ( Z 3 - Z1) ( Z 2 - Z 4 )| = | ( Z1 - Z 4 ) ( Z 2 - Z 3 ) + ( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 )| (1 + w - w 7 )4 = ( -w 2 - w 2 )7 = ( -2w 2 )7 = -128w 14
= -128(w 3 )4 w 2 = -128w 2
⇒ | ( Z 3 - Z1) ( Z 2 - Z 4 ) | ≤ | Z1 - Z 4 || Z 2 - Z 3 | + | Z 3 - Z 4 || Z1 - Z 2 |
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Therefore, 2. If |z – 4| < |z – 2|, then its solution is given by
AC ⋅ BD ≤ AD ⋅ BC + AB ⋅ CD (A) Re z > 0 (B) Re z < 0
When equality exists, we have (C) Re z > 3 (D) Re z > 2
[AIEEE 2002]
| ( Z1 - Z 4 ) ( Z 2 - Z 3 ) + ( Z 3 - Z 4 ) ( Z1 - Z 2 )|
Solution: Let z  x  iy . Therefore,
= | Z1 - Z 4 || Z 2 - Z 3 | + | Z 3 - Z 4 || Z1 - Z 2 | z -4 < z -2
Chapter 5.indd 207 01-01-2009 11:23:59 AM

⇒ x + iy - 4 < x + iy - 2 z 2 = z1 (cos 60° + i sin 60°)

⇒ ( x - 4 ) + iy < ( x - 2) + iy 1 3
⇒ z 2 = z1  + i
2 2 
⇒ ( x - 4 )2 + y 2 < ( x - 2)2 + y 2
⇒ -4 x < -12 ⇒ 2 z 2 = (1+ 3i )z1

⇒ x >3 ⇒ 2 z 2 - z1 = 3 z1i

Therefore, z - 4 < z - 2 if Re z > 3. ⇒ 4 z 22 + z12 - 4 z1z 2 = -3 z12

Hence, the correct answer is option (C). ⇒ z12 + z 22 = z1z 2

3. z and w are two non-zero complex numbers such that |z| = |w |
and arg z + arg w = p, then z is equal to ⇒ ( z1 + z 2 )2 = 3 z1z 2

(A) w (B) -w ⇒ ( - a)2 = 3b ⇒ a2 = 3b
(C) w (D) -w
[AIEEE 2002]
Solution: Let w = r and argw = q . Therefore, 6. If z, w are two non-zero complex numbers such that |zw | = 1
and arg(z) – arg(w ) = p 2 , then zw is equal to
z = r and arg z = p - q (A) –1 (B) 1 (C) –i (D) i
⇒ z = r cos (p - q ) = r [cos(p - q ) + i sin(p - q )] [AIEEE 2003]
Solution: Let z = r1e iq1 , w = r2e iq 2 . Therefore,
= r ( - cosq + i sinq ) = - r (cosq - i sinq ) = -w
zw = r1r2e i(q1 +q 2 )
Therefore, z = -w .
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). ⇒ zw = 1⇒ r1r2 = 1
x So,
 1+ i 
4. If  = 1, then
 1- i  arg z - argw =
p
⇒ q1 - q 2 =
p
(A) x = 2n + 1, where n is any positive integer 2 2
(B) x = 4n, where n is any positive integer Therefore,
(C) x = 2n, where n is any positive integer z w = r1e -q1 r2e iq 2 = r1r2e -(q1 -q 2 )
(D) x = 4n + 1, where n is any positive integer
 p  p
[AIEEE 2003] = 1⋅ e - i(p /2) = cos  -  + i sin  - 
 2  2
Solution:
x
= 0 - i = -i
 1+ i 
x
 (1+ i ) (1+ i )   1 - 1 + 2i 
x
  =  =   = ix Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
1- i  1+ 1   2 
7. Let z, w be complex numbers such that z + iw = 0 and arg( zw ) = p .
So, arg( zw ) = p . Then arg( z ) is equal to
i x = 1 or i x = i 4 n, n ∈ Z
p p 3p 5p
Therefore, x = 4 n, n ∈ Z . (A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 4 4
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
[AIEEE 2004]
5. Let z1 and z2 be the roots of the equation z 2 + az + b = 0 , z
being complex number. Further, assume that the origin, z1 and Solution:
z2 form an equilateral triangle, then
z - iw = 0 ⇒ z + iw = 0 ⇒ z - iw = 0 ⇒ z + ( - i )w = 0
(A) a2 = 4b (B) a2 = b
(C) a2 = 2b (D) a2 = 3b Also,
[AIEEE 2003] arg( zw ) = p
Solution: We have ⇒ arg[ z - ( - iz )] = p
a b
z1 + z 2 = - = - a and z1z 2 = = b ⇒ arg( - i ) + arg z + arg z = p
1 1
From the Fig. 5.30 p 3p
⇒- + 2arg z = p ⇒ arg z =
z2 2 4
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
x x
+
8. If z = x - iy and z 1/3
= p + iq , then p q is equal to
p2 + q2
60° (A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) –2
O z1
Figure 5.30 [AIEEE 2004]
Chapter 5.indd 208 01-01-2009 11:24:25 AM

Solution:
z 1/3 = p + iq z1 + z 2 = a + c + i (b + d )
⇒ z = ( p + iq )3 We are given z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 . Then
⇒ z - iy = p 3 + 3ip2q - 3 pq 2 - iq 3 (a + c )2 + (b + d )2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2
⇒ x = p3 - 3 pq 2 and y = q3 - 3 p 2q
⇒ a2 + c 2 + 2ac + b2 + d 2 + 2bd = a2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 + 2 a2 - b2 c 2 + d 2
Therefore,
⇒ ac + bd = (a + b )(c + d )
2 2 2 2
x y
+ = ( p 2 - 3q 2 ) + (q 2 - 3 p 2 ) = 2( p 2 + q 2 )
p q
⇒ a2c 2 + b 2d 2 + 2acbd = a2c 2 + b 2d 2 + b 2c 2 + a2d 2
x y ⇒ b 2c 2 + a2d 2 - 2acbd = 0
+
p q
⇒ 2 = -2 b d
p + q2 ⇒ bc - ad = 0 ⇒ =
a c
b d
9. If z 2 - 1 = z 2 + 1, then z lies on ⇒ tan-1 = tan-1
a c
(A) the real axis (B) the imaginary axis
⇒ arg z1 = arg z 2 ⇒ arg z1 - arg z 2 = 0
(C) a circle (D) an ellipse
[AIEEE 2004] Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
Solution: Let z = x + iy . Now, z
12. If w = and w = 1, then z lies on
2
z 2 - 1 = z + 1 ⇒ ( x + iy )2 - 1 = x + iy + 1
2 1
z- i
3
⇒ ( x 2 - y 2 - 1) + 2ixy = x 2 + y 2 + 1 (A) a parabola (B) a straight line
⇒ ( x 2 - y 2 - 1)2 + 4 x 2 y 2 = ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)2 (C) a circle (D) an ellipse
[AIEEE 2005]
⇒ x 4 + y 4 + 1- 2 x 2 y 2 + 2 y 2 - 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 y 2 Solution:
= x 4 + y 4 + 1+ 4 x 2 y 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 y 2
z
w =1 ⇒ =1
⇒ 4 x 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 x 2 (2 + y 2 ) = 0 z - 1/ 3 i
⇒ x2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0 1
Therefore, z lies on the imaginary axis. ⇒ z = z- i
3
 1 
10. If the cube roots of unity are 1, w, w 2, then the roots of the ⇒ z - ( 0 + 0i ) = z -  0 + i 
 3 
equation ( x - 1)3 + 8 = 0 are
 1
(A) -1, 1+ 2w , 1+ 2w 2 (B) -1, 1- 2w , 1- 2w 2 So, z lies on the bisector of the line joining (0, 0) and  0 , .
 3
Therefore, z lies on a line.
(C) –1, –1, –1 (D) -1, - 1+ 2w , - 1, - 2w 2
[AIEEE 2005]
Solution: We have 13. If z2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is a complex number, then the value
2 2 2 2
( x - 1)3 + 8 = 0  1  1  1  1
of  z +  +  z 2 + 2  +  z 3 + 3  +  +  z 6 + 6  is
 z  z   z   z 
( x - 1)3
⇒ ( x - 1) = -8 ⇒
3
=1 (A) 18 (B) 54
-8
(C) 6 (D) 12
 x - 1
3
[AIEEE 2006]
⇒  = 1 ⇒ x - 1 = 11/3 = 1, w , w 2
 -2  -2 Solution:

⇒ x - 1 = -2, - 2w , - 2w 2 -1± 3i
z 2 + z + 1= 0 ⇒ z = =w, w2
2
⇒ x = -1, 1- 2w , 1- 2w 2 Let z = w. Therefore,

Hence, the correct answer is option (B). 1 1
z+ = w + = w + w 2 = -1
11. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that z w
z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 , then arg( z1 ) - arg( z 2 ) is equal to
1 1
⇒ z2 + = w 2 + 2 = w 2 + w = -1
(A) - p (B) 0 z2 w
2 p 1 1
(C) -p (D) ⇒ z3 + = w 3 + 3 = 1+ 1 = 2
2 [AIEEE 2005] z3 w
Solution: Let z1 = a + ib and z 2 = c + id . Therefore,
Chapter 5.indd 209 01-01-2009 11:24:50 AM

1 1 17. The number of complex number z such that z - 1 = z + 1 = z - i

⇒ z4 + = w 4 + 4 = w + w 2 = -1
z4 w equals
(A) ∞ (B) 0
1 1
⇒ z5 + = w 5 + 5 = w + w 2 = -1 (C) 1 (D) 2
z5 w
[AIEEE 2010]
1 1
⇒ z6 + = w 6 + 6 = 1+ 1 = 2 Solution: Only one solution and that is circumcentre of triangle
z6 w formed by (1, 0), (0, 1) and (–1, 0).
So, the required sum = ( -1)2 + ( -1)2 + (2)2 + ( -1)2 + ( -1)2 + (2)2 = 1 +
1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 = 12
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). 18. If a and b are the roots of the equation x 2 - x + 1 = 0 , then
14. If z + 4 ≤ 3, then the maximum value of z +1 is a 2009 + b 2009 = ?
(A) 0 (B) 4 (A) 2 (B) –2
(C) 10 (D) 6 (C) –1 (D) 1
[AIEEE 2007] [AIEEE 2010]
Solution: Solution:
z + 1 = z + 4 + ( -3) ≤ z + 4 + -3 = z + 1 + 3 ≤ 3 + 3 = 6 a = -w , b = -w 2
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). ⇒ a 2009 + b 2009 = ( -w )2009 + ( -w 2 )2009 = -w 2 - w = 1
1
5. The conjugate of a complex number is
1 . Then that com- Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
plex number is i - 1
-1 1 19. If w ( ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity, and (1+ w )7 = A + Bw . Then
(A) (B)
i -1 i +1 (A, B) equals
-1 1 (A) (1, 1) (B) (1, 0)
(C) (D)
i +1 i -1 [AIEEE 2008] (C) (–1, 1) (D) (0, 1)
[AIEEE 2011]
Solution: Let the required complex number be z. Therefore, Solution:
1  1  (1+ w )7 = A + Bw
z= ⇒ z =
i -1  i - 1
⇒ ( -w 2 ) 7 = A + Bw
⇒ z =  1  = 1 = -1 ⇒ -w 2 = A + Bw
 i - 1 - i - 1 i + 1
⇒ 1+ w = A + Bw
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). ⇒ A = 1, B = 1
4 Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
16. If z - = 2, then the maximum value of |z| is equal to
z
20. Let a , b be real and z be a complex number. If z2 + a z+ b = 0
(A) 3 + 1 (B) 5 +1 has two distinct roots on the line Rz = 1, then it is necessary
that
(C) 2 (D) 2 + 2
(A) b ∈( -1, 0 ) (B) b = 1
[AIEEE 2009]
(C) b ∈(1, ∞ ) (D) b ∈(0 , 1)
Solution: [AIEEE 2011]

 4 4
z = z -  + Solution: Since coefficients are real, so roots occur in conjugate
 z z
pair, that is, (1+ ki ) and (1- ki ), where k ≠ 0 (since distinct roots) .
4 4 Therefore,
⇒ z ≤ z- +
z z S = sum = 2 = -a
⇒ z ≤2+
4 a = -2
z
P = product = 1+ k 2 = b
2
⇒ z -2 z -4 ≤ 0
Therefore,
⇒ ( z - ( 5 + 1))( z - (1- 5 )) ≤ 0 b ∈(1, ∞ )
Since,
⇒ 1- 5 ≤ z ≤ 5 + 1 (k ≠ 0)
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
Chapter 5.indd 210 01-01-2009 11:25:10 AM

z2 1
21. If z ≠ 1 and is real, then the point represented by the Solution: See Fig. 5.31. Min z + is when z is at B.
z -1 2
complex number z lies
(A) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the  1 1
z --  = z +
origin.  2 2
(B) on a circle with centre at the origin.
(C) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through
the origin. Z
(D) on the imaginary axis.
[AIEEE 2012]
Solution: Let z = x + iy . Therefore,
B c A
z 2 = x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy (−2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
Now,
z2  z2 
is real ⇒ Im  =0
z -1  z - 1
(−1/2, 0)
 x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy  Z =2
⇒ Im   =0
 ( x - 1) + iy 
Figure 5.31
⇒ Im ( x 2 - y 2 + 2ixy )( x - 1) - iy  = 0 Therefore,
⇒ 2 xy ( x - 1) - y ( x 2 - y 2 ) = 0 1 1 3
Min z + = BC = 1+ =
2 2 2
⇒ y( x 2 + y 2 - 2 x ) = 0
1
⇒ y = 0; x 2 + y 2 - 2 x = 0 So, Min z + lies in the interval (1, 2).
2
Therefore, z lies either on real axis or on a circle through origin. Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
24. If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are two pairs of complex conjugate numbers,
22. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument q , z  z 
then arg  1  + arg  2  equals
 1+ z  z  z 
then arg  equals
 1+ z 
4 3
p 3p
p (A) 0 (B) (C) (D) p
(A) –q (B) -q 2 2
2
[JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET 2)]
(C) q (D) p – q
Solution: Let
[AIEEE 2013]
z1 = a + i b ⇒ z2 = a − i b, z3 = c + i d ⇒ z4 = c − i d
Solution: Given z = 1, arg z = q
z  z  z z 
1 arg  1  + arg  2  = arg  1 × 2 
As we know, z = . Therefore,  4
z z
 3  4 z3 
z
z
   (a + ib )(a - ib )   a2 + b 2 
= arg   = arg  2  =0
 1+ z   1+ z   (c + id )(c + id )   c + d2 
arg  = arg  = arg( z ) = q
 1+ z  1
 1+  æ a2 + b 2 ö
z ç since, 2 is real. ÷
2
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). è c +d ø
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
23. If z is a complex number such that |z| ≥ 2, then the minimum
1
value of z +
2
Previous Years' Solved JEE Advanced/
5 IIT-JEE Questions
(A) is strictly greater than
2
1. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards the
3 5 northeast (N45°E) direction. From there, he walks a distance
(B) is strictly greater than but less than
2 2 of 4 units towards the northwest (N45°W) direction to reach a
5 point P. Then, the position of P in the Argand plane is
(C) is equal to
2 (A) 3eip /4 + 4i (B) (3 − 4i)eip /4
(D) lies in the interval (1, 2) (C) (4 + 3i)eip /4 (D) (3 + 4i)eip /4
[JEE MAIN 2014 (OFFLINE)] [IIT-JEE 2007]
Chapter 5.indd 211 01-01-2009 11:25:29 AM

Solution: See Fig. 5.32. z

which is purely imaginary. Therefore, lies on y-axis, that is,
Y x = 0. 1 - z2

P(z ) 3. A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 2i, where i = -1. It
moves first horizontally away from origin by 5 units and then
4
A(z1 = 3eip /4) vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a point z1. From
z1 the particle moves 2 units in the direction of the vector
3 p i + j and then it moves through an angle p in the anticlock-
4 2
O X wise direction on a circle with centre at origin, to reach a point
z2. The point z2 is given by
Figure 5.32 (A) 6 + 7i (B) -7 + 6i
Since ∆OAP is a right-angle triangle, we get (C) 7 + 6i (D) -6 + 7i [IIT-JEE 2008]
z - z1 z - z1 Solution: We have
= × e - i (p / 2 )
0 - z1 0 - z1 z 0 = (1+ 2i )
z - z1 4 - i (p / 2 ) 4 -Pi (pmoves
Since first horizontally away from origin by 5 units and
= ×e z = 3e i (p /4 ) - 3e i (p /4 ) × then /2 )
× evertically
( - z1) 3 3 away from origin by 3 units, we have
4 (sin ce z1 = 3e ip /4
) z1 = (6 + 5i )
⇒ z - z1 = - z1 × e - i (p / 2 )
3 = 3e i (p /4 ) - 4 e - i (p /4 ) Since from z1 the particle moves 2 units in the direction of (i + j),
Therefore, then p reaches at (7 + 6i).
= (3 - 4 e - i (p /2 ) )e i (p / 4 ) p
i (p /4 ) i (p /4 ) 4 - i (p /2 ) p p 4 Now, point (7 + 6i) rotates in the anticlockwise direction on a
z = 3e - 3e × ×e i ( / 4
z= =(33+e 4 i )e i (- )
p /34e )
i ( /4 )
× × e - i (p /2 ) 2
3 3
circle with centre at origin.
ip /4 - i (p /2 )ip /4
(sin ce z1 = 3e ) (sin ce ze1 = 3e = -i) )
Therefore,
i (p /4 ) - i (p /4 ) i ( p / 4 ) - p
= 3e - 4e = 3e - 4 e /4 ) i (
i
p
= (3 - 4 e - i (p /2 ) i (p / 4 )
)e - i ( p /2 ) i ( p / 4 ) z 2 = (7 + 6 i )e 2
= (3 - 4 e )e
= -6 + 7i
= (3 + 4 i )e i (p /4 ) = (3 + 4 i )e i (p /4 )
(sin ce e - i (p /2 ) = -i) (sin ce e - i (p /2 ) = -i) Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
2p 2p
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). 4. Let w be the complex number cos + i sin . Then
3 3
z the number of distinct complex numbers z satisfying
2. If |z| = 1 and z ≠ ±1, then all the value of lie on
1- z 2 z +1 w w2
(A) a line not passing through the origin
w z +w 2 1 = 0 is equal to
(B) z = 2 2
w 1 z +w
(C) the x-axis [IIT-JEE 2010]
(D) the y-axis Solution:
[IIT-JEE 2007] i2p /3
w = e i2p /3 w = e
Solution: We have z = 1. Let z = cosq + i sinq . Now,
z +1 w z + 1w 2 w w2
z cosq + i sinq 2
= w z + w 2 w 1z + =w0 1 =0
1- z 2 1- (cosq + i sinq )2 2
w 2
1 w z +w 1 z +w
cosq + i sinq R → R
R1 → R1 + R2 +1R3 1 2 3 + R + R
=
1- (cos 2q + i sin 2q )
z + 1+ w + w z2 + 1z++w1++w w 2+ w z2 + 1z++w1++w w 2+ w z2 + 1+ w + w 2
cosq + i sinq
= 2
(2 sin2 q ) - i (2 sinq cosq ) ⇒ w ⇒ wz +w 2 z +w 1 1
w 12 1 z +w z +w
cosq + i sinq w2
=
2 sinq (sinq - i cosq ) 1 1 1 1 1 1
(cosq + i sinq ) 2
= = z w z +=wz2 w 1z + w 1
-2i sinq (cosq + i sinq ) 2
-1 i w2 1 w z +w 1 z +w
= =
2i sinq 2 sinq
⇒ z[( z + w 2 )( z + w ) - 1- w ( z + w - 1) + w 2 (1- z - w 2 )] = 0
Chapter 5.indd 212 01-01-2009 11:26:04 AM

⇒ z3 = 0 Solution: Given equation is z2 + z + 1 – a = 0.

Therefore, z = 0 is the only solution. Clearly, this equation does not have real roots if
D<0
Hence, the correct answer is (1).
⇒ 1- 4(1- a) < 0
5. If z is any complex number satisfying z - 3 - 2i ≤ 2, then the ⇒ 4a < 3
minimum value of 2 z - 6 + 5i is _____.
3
[IIT-JEE 2011] ⇒a<
Solution: See Fig. 5.33. 4
5
Length AB =
2 3+i
⇒ Minimum value = 5 8. Let w= and P = {w n : n = 1, 2, 3, }. Further
2
 1  -1
H1 =  z ∈C : Re z >  and H2 =  z ∈C : Re z < , where C is
 2  2
C(3, 2)
the set of all complex numbers. If z1 ∈P ∩ H1, z2 ∈P ∩ H2 and O
represents the origin, then ∠z1Oz2 = ?
(0, 0) B(3, 0) p p
(A) (B)
A(3, −5/2) 2 6
2p 5p
(C) (D)
3 6
Figure 5.33 [JEE ADVANCED 2013]
Hence, the correct answer is (5).
Solution: See Fig. 5.34. We note that w = 1. We also note that a i
6. Let w = e ip /3 , and a, b, c, x, y, z be non-zero complex numbers are possible values of z1 and bi are possible values of z2, where i =
such that 1, 2, 3. Therefore,
a+b+c = x 3 i
w= 3+i,
a + bw + cw 2 = y w = 2 + 2,
2 p2
a + bw 2 + cw = z i
⇒ w = ei p66 ,
⇒w = e ,
2 2 2 p
x + y +z ip
w 22 = e i 33 ,
Then the value of 2 2 2
is _____. w =e ,
a +b +c p
ip
[IIT-JEE 2011] w 33 = e i 22 ,
w =e ,
2p
i 2p
Solution: The expression may not attain integral value for all a, b, c. w
w4 =
4
= ee 3 ,,
i 3
If we consider a = b = c, then 5p
i 5p
x = 3a w
w5 =
5
= ee 6
i 6
y = a(1 + w + w 2 ) = a(1 + i 3 )
z = a(1 + w 2 + w ) = a(1 + i 3 ) 2p 5p
Thus, ∠z1Oz2 can take the values , .
Therefore, 3 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y + z = 9 a + 4 a + 4 a = 17 a
Therefore,
2 2 2
x + y +z 17 b1 a1
2 2 2
=
a +b +c 3
b2 30° 30° a2
Note: However if w = e i( 2p /3) , then the value of the expression = 3. 30° 30°
Hence, the correct answer is (17/3).
b3 a3
7. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part of z is
non-zero and a = z2 + z + 1 is real. Then a cannot take the value
1
(A) -1 (B)
3
1 3 Figure 5.34
(C) (D)
2 4 [IIT-JEE 2012] Hence, the correct answers are options (C) and (D).
Chapter 5.indd 213 01-01-2009 11:26:19 AM

9. min 1- 3i - z = Therefore,
z ∈S
( P ) → (1)
2- 3 2+ 3
(A) (B) For (Q) in List I:
2 2
2 kp
i 2( k -1)p
3- 3 3+ 3 z e 10 i
(C) (D) z1 ⋅ z = z k ⇒ z = k = 2p = e 10 = z k -1
2 2 z1 i
e 10
[JEE ADVANCED 2013]
Solution: We have min 1- 3i - z . The minimum distance of z from Therefore,
(1, −3) from y + 3 x = 0 is for k = 1, z = z 0 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
for k = 2, z = z1
-3 + 3 3 - 3
= for k = 9, z = z8
2 2
So, solutions are there for z1 ⋅ z = zk .
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). Therefore,
(Q) → (2)
 2kp   2kp  For (R) in List I: We know if 1, z1, z2, …, zn are n, nth roots of unity,
10. Let z k = cos  + i sin  ; k = 1, 2,  , 9.
 10   10  then they are the roots of zn – 1 = 0.
Therefore,
List I List II
P.
For each zk there exists a zj such that 1. True ( z - 1) ( z - z1 ) ( z - z2 )( z - z n -1) = ( z n - 1)
zk ⋅ zj = 1
= ( z - 1)( z n-1 + z n-2 +  + z ′ + 1)
Q. There exists a k ∈ {1, 2, …, 9} such that 2. False
z1 ⋅ z = zk has no solution z in the set of ⇒ ( z - z1)( z - z2 )( z - z n-1) = z n-1 + 2n-2 +  + z ′ + 1
complex numbers.
Putting z = 1
| 1- z1 | | 1- z2 |  | 1- z 9 |
R. equals 3. 1 (1- z1)(1- z2 )(1- z n-1) = 1 + 1 +  + 1 = n
10
Therefore,
 2kp 
S. 1- ∑ 9k =1cos  equals 4. 2
 10  (1- z1)(1- z2 )(1- z 9 ) = 10
P Q R S So,
1- z1 1- z2  1- z 9 = 10
(A) 1 2 4 3
(B) 2 1 3 4 1- z1 1- z2  1- z 9
⇒ =1
(C) 1 2 3 4 10
Therefore,
(D) 2 1 4 3 (R) → (3)
[JEE ADVANCED 2014] For (S) in List I: We know
Solution:
1 + ∝ + ∝2  + ∝n -1= 0
For (P) in List I:
the sum of n, nth roots of 1
2kp 2kp
z k = cos + i sin , k = 1, 2,  , 9
10 10 z 0 + z1 + z2 +  + z 9 = 0
Let us take ⇒ 1 - { z1 + z2 +  + z 9 } = 1 - ( - z 0 ) = 1 - ( -1) = 2
i 2 kp i 2(10 - k )p i 2p Therefore,
( k +10 - k )
z k × z10 - k = e 10 ×e 10 = e 10 (S) → (4)
i2p
×10 Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
= e 10 = cos 2p + i sin2p = 1+ i (0 ) = 1
Therefore,  kp   kp 
11. For any integer k, let a k = cos   + i sin   , where
 7   7 
z k × z10 - k = 1
12
z1 × z 9 = 1
∑ a k +1 - a k
z2 × z 8 = 1 i = -1. The value of the expression k =1
is
3

_____. ∑ a 4 k -1 - a 4 k -2
z 9 × z1 = 1 k =1
⇒ zk × z j = 1 (where z j = z10- k ) [JEE ADVANCED 2015]
Chapter 5.indd 214 01-01-2009 11:26:33 AM

Solution: 7. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers, then the equation

 kp  kp of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining z1
a k = cos   + i sin = e ikp / 7 and z2 is
 7  7
2 2
Therefore, (A) ( z2 - z1)z + ( z2 - z1)z = z2 - z1
12 12 (B) ( z2 - z1)z = ( z2 - z1)z
∑ a k +1 - a k ∑| ei (k +1)p /7 - eikp /7 | 2
(C) ( z2 - z1)z = z2 - z1
2
k =1 k =1
3
= 3
(D) None of these
∑ a 4 k -1 - a 4 k -2 ∑ ei (44 k -1)p /7 - ei ( 4 k -2)p /7
k =1 k =1 8. If z lies on the circle z= 1, then 2/z lies on a
12 (A) Circle (B) Straight line
∑ eikp /7 e ip / 7 - 1 (C) Parabola (D) None of these
k =1
= 3 9. If p, q and r are positive integers and w be an imaginary
∑ ei ( 4 k -2)p /7 e ip / 7 - 1 cube root of unity and f(x) = x3p + x3q + 1 + x3r + 2, then f(w ) is
k =1 equal to
12 (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) −1 (D) None of these
∑ (1) 12
10. If P and Q are represented by the complex numbers z1 and z2,
k =1
= 3
= =4 1 1 1 1
3 such that + = - , then the circumcentre of DOPQ
∑1 z2 z1 z2 z1
k =1
(where O is the origin) is
Hence, the correct answer is (4). 1 1
(A) ( z1 - z2 ) (B) ( z1 + z2 )
2 3
Practice Exercise 1 1 1
(C) ( z1 + z2 ) (D) ( z1 - z2 )
2 3
( 3 + i )4 n+1
1. For any integer n, the argument of z = is 11. The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x − i sin 2x are
(1- i 3 )4 n
conjugate to each other for
p p (A) x = np (B) x = 0
(A) (B)
6 3 (C) x = (n + 1/2)p (D) No value of x
p 2p 12. For any complex number z, maximum value of |z| − |z − 1| is
(C) (D)
2 3 (A) 0 (B) ½
(C) 1 (D) 3/2
2. If a , b, g are the cube roots of p, (p < 0), then for any x, y, z n  bj 
a x + b y +g z 13. If (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) … (an + ibn) = A + iB, then ∑ tan-1   is
is equal to equal to j =1  aj 
b x +g y +a z
(A) B/A (B) tan(B/A)
(A) a w + bw 2 +g (B) a b g -1  B   A
(C) tan   (D) tan-1  
(C) w, w2 (D) None of these  A  B
3. For any two complex numbers z1, z2 and real numbers a and 1  1 

b, |az1 + bz2|2 + |bz1 − az2|2 is equal to 14. The value of the expression 2  1+   1+ 2  + 3
 w w 
(A) (a2 + b2) (|z1|2 + |z2|2) (B) (a2 − b2) (|z1|2 + |z2|2) 1  1  1  1  1  1 
  
(C) (a2 + b2)(|z1| + |z2|)2 (D) None of these  2 +   2 + 2  + 4  3 +   3 + 2  + … + (n + 1)  n +   n + 2  ,
w w w w w w
4. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the 1  1 
points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi, z3 = 0 form an equilateral triangle, n + w   n + w 2  , where w is an imaginary cube root of unity, is
then a and b are equal to
(A) a = b = 2 + 3 (B) a = b = 2 − 3 n(n2 + 2) n(n2 - 2)
(A) (B)
(C) a = b = −2 + 3 (D) a = b = −2 − 3 3 3
5. If z = re iq, then eiz is equal to n2 (n + 1)2 + 4 n
(A) e−r cos q (B) e rcos q (C) (D) None of these
q
4
(C) e r sin (D) e−r sin q
6. If (1 + i )(1 + 2i )(1 + 3i )…(1 + ni ) = x + iy, then 2.5.10…(1 + n2) x y
15. If z = x + iy, z1/3 = a − ib and - = l(a2 − b2), then l is equal to
is equal to a b
(A) 1 + n2 (B) x2 − y2 (A)
1 (B) 2
2 2
(C) x + y (D) None of these (C)
3 (D) 4
Chapter 5.indd 215 01-01-2009 11:26:50 AM

16. The roots of the cubic equation (z + ab)3 = a3, where a ≠ 0 rep- 28. Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that |z1 + z2| =
resents the vertices of a triangle. If a , b and g are the roots, |z1| + |z2|. Then
then find the value of |a - b |. arg(z1) ≠ arg(z2)
(A) (B) arg(z1) + arg(z2) = 0
1 z 
(A) ab (B) 3 a arg  1  = 0
(C) (D) None of these
3  z2 
(C) 3b (D) 3 ab
29. If |z1| + |z2| + |z3| = |z1 + z2 + z3|, if z is defined as
1 1 z1z2 z2 z3 z1z3
= 1, then x2000 + 2000 is equal to
17. If x + z = + + , then
x x z32 z12 z22
(A)
1 (B) −1
(C)
0 (D) None of these (A)
z is a purely real number
(B)
z is a purely imaginary number
18. If w = a + ib , where b ≠ 0 and z ≠ 1, satisfies the condition that Re(z) = Im(z)
(C)
 w - wz  (D)
None of these
  is purely real, then the set of values of z is
1- z  2p
30. The point of intersection of the curves arg (z + 3 - 4i) =
{z: |z| = 1}
(A) (B) {z:z = z } p 3
{z: z ≠ 1}
(C) (D) {z:|z| = 1, z ≠ 1} and arg(3z + 2 - 3i) = is
4
19. If |z − i | < 1, then the value of |z + 12 − 6i | is less than 1 1
(A) (5 - 7i ) (B) (7 - 5i )
(A) 14 (B) 2 4 4
(C) 28 (D) None of these (C) (1 - i) (D) None of these
20. If a, b and c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of 31. If ‘a ’ be the non-real nth root of unity, then 1 + 3a + 5a 2 + . . .
unity (w ≠ 1), then the minimum value of |a + bw + cw2| is + (2n − 1)a n−1 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 2n n
(C) 3/2 (D) 1/2 (A) (B)
1-a 1-a
21. If qi ∈ [0, p/6], i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and sin q1z4 + sin q2z3 + sin q3z2 +
n
sin q4z + sin q5 = 2, then z satisfies (C) (D) None of these
2 (1- a )
(A) |z| > 3/4 (B) |z| < 1/2
(C) 1/2 < |z| < 3/4 (D) None of these
32. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers satisfying the equation
22. If |z − 2| = min{|z − 1|, |z − 3|}, where z is a complex number,
z1 + iz2 z
then = 1, then 1 is
(A) Re(z) = 3/2 (B) Re(z) = 5/2 z1 - iz2 z2
3 5 (A)
Purely real (B) Unit modulus
(C) Re(z) ∈  ,  (D) None of these
2 2 (C)
Purely imaginary (D) None of these
 | z |2 + 2 | z | + 6 
23. If a complex number x satisfies log1/ 2   < 0, 33. If (1+ x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + a2nx2n, then a0 + a3 + a6 +
 2 | z |2 - 2 | z | + 1 a9 + . . . is equal to
then locus/region of the point represented by z is (A) 3n (B) 3n−1
(A) |z| = 5 (B) |z| < 5 n+1
(C) 3 (D) None of these
(C) |z| > 1 (D) 2 < |z| < 3
24. The points representing complex number z for which |z − 3| = 34. If 5 < |z|2 ≤ 12 and z2 + z 2 - 2 zz + 8 z + 8 z > 0, then
|z − 5| lie on the locus given by
1 < Re(z) ≤ 2 3 and |Im(z)| < 2 2
(A)
(A) Circle (B) Ellipse
(C) Straight line (D) None of these - 2 3 ≤ Re(z) < -1 and |Im(z)| < 2 2
(B)
25. If z is a complex number lying in the first quadrant such that 1 < Re(z) ≤ 2 3 and |Im(z)| < 2 3
(C)
Re(z) + Im(z) = 3, then the maximum value of {Re(z)}2 Im(z) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 - 2 3 ≤ Re(z)< -1 and |Im(z)| < 2 3
(D)
26. The equation zz + az + az + b = 0, b ∈ R represents a circle, if 35. The maximum area of the triangle formed by the complex
(A) |a|2 = |b|2 (B) |a|2 ≥ b coordinates z, z1, z2 which satisfy the relations |z − z1| = |z − z2|,
(C) |a|2 < b (D) None of these z +z 
z -  1 2  ≤ r , where r > |z1 - z2| is
 2 
27. If z1, z2 , z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed
in the circle |z| = 1, then the area of the triangle having 1 1
z1, - z2 , z3, as its vertices is (A) |z − z |2 (B) |z − z |r
2 1 2 2 1 2
3 3 3 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these (C) |z − z |2r2 (D) |z − z |r2
2 4 4 2 1 2 2 1 2
Chapter 5.indd 216 01-01-2009 11:27:07 AM

 3p 44. If k + |k + z2| = |z|2 (k ∈ R −), then argument of z is

 4 when | z | ≤ | z - 2 | (A) 0 (B) p
36. Locus of z if arg[z - (1 + i)] =  is (C) p/2 (D) None of these
 -p when | z | > | z - 2 | 2p r
 4 i
45. Let a r = e n (1 ≤ r ≤ n) be the complex number associated
(A)
Straight lines passing through (2, 0)
(B)
Lines passing through (2, 0), (1, 1) with the point Ar on Argand plane, and point B is (2, 0). Then
(C)
A line segment the value of BA1 ⋅ BA2 ⋅ BA3 … BAn is equal to
(D)
A set of two rays (A) n (B) 2n − 1
(C) 2n (D) 2n − 1
5 5
 3 +i  3 -i 46. If x and y are complex numbers, then the system of equations
37. If z =   +  , then
 2   2  (1 + i)x + (1 − i)y = 1, 2ix + 2y = 1 + i has
(A) Unique solution
Re(z) = 0
(A) (B) Im(z) = 0 (B) No solution
Re(z), Im(z) > 0
(C) (D) Re(z) > 0, Im(z) < 0 (C) Infinite number of solutions
38. See Fig. 5.35. The locus of Z which lies in the shaded region is (D) None of these
best represented by 47. If z = x + iy (x, y ∈ R, x ≠ −1/2), then the number of values of z
(A) z:|z + 1| > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < p /4 satisfying |z|n = z2 |z|n–2 + z|z|n–2 + 1 (n ∈ N, n > 1) is
(B) z:|z − 1| > 2, |arg(z − 1)| < p /4 (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) z:|z + 1| < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < p /2 (C) 2 (D) 3
(D) z:|z − 1| < 2, |arg(z − 1)| < p /2
48. The value of i log(x − i) + i2p + i3 log(x + i) + i4(2 tan−1x) (where
P(√−1, √2) x > 0) is (where i = -1)
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
A
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
Practice Exercise 2
Q(√2 − 1, −√2) Single/Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions
Figure 5.35 n -1
1
39. The number of complex numbers satisfying |z + 2| + |z − 2| = 8
1. ∑  2 ip j
is equal to
j =1  
n
and |z − 1| + |z + 1| = 2 is 1- e
n +1 n
(A)
4 (B) 2 (A) (B)
(C)
0 (D) None of these 2 2
40. If z1, z2, z3 are complex number such that |z1| = 2, |z2| = 3, |z3| = n -1 n +1
(C) (D) -1
2 2
4, then maximum value of | z1 - z2 |2 + | z2 - z3 |2 + | z3 - z1 |2 is
(A) 58 (B) 29 2. If (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + … + nCnxn where nC0, nC1, nC2,
(C) 87 (D) None of these … are binomial coefficients, then 2(C0 + C3 + C6 + …) + (C1 + C4
41. The complex number z and w satisfying z3 + w 7 = 0 and z5. + C7 + …) (1 + w ) + (C2 + C5 + C8 + …) (1 + w 2) where w is the
w11 = 1 are cube root of unity and n is a multiple of 3 is equal to
(A) w = ± i, z = i (B) w = ± 1, z = I 2n + 1
(A) (B) 2n−1 + 1
(C) w = ± i, z = ± i (D) None of these 2n+1 − 1
(C) (D) 2n − 1
42. The greatest positive argument of complex number satisfying 3. The perpendicular distance of line (1 − i)z + (1 + i) z + 3 = 0
|z - 4| = Re(z) is from (3 + 2i) will be
p 2p 13
(A) (B) (A) 13 (B)
3 3 2
p p (C) 26 (D) None of these
(C) (D)
2 4 4. The complex number associated with the centre of the circle
43. The complex number associated with the vertices A, B, C of  z - 3i  p
represented by arg  = is
the DABC are eiq, w, w , respectively (where w , w are the com-  z - 2i + 4  4
plex cube roots of unity and cos q > Re(w )), then the complex
number of the point where angle bisector of A meets the cir- 1 1
(A) (5i + 5) (B) (5i - 5)
cumcircle of the triangle is 2 2
(A) −eiq (B) −e−iq
1 1
(C) w w (D) w + w (C) ( 9 i + 5) (D) ( 9 i - 5)
2 2
Chapter 5.indd 217 01-01-2009 11:27:16 AM

z-z 15. The complex number z satisfying z + z + z - z = 2 and |iz – 1|

5. If arg(z) < 0, then arg  is equal to
 2  + |z – i| = 2 is/are
p (A) i (B) – i
(A) 0 (B)
2 1 1
p (C) (D) 3
(C) − (D) p i
2 i
6. If complex number z satisfies |z – 6i| = Im(z), then range of 16. A complex number z is rotated in anticlockwise direction by
(argz – arg z ) will be an angle a and we get z′ and if the same complex number z
is rotated by an angle a in clockwise direction and we get z″
 p 3p   2p 4p  then
(A)
 2 , 2  (B)  ,
 3 3  (A) z′, z, z″ are in GP (B) z′2 + z″2 = 2z2 cos 2a
 p 2p   3p 5p  (C) z′ + z″ = 2z cos a (D) z′, z, z″ are in HP
(C)
 3 , 3  (D)  ,
 4 3 
Comprehension Type Questions
7. If z = x + iy is a complex number with x, y ∈ Q and |z| = 1, then
|z2n – 1| is a ____ for every n ∈ N. Paragraph for Questions 17–19: Let A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) and
(A) Real number (B) Rational number D(z4) be the vertices of a trapezium in an Argand plane.
(C) Irrational number (D) Cannot say anything Let |z1 − z2| = 4, |z3 − z4| = 10 and the diagonals AC and BD
intersect at P.
8. Let zk; k = 1, 2, 3, 4 be four complex numbers such that |zk|
z -z  p z -z  p
= k +1 and |30z1 + 20z2 + 15z3 + 12z4| = k|z2z3z4 + z3z4z1 + It is given that arg  4 2  = and arg  3 2  = .
z1z2z4 + z1z2z3|. Then k is equal to  z3 - z1  2  z 4 - z1  4
(A) |z1z2z4| (B) |z2z3z4| 17. Area of the trapezium ABCD is equal to
(C) |z1z3z4| (D) |z1z2z3| 130 160
9. For a complex number z, the minimum value of |z| + | z − cosa (A) (B)
3 3
− isina | is
190
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) None of these
(C) 2 (D) None of these 3
10. If a is a complex constant such that a z2 + z + a = 0 has a real 18. Area of triangle PCB is equal to
root, then 100 200
(A) (B)
(A) a + a = 0 (B) a - a = 0 21 21
(C) a + a = –1 (D) None of these 100 400
(C) (D)
11. Suppose a + ib is a solution of the polynomial equation a4z4 + 7 21
i a3z3 + a2z2 + i a1z + a0 = 0 where a , b, ai ∈ R ∀ i ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
19. |CP − DP| is equal to
Which one of the following must also be a solution?
(A) −a − b i (B) a − b i 10 16
(A) (B)
(C) −a + b i (D) b + a i 21 21
12. Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers with |a| = |b| = |c| = 1 17 19
(C) (D)
and z1, z2 be the roots of the equation az2 + bz + c = 0 with 21 21
|z1| = 1. Also, let P and Q points represent the complex num-
bers z1 and z2 in the complex plane with ∠POQ = q where O Paragraph for Questions 20–22: On the side AB and BC of a ∆ABC,
being the origin. Then squares are drawn with centre D and E such that points C and D lies
2p 2p on the same side of line AB and points A and E lies in the opposite
(A) b2 = ac, q = (B) q = , PQ = 3
3 3 side of line BC. If A, B and C are represented by the complex num-
p bers 1, w and w 2, respectively, then
(C) PQ = 2 3, b2 = ac (D) q = , b2 = ac
3 20. Angle between AC and DE is equal to
13. If 0 < c < b < a and the roots a , b of the equation cx2 + bx + a = 0 p p
are imaginary, then (A) (B)
3 6
|a | + | b | 1 1
(A) = |a | |b | (B) = p p
2 |a | | b | (C) (D)
1 1 4 2
(C) + < 2 (D) None of these
|a | | b | 21. The length of DE is
14. Let z, z0 be two complex numbers z 0 being the conjugate of z0. 3
(A) (B) 3
The numbers z, z0, zz 0 , 1 and 0 are represented in an Argand 2
diagram by P, P0, Q, A and origin, respectively. If |z| = 1, then (C) 2 (D) 6
(A) POP0 and AOQ are congruent
(B) |z – z0| = |z z 0 – 1| 22. The length of AE is
1 3- 3 3+ 3
(C) |z – z0| = |z z 0 – 1| (A) (B)
2 2 2
(D) None of these 3 - 3
(C) (D) 3 + 3
Chapter 5.indd 218 01-01-2009 11:27:31 AM

Paragraph for Questions 23–25: Consider a triangle having ver- 30. The condition that equation has both roots purely imaginary is
tices at the points A(2eip/4), B(2e11ip/12) and C(2e−5ip/12). Let the a b c a b c
incircle of ∆ABC touches the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and F, (A) = - = - (B) =- =
a b c a b c
respectively, which are represented by the complex number Zd, Ze,
Zf in order. If P(z) be any point on the incircle, then a b c
(C) = = - (D) None of these
a b c
23. AP2 + BP2 + CP2 is equal to
(A) 12 (B) 15 31. The Condition that equation has one complex root m such
27 that |m| = 1 is
(C)
16 (D)
2 bc - ba aa + cc
(A) =
 1 1 1 aa - cc cb + ab
24. Re  + +  is equal to
 zd ze zf 
bc + ba aa + cc
1 (B) =
(A) 2 (B) aa + cc cb + ab
2
1
−
(C) (D) None of these (bc - ba ) (cb - ab ) = (aa - cc )
(C)
2
2
(D)
None of these
25. If the altitude through vertex A cuts the circumcircle of ∆ABC
at Q, then the complex number representing Q is Matrix Match Type Questions
– 2(1 + i)
(A) (B) − (1 + i) 32. Match the following:
- (1+ i ) 1
(C) (D) − (1 + i) Column I Column II
2 2
(A) f(z) is a complex valued function f(z) = (p) 5
Paragraph for Questions 26–28: In an Argand plane z1, z2 and z3 1
(a + ib)z where a, b ∈ R and |a + ib| = . It
are respectively the vertices of an isosceles triangle ABC with AC = 2
BC and ∠CAB = q. If z4 is the incentre of the triangle, then has the property that f(z) is always equidis-
2 tant from 0 and z, then a - b =
 AB   AC 
26. The value of    (B) Let z1 = 6 + i and z2 = 4 - 3i and z be (q) 0
 IA   AB 
a complex number such that arg
( z2 - z1)( z1 - z3 ) ( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)  z - z1  p
(A) (B)  z - z  = 2 and z satisfies |z - (5 - i)| =
( z 4 - z1)2 ( z 4 - z1) 2
a. Then a is
( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)
(C) (D) None of these (C) If A is the region of the complex plane (r) 6
( z 4 - z1)2
{z: z/4 and 4/ z have real andimaginary
part in (0, 1)}, then [p] (where p is the
2
27. The value of ( z 4 - z1) (1 + cos q ) sec q is area of the region A and [.] denotes the
greatest integer function) is
( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)
( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)
(A) (B) (D) Let z be a root of x5 - 1 = 0 with z ≠ 1. The (s) 1
( z 4 - z1)
value of z15 + z16 + … + z50 is
( z - z )( z - z )
(C) 2 1 3 1 (D) ( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)2
( z 4 - z1)2 33. Match the following:
q List I List II
28. The value of (z2 − z1)2 tan q ⋅ tan is
2 (p) portions
(A)
( z1 + z2 - 2 z3 )( z1 + z2 - 2 z 4 )  z 2 - 1
(A) arg  2  = 0 ; z ≠ ± i, ± 1 of a line
 z + 1
( z1 + z2 - z3 )( z1 + z2 - z 4 )
(B)
(q) point of
-( z1 + z2 - 2 z3 )( z1 + z2 - 2 z 4 )
(C) (B) | z - cos -1 cos12 | - | z - sin-1 sin12 |
intersec-
(D)
None of these
= 8 (p - 3) tion of
Paragraph for Questions 29–31: Consider the quadratic equa- hyper-
tion az2 + bz + c = 0 where a , b , c and z are complex numbers, then bolae
29. The condition that the equation has both real roots is (C) z2 + k1 = i |z1|2 + k2; k1 ≠ k2 ∈ R - {0} (r) pair of
and z1 is fixed ≠ 0 open rays
a b c a b c
(A) = - = (B) = =
a b c a b c 1 p (s) line seg-
-1 1
a b c (D) z - 1- sin + z + cos -1 - =1 ment
(C) = = - (D) None of these 3 3 2
a b c
Chapter 5.indd 219 01-01-2009 11:27:46 AM

Answer Key
Practice Exercise 1
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (A)
9. (B) 10. (A) 11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (D) 16. (D)
17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (B) 21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (C)
25. (D) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (A) 30. (A) 31. (D) 32. (A)
33. (B) 34. (A) 35. (B) 36. (D) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (C) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (D) 43. (D) 44. (C) 45. (B) 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (A)
Practice Exercise 2
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A)
9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (A), (B) 13. (A), (B), (C) 14. (A), (B) 15. (A), (B), (C), (D) 16. (A), (B), (C)
17. (D) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (C) 21. (A) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (D)
25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (C) 29. (B) 30. (B) 31. (C) 32. (A) → (q),
(B) → (p), (C) → (p), (D) → (s) 33. (A) → (p), (B) → (p), (C) → (q), (D) → (s)
Solutions
Practice Exercise 1 i
p
 p p
(a + i )e 3
= 1+ bi ⇒ (a + i )  cos + i sin  = 1+ bi
4n
 3 3
 3+i 
1. z=   ( 3 + i ) = (i ) ( 3 + i ) = 3 + i
4n
 1 i 3 a 3 1 3 
 1- i 3  ⇒ (a + i )  +  = 1+ bi ⇒ - +i + a = 1+ bi
2 2  2 2 2 2 
p
⇒ arg z = Comparing both sides we get,
6
a x + b y +g z a 3
2. a = 1, b = w, g = w 2 as a, b, g are cube roots of - = 1 ⇒ a = 3 + 2 , and
b x +g y +a z 2 2
unity 1 3 1 3
+ a=b ⇒b= + ( 3 + 2)
2 2 2 2
x + yw + zw 2
w x +w 2y + z 1+ 3 + 2 3
⇒b= = 2+ 3
2
w ( x + yw + zw 2 ) 1 w x + yw 2 + zw 3 1
⇒ = = =w2 So, a = b = 2 + 3.
w w x +w 2y + z w w x +w 2y + z w
5. z = reiθ
Similarly answer can also be w by varying the values of a, b, g .
2 2 e iz = e i { r cosq +i sinq } = e - r sinq +ir cosq
3. az1+bz 2 + bz1 - az 2 = (az1 + bz 2 )(az1 + bz 2 ) + (bz1 - az 2 )(bz1 - az 2 )
e iz = e - r sinq ⋅ e ir cosq
bz 2 )(az1 + bz 2 ) + (bz1 - az 2 )(bz1 - az 2 ) So, e iz = e - r sinq .
= a2 z1z1 + abz1z 2 + abz 2 z1 + b2 z 2 z 2 + b2 z1z1 - baz1z 2
6. (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) … (1 + ni) = x + iy (1)
- abz 2 z1 + a2 z 2 z 2 Taking conjugate, we get
(1 – i) (1 – 2i) (1 – 3i) … (1 – ni) = x – iy(2)
2 2 2
= a2 ( z1 + z 2 ) + b 2 ( z1 + z 2 ) = a2 + b 2
2
( )( z
1
2
+ z2
2
) Multiplying Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
(12 + 12) (12 + 22) …. (12 + n2) = x2 + y2
4. See Fig. 5.36.
So, 2.5.10 … (1 + n2) = x2 + y2.
z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi, z3 = 0
7. Eq. of perpendicular bisector of z1 and z2 (See Fig. 5.37)
(1,b)
z
60° |z − z1| |z− z2|
z1 z2
60°
60° (a,1)
(0,0)
Figure 5.36 Figure 5.37
Chapter 5.indd 220 01-01-2009 11:28:00 AM

z - z 2 = z - z1 ⇒ z - z 2 = z - z1
2 2
b
tan−1(b1/a1) + tan−1(b2/a2) + … + tan-1 n
⇒ tan−1(B/A) =
an
⇒ ( z - z 2 )( z - z 2 ) = ( z - z1 )( z - z1 ) n  
-1 b j
= ∑ tan  
⇒ zz - z 2 z - zz 2 + z 2 z 2 = zz - zz1 - z1z + z1z1 j =1  aj 
2 2
⇒ z ( z 2 - z1 ) + z ( z 2 - z1 ) = z 2 - z1
 1  1 
14. tn = (n +1)  n +   n + 2  = n3+ n2  1 + 1 + 1 + n  1+ 1 + 1  + 1
8. |z| = 1  w   w  w2 w   w2 w 
z = cosq + i sinq
 1 1   1 1
Now,  2 + + 1 + n  1+ 2 +  + 1
w w w w
2 2
= x + iy = = n3 + n2(w + w 2 + 1) + n(w + w 2 +1) +1 = n3 +1
z cosq + i sinq
⇒ x + iy = 2(cosq - i sinq ) Therefore,
n n
⇒ x = 2 cos θ, y = −sin θ n2 (n + 1)2
⇒ x2 + y2 = 4
Sn = ∑ tr = ∑ (r 3 + 1) = 4
+n
2 r =1 r =1
So, lies on a circle of radius 2.
z 15. z = x + iy ⇒ z1/3 = (x + iy)1/3 = (a − ib)
9. f ( x ) = x 3 p + x 3q+1 + z 3r +2 ⇒ x + iy = (a − ib)3 = (a3 − 3ab2) + i(b3 − 3a2b)
Put x = w , we get ⇒ x = a3 − 3ab2, y = b3 − 3a2b
f (w ) = w + w
3p 3 q +1
+ w 3r +2 = (w 3 )p + (w 3 )q .w + (w 3 )r .w 2 x y x y
⇒ = a2 − 3b2, = b2 − 3a2 ⇒ - = 4(a2 - b2 ) ⇒ l = 4
= 1+ w + w = 0
2
a b a b
10. Since, 16. Since a , b , g are roots of (z + ab)3 = a3
1 1 1 1
+ = - ⇒ |z1 + z2| = |z1 - z2| ⇒ a , b , g ∈ z + ab = a, aw , aw 2
z2 z1 z2 z1
Therefore,
Squaring both sides, we get a , b , g = a - ab, aw - ab, aw 2 - ab (say)
2
z 1 2 + z2 2+ 2( z1z 2 + z 1z2 ) = z 1 2 + z2 - 2( z1z2 + z1z2 ) Let d = |a - b | = |a - ab - (aw - ab)|
z  z  ⇒ d = |a - b | = |a - ab - aw + ab| = |a (1 - w )|
⇒ 4( z1z2 + z1z2 ) = 0 ⇒  1  = -  1 
 z2   z2  Therefore,
   
Therefore, d = | a × b | = | a | | b | sinq | = 3 × 1 × 1 = 3
 z1   z1  p  z1 - 0 
 z  is purely imaginary ⇒ arg  z  = 2 = arg  z - 0  , 17. x2 – x + 1 = 0
2 2 2
⇒ x = w, w 2
that is, angle between z2, O and z1 is a right angle, taken in Now,
order. 1 1
w 2000 + ⇒w 2 + = w 2 + w = -1
As shown in the above arrangement. Now, the circumcen- w 2000
w2
tre of the above arrangement will lie on the line PQ as diame-
w - wz w - wz
ter and is represented by C which is the centre of PQ (Fig. 5.38), 18. =
1- z 1- z
z +z 
such that z =  1 2  , where z is the affix of circumcentre. ⇒ ( zz - 1)(w - w ) = 0
 2 
2
⇒ zz = 1 ⇒ z = 1 ⇒ z = 1
P(z1)
19. See Fig. 5.39.
C(z)
(−12, 6)
Q(z2)
(0,1)
O
Figure 5.38
11. sin x + i cos 2x = sin x − i cos 2x = cos x − i sin 2x
⇒ sin x = cos x and cos 2x = sin 2x
⇒ x = np + p/4 and 2x = mp + p/4
Thus, these equations cannot be true simultaneously. Figure 5.39
12. |z| − |z − 1| ≤ |z − (z − 1)| = 1
d – r < |z + 12 – 6i| < d + r
13. (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) … (an + ibn) = A + iB ⇒ 13 – 1 < |z + 12 – 6i| < 13 + 1
⇒ arg(A + iB) = arg(a1 + ib1) + arg(a2 + ib2) … arg(an + ibn) ⇒ 12 < |z + 12 – 6i| < 14
Chapter 5.indd 221 01-01-2009 11:28:16 AM

2 2
3 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 2(a x + b y ) + b = 0
b c  3 b c
20. |a + bw+a -
cw2-| =  +a - (c - b )2 + (c - b )
2
 2 2  4 2 2 4 ⇒R = a2 + b2 -b
2
b2 =c 2 a2 + b bc c2 3 bc 2 + 3 (c2 + b2 - 2 bc) ⇒a 2 + b 2 -b ≥ 0
= a2 + + - ab - + - ac - ab
+ -(c2 +-bac- 2 bc)
4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 ⇒a 2 + b 2 ≥ b
2 2 2
= a2 + b2 +=c 2 - + b- bc
+ c- ca
- ab - bc - ca 2
a ab ⇒ a ≥b
1 1
= (a - b )=2 + (b-(ac-)2b+) (c+-(ba-)2c) + (c - a) 
2 2 2 27. See Fig. 5.40. DE = BD − BE = 2 −3/2 = 1/2
2 2 BE = AB sin 60
This is minimum when a = b and (b − c)2 = (c − a)2 = 1
3
Hence, the minimum value is 1. = 3×
2
21. Given that sin q1 z4 + sin q2 z3 + sin q3 z2 + sin q4 z + sin q5 = 2
3
or, 2 = |sin q1 z4 + sin q2z3 + sin q3z2 + sin q4z + sin q5| =
2
1 4
≤ z + | z |3 + | z |2 + | z | +1 B(z2)
2 
or,
3 ≤ |z|4 + |z|3 + |z|2 + |z| (1)
Clearly, |z| ≥ 1 satisfies Eq. (1). If |z| < 1, then
|z|
3 < |z|4 + |z|3 + |z|2 + |z| ≤ |z| + |z|2 + |z|3 + |z|4 … ∞ = E
1- | z | A(z1) C(z3)
3
⇒ 3 − 3|z| < |z| ⇒ |z| >
4
D(−z2)
22. Obvious, after drawing the locus of z in the Argand plane.
23. Given that Figure 5.40
 | z |2 + 2 | z | + 6 
log1/  <0 1
2 Area of DACD = DE × AC
 2 | z |2 - 2 | z | + 1 2
| z |2 + 2 | z | + 6 1 1 3
⇒ >1 = ×
3=
2 | z |2 - 2 | z | + 1 2 2 4
28. See Fig. 5.41
⇒ |z|2 − 4|z|− 5 < 0
⇒ (|z| − 5) (|z| + 1) < 0
Thus , z2
|z| < 5 z2
24. |z − 3| = |z − 5| ⇒ (z − 3)( z − 3) = (z − 5)( z − 5) z1 + z2

⇒ z + z = 8 ⇒ x = 4 ⇒ locus of z is a straight line
25. Let z = a + ib where a > 0, b > 0 (given)
Since, z1
Re(z) + Im(z) = 3 (given)
⇒ a + b = 3 (1)
Figure 5.41
Now, let E = Re(z)2 Im(z)
We have
⇒ E = a2b = a2 (3 - a) (2)
z1 + z 2 ≥ z1 + z 2
Now, E is maximum or minimum if
dE
=0 Now, z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 only if z1 and z 2 are collinear. Therefore,
da
⇒ 6a - 3a2 = 0 ⇒ 3a (2 - a) = 0 arg z1 − arg z 2 = 0
either
a=0 z 
⇒ arg  1  = 0
or  z2 
a=2
d 2E 29. The equality |z1| + |z2| + |z3| = |z1 + z2 + z3| is true if an only if z1,
Again, 2 < 0 , when a = 2. z2 and z3 are of same signs, that is, either all positive or all neg-
da
ative, that is, they all must be comparable to additive identity.
Hence, E will attain its maximum value if a = 2.
Thus, they all must be real quantities.
Therefore, the maximum value = (2)2 (3 - 2) = 4.
z1z2 z2 z3 z1z3
26. zz + az + az + b = 0 (1) Hence, if z = + + then z must also be a real
z32 z12 z22
Let z = x + iy and a = a + i b . So, Eq. (1) becomes quantity.
x 2 + y 2 + (a + i b ) ( x - iy ) + (a - i b ) ( x + iy ) + b = 0 Therefore, z is a purely real number.
Chapter 5.indd 222 01-01-2009 11:28:28 AM

2p 34. Let z = x + iy
30. arg (z + 3 - 4i) =
3 Therefore, according to given inequations, we have
2p 5 < x2 + y2 ≤ 12
⇒ arg (z - (-3 + 4i)) =
3
The above equation represents a locus of straight line passing So, it represents the region bounded in between two concen-
2p tric circles centred at origin of radii 5 and 2 3 units.
through -3 + 4i and inclined at an angle of with the pos-
3 and
itive direction of the real axis in the anticlockwise direction.
( z - z )2 + 8( z + z ) > 0
Also,
p  2 - 3i  p
arg (3z + 2 - 3i) = ⇒ arg (3) + arg  z + = x 2 + y 2 = 12
4 3  4 y 2 = 4x
 2 
Here z, represents the locus of a straight line through  - + i 
 3 
p
and inclined at an angle of with the positive real axis in the
4
x2 + y2 = 5
anticlockwise direction.
Figure 5.43
2
 2y 
A(−3, 4) ⇒   + 8(2 x ) > 0
 i 
B(−2/3, 1)
⇒ - 4y2 + 16x > 0 ⇒ y2 < 4x

represents the region inside the parabola y2 = 4x.

Figure 5.42 The common region bounded is shown in Fig. 5.43.
The point of intersections are
It can be seen from Fig. 5.42 that the given system does not
x2 + y2 = 5 and y2 = 4x
possess a solution.
2
⇒ x + 4x - 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, - 5
31. Let
x2 + y2 = 12 and y2 = 4x ⇒ x2 + 4x - 12 = 0
S = 1 + 3a + 5a 2 + … + (2n − 1)a n−1 (1)
⇒ Sa =a + 3a 2 + … + (2n − 3)a n−1 +(2n − 1)a n (2) -4 ± 16 + 48
Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1), we get ⇒x= ⇒ x = 2, - 6
2
S( 1 − a ) = 1 + 2a + 2a 2 + … + 2. a n−1 − (2n − 1)a n
= 1 + 2a (1 + a + … + a n−2) − (2n − 1)a n 35. See Fig. 5.44. By the given conditions, the area of the triangle
ABC is
 1- a n -1  n 1
= 1 + 2a   − (2n − 1)a |z − z |r
 1- a  2 1 2
A(z)
2
= 1+ (a − a n) − (2n − 1)a n
(1- a )
2
= 1+ (a − 1) − (2n − 1)a n
(1- a ) B(z1) r
-2n
= − (2n − 1) −1 = −2n ⇒ S =
(1- a ) (z1 + z2)/2
C(z2)
32. (z1 + iz2) ( z1 - iz2 ) = (z1 − iz2) ( z1 + iz2 )
z1 z1 z
⇒ z1z2 = z1z2 ⇒ = ⇒ 1 is purely real.
z2 z2 z2
33. (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + … + a2nx2n
Putting x = 1, w, w 2 in turn we get Figure 5.44
3n = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + … + a2n(1) 36. See Fig. 5.45. The given equation is written as
0 = a0 + a1w + a2w 2 + …+ a2nw 2n(2)
 3p
and  4 when x ≤ 2
0 = a0 + a1w 2 + a2w 4 + … + a2nw 2n(3) arg[z - (1 + i)] = 
Adding Eqs. (1), (2) and (3)  -p when x > 2
3n = 3(a0 + a3 + a6 + …) (as 1 + w + w 2 = 0, w 3n = 1)  4
a0 + a3 + a6 + … = 3n−1 Therefore, the locus is a set of two rays.
Chapter 5.indd 223 01-01-2009 11:28:38 AM

(0,2) 43. See Fig. 5.47. Clearly, ∠DOB = ∠COD = A
⇒ z = w e iA and w = ze iA ⇒ z2 = w w = 1
(1,1)
⇒ z = −1(as A and D are on the opposite side of BC).

(2,0) = w + w 2
=w+w
Re(z) = 1
B(w )
Figure 5.45
A/2 A
5 5
 3 +i  3 -i ip /6 5 - ip /6 5
37. z=  +  = (e ) + (e ) D O
 2   2 
5p p
= e i 5p /6 + e - i 5p /6 = 2cos = −2 cos =− 3
Thus, Im (z) = 0. 6 6 (w )C
38. The points (1, 0), ( 2 - 1, - 2 ) and ( 2 - 1, 2 ) are equidis-

tant from the point (−1, 0). The shaded area belongs to the Figure 5.47
region outside the sector of circle |z + 1| = 2, lying between
p -p 44. |k + z2| = |z|2 − k = |z2| + |k|
the line rays arg(z + 1) = and arg(z + 1) = . arg(z2) = arg(k)
4 4 p
⇒ 2arg(z) = p ⇒ arg(z) =
39. First equation represents ellipse and the second one a line seg- 2
ment joining (−1, 0) and (1, 0) totally contained inside the ellipse. 45. xn − 1 = (x − a 1) (x − a 2) (x − a 3) … (x − a n)
By Putting x = 2,
40. | z1 - z2 |2 + | z2 - z3 |2 + | z3 - z1 |2
2n − 1 = (2 − a 1) (2 − a 2) … (2 − a n–1)
= 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2) − ( z1z2 + z1z2 + z2 z3 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z3 z1) ⇒ |2 − a 1| |2 − a 2| … |2 − a n−1| = |2n − 1| = 2n − 1
= 58 − ( z1z2 + z1z2 + z2 z3 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z3 z1)(1) 46. Observing carefully the system of equations, we find
Now, 1+ i 1 - i 1
|z1 + z2 + z3|2 ≥ 0 = =
2i 2 1+ i
⇒ |z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2 + z1z2 + z1z2 + z2 z3 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z3 z1 ≥ 0 Hence, the system of equations has infinite number of
⇒ −( z1z2 + z1z2 + z2 z3 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z3 z1) ≤ 29 (2) solutions.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), maximum value = 58 + 29 = 87 47. The given equation is |z|n = (z2 + z) |z|n–2 + 1
41. z3 + w 7 = 0 ⇒ z3 = −w 7 ⇒ z15 = −w 35 So,

z2 + z = real = z 2 + z
1 1
z5. w11 = 1 ⇒ z5 = 11 ⇒ z15 = 33 ⇒ (z − z ) (z + z + 1) = 0
w w ⇒ z = z = x as z + z + 1 ≠ 0 (x ≠ −1/2)
Therefore,
1 Therefore,
− w 35 = 33 ⇒ w 35 . w 33 = −1 xn = xn + x |x|n−2 + 1
w
⇒ | w 35 . w 33| = 1 ⇒ |w 33| |w 35| = 1 ⇒ w 68 = 1 ⇒ |w | = 1 ⇒ x |x|n−2 = −1
⇒ x = −1
Again
So, the number of solution is one.
w 35 . w 33 = −1
⇒ (w 33 . w 33) . w 2 = 1 ⇒ (|w |2)33 . w 2 = 1 ⇒ w = ± i ⇒ z = ± i   x -i -1
48. Given expression = i log    - p + 2 tan x = k (say)
42. See Fig. 5.46. The given relation represents the parabola with   x +i
focus (4, 0) and the imaginary axis as the directrix. Pair of tan-  x +i
log  = (k + p − 2 tan−1x)i
gents from directrix is at right angle. By symmetry greatest  x - i 
p x+i
positive argument of z is . or = eiq where q = k + p − 2 tan−1x
4 x -i
⇒ (x + i ) = (x cos q + sin q ) + i (x sin q − cos q )
x = x cos q + sin q
and
1 = x sin q − cos q
(4, 0) ⇒ x = cot(q /2) ⇒ q = 2cot−1x
⇒ k + p − 2 tan−1x = 2 cot−1x
⇒ k + p = 2 [tan−1x + cot−1x] = 2(p /2)
⇒ k + p = p ⇒ k = 0
Figure 5.46
Chapter 5.indd 224 01-01-2009 11:28:51 AM

Practice Exercise 2 z 0 - 3i
= e ip / 2 = i
 2p j 
z 0 - ( -4 + 2i )
i 
1. Let a j = e  n  1
( 9 i - 5)
⇒ z0 =
n -1
1 1 1 1 2
∑ 1- a j = 1- a + 1- a 2 +  + 1- a n-1 z-z
5.  is purely imaginary. Also,
j =1  2 
Now, arg(z) < 0
xn -1
= ( x - a )( x - a 2 )( x - a n -1) where z-z p
⇒ arg  =–
x -1  2  2
a , a 2, …, a n-1 are the nth roots of unity
6. |z - 6i| = Im(z) is a parabola having focus 6i and directrix as real
Taking log on both sides, we get
axis.
 x n - 1 p 3p
(argz)min = , (argz)max =
 = log (x - a) + log (x - a ) + … log (x - a )
log  2 n-1
4 4
 x -1 
p 3p
Differentiating both sides, we get ≤ argz ≤
4 4
(n - 1) x n - nx n -1 + 1 1 1 1
= + ++  p 3p 
x -1 x -a x -a 2 x - a n -1 ⇒ argz – arg z = 2argz ∈  ,
 2 2 
Taking lim on both sides, we get 7. |z| = 1
x→1
n -1 1 1 1 z = eiq = x + iy
= + ++ x = cos q, y = sin q
2 1- a 1- a 2 1- a n -1
cos q, sin q ∈ Q
2. (1 + w ) = C0 + C1w + C2w + … + Cnw
n 2 n
|z2n - 1|2 = (z2n - 1)( z 2n - 1) = 2 –( z 2n + z 2n )
Now,
(1 + 1)n = C0 + C1 + C2 + … + Cn = 2 - (e2inq + e–2inq )
Adding both the above equations, = 2(1 - cos 2nq ) = 4 sin2 nq
(1 + w )n + (1 + 1)n = 2C0 + C1(1 + w ) + C2(1 + w 2) + C3(1 + w 3) |z2n - 1| = 2|sin nq |
+ C4(1 + w ) + C5(1 + w 2) + C6(1 + w 3) + … sin nq = Im(einq ) = Im(eiq )n = Im(cos q + i sin q )n
+ Cn(1 + w n)
= nC1 cosn-1 q sin q - nC3 cosn-3 q sin3 q + … = rational number
= 2(C0 + C3 + C6 + …) + (C1 + C4 + C7 + …) (1 + w )
+ (C2 + C5 + C6 + …) (1 + w 2) = -w n + 2n z1 z2 z3 z 4 k 1 1 1 1
= 2n - 1 (therefore, n in a multiple of 3, w n = 1). 8. + + + = z1z2 z3 z 4 + + +
2 3 4 5 60 z1 z2 z3 z 4
3. (1 - i)z + (1 + i) z + 3 = 0, (3 + 2i) Now,
Perpendicular distance between the given point to the given
z1z1 = 2, z2 z2 = 3, z3 z3 = 4 and z 4 z 4 = 5
line is
(sin ce ,| z k | = k + 1)
(1- i )(3 + 2i ) + (1+ i )(3 - 2i ) + 3 3 + 2i - 3i + 2 + 3 - 2i + 3i + 2 + 3
=
(2 + 2 ) 2 60 60
⇒k= = = 30 = z1z2 z 4
13 z1z2 z3 z 4 2 3 4 5
=
2
9. We are finding out sum of distances of a complex number z
4. The given equation implies that the points representing the
p from origin and (cosa , sina ). This sum will be minimum if z
complex numbers 3i and -4 + 2i subtend an angle at the cir- lies on the line joining the two points and the minimum value
4 p of the sum will be the distance between the two points, i.e. 1.
cumference of the circle. So, these points subtend an angle at
2 Hence, (B) is the correct answer.
the centre of the circle as points which subtends an angle q on
circumference subtends 2q at center see Fig. 5.48. If z0 is the cor- 10. Let z = a be a real root. Then
responding complex number associated with the centre then a a2 + a + a = 0 (1)
Let a = p + iq. Then
(p + iq)a2 + a + p − iq = 0
q
⇒ pa2 + a + p = 0 and a2q − q = 0
Therefore,
a = ± 1 (since q ≠ 0)
From Eq. (1),
2q
a ± 1 + a = 0, also |a| = 1
11. a – ib will satisfy equation
a4(– z )4 + ia3(– z )3 + a2( z )2 + ia1(– z ) + a0 = 0
Figure 5.48 ⇒ −a + ib must be one of the roots
Chapter 5.indd 225 01-01-2009 11:29:04 AM

c b Eq. (1) represents square and Eq. (2) represents line segment.
12. |z1z2| = = 1 and |z1 + z2| = - = 1
a a +i
So,
x +y = 1
(z1 + z2)( z1 + z2 ) |z1 + z2|2 = 1
⇒ 2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 1
z2 z1
⇒ 2+ + =1 z +i + z − i =2
z1 z2
−i

( z + z )2
⇒ 1 2 =1
z1z2
Figure 5.49
b2
c 1 1
⇒ 2= Therefore, solutions are z = ± i, , 3 .
a a i i
⇒ b2 = ac
16. z′ = zeia (1)
Now,
z2 = z1eiq z″ = ze-ia (2)
Therefore,
⇒ |z1 + z2| = |z1| |1 + eiq |
z′z″ = z2
q q q ⇒ z′, z, z″ are in GP
= 2 cos cos + i sin
2 2 2 Now,
q q p 2p 2
 z ′   z ′′ 
2
|z1 + z2| = 2 cos = 1 ⇒ = ⇒ q =
2 2 3 3   +   = 2 cos 2a
z z
Now, ⇒ z′2 + z″2 = 2z2 cos 2a
q Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
PQ = |z2 – z1| = |z1| |eiq – 1| = 2 sin
2 z′ + z″ = 2z cos a
2p
We know that q = . Therefore,
3 17. See Fig. 5.50. Triangles ABP and CDP are similar.
PQ = |z2 – z1| = 3 Let AP = 2x and BP = 2y.
13. Since roots are imaginary. Then, CP = 5x, DP = 5y.
So, discriminant < 0 Therefore,
Therefore, 49
Ar (Trapezium ABCD) = xy
2
-b + i 4 ac - b2
a = Also,
2c 2x 2y
tana = , tanb =
-b - i 4 ac - b2 5y 5x
b =
2c and a + b = 45°
b2 4 ac - b2 a 10( x 2 + y 2 ) 10 2
|a | = |b | = 2
+ 2
= >1 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ xy = ( x + y2 )
4c 4c c 21xy 21
So, Q
1 1 1 1
+ < 1, =
a b a b 45°
A(z1) 4
14. Given OA = 1, OP = |z| = 1. Therefore, B(z2)
OA = OP 2x 2y
Now, P b°
a°
5y 5x
OP0 = |z0|
OQ = |z0| D(z4) 10 C(z3)
OP0 = OQ
z Figure 5.50
∠POP0 = arg 0
z Also,
1 z AB2 = AP2 + BP2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 4
∠AOQ = arg = arg 0
zz 0 z Therefore,
40
15. See Fig. 5.49. xy =
21
|x| + |y| = 1 (1) Hence,
|z + i| + |z – i| = 2 (2) 49 40 140
Area of ABCD = ⋅ =
2 21 3
Chapter 5.indd 226 01-01-2009 11:29:19 AM

1 200 1 1 2
18. Area (DPCB) = ⋅ 2 y ⋅ 5 x = 5xy = 24. + =
2 21 z d z f z2
80 5 ⋅ 2 10 1 1 2
5 |x - y| = 5 x 2 + y 2 - 2 xy = 5 4 -
19. |CP - DP| = = = + =
21 21 21 z d z e z3
80 5 ⋅ 2 10 1 1 2
5 x 2 + y 2 - 2 xy = 5 4 - = = + =
21 21 21 z e z f z1
20. See Fig. 5.51. By External division formula, we get 1 1 1 1 1 1 i
Z - Z Ai ⇒ + + = + + =-
ZD = B z d z e z f z1 z2 z3 2
1- i
Z B - ZC i  1 1 1
ZE = Therefore, Re  + +  = 0.
1- i  zd ze zf 
A
- z2 z3
25. ZQ = = - 2 (1 + i ) .
z1
D
26. See Fig. 5.52.
B C
q q
∠IAB = , ∠IAC =
2 2
iq
E z2 - z1 z -z -
= 4 1 e 2
| z2 - z1 | | z 4 - z1 |

iq
z3 - z1 z -z -
= 4 1 e 2
| z3 - z1 | | z2 - z1 |
Figure 5.51
Angle between AC and DE is ( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1) = ( z 4 - z1)2 eq
 Z - ZA   ( Z - Z A ) 1- i  p | z2 - z1 | | z3 - z1 | | z 4 - z1 |2
arg  C = arg  C =

 ZE - ZD   ( Z A - Z C ) i  4
C(z3)
( Z - Z C )i | 1- w 2 | 3
21. DE = A = =
1- i 2 2
I(z4)
2
Z B - ZC i w - w i q
22. ZE = =
1- i 1- i (z1)A B(z2)
z 1 + z2
D
(w + w 2 ) + i (w - w 2 ) -1- 3 2
=
2 2 Figure 5.52
Therefore, Therefore,
1+ 3 3 + 3
AE = 1+
2
=
2
( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1) = AB ⋅ AC =  AB  2  AC 
   
( z 4 - z1)2 (IA)2 IA AB 
23. AP2 + BP2 + CP2 = |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 + |z – z3|2
2
( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)  AD   AC  (since, AB = 2AD)
= 3|z|2 + |z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2 – z ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) - z (z1 + z2 + z3) 27. = 2
 IA   AD 
( z 4 - z1)2
Since DABC is equilateral, we have
⇒ ( z 4 - z1) 2 (1 + cos q ) sec q = ( z2 - z1)( z3 - z1)
|z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 2
Therefore, -( z1 + z2 - 2 z3 )( z1 + z2 - 2 z 4 ) CD ID
28. = ⋅
( z2 - z1)2 AD AD
z1 + z2 + z3 z1 + z2 + z3
= =0
3 3 -( z1 + z2 - 2 z3 )( z1 + z2 - 2 z 4 ) q
⇒ = tanq ⋅ tan
2 2
Also, |z| = 1 (since circumradius is 2). ( z2 - z1)
Therefore, q
⇒ (z2 - z1)2 tan q ⋅ tan = -( z1 + z2 - 2 z3)( z1 + z2 - 2 z 4 )
AP2 + BP2 + CP2 = 3 × 1 + 12 = 15 2
Chapter 5.indd 227 01-01-2009 11:29:59 AM

29. Let real roots be z1 and z2. Then So, |z – (5 – i)| is distance of a point on circle to the center,
z1 = z1, z2 = z2 whose radius is
Now, equation az2 + bz + c = 0 has z1 and z2 as roots. (1) z1 - z 2 1 2
r= = 2 + 42
2
az + bz + c = 0 2 2
2
2
So, the equation az + bz + c = 0 also has z1 and z2 as roots. = 5 = 5 = a ⇒a=5
2
(2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get  z  z
(C) Re   ∈(0 , 1), Im   ∈[ 0 , 1)
a b c  4  4
= =
a b c It means that if z = a + ib, then a, b ∈ (0, 4)
30. Let the imaginary roots be z1 and z2. Then,
Now,
z1 = - z1, z2 = - z2
Now, equation az2 + bz + c = 0 has z1 and z2 as roots (1) 4 4a 4bi
= +
a - ib a2 + b 2 a2 + b 2
Taking conjugate, we get
a2 + b 2
az 2 + bz + c = 0 ⇒ 0 < a, b <
4
That is, az 2 - bz + c = 0 has z1 and z2 as roots (2) ⇒ (a – 2)2 + b2 > 4 and a2 + (b – 2)2 > 4
From Eqs. (1) and (2), So, we want area inside the square and outside the two
a b c circles. Therefore,
=- = Area = 16 – 4p + (2p – 4) = 12 – 2p
a b c
31. Given 1( z 36 - 1) z - 1
|m| = 1 ⇒ mm = 1 (D) z15 (1 + z + z2 +  + z36) = = =1
z -1 z -1
Now, m is a root of az2 + bz + c = 0 (1) 33.
Taking conjugate, we get  z 2 - 1
2 (A) arg  2  = 0; z ≠ ± i
az + bz + c = 0  z + 1
a b z2 -1 z 2 -1
2
+ +c =0 = ⇒ z - z = 0, z + z = 0
z z
z2 + 1 z 2 +1
2
a + bz + cz = 0 y = 0, x = 0
2   z 2 - 1 
That is, m is a root of cz + bz + a = 0 (2) Locus of z is portion of pair of lines xy = 0 sin ce  2  > 0  .
  z + 1 
That is, Eqs. (1) and (2) have m as common root.
32. (B) | | z - cos -1 cos12 | - | z - sin-1 sin12 | | = 8 (p - 3)
(A) |a + ib| |z| = |z| |(a – 1) + ib|
Since
1 2 1
⇒ = (a - 1) + b2 and a2 + b2 =
2 2 |cos -1 cos12 - sin-1 sin12 | = 8 (p - 3)
1 Therefore, locus of z is portion of a line joining z1 and z2 except
⇒ 1 – 2a = 0 ⇒ a =
2 the segment between z1 and z2.
1 1 (C) z2 - i |z1|2 = k2 - k1
And b2 = ⇒ b =
4 2
x2 - y2 + 2ixy - il1 = l2
⇒a–b=0
(B) See Fig. 5.53. Therefore,
z l1
x2 - y2 = l2 and xy =
2
Hence, locus of z is point of intersection of hyperbolae.
1 1 p
z1
(D) z - 1- sin-1 + z + cos -1 - =1
z2 3 3 2
(6 + i ) (4 - 3i )
Since
1 1 p
1+ sin-1 + cos -1 - =1
Figure 5.53 3 3 2
z1 and z2 are end points of a diameter and z0 = 5 – i is center of Therefore, |z - z1| + |z - z2| = |z1 + z2|
the circle. Hence, locus of z is line segment joining z1 and z2.
Chapter 5.indd 228 01-01-2009 11:30:25 AM

Solved JEE 2017 Questions

JEE Main 2017 ⇒ 4x2 + 4(y + 3)2 = x2 + (y - 1)2
⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 + 36 + 24y = x2 + y2 + 1 - 2y
1. Let w be a complex number such that 2w + 1 = z, where ⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 + 36 + 24y - x2 - y2 - 1 + 2y = 0
1 1 1
⇒ 3x2 + 3y2 + 26y + 35 = 0
z = -3. If 1 -w 2 - 1 w 2 = 3k, then k is equal to:
Dividing this equation by 3, we get
1 w2 w7
26 35
(A)
z (B) -1 x2 + y2 + y+ =0
3 3
(C)
1 (D) -z
(OFFLINE) Therefore, the radius of the circle is
Solution: Applying column-reducing operation, C1 = C1 + C2 + C3, 2
169 - 105
 26  35 169 35 64 8
we get r =   - +0 = - = = =
 3 3 9 3 9 9 3
3 1 1
8
0 -(1+ w 2 ) w 2 = 3k Thus, the equation represents a circle with radius .
3
0 w2 w Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
3 1 1 æ iz - 2 ö
3. The equation lm ç + 1 = 0, z Î , z ¹ i represents a part

0 w w 2
= 3k è z - i ÷ø
2
of a circle having radius equal to
0 w w
3
(A)
1 (B)
Since 1 + w + w 2 = 0, open by C1: 4
1
3(w 2 - w 4) = 3k (C) (D) 2
2
3(-1- w - w) = 3k (ONLINE)
-3(1 + 2w) = 3k
Solution: It is given that
-3 z = 3k ⇒ k = - z
 iz - 2 
Im  + 1= 0
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).  z - i 
2. Let z ∈, the set of complex numbers, then the equation Writing z = x + iy, we have
2|z + 3i| - |z - i| = 0 represents  ix - y - 2 
8 Im  + 1= 0
(A) a circle with radius .  x + i ( y - 1) 
3
10  ix - y - 2 x - i ( y - 1) 
(B) a circle with diameter . ⇒ Im  × +1 = 0
3  x + i ( y - 1) x - i ( y - 1) 
16  ix 2 + i ( y - 1)( y + 2) - x ( y + 2) + x ( y - 1) 
(C) an ellipse with length of major axis .
3 ⇒ Im   + 1= 0
 x 2 + ( y - 1)2 
16
(D) an ellipse with length of minor axis .
9 x2 + y2 + y - 2
(ONLINE) ⇒ = -1
x 2 + ( y - 1)2
Solution: Substituting z = x + iy, then the given equation of circle
becomes ⇒ x2 + y2 + y - 2 = -x2 - y2 + 2y - 1
⇒ 2x2 + 2y2 - y - 1 = 0
2|z + 3i| - |z - i| = 0
⇒ 2|x + iy + 3i| - |x + iy - i| = 0 1 1
⇒ x2 + y2 - y - = 0
⇒ 2|x + (y + 3)i| - |x + (y - 1)i| = 0 2 2
⇒ 2|x + (y + 3)i| = |x + (y - 1)i|
Comparing this with the general equation of circle, we get the
Now,
radius of the circle (R) as
x + iy = x2 + y2
R = g2 + f 2 - c
2 2 2 2
⇒ 2 x + ( y + 3) = x + ( y - 1)
1 1 9 3
= + = =
⇒ 4( x + ( y + 3) ) = x + ( y - 1)
2 2 2 2
16 2 16 4
⇒ 4x2 + 4(y + 3)2 = x2 + (y - 1)2 Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
Chapter 5.indd 229 01-01-2009 11:30:37 AM

4. A square, of each side 2, lies above the x-axis and has one JEE Advanced 2017
vertex at the origin. If one of the sides passing through the
origin makes an angle 30° with the positive direction of the 1. Let a, b, x and y be real numbers such that a - b = 1 and y ≠ 0. If
x-axis, then the sum of the x-coordinates of the vertices of  az + b 
the complex number z = x + iy satisfies Im   = y , then
the square is  z+1 
which of the following is(are) possible value(s) of x?
(A) 3 -2 (B) 2 3 -1
(C) 3 -1 (D) 2 3 -2 -1+ 1- y 2
(A) (B) -1- 1- y 2
(ONLINE) 1+ 1+ y 2
(C) (D) 1- 1+ y 2
Solution: The given geometrical situation is depicted in the
 az + b 
following figure: Solution: It is given that z = x + iy satisfies Im   = y.
Therefore,  z+1 
Y (x2, y2)  a( x + iy ) + b 
Im  =y
 ( x + iy ) + 1 
 ax + iay + b 
⇒ Im  =y
(x1, y1)  x + iy + 1 
(x3, y3) Rationalising the above equation: Multiplying and dividing LHS by
(x + 1 - iy), we get
45°  (ax + iay + b ) ( x + 1- iy ) 

Im  × =y
60° 30°  ( x + iy + 1) ( x + 1- iy ) 
X
(0,0)
Using a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b), we get
 (ax + iay + b )( x + 1- iy ) 
From the figure, we have Im  =y
 ( x + 1)2 - ( iy )2 
 3
x1 = 2 cos 30° = 2   = 3 ,  ax 2 + ax - iayx + iaxy - i 2ay 2 + bx + b - iby 
 2 
2
Im   = y (as i = -1)
 ( x + 1)2 + y 2 
 1
and y1 = 2 sin 30° = 2   = 1  (ax 2 + ax + ay 2 + bx + b ) + i (axy - ayx + ay - by ) 
2
Therefore,
Im  =y
 ( x + 1)2 + y 2 
 2 2  Rearranging LHS, we get
x 2 = Re ( x1 + iy1)  (cos 45°+ 0° sin 45°)  
  2  
 [(ax 2 + bx ) + (ax + b ) + ay 2 ] + i (ay -by ) 
Im 
  = y
= Re[( 3 + 1)(1+ i )] ( x + 1)2 + y 2
 
= Re[ 3 + i + 3i - 1] ay - by
Þ = y (as Im of the value in bracket is coefficient of i)
Now, ( x + 1)2 + y 2
x 2 = 3 -1
⇒ y (a - b ) = y (( x + 1)2 + y 2 ) ⇒ (a - b ) = ( x + 1)2 + y 2
and y 2 = Im[ 3 + i + 3i - 1] Þ y 2 = 1+ 3
Also, It is given that a - b = 1 and y ≠ 0. Therefore,
 1 1 = (x + 1)2 + y2
x 3 = -2 cos 60° = -2   = -1
 2 ⇒ 1 - y2 = (x + 1)2
Therefore, the sum of the x-coordinates of the vertices of the ⇒ ( x + 1) = ± 1- y 2 (as x 2 = b Þ x = ± b )

square is
⇒ 1 = -1± 1- y 2
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = 3 + 3 - 1- 1+ 0
= 2 3 -2 or x = -1+ 1- y 2 and x = -1- 1- y 2
Hence, the correct answer is option (D). Hence, the correct answers are options (A) and (B).
Chapter 5.indd 230 01-01-2009 11:30:54 AM

6 Quadratic Equations
6.1 Polynomial 6.4 Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation

Algebraic expression formed by terms of the form cxn, n being a The quantity D (D = b2 − 4ac) is known as the discriminant of a
non-negative integer, is called a polynomial. quadratic equation.
Or
An equation of the form
6.5 Nature of Roots
anxn + an − 1xn − 1 + an − 2xn − 2 + ... + a1x + a0 = 0 (1)
For a quadratic equation,
(where a0 , a1, …, an are real coefficients, an ≠ 0 and x is a real variable
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
or a complex variable) is called a polynomial equation of degree n
(the highest power of variable x in a polynomial is called the the discriminant D = b2 − 4ac.
degree of polynomial). This equation is called a linear equation if The nature of roots are given as follows:
n = 1, quadratic equation if n = 2, cubic equation if n = 3, biquadratic
1. If a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0, then
equation if n = 4 and so on.
Example: f(x) = 5x5 + 2x4 - 8x3 - 2x2 + 4x + 5. (a) The quadratic equation has complex roots with non-zero
imaginary parts if and only if D < 0, that is, b2 − 4ac < 0. If p
6.1.1 Real Polynomial + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation
If ai (i = 1, 2, 3, …, n) are real numbers and x is a real variable, then where i = −1 , then p − iq is also a root of the quadratic
Eq. (1) is known as a real polynomial with real coefficients. equation.
Example: f(x) = 2x2 + 4x - 5 is a real polynomial. (b) The quadratic equation has real and distinct roots if and
only if D > 0, that is, b2 − 4ac > 0.
6.1.2 Complex Polynomial −b + D −b − D
Roots are, namely, a = and b = , and
If ai (i = 1, 2, 3, . . ., n) are complex numbers and x is a complex var- 2a 2a
iable, then Eq. (1) is known as a complex polynomial with complex then ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x − a )( x − b ).
coefficients. (c) The quadratic equation has real and equal roots, only if D = 0,
Example: 2x2 - (3 + 4i)x + (6i - 4) is a complex polynomial. that is, b2 − 4ac = 0.
b
Roots are, namely, a = b = − and then ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x − a )2
6.2 Definition of a Quadratic Equation 2 2a
ax + bx + c = a ( x − a )2 .
2
An equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are
real numbers, is called a quadratic equation. The numbers a, b and c (d) The quadratic equation has real roots if D ≥ 0.
are called the coefficients of the quadratic equation. 2. If a, b, c ∈ Q and a ≠ 0, then
(a) Roots are unequal and rational if D > 0 and D is a perfect
square.
6.3 Root of a Quadratic Equation (b) Roots are irrational and unequal if D > 0 and D is not a
A root of the quadratic equation is a number a (real or complex) perfect square.
2
such that aa + ba + c = 0. The roots of the quadratic equation are 3
. Conjugate roots: The irrational and complex roots of a quad-
given by ratic equation always occur in pairs. Therefore
− b ± b2 − 4 ac (a) If one root is a + i b , then the other root will be a − i b .
x=
2a
(b) If one root is a + b , then the other root will be a − b .
Let a and b be the two roots of the given quadratic equation. 4. Let D and D be the discriminants of two quadratic equations.
1 2
Then Now,
b c If D1 + D2 ≥ 0, then at least one of D1 and D2 ≥ 0.
(a)
a + b = − and ab =
a a If D1 + D2 < 0, then at least one of D1 and D2 < 0.
(b)
Mathematical Problem Book for JEE.indb 231 06-06-2018 20:39:00

5. In a particular condition: Solution:

(a) If b = 0, then the roots are equal in magnitude and oppo- The given equation ( x − a)( x − b ) + ( x − b )( x − c ) + ( x − c )( x − a) = 0
site in sign.
b can be rewritten as 3 x 2 − 2(a + b + c ) x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0. Now,
(b) If c = 0, then one root is zero and the other one is − .
a
(c) If b = c = 0, then both the roots are zero. D = 4[(a + b + c )2 − 3(ab + bc + ca)]
(d) If a = c, then the roots are reciprocal to each other.
= 4[a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac ]
(e) If a > 0 , c < 0 or a < 0 , c > 0, then the roots are of opposite
signs. = 2[(a − b )2 + (b − c )2 + (c − a)2 ] ≥ 0
(f) If a > 0 , b > 0 and c > 0 or a < 0 , b < 0 and c < 0, then both
Hence, both the roots are always real.
the roots are negative, provided D ≥ 0.
(g) If a > 0 , b < 0 and c > 0 or a < 0 , b > 0 and c < 0 , then both Illustration 6.4 If the roots of equation (b - c)x2 + (c - a)x + (a - b)
the roots are positive, provided D ≥ 0. = 0 are equal, then prove that a, b and c are in HP.
(h) If sign of a = sign of b ≠ sign of c, then the root greater in
magnitude is negative. Solution:
(i) If sign of b = sign of c ≠ sign of a, then the root greater in Using property 5( j) (given in Section 6.5).
magnitude is positive.
c b−c +c −a+a−b = 0
(j) If a + b + c = 0, then one root is 1 and second root is .
a
(k) If a = b = c = 0, then the equation will become an identity Hence, one root is 1. Also as roots are equal, other root will also be
and will be satisfied by every value of x. equal to 1.
(l) If a = 1 and b, c ∈ I and the roots of equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 Also,
are rational numbers, then these roots must be integers.
(m) If a, b and c are odd integers, then the roots of quadratic a−b a−b
a ⋅b = ⇒ 1⋅1 = ⇒ a − b = b − c ⇒ 2b = a + c
equation cannot be rational. b−c b−c
p a b
Illustration 6.1 If c ≠ 0 and the equation = + has Hence a, b and c are in HP.
2x x + c x − c
equal roots, then find the value of p. 1 1 1
Illustration 6.5 If the roots of equation + = are
Solution: From the given equation, we can derive that x+p x+q r
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then find the value of
p ( a + b ) x + c (b − a ) ( p + q )?
=
2x x2 − c2
Solution: The given equation can be written as
⇒ (2a + 2b − p) x2 − 2c (a − b) x + pc2 = 0
For equal roots, x 2 + ( p + q − 2r ) x + [ pq − ( p + q )r ] = 0
c2 (a − b)2 − pc2 (2a + 2b − p) = 0 The roots are equal and opposite in sign. Therefore, sum of the
⇒ (a − b)2 − 2p (a + b) + p2 = 0 roots = 0. Hence,
⇒ [p − (a + b) ]2 = (a + b)2 − (a − b)2 = 4ab
−( p + q − 2r ) = 0 ⇒ p + q = 2r
⇒ p − (a + b) = ± 2 ab ⇒ p = ( a ± b )2
Illustration 6.6 If a and b are roots of the equation x2 + 2ax + b = 0,
Illustration 6.2 Let a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0. Then prove that both
form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients one of whose
the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 have negative real parts.
roots is
Solution: We have
a + b + a2 + b2
2
D = b − 4 ac
Solution: Given
If D ≥ 0, then the roots of the equation are given by
a + b = − 2a and ab = b.
−b ± D
x= Clearly roots of the required equation will be a + b + a 2 + b 2
2a
2 2
As D = b2 − 4 ac < b2 ( a > 0, c > 0), it follows that the roots of the and a + b − a + b .
quadratic equation are negative. Hence, the sum of the roots of the required equation is 2(a + b )
If D < 0, the roots of the equation are given by = − 4a, and the product of the roots of the required equation is
(a + b )2 − (a 2 + b 2) = 2ab = 2b.
−b ± i − D
x= Hence, the required equation is
2a
x2 + 4ax + 2b = 0
which have negative real parts.
Illustration 6.3 Prove that both the roots of equation (x - a)(x - b) Illustration 6.7 Find the total number of values of a so that
+ (x - b)(x - c) + (x - c)(x - a) = 0 are always real. x2 − x − a = 0 has integral roots, where a ∈ N, 6 ≤ a ≤ 100.

Chapter 6 | Quadratic Equations 233
Again, sum of roots = − 4 and product of roots = − 1.

Key Points: Since all the coefficients of the given equation are
integers, hence for roots to be integer discriminant must be a Hence, the required equation is x 2 + 4 x − 1 = 0 .
perfect square.
Illustration 6.10 If a ≠ b, but a 2 = 5a − 3, b 2 = 5 b − 3, then
Solution: From the given equation, we have a b
find the equation whose roots are and .
D = 1 + 4a b a
which is an odd integer. Solution:
Hence, it will be in the form of D = (2l + 1)2. This means a b a 2 + b 2 5a − 3 + 5 b − 3 ésince, a = 5a - 3ù
2
S= + = = ê ú
1 + 4a = 1 + 4l2 + 4l ⇒ a = l(l + 1) b a ab ab b 2 = 5 b - 3 úû
ëê
Hence, a should be in the form of product of two consecutive inte- 5(a + b ) − 6 , p = a ⋅ b = 1 ⇒ p = 1
gers. Since a ∈ [6, 100], therefore =
ab b a
a = 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, 72, 90
a and b are roots of x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 0. Therefore, a + b = 5, ab = 3. So
Thus, a can attain 8 different values.
5(5) − 6 19
S= =
3 3
6.6 Identity Therefore,
If the quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two distinct 19
numbers (real or complex), then it becomes an identity, that is, x2 − x + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3 x 2 − 19 x + 3 = 0
3
a = b = c = 0.
( x − a)( x − b ) ( x − c )( x − b ) ( x − c )( x − a) Illustration 6.11 Let a and b be the roots of the equation
For example, + + =1
(c − a)(c − b ) (a − c )(a − b ) (b − a)(b − c ) x 2 + x + 1 = 0. Then find the equation whose roots are a 19, b 7.
is satisfied by three values of x which are a, b and c. Hence, this is Solution: Roots of x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are
an identity in x.
( x − a)( x − b ) 2 ( x − c )( x − b ) 2 ( x − c )( x − a) 2 x = −1± 1− 4 and −1± 3i = w , w 2
Illustration 6.8 Let p( x ) = c + a + b 2 2
(c − a)(c − b ) (a − c )(a − b ) (b − a)(b − c )
2 ( x − c )( x − b ) 2 ( x − c )( x − a ) 2 2
c + a + b , a ≠ b ≠ c. Prove that p(x) has the property that Take a = w , b = w . Therefore,
(a − c )(a − b ) (b − a)(b − c )
p(y) = y2 for all y ∈ R. a 19 = w 19 = w , b 7 = (w 2 )7 = w 14 = w 2
Solution: Note that Hence, required equation is x 2 + x + 1 = 0.

P(a) = a2, P(b) = b2 and P(c) = c2
Illustration 6.12 If a and b are the roots of 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, show
Consider the polynomial Q(x) = P(x) − x2. Q(x) has degree at most 2. 1− a 1− b
Also Q(a) = Q(b) = Q(c) = 0 ⇒ Q(x) has 3 distinct roots. that the equation whose roots are and is x2 − 2x
1+ a 1+ b
It follows that Q(x) is identically zero, that is, Q(y) = 0 ∀ y ∈ R. + 3 = 0.
P(y) − y2 = 0 ∀ y ∈ R ⇒ P(y) = y2 ∀ y ∈ R Solution: We have
2 1
a+b= − and ab =
6.7 Formation of a Quadratic Equation 3 3
If a and b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation Suppose
will be 1−a 1− b
g = and d =
(x − a) (x − b ) = 0 1+ a 1+ b
or x2 − x (a + b ) + ab = 0
Then
or x2 − Sx + P = 0
2
where S is the sum of the roots and P is the product of the roots. 2−
1−a 1− b 2 − 2a b 3 =2
S = g +d = + = =
Illustration 6.9 Find the quadratic equation whose one root is 1 + a 1 + b 1+ (a + b ) + a b 1− 2 + 1
1 3 3
.
2+ 5 2 1
1+ +
(1 − a ) (1 − b ) 1− (a + b ) + a b 3 3 =3
Solution: Given root P = gd = = =
(1 + a )(1 + b ) 1+ (a + b ) + a b 1− 2 + 1
1 2− 5 3 3
= = = −2 + 5
2+ 5 −1
Hence, the required equation is
Therefore, other root is -2 - 5. x2 − Sx + P = 0 ⇒ x2 − 2x + 3 = 0

Chapter 4.indd 184 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4.indd 184 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4.indd 184 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4.

indd 184 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM

Chapter 5.indd 185 01-01-2009 11:19:02 AM

ONTO. It is therefore possible to go over to a point from Z, or Therefore,

Chapter 5.indd 186 01-01-2009 11:19:11 AM

 p (iv) Division: See Fig. 5.4.

Chapter 5.indd 187 01-01-2009 11:19:25 AM

B(Z2) Properties of modulus

Chapter 5.indd 188 01-01-2009 11:19:39 AM

• Unimodular, that is, unit modulus ⇒ Z1 + Z 2 ≤ r1 + r2

Proof: If Z = x + iy, then

= (r1 cosq1 + r2 cosq 2 ) + i (r1 sinq1 + r2 sinq 2 ) | |z| − 5| ≤ |z − 2 + i | ≤ 2

Chapter 5.indd 189 01-01-2009 11:19:54 AM

1 Illustration 5.7 If Z1 and Z2 be two complex numbers such that

1  1 1 ⇒ Z1Z1 - 2 Z1Z 2 - 2 Z1Z 2 + 4 Z 2 Z 2 = 4 - 2 Z1Z 2 - 2 Z1Z 2 + Z1Z1Z 2 Z 2

a+ a +4 2 as the principal argument of Z and is denoted by arg Z. The argu-

Chapter 5.indd 190 01-01-2009 11:20:11 AM

(OC )2 - (CP )2 = (25)2 - (15)2 = 20  z

Tangent from P(z)

Chapter 5.indd 191 01-01-2009 11:20:18 AM

⇒ arg ( z 2 + zz1/ 3 ) - arg( z 2 / 3 ) = 0

Chapter 5.indd 192 01-01-2009 11:20:37 AM

10. If z1 = z2 = z3  = z n = 1, then prove that By adding we get

Solution: If n be odd = 2m + 1, then

= cos ( mq + nj ) + i sin ( mq + nj ) x 3 = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2kp + i sin 2kp

Chapter 5.indd 193 01-01-2009 11:20:58 AM

Y 2. Some useful results

Chapter 5.indd 194 01-01-2009 11:21:06 AM

2 2 x 5 = ( 3 - 1) + i ( 3 + 1) Sum of the Roots

 5p 3 -1 5p 3 + 1 Thus, the sum of the roots of unity is zero.

Chapter 5.indd 195 01-01-2009 11:21:19 AM

Chapter 5.indd 196 01-01-2009 11:21:30 AM

Applying the coni method, we get

Chapter 5.indd 197 01-01-2009 11:21:40 AM

5.10 Theory of Equations with Complex

Chapter 5.indd 198 01-01-2009 11:21:50 AM

z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 5.12 Section Formula

5.11 Logarithms of a Complex Number Figure 5.22

Chapter 5.indd 199 01-01-2009 11:22:03 AM

2 The symmetry of this result in a, b, c and A, B, C indicates that

Figure 5.24 AB ⋅ AD ⋅ sin ∠ BAD c sin ( 90° - C )

Chapter 5.indd 200 01-01-2009 11:22:14 AM

R sin 2C sin 2B + sin 2C where a is a complex number and b is a real number.

Figure 5.26 • General equation of the line:

z - z1 z - z1 This is the general equation of a line in the complex plane.

Chapter 5.indd 201 01-01-2009 11:22:27 AM

• Equation of perpendicular bisector: Consider a line seg-  Z - Z2 

Illustration 5.26 Show that the equation ZZ + aZ + aZ + b2 = 0

Chapter 5.indd 202 01-01-2009 11:22:40 AM

Similarly, Therefore, the locus of Z subject to the condition arg

Chapter 5.indd 203 01-01-2009 11:22:55 AM

Chapter 5.indd 204 01-01-2009 11:23:08 AM

Chapter 5.indd 205 01-01-2009 11:23:24 AM

 p p Similarly, it is possible to prove pp qq rr = (qq )3 = (rr )3 . This gives

Z12 + Z 22 + Z 32 - Z1Z 2 - Z 2 Z 3 - Z 3 Z = 0  (5)

Chapter 5.indd 206 01-01-2009 11:23:44 AM

| Z1 - Z 2 | = | Z 2 - Z 3 | = | Z 3 - Z1 | 10. Solve the equation Z + a | Z + 1| + i = 0 (a is a real number ≥ 1).

8. Find all non-zero complex numbers satisfying Z = iZ 2 . x + iy + a x 2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2 + i = 0

5.10 Theory of Equations with Complex

5.11 Logarithms of a Complex Number Figure 5.22

Z12 + Z 22 + Z 32 - Z1Z 2 - Z 2 Z 3 - Z 3 Z = 0 (5)

1 1 17. The number of complex number z such that z - 1 = z + 1 = z - i

6.1 Polynomial 6.4 Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation