134 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

32. Given equation is

⇒ cos 4 x ≥ cos2 x
2
sin x + cos x = y − y + a
⇒ cos 4 x = cos2 x
we know that − 2 ≤ sin x + cos x ≤ 2 . p
⇒ x = (2n + 1)
Now, the given equation with root be satisfied for any x if 2
y 2 − y + a ≥ 2 or y 2 − y + a ≤ − 2 , for all y, which is not
37. Given inequality is
possible
Therefore,  x  x 1
sin4   + cos 4   ≤
2  3  3 2
 1 1
  y −  +a− ≥ 2 1 2x 1
 2 4 ⇒ 1− sin2 ≤
1 2 3 2
⇒a − ≥ 2 ⇒ a ≥ 1.65 2x
4 ⇒ sin2 ≥1
That is, 3
a ∈( 3 , ∞ ) 2x 2x 2x p
But sin2 ≤ 1 and sin2 = 1⇒ = np ± , n ∈I .
33. Given equation is 3 3 3 2
Therefore,
(2cos x − 1) (3 + 2cos x) = 0
1  3  3np 3p 
⇒ cos x = since cos x ≠ −  x ∈R −  x x = ± , n ∈I 
2  2  2 4 
Therefore,
38. Hint: 0 ≤ cos2 x , cos2 2 x ≤ 1
p 5p
x= ,  −p p 
3 3 cos2 2x < cos2 x ∀ x ∈ , −0
 3 3 
 p 5p 
⇒solution set is  ,   p p
3 3  Thus in general ∀x ∈ np − , np +  − (np ).
 3 3
2 2 2
34. We have 4 cosec (p (a + x )) = − a + 4 a = 4 − (a − 2) .
 p 3p 
39. Hint: cos x < 0 , ∀x ∈ ,
The minimum value of 4 cosec2 (p (a + x )) = 4  2 2 
[since cosec x ∈[1, ∞ )]
and the maximum value of − a2 + 4 a is 4 at a = 2. sin(1− x ) = cos x
Thus, the given relation is true for only a = 2. ⇒ sin (1 − x) = cos x
p p n p 
35. Given sin + cos = ⇒ cos  − (1− x ) = cos x
2 n
2 n 2 2 
p p p  p p 
We have sin + cos n = 2 sin  + n   
, which lies in ⇒ x = 2np ±  − (1− x )
2n 2 4 2  2 
[ − 2 , 2 ] . Therefore,
On simplifying, we get
n n p 1 3p 1 7p 1
∈[ − 2 , 2 ] ⇒ ≤ 2 x = np − + ⇒ x = + and +
2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
⇒ n ≤2 2 ⇒n≤8 3p 1
But at x = + , cos x < 0. Thus,
4 2
We note that n = 1 does not satisfy the given equation and for
7p 1
n > 1, x= +
4 2
p p p p p p  p
≥ + n > ⇒ sin  + n  > sin 40. Draw graph.
2 4 2 4  4 2  4
|sin x| = |x − 1|
p p  n y
⇒ 2 sin  + n  > 1⇒ > 1 ⇒n > 4
4 2  2
Hence, 4 < n ≤ 8.
36. Given equation is x
O
2 2 2 1
sin 4 x − 2 sin 4 x ⋅ cos x + cos x = 0
For sin x to be real, D ≥ 0. So 41. Hint: sin x∈[−1, 1]
4
4 cos x − 4 cos x ≥ 0 2 3 sin2 x − 6 sin x − sin x + 2 = 0 (3sin x−1) (sin x−2) = 0

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 Chapter 3 | Trigonometric Equation and Inequation 135

sin x = 2 not possible

⇒ 4 sin2 x = 1 or 4 sin2 x = 3
1
sin x = , 6 solutions 1 3
3 ⇒ sin x = ± or sin x = ±
2 2
42. Hint: sin x = 1−x
 p
One solution in  0 ,  .
 2 √3/2
1/2
43. Hint: sin x∈[−1, 1]

4 sin2 x cos2 x + 4 sin x cos x − 4 = 0

Let    t = sin 2x⇒sin2 2 x + 2 sin 2 x − 4 = 0

Then
Figure 3.8
t 2 + 2t − 4 = 0 ⇒ t = −1± 5⇒t > 1, t < −1 2
47. Hint: 0 ≤ sin y ≤ 1
Thus, sin 2x = t has no solution.
⇒ sin2 y = 4 x 2 − 4 x + 2.
44. Hint: −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
1 Let f ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 4 x + 2 = (2 x − 1)2 + 1
2 sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x  = n
2 f(x) has minimum value
⇒ 1− cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 2n 1
   ⇒ at x = , sin2 y = 1
 p 2
⇒ 1+ 2 sin  2 x −  = 2n
 4 f(x) has D < 0
 p  2n − 1
⇒ sin  2 x −  = ⇒ f(x) ≥ 0 (2x − 1)2 + 1 = sin2y
 4 2
1
Hence, −1 ≤ sin y ≤ 1. Only values of n which satisfy this are ⇒ x = , cos y = 0
2
n = 0, n = 1. So, there are only two solutions.
Therefore,
45. Hint: −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1, − 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, only possible when p 1
y = (2n + 1) minimum value at x =
sin x = 1, cos ax = 1 2 2
⇒ ax = 2mp
⇒ x = 2np + p/2 1 (2n + 1)2 p 2
x2 + y2 ≤ 3 ⇒ + ≤3
⇒ a(4n + 1)p/2 = 2mp 4 4
4m 1+ (2n + 1)2 p 2 ≤ 12
⇒ a=
4n + 1
4m (2n + 1)2 p 2 ≤ 11
a= is a rational number.
2n + 1 Only satisfies when n = 0, −1
1 p 
1  ,  
46. Hint: t + = a can be expressed as quadratic. 2 2 
t That is, only two solutions satisfy 
 1 −p  
See Fig. 3.8.  , 
2 2  
= 3.(1+ 9 )
2 2
34 sin x
+ 34 cos x
48. | 4 sin x − 1| < 5 ⇒ − 5 < 4 sin x − 1 < 5
+ 81(1− cos x ) = 30
2 2
⇒ 81sin x

2 81 − 5 +1 5 +1 p 3p
⇒ 81sin x + = 30 ⇒ < sin x < ⇒ <x<
sin2 x
81 4 4 10 10
2
Let 81sin x
= t . Then we have 49. q  is in the third quadrant. So

81 1 7p
t+ = 30 sinq = − = sin
t 2 6
⇒ t 2 − 30t + 81 = 0 1 7p
tanq = = tan
3 6
⇒ (t − 3)(t − 27) = 0
7p
2 2 q = 2np +
So,     81sin x
= 3 or 81sin x
= 27 6

Chapter 3.indd 135 01-01-2009 1:10:23 AM

 136 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

50. 1− sin2 q + sinq + 1 = 0 ⇒ sin2 q − sinq − 2 = 0 a

54. Hint: Sum to infinite terms of a GP = , |r |<1
1− r
1± 1+ 8 1± 3
⇒ sinq = = ⇒ sinq = −1 1
2 2
1+ sin x = 1− cos 2 x
Therefore, 1 1+ cos 2 x
p p
q = 2np − = ( 4 n − 1) 1− sin x
2 2
For n = 1, 2, we have 1− sin x 1− cos 2 x
⇒ =
1+ sin x 1+ cos 2 x
3p 7p  −5p 7p 
q= , ⇒ q ∈ , 
2 2  4 4 Applying componendo and dividendo, we have
51. Hint: Equate powers. p 
sin x = cos 2 x ⇒ sin x = sin  − 2 x 
2 2 
sin x − 3 sin x + 2 = 0 . When cos x = 1, we have x = 2np
When sinx = 1, we have p p
⇒ 3x = ⇒x=
p p 2 6
sin x = sin ⇒ x = np + ( −1)n
2 2 Multiplying by sin on both sides, we get
But x cannot be any multiple of p /2. Thus there is no solution.
p
2 sin x = sin
52. Hint: ax + bx + c = a( x − a )( x − b ) 6
p
16sin
2
x
+ 161− sin
2
x
= 10 ⇒ x = np + ( −1)n
6
+ 16 ⋅16 − sin
2 2
⇒16sin x x
= 10
55. Hint: a2 + b2 ≠ − c 2
2
sin x 16
⇒16 + 2 = 10
16sin x
cos 2 x + cos 2 y + 2 tan2 x + 2 = 0

Let 16sin
2
x
= t . Then ⇒ 2 cos2 x − 1+ 2 cos2 y − 1+ 2 tan2 x + 2 = 0
⇒ cos2 x + cos2 y + tan2 x = 0
16
⇒ t + = 10 ⇒ t 2 + 16 − 10t = 0 ⇒ cos2 x + tan2 x = − cos2 y
t
⇒ (t − 2)(t − 8 ) = 0 ⇒ t = 2, 8 which is never possible.
56. See Fig. 3.9.
1
= 2 ⇒ 2 ⇒ 4 sin2 x = 2 , 4 sin2 x = 1 ⇒sin x = ± .
2
When 16sin x
2 4 sin2 x − 6 sin x − 2 sin x + 3 ≤ 0

2 2 3
When 16sin x = 8 ⇒ 24 sin x = 23⇒ sin x = ± interval is     ⇒2sin x(2sin x − 3) − 1(2sin x − 3) ≤ 0
2
[0, 2p].
+ − +
From the graph of sin x in the interval [0, 2p ], it is clear that 1/2 1 3/2
there are 8 solutions.
Figure 3.9
53. Hint: For real values of x, the discriminant of a quadratic equa-
⇒(2sin x−1) (2sin x−3) ≤ 0 ⇒ 2sin x − 1 ≤ 0 and 2sin x − 3 ≥ 0 or
tion is greater than or equal to zero.
2sin x − 1 ≥ 0 and 2sin x − 3 ≤ 0
Given equation is r 4 − 2r 2 + 3 − 2 sinq = 0 .
The above equation is quadratic in r 2 . For the real values of r 2 , 1 3
sin x ≥ or sin x ≤
discriminant > 0. Therefore, 2 2
4 − 4(3 − 2sin q ) ≥ 0  p 5p 
⇒ x ∈ , 
⇒1 − 3 + 2sin q ≥ 0 6 6 
⇒− 2 + 2sin q ≥ 0 ⇒sin q ≥ 1 (1)
 p 5p 
That is, the above inequality holds only at sinq = 1. Hence, the required solution is  , .
6 6 
p p p
Possible value of q = , 2p + , 4p + p
2 2 2 57. Hint: sec= 2
4
And r 4 − 2r 2 + 3 − 2 = 0 ⇒ (r 2 − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ r = −1, 1 p
Only q = satisfies the given equation.
Hence, number of ordered pair of (r , q ) is 6. 4

Chapter 3.indd 136 01-01-2009 1:10:39 AM

 Chapter 3 | Trigonometric Equation and Inequation 137

58. Hint: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , for real b2 − 4 ac ≥ 0 Practice Exercise 2

1. AM ≥ GM. Also
4 1
+ =a 2
a 2
a
sin x 1− sin x f ( x ) = 2 (AM of p sec cos2 a and p cosec sin2 a )
⇒ 4 − 4 sin x + sin x = a sin x(1 − sin x)
Using AM > GM we see that
⇒ 4 − 3 sin x = a sin x − a sin2 x 2
a 2
a
f ( x ) ³ 2 (G M of p sec cos2 a and p cosec sin2 a )
⇒ a sin2 x − (a + 3)sin x + 4 = 0
a a
sin2 a ) = sin 2a (p 2 /sin ( 2a ) )
2 2 2
= 2 (p sec cos2 a )(p cosec
The above is a quadratic equation for sin x. For the real values
of sin x, discriminant ≥ 0. So 2
Now let g(x) = x p 2 / x is a decreasing function for x ∈ (0, 1).
⇒ (a + 3)2 − 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ a ≥ 0 Also for 0 < a < p/2, sin 2a ∈ (0, 1).
⇒ a2 + 6a + 9 − 16a ≥ 0 Therefore, g (sin2a ) > g (1) > p 2
⇒ a2 − 10a + a ≥ 0 2. The given equality is possible if and only if sinx and cosx are of
⇒ ( a− 9) (a − 1) ≥ 0 same sign, which is true only in Ist and IIIrd quadrants.
⇒ a ≥ 9, a ≥ 1 2
 1 1
But a = 1 does not satisfy. Therefore, a = 9. 3. y2 − y + a =  y −  + a −
 2 4
59. Hint: ax 2 + bx + c = x 2 − x (a + b ) + ab , a , b are the roots of Since − 2 ≤ sin x + cos x ≤ 2, given equation will have no real
the equation. 1
value of x for any y if a − > 2, that is a ∈ ( 3, ∞) (as 2+ 1/4
1 < 3). 4
cot x cot y = k ⇒ = tan x ⋅ tan y
k
4. The maximum value of cos2(cosq ) is 1 and that of sin2(sinq ) is
p tan x + tan y
tan( x + y ) = tan ⇒ = 3 sin21. Both exist for q  = p/2. Hence maximum value is 1+ sin21.
3 1− tan x ⋅ tan y 5. cosA⋅cosB + sinA⋅sinB⋅sinC ≤ cos(A − B) = 1.
tan x + tan y 3 (k − 1) 6. 2 cosx + cos2kx = 3
⇒ = 3 ⇒ tan x + tan y =
1 k  x
1− ⇒ 2  1− 2 sin2  + 1 − 2 sin2kx = 3
k  2
Therefore, the quadratic equation whose roots are tan x and x
  ⇒ 2 sin2 + sin2kx = 0  (1)
tan y is given by 2

3 (k − 1) 1 x
t 2 − t+ =0 Since sin2 and sin2kx are both positive, Eq. (1) is possible only
k k 2
x
⇒ kt 2 − 3 (k − 1) t + 1 = 0 if sin2 = 0 and sin2kx = 0.
2
Therefore, x = 0, ± 2p, ± 4p , . . . . But for Eq. (1) to have unique
60. Hint: For the increasing function f ′( x ) > 0. solution, the possible value of k must be irrational. Therefore, k
= 2 is the possible option.
x 3 + 2 x 2 + 5 x = −2 cos x
Let 7. sin x + sin 3x − 3 sin 2x = cos x + cos 3x − 3 cos 2x
3 2 2 ⇒2 sin 2x cos x − 3 sin 2x = 2 cos x cos 2x − 3 cos 2x
f ( x ) = x + 2 x + 5 x = x ( x + 2 x + 5)
⇒sin 2x (2 cos x − 3) = cos 2x (2 cos x − 3)
⇒(2 cos x − 3) (sin 2x − cos 2x) = 0 (Since cos x ≠ 3/2)
The term in the bracket has no root.
Therefore, sin 2x = cos 2x
Also, f’(x) > 0 and so f(x) is always increasing.
From the graph (Fig. 3.10), it is clear that in (0, 2p ) equations p np p
tan 2x = 1 ⇒2x = np + ⇒x = + ,n∈I
do not have any solution. 4 2 8
8. (x + 3)2 + 3 + 3 sin(a + bx) = 0
x 3 + 2p 2 + 5 − p
(0, 2) Now, x = −3, so
sin(a + bx) = −1
  ⇒sin(a − 3b) = −1
p
  ⇒a − 3b = (4n − 1) , n ∈ I
p , 0
 p 2p 2
3p
2
 As n = 1, Therefore, a − 3b = ⇒cos(a − 3b) = 0.
2
  9. We have
(0, −2)
2 sin x cos x
2 sin2x + =n
Figure 3.10 2

Chapter 3.indd 137 01-01-2009 1:10:52 AM

 138 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

sin2 x ⇒(y − 1)t2 + ((2 − d)y + 1)t + y − 1 = 0

⇒ 1 − cos2x + =n
2 D ≥ 0 ⇒y2(4 − (2 − d)2) − 2(6 − d)y + 3 ≤ 0
⇒ sin2x − 2 cos2x = 2n − 2 Also, 3y2 − 10y + 3 ≤ 0
⇒ − 5 ≤ 2n − 2 ≤ 5
4 − (2 − d )2 −2(6 − d ) 3
− 5 5 ⇒ = =
⇒ ≤ n − 1≤ 3 −10 3
2 2 4 − (2 − d )2
−2(6 − d ) 3
5 5 ⇒ = = ⇒d=1
⇒ 1− ≤ n ≤ 1+ 3 −10 3
2 2
⇒ n = 0, 1, 2
15. ( 4 + sin 4 x ) (2 + cot2 y ) (1+ sin4 z ) £ 12 sin2 z
æ 1+ sin4 z ö
10.
4
+
8 
≥ 2
32 
=
1/ 2
16
≥ 16 (
Þ ( 4 + sin 4 x ) 2 + cot2 y ç )
ç sin2 z ÷÷
£ 12
sin x cos x  sin x cos x  sin 2 x è ø
But AM = GM and sin2x = 1 cannot occur simultaneously ( )( )
Þ ( 4 + sin 4 x ) 2 + cot2 y sin2 z + cos ec 2 z £ 12
4 8
Therefore, +
sin x cos x
> 16 ( 2
) ( 2
)
Iff ( 4 + sin 4 x ) ³ 3, 2 + cot y ³ 2 and sin z + cos ec 2 z ³ 2, then
least value of
Also
32
=
64
≥ 64 ( )( )
( 4 + sin 4 x ) 2 + cot2 y sin2 z + cos ec 2 z ³ 12
sin x cos x sin 2 x
From the question, we can see that only below equality holds
Therefore,
4 + sin 4 x = 3, 2 + cot2 y = 2,sin2 z + cos ec 2 z = 2
 4 8  32
(1+ 4 cosecx )(1+ 8 sec x ) = 1+  + + sin 4 x = -1,cot2 y = 0 ,sin2 z = 1
 sin x cos x  sin x cos x
> 1+ 16 + 64 = 81 ì 3p 7p 11p 15p ü
sin 4 x = -1, x Î í , , , ý
î 8 8 8 8 þ
 1  1 
11.  1+ n   1+ ì p 3p ü
 sin q   cosn q  cot2 y = 0 , x Î í , ý
î2 2 þ
Now,
ì p 3p ü
1
f (q ) = 1+ n +
1
+ n
1 sin2 z = 1, x Î í , ý
sin q cos q sin q cosn q
n î2 2 þ
and
16. (cos q − sin q )(cos2 q + sin q cos q + sin2 q − sin q cos q )
n
d n n 2 n  p
f (q ) = − n +1 cos q + sinq − 2 cos 2q = 0 = −4 2 sin  q −  > 0
dq sin q cosn +1q (sin 2q )n +1  4
p
will give q =  p
4 Now, sin  q −  is negative. Hence,
 4
p
Hence, f(q )min will occur at q = . p
4 (2n − 1)p  < q − < 2np
4
q q
3 tan − tan3 17. See Fig. 3.11.
12. tan q = 3 3 =l
2q a + g = p and b + g = p,
1− 3 tan ⇒cos a + cos b + cos g + cos d = 0
3
⇒cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g + cos2 d + 2∑ cos a cos b = 0
q q q ⇒2 ∑ cos a cos b = −[2 cos2 a + 2 cos2 b ]
⇒ tan3 3 − 3l tan2 3 − 3 tan + l = 0
3 ⇒2 + ∑ cos a cos b = [sin2 a + sin2 b ]
q1 tanq 2 = sin2 a + sin2 d (therefore, d = p − b )
⇒ ∑ tan = − 3.
3 3
13. 2cos4x + cosx − 2 cosx sin2x − 3 sin2x + 1 = 0
⇒2cos4x + 2 cosx − 2 cosx sin2x − 3 sin2x − cos x + 1 = 0 d g
⇒2cos4x + 2 cos3 x + 3 cos2x − cosx − 2 = 0
⇒(2 cos2x − 1) (cos2x + cosx + 2) = 0
1 p a b
⇒cos x = ⇒ x = np ± .
2 4

t2 − t +1
14. y= 2
; t = cot2q Figure 3.11
t + (2 − d )t + 1

Chapter 3.indd 138 01-01-2009 1:11:01 AM

 Chapter 3 | Trigonometric Equation and Inequation 139

18.  1 + A2 = (sinx + Acosx)2 + (Asinx − cosx)2 p 3p

⇒b  = ,
2 2
⇒ 1+ A2 − B 2 = A sin x − cos x
p  p 5p 
So Statement–1 is true. (i)  b = ⇒ tana = 1, a ∈  , 
2 4 4 
Statement–2 is obviously true but Statement–2 is not a cor-
rect explanation of Statement–1. 3p  3p 7p 
(ii)  b = ⇒ tana = − 1, a ∈  , 
y = ax2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation which has real roots 2 4 4 
if and only if b2 − 4ac ≥ 0. If f(x, y) = 0 is a second-degree equa-
20. Let cosA + cosB + k cosC = y.
tion, then using above fact we can get the range of x and y by
treating it as quadratic equation in y or x. Similarly, ax2 + bx C  A − B C
⇒ 2k sin2 − 2 cos  sin + y − k = 0. As D ≥ 0
+ c ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R if a > 0 and b2 − 4ac ≤ 0. 2  2  2
19. By solving, we get
1  A − B 1 1
⇒ k(y − k) ≤ cos2  ≤ ⇒y ≤ +k
sin(a + b ) = sina ± − cos2 b ⇒ cosb = 0 2  2  2 2k

Chapter 3.indd 139 01-01-2009 1:11:05 AM

 140 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Solved JEE 2017 Questions

JEE Main 2017 we get
 b a  a b 
1. If 5(tan2x - cos2x) = 2cos2x + 9, then the value of cos4x is: 1− tan2 1− tan2 1− tan2 1− tan2
 2 − 2  + 2 × 2 
1 2 2
b a  a b  =1
(A) (B)  1+ tan
2
1+ tan2  1+ tan2 1+ tan2 
3 9 2 2  2 2 
7 3 
−
(C) (D) − 2 b 2a  2 b 2a
9 5   1− tan 2   1+ tan 2  −  1+ tan 2   1− tan 2  
(OFFLINE) ⇒ 2 
  2a 2 b 
Solution: Let cos2x = t. Therefore, from the given equation, we get   1+ tan   1+ tan  
2 2

é 1- t ù  2a 2 b
    5 ê - t ú = 2(2t - 1) + 9   1− tan 2   1− tan 
2
ë t û +  =1
5(1 - t - t2) = t(4t + 7)   1+ tan2 a   1+ tan2 b
  2
  
2 
9t2 + 12t - 5 = 0
9t2 + 15t - 3t - 5 = 0  2 b 2a 2a 2 b 2a 2 b 2a 2 b

 1− tan 2 + tan 2 − tan 2 tan 2 − 1+ tan 2 − tan 2 + tan 2 tan 2 
(3t - 1)(3t + 5) = 0 ⇒ 2 
  2a 2 b 
  1+ tan   1+ tan  
2 2
1 -5
Thus, we consider t = since t ¹ . Therefore,
3 3  2a b a b
1− tan − tan2 + tan2 tan2 
 1 −1 + 2 2 2 2  =1
cos2 x = 2   − 1 =
 3 3   2a 2 b 
  1+ tan   1+ tan  
2 2 2
 −1 −7
and  cos 4 x = 2   − 1 =
 3 9  2a  2 b 
  2 tan 2  −  2 tan 2  
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). 2 
  1+ tan2 a   1+ tan2 b  
JEE Advanced 2017   
2

2  
⇒
1. Let a and b be non-zero real numbers such that 2(cosb -  2a  2 b  2a 2 b
  1− tan 2  −  tan 2  +  tan 2 tan 2  
cosa) + cosa cosb = 1. Then, which of the following is/are +  =1
true?   2a 2 b 
  1+ tan   1+ tan  
a  b 2 2
tan   + 3 tan   = 0
(A)
 2  2
 a b a b a b
⇒  4 tan2 − 4 tan2 + 1− tan2 − tan2 + tan3 tan2 
a  b  2 2 2 2 2 2
(B) 3 tan   + tan   = 0
 2  2  a b
=  1+ tan2   1+ tan2 
a  b  2 2
tan   − 3 tan   = 0
(C)
 2  2  a b a b 
⇒  3 tan2 − 5 tan2 + tan2 tan2 + 1
a  b  2 2 2 2 
(D) 3 tan   − tan   = 0
 2  2  a b a b
=  1+ tan2 + tan2 + tan2 tan2 
 2 2 2 2
Solution: It is given that
 a b
2(cosb - cosa ) + cosa cosb = 1 ⇒  2 tan2 − 6 tan2  = 0
Using  2 2
a  a  b
1− tan2 ⇒  tan2  =  3 tan2 
2  2   2
cos a =
2a
1+ tan  a  b
2 ⇒  tan  = ±  3 tan 
 2  2
b
1− tan2  a  b
and   cos b = 2 ⇒  tan  ±  3 tan  = 0
2 b
 2  2
1+ tan
2 Hence, the correct answers are options (A) and (C).

Chapter 3.indd 140 01-01-2009 1:11:12 AM

 4 Properties of Triangle

4.1 Introduction Hence,
a b c
In a triangle ABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and = = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
C and the lengths of the sides opposite to these angles are denoted
by small letters a, b and c, respectively (Fig. 4.1). Semi-perimeter of A
a+b+c
the triangle is defined as s = and its area is denoted by D
S or ∆. 2
c
A b
S
A

B C
a
c b

B C Figure 4.2
a
Note:
Figure 4.1 sin A sin B sin C
1. The above rule may also be expressed as = = .
a b c
Some properties
. The sine rule is a very useful tool to express sides of a triangle in
2
1. A + B + C = 180° (or p ) terms of sines of angle and vice versa in the following manner:
2. a + b > c , b + c > a, c + a > b a b c
= = = K (say )
3. | a − b | < c , | b − c | < a, | c − a | < b sin A sin B sin C

Generally, the relations involving the sides and angles of a trian-  a  K sin A, b  K sin B , c  K sin c
gle are cyclic in nature, e.g. to obtain the second similar relation to
Similarly,
a + b > c , we simply replace a by b, b by c and c by a. So, to write all sin A sin B sin C
the relations follow the cycles given. = = = l (say)
a b c
⇒ sin A = la, sin B = lb , sin C = lc
4.2 Relation Between Sides and
Illustration 4.1  If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4:1:1,
Angles of a Triangle
then find the ratio of the longest side to the perimeter.

4.2.1 Sine Rule Solution: Let x be the angle of a triangle. Then

See Fig. 4.2. In ∆ABC, the sides of a triangle are proportional to the 4 x + x + x = 180 ⇒ 6 x = 180 ⇒ x = 30°
sine of the angles opposite to them sin120° sin 30° sin 30°
= =
a b c a b c
= = Therefore,
sin A sin B sin C
If S is the centre of the circumcircle and R the circumradius, then in a : (a  b  c ) = (sin120) : (sin120 sin 30 sin 30)
∆BDC, right-angled at B, with ∠BDC = ∠BAC = A, 3 3 2
 :  3 : 3 2
2 2
BC a a
sin A = sinÐBDC =    2R ;
DC 2R sin A Illustration 4.2  In a triangle ABC, ∠B = p/ 3 and ∠C = p/4 and
Similarly, D divides BC internally in the ratio 1:3. Then, find the value of
b c sin ∠BAD
= 2 R and = 2R .
sin B sin C sin ∠CAD

Chapter 4.indd 141 01-01-2009 11:01:11 AM

 142 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Solution: See Fig. 4.3. Let ∠BAD = a , ∠CAD = b . Illustration 4.4  Prove that a cos A + b cos B − c cos C = 2c cos A
cos B.
A
Solution:
LHS = a cos A + b cos B − c cos C
a b
= 2R {sin A cos A + sin B cos B − sin C cos C }
= R {sin 2A + sin 2B − sin 2C }
= R {2 sin (A + B) cos (A − B) − 2 sin C cos C}
p /3 p /4
=R {2 sin C cos (A − B) + 2 sin C cos (A + B)}
B x D 3x C
   (since A + B = p − C)
Figure 4.3 = 2R sin C {cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)}
= 4R sin C cos A cos B
In ∆ADB, applying sine formulae, we get
= 2c cos A cos B
x AD (since c = 2R sinC)
=  (1)
sina p
sin   4.2.2  Cosine Rule
 3
See Fig. 4.4. In a ∆ABC,
In ∆ADC , applying sine formulae, we get
 a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
3x AD
=  (2) b2 = c2 + a2 − 2ca cos B
sin b sin(p /4)
 c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2), we get
C
p 
sin  
x sin b AD 4 
  
sina 3x p  AD
sin   A
3
1 A B
D
sin b 2
  2  Figure 4.4
3 sina 3 3
2 We shall prove the first one: We have
sin b 2 BC2 = DC2 + DB2
 3  6
sina 3 = DC2 + (AB − AD)2
Therefore, = (DC2 + AD2) + AB2 − 2 AB .AD
sin ∠BAD sina 1 = AC2 + AB2 − 2ABAC cos A
= =
sin ∠CAD sin b 6 That is,

a a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
Illustration 4.3  In any triangle ABC if 2cosB = , then the triangle
c From these formulas, we also have the following:
is
b 2 + c 2 − a2
( A) Right angled (B) Equilateral 1. a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A ⇒ cos A =
(C) Isosceles (D) None of these 2bc
2 2 2 c 2 + a2 − b 2
Solution: 2. b = c + a − 2ca cos B ⇒ cos B =
a k sin A sin A 2ca
2 cos B    a 2
+ b2 − c 2
c k sin C sin C 3. c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C ⇒ cos C =
 2 cos B sin C  sin A 2ab

⇒ sin(B + C ) − sin(B − C ) = sin A a b c

Combining with sin A = , sin B = , sin C = , we have by
division, 2 R 2 R 2 R
⇒ sin(180° − A) − sin(B − C ) = sin A
 sin A  sin(B  C )  sin A abc abc
tan A = , tan B = ,
 sin(B  C )  0 R ( b 2 + c 2 − a2 ) R ( c 2 + a2 − b 2 )
⇒B −C = 0⇒B = C abc
tan C =
R ( a2 + b 2 − c 2 )
Therefore, the triangle is isosceles.
Hence, the correct answer is option (C). where R is the radius of the circumcircle of the triangle ABC.

Chapter 4.indd 142 01-01-2009 11:01:21 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 143

Illustration 4.5  Find the smallest angle of the ∆ABC , when ⇒ sin(23° − B ) = −1 = sin( −90°)
a = 7, b = 4 3 and c = 13. Therefore, 23° − B = −90° or B = 113°.
Solution: Smallest angle is opposite to smallest side. Therefore,
4.2.3  Projection Rule
b2 + a2 − c 2 49 + 48 − 13 3 3
cosC = = = = ⇒ ∠C = 30° In a ∆ABC,
2 ab 2×7× 4 3 2 3 2 a  b cos C  c cos B
b c c a a b cos A cos B cos C b  c cos A  a cos C
Illustration 4.6  If   , prove that  
11 12 13 7 19 25 c  a cos B  b cos A
b c c a a b cos A cos B cos C
  , prove that   With reference to the figure drawn for the cosine formula
11 12 13 7 19 25
AD DB
c = AB = AD + DB = + BC = b cos A + a cos B
Solution: AC BC
b+c c +a a+b b+c +c +a+a+b a+b+c
= = = = Illustration 4.8  In any triangle ABC, prove that
11 12 13 11+ 12 + 13 18
By ratio of proportion, that is, (b  c )cos A  (c  a)cos B  (a  b )cos C  a  b  c

A C A+C Solution:
= =
B D B+D LHS  (b  c )cos A  (c  a)cos B  (a  b )cos C
b+c a c +a b a+b c  b cos A  c cos A  c cos B  a cos B  a cos C  b cos C
= , = , = ,
11 7 12 6 13 5  (b cos A  a cos B )  (c cos A  a cos C )  (c cos B  b cos C )
a b c  c  b  a  RHS [By using projection rule]
⇒ = = = k (say )
7 6 5
cos C + cos A cos B
b 2  c 2  a2 (62  52  72 ) 1 7 Illustration 4.9  In a ∆ABC, find the value of + .
cos A = = k2 2 = = c+a b
2bc k 2(6 )(5) 5 35 
[EAMCET 2001]
c 2  a2  b2 k 2 (52  72  62 ) 19 Solution:
cos B = = =
2ca k 2 2(5)(7) 35 cos C  cos A cos B (b cos C  b cos A)  (c cos B  a cos B )
 
2 2
a +b −c 2 2 2 2
k (7 + 6 − 5 ) 5 25 2 c a b b(c  a)
cos C = = = = (b cos C  c cos B )  (b cos A  a cos B )
2 k 2 2(7)(6 ) 7 35 
b(c  a)
Therefore,
cos A cos B cos C ac
= =  (Using projection forrmulae)
7 19 25 b(c  a)
Illustration 4.7  In a triangle ABC, AD is altitude from A. Given 1

abc b
b > c, ∠C = 23° and AD  . Find ∠B.
b2  c 2 Illustration 4.10  If k is the perimeter of ∆ABC, then find the
Solution: We know that,
C B
a2 + c 2 − b 2 a2 − ( b 2 − c 2 ) value of b cos2 + c cos2 .
cos B = = 2 2
2ac 2ac Solution:
abc C B b c
Now, AD = 2 2 . Therefore, b cos2  c cos2  (1 cos C )  (1 cos B )
b −c 2 2 2 2
abc
a2 − b c 1
cosB = AD    (b cos C  c cos B )
2ac 2 2 2
a b c k
Also, AD  b sin 23. Therefore,
 
c 2 2
a−
sin 23°
   cos B = 4.2.4  Tangent Rule or Napier Analogy
2c
By sine formulae, In a ∆ABC,
a sin(B + 23°) B −C b−c A
    = tan = ⋅ cot
c sin 23° 2 b+c 2
Therefore,
From the sine formula, we have
 sin(B + 23°) 1 
 −  b c b sin B
sin 23° sin 23°    
cos B =  sin B sin C c sin C
2

Chapter 4.indd 143 01-01-2009 11:01:38 AM

 144 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Using the componendo-dividendo principle, we get

Your Turn 1
b  c sin B  sin C

b  c sin B  sin C 1. In a ∆ABC , A : B : C = 3 : 5 : 4. Then [a + b + c 2 ] is equal to _____ .
B C BC  [DCE 2001]
2 cos  sin Ans. 3b
 2 2
B C B C A B −C
2 sin  cos 2. Prove that (b + c )sin = a cos .
2 2 2 2
B C B C
 cot  tan  A−B+C
2 2 3. In a ∆ABC find the value of 2 ac sin   .
 2
 A B C
 cot 90  tan Ans. c2 + a2 – b2
 2 2 sin A sin( A − B )
. In a ∆ABC if
4 = , then a2 , b2 , c 2 are in which
A B C sin C sin(B − C )
 tan  tan
2 2 progression.
Ans. AP

Therefore, 5. In a ∆ABC, find the value of (a + b + c )(cos A + cos B + cos C ).

B −C b−c A A
tan = cot Ans. 2∑ a cos2
2 b+c 2 2
Similarly, 4
6. In a triangle ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos( A − B ) = . Find angle C.
Ans. 5 90°
C − A c −a B
tan = cot
2 c+a 2
4.3 Theorem of the Medians (Apollonius
A−B a−b C
and tan = cot Theorem)
2 a+b 2
In every triangle, the sum of the squares of any two sides is equal
p 3 to twice
p the square of half the third side together with twice the
Illustration 4.11  In a ∆ABC , A = and b : c = 2 : 3. If tana = , 0 <square
a < of the median that bisects the third side.
3 5 2
See Fig. 4.5. For any triangle ABC, using cosine rule we have
3 p
tana = , 0 <a < then find the value of angles B and C.
5 2 b2 + c 2 = 2(h2 + m2 ) = 2{ m2 + (a / 2)2 }
Solution: A
C −B c −b A
tan = cot c
2 c +b 2 b
m
C −B 1 3 a b
⇒ tan = cot 30° = = tana
2 5 5 B C
h D h
Therefore,
Figure 4.5
C − B = 2a and C + B = 180° − 60° = 120° If the triangle is right angled, the mid-point of hypotenuse is equi-
distant from the three vertices, so that DA = DB = DC. Therefore,
That is, B  60 a , C  60 a. b2 + c 2 = a2, which is the Pythagoras theorem. This theorem is
very useful for solving problems of height and distance.
Illustration 4.12  In a ∆ABC if a = 2b and | A  B |  p / 3, then the Illustration 4.13  AD is a median of the ∆ABC if AE and AF
measure of ∠C is _____. are medians of the triangles ABD and ADC, respectively, and
Solution: Clearly, A > B (a > b). Now a2
AD = m1, AE = m2 , AF = m3. Find the value of .
8
A−B a−b C
tan = cot Solution: See Fig. 4.6. In ∆ABC,
2 a+b 2
1 C c 2 + b 2 a2
⇒ tan 30° = cot AD 2 = m12 = −
3 2 2 4
In ∆ABD,
Therefore, 2
 a
C C p c +2
AD  
2
3 = cot or = ⇒ C = p /3 2
2 2 6 AE 2 = m12 = −
2 4

Chapter 4.indd 144 01-01-2009 11:02:00 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 145

In ∆ADC, As( s − a)
2 cos =
 a 2 bc
2 2 AD 2 + b2  2  A
AF = m3 = −
2 4 A sin 2 ( s − b )( s − c )
and tan = =
Therefore, 2 cos A s( s − a)
2 2 2
b +c a 2
m22 + m32 = AD 2 + −
2 8 A B C
a2 Illustration 4.14  If in a triangle ABC, tan , tan , tan are in
 m22  m32  2m12  2 2 2
8 harmonic progression, then show that the sides a, b, c are in arith-
a2 metic progression.
  m22  m32  2m12 A B C
8 Solution: Given tan , tan , tan are in HP. Then
2 2 2
A A B C
cot , cot , cot are in HP
2 2 2
B A C
⇒ 2 cot = cot + cot
2 2 2
s( s − b ) s( s − a) s( s − c )
⇒2 = +
( s − a)( s − c ) ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a)( s − b )
B C
E D F Multiply throughout by ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) we get
Figure 4.6 2 (s − b) = (s − a) + (s − c)
⇒ 2b = a + c
⇒ a, b, c are in AP
4.4  Half-Angle Formulae
Illustration 4.15  In a ∆ABC, if 3a = b + c , then find the value of
A ( s − b )( s − c ) A s( s − a) A ( s − b )( s − c ) B C
sin = , cos = and tan = cot cot .
2 bc 2 bc 2 s( s − a) 2 2
B ( s − a)( s − c ) B s( s − b ) B ( s − a)( s − c ) Solution:
sin = , cos = and tan =
2 ac 2 ac 2 s( s − b ) B C s( s  b ) s( s  c ) s
cot  cot   
C ( s − b )( s − a) C s( s − c ) C ( s − b )( s − a) 2 2 ( s  a)( s  c ) ( s  a)(a  b ) s  a
sin = , cos = and tan =
2 ba 2 ba 2 s( s − c )
Given 3a = b + c ⇒ a + b + c = 4 a. Therefore,
We shall prove the first of these
B C s 2a
A  b 2  c 2  a2  cot cot = = =2
2 sin2  1 cos A  1-  

2 2 s−a a
2  2bc 
Illustration 4.16  If the sides of triangle a, b, c be in AP, then find
a2  (b2  c 2  2bc )
 A C
2bc the value of tan + tan .
2 2
a2  (b  c )2 (a  b  c )(a  b  c )
  Solution:
2bc 2bc
A C ( s  b )( s  c ) ( s  a)( s  b )
(2 s  2c )(2 s  2b ) tan  tan  
 2 2 s( s  a) s( s  c )
2bc
where 2s = a + b + c = Perimeter of the ∆ b B 2b B
 cot  cot
Therefore, s 2 2s 2
A ( s − b )( s − c ) Now a, b, c are in AP. Therefore,
sin2 =
2 2bc a  c  2b  2 s  3b
Hence,
A ( s − b )( s − c ) A C 2b B 2 B
and sin = tan  tan  cot  cot
2 bc 2 2 3b 2 3 2
Note:
A A
sin > 0 since is an acute angle in a triangle. 4.5  Area of a Triangle
2 2
A Let three angles of ∆ABC be denoted by A, B, C and the sides oppo-
Similarly, writing 2 cos2  1 cos A we get
2 site to these angles by letters a, b, c, respectively.

Chapter 4.indd 145 01-01-2009 11:02:17 AM

 146 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

1. When two sides and the included angle are given: See Fig. 4.7. So,
A
A å cot 2 (a + b + c )2
=
å cot A a2 + b2 + c 2
Hence proved.
c b
2p
Illustration 4.18  In a ∆ABC , A = , b − c = 3 3 and area
3
B C 9 3 2
a ( ∆ABC ) = cm . Find a.
2
Figure 4.7 Solution: Since area (∆ABC) = 9√3/2 we have
The area of triangle ABC is given by
1 2p 9 3 1 3 9 3
1 1 1 bc sin = ⇒ ⋅ bc = ⇒ bc = 18
∆ = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
Also,
1
That is, ∆ =
(Product of two sides) × (Sine of included angle) 2p b2 + c 2 − a2
2 cos =
3 2bc
. When three sides are given:
2
1 (b − c )2 + 2bc − a2
Area of∆ABC is ⇒− =
2 2bc
∆  s( s  a)( s  b )( s  c )
⇒ (b − c )2 + 3bc − a2 = 0
a+b+c
where semi-perimeters of triangle is defined by s = ⇒ 27 + 54 = a2
2
⇒a=9
. When three sides and the circumradius are given:
3
abc Illustration 4.19  If p1, p2, p3 are the length of the altitudes of a
Area of triangle ∆ =
4R triangle ABC from the vertices A, B, C and ∆ is the area of the trian-
where R is the circumradius of the triangle. gle, then find the value of p1−2 + p2−2 + p3−2 .
4. When two angles and the included sides are given: Solution: We have
1 sin B sin C 1 2 sin A sin C 1 2 sin A sin B 1 1 1
∆ = a2 = b = c ap1 = ∆ , bp2 = ∆ , cp3 = ∆
2 sin(B + C ) 2 sin( A + C ) 2 sin n( A + B ) 2 2 2
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
⇒ p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
Illustration 4.17  Prove that in any ∆ABC a b c
A B C Therefore,
 cot  cot
cot
( a  b  c )2 2 2 2 1 1 1 a2 + b 2 + c 2
 + + =
a2  b2  c 2 cot A  cot B  cot C p12 p22 p32 4 ∆2
Solution:
cos A 2bc cos A b2 + c 2 + a2
cot A = = =
sin A 2bc sin A 4∆ Your Turn 2
Therefore,
b 2 + c 2 - a2 a2 + b 2 + c 2 1. If AD, BE and CF are the medians of a ∆ABC then find the value
å cot a å 4D
=
4D
of ( AD 2 + BE 2 + CF 2 ) : (a2 + b2 + c 2 ).
Ans. 3:4
Also,
A  A B  B A
1+ cos A 2 cos2 A 2. In ∆ABC, find the value of  cot + cot   a sin2 + b sin2  .
= 2 = cot  2 2   2 2
sin A A A 2
2 sin cos  [Roorkee 1988]
2 2
2bc (1+ cos A) A s( s − c ) C
= cot Ans. c = c cot
2bc sin A 2 ( s − a)( s − b ) 2
Therefore, 3. If p1, p2, p3 are the length of the altitudes of a triangle ABC,
A å 2bc + å 2bc cos A −2 −2 −2 (cot A + cot B + cot C )
å cot 2 = 4D
prove that p1 + p2 + p3 = ∆ .

=
å 2bc + å (b2 + c 2 - a2 ) 4. Find the area of a triangle ∆ABC, if
cos A cos B cos C
= =
4D a b c
cos A cos B cos C and a = 2.
a2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca (a + b + c )2 = =
= = a b c
4D 4D Ans. 3

Chapter 4.indd 146 01-01-2009 11:02:37 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 147

5. Find the value of a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2 A =a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2 A = ____ The other two values are obtained in a similar way. Also
if ∆ stands for the area of a triangle ABC. A B C
Ans. 4∆ r = 4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2
From Fig. 4.9, we have
4.6  Circle Connected with the Triangle B C
a = BC = BL + LC = r cot + r cot
2 2
4.6.1  Circumcircle of a Triangle and its Radius  B C  r sin  B + C  A
 cos 2 cos 2    r cos
See Fig. 4.8. The circle passing through the vertices of the triangle ABC 2  2
=r + = =
is called the circumcircle. Its radius R is called the circumradius. In the B C B C B C
 sin sin  sin sin sin sin
triangle ABC,  2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c abc
R= = = = A
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4 ∆ A/2

A N M

O
B/2 C/2
R B L C
B C
Figure 4.9
Therefore,
Figure 4.8
B C B C
a sin sin 2R sin A sin sin
T he centre of this circle is the point of intersection of perpendicu- r= 2 2 = 2 2
A A
lar bisectors of the sides and is called the circumcentre. cos cos
2 2
4.6.2  In-circle of a Triangle and Its Radius A B
= 4 R sin sin sin
C
The circle touching the three sides of the triangle internally is called 2 2 2
the inscribed or the in-circle of the triangle. Its radius r is called the
in-radius of the triangle. Its centre is known as the in-centre. 4.6.3 Ex-Circles (Escribed Circle) of a Triangle
The in-centre I is the point of concurrence of internal angle and Their Radius
bisectors of the angles A, B, C. The circle with centre I and radius r = The circle touching BC and the two sides AB and AC produced of
IL = IM = IN touches the sides of the triangle. ∆ABC externally is called the escribed circle opposite A. Its radius is
∆ = ∆IBC + ∆ICA + ∆IAB denoted by r1. Similarly, r2 and r3 denote the radii of the escribed
circles opposite to angles B and C, respectively. r1, r2, r3 are called
1 1 1
= r (BC ) + r (CA) + r ( AB ) the ex-radii of the ∆ABC.
2 2 2 There are three ex-circles. The ex-circle opposite A is drawn in
r (a + b + c ) r ⋅ 2s Fig. 4.10. I1 is the point of intersection of internal bisector of angle
= = = rs A and external bisectors of angles B and C. The perpendiculars I1L,
2 2
Therefore, I1M, I1N to the three sides of the ∆ are equal and the radius r1 of the
∆ ex-circle opposite is to A.
r=
s 1
AN  AM  ( AN  AM )
A B C 2
r = ( s − a)tan = ( s − b )tan = ( s − c )tan 1
2 2 2  [ AB  BL  AC  CL]
2
In Fig. 4.9, AN = AM are tangents and similarly we have for other
1
pairs. So  (a  b  c )  s
2
2s
AN + BL + LC = =s Hence, from ∆ ANI1
2
AN + a = s ⇒AN = s − a A A
r1 = I1N = AN tan = s tan
In ∆ ANI, 2 2
r A A
= tan ⇒ r1 = s tan
AN 2 2
Therefore, Similarly,
A B C
r = ( s − a)tan r2 = s tan and r3 = s tan
2 2 2

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 148 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Also, 1 1 1 1
A ( s − b )( s − c ) 2. + + =
r1 = s tan =s bc ca ab 2 Rr
2 s( s − a)
3. r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2
s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) ∆
 = = A B C
s−a s−a 4. ∆ = 2R 2 sin A ⋅ sin b ⋅ sin C = 4 Rr cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos
Hence, 2 2 2
∆ Illustration 4.20  Prove that r1 + r2 + r3 − r = 4 R .
r1 =
s−a
Solution: Taking the LHS, we have
Similarly,
 ∆ ∆   ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ (r1 + r2 ) + (r3 − r ) =  + + −
r2 =and r3 =  s − a s − b   s − c s 
s−b s−c
A B C  2s − a − b   s − (s − c )
= ∆ + ∆ 
Another formula for r1 = 4 R sin cos cos can be derived as  ( s − a )( s − b )   s( s − c ) 
2 2 2
follows: c c 

A
= ∆ + 
 ( s − a)( s − b ) s( s − c ) 
∆c
A/2 = { s( s − c ) + ( s − a)( s − b )}
B s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )
L ∆cab ∆abc abc
C = = 2 = = 4R
N
s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) ∆ ∆
M
Illustration 4.21  Prove that
r1
l1 1 1 1 1 a2  b 2  c 2
   
r12 r22 r32 r2 ∆2
Solution: Taking the LHS, we have
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + = {( s − a)2 + ( s − b )2 + ( s − c )2 + s2 }
r12 r22 r32 r 2
∆2
Figure 4.10 1
= { 4 s2 − 2 s(a + b + c ) + a2 + b2 + c 2 }
∆2
A ( s − b )( s − c ) s( s − b ) s( s − c )
s a 1
A s sin 2 bc ac ab = 2 { 4 s2 − 2 s(2 s ) + a2 + b2 + c 2 }
r1 = s tan = = = ∆
2 cos A cos
A
cos
A
2 2 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
=
A ( s − b )( s − c ) s( s − b ) s( s − c ) B C ∆2
s sin s a cos B cos C
a a cos cos
2 = bc ac 2 ab = 2 2
=
A A
=
= 2
Aos A A 4.7  Orthocentre of a Triangle
cos cos cos c cos
2 2 2 2 2 Let ABC be any triangle, and let AK, BL and CM be the perpendic-
A A B 4CR sin A cos A cos B cos C ulars for A, B and C upon the opposite sides of the triangle. Three
4 R sin cos cos cos perpendiculars meet at a common point H. This point H is the
2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 2
= A
A cos orthocentre of the triangle. The triangle formed by joining the feet
cos
2 2 of the three perpendiculars is called the pedal triangle of ABC.
A B C
r1 = 4 R sin cos cos 4.7.1  Lengths of Altitudes
2 2 2
Similarly, The distance of the orthocentre H from the vertices and sides of
A B C the triangle ABC (Fig. 4.11).
r1  4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2 HK = KB tan ∠HBK
A B C = KB tan (90° − C) = AB cos B cot C
r2  cos  sin  cos
2 2 2 c
A B C = cos B cos C = 2 R cos B cos C
r3  4 R cos cos sin sin C
2 2 2
Similarly,
Few more results: In any ∆ABC, we have HL = 2R cos A cos C and HM = 2R cos A cos B
1 1 1 1 Also,
1.   
r1 r2 r3 r AH = AL sec ∠KAC = c cos A cosec C

Chapter 4.indd 148 01-01-2009 11:03:01 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 149

c If O is the orthocentre and DEF the pedal triangle of ∆ABC, where

= cos A = 2R cos A AD, BE, CF are the perpendiculars drawn from A, B, C on the oppo-
sin C
site sides BC, CA, AB, respectively, then
Similarly,
BH = 2R cos B and CH = 2 R cos C OA = 2 R cos A, OB = 2 R cos B and OC = 2 R cos C
A OD = 2R cos B cos C , OE = 2R cos C cos A and
 OF = 2R cos A cos B

M L 4.9.1  Sides and Angles of a Pedal Triangle

H See Fig. 4.14. The angles of pedal triangle DEF are: 180° - 2A, 180°
- 2B, 180° - 2C and sides of pedal triangle are

EF = a cos A or R sin 2 A; FD = b cos B or R sin2B ;

B C DE = c cos C or R sin2C
K

Figure 4.11 If given ∆ABC is obtuse, then angles are been represented by
2 A, 2B , 2C − 180° and the sides are a cos A, b cos B , − c cos C.
4.8  Centroid of a Triangle
If ABC is a triangle, and D, E and F are, respectively, the middle
A
points of BC, CA and AB, the lines AD, BE and CF are called the medi-
ans of the triangle. The point where these medians are concurrent
is called centroid, G, of the triangle (Fig. 4.12). So
a cos B
2 2 2 b cos B F E c cos B
AG = AD , BG = BE and CG = CF
3 3 3
O
That is, the centroid divides every median in the ratio 2:1.
A B C
D
180° − 2A

Figure 4.14
F E
4.9.2 Area and Circumradius and In-radius of
G Pedal Triangle
Area of pedal triangle
B
D
C 1
= (Product of the sides) × ( sine of included angle )
2
Figure 4.12 1
∆ = R 2 ⋅ sin 2 A ⋅ sin 2B ⋅ sin 2C
2
4.9  Pedal Triangle EF R sin 2 A R
Circumradius of pedal triangle   
Let the perpendiculars AD, BE and CF from the vertices A, B and C on 2 sin ∠FDE 2 sin(180 2 A) 2
the opposite sides BC, CA and AB of ∆ABC, respectively, meet at O.
Then O is the orthocentre of ∆ABC. Triangle DEF is called the pedal areaof ∆DEF
In-radius of pedal triangle =
triangle of the ∆ABC. semi-perimeter of ∆DEF
Orthocentre of the triangle is the in-centre of the pedal triangle
(Fig. 4.13). 1 2
R sin 2 A ⋅ sin 2B ⋅ sin 2C
A = 2
2R sin A ⋅ sin B ⋅ sin C

= 2R cos A ⋅ cos B ⋅ cos C

F E

O
4.10  Ex-Central Triangle
Let ABC be a triangle and I be the centre of incircle. Let I1, I2 and I3
B C be the centres of the escribed circles which are opposite to A, B,
D
C, respectively. Then I1I2I3 is called the ex-central triangle of ∆ABC
Figure 4.13 (Fig. 4.15).

Chapter 4.indd 149 01-01-2009 11:03:11 AM

 150 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

I3 I2 Solution: In a ∆ABC , r1 < r2 < r3 . Then

90° − C/2 1 1 1 s−a s−b s−c

I 90° − B/2 > > ⇒ > >
r1 r2 r3 ∆ ∆ ∆
B C
⇒ ( s − a ) > ( s − b ) > ( s − c ) ⇒ − a > −b > − c ⇒ a < b < c
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
p
90° − A/2 Illustration 4.23  In a triangle ABC, let ∠C = . If r is the in-radius
I1 2
and R is the circumradius of the triangle, then 2(r + R ) is equal
Figure 4.15 to  .
[IIT Screening 2000]
I1I2I3 is a triangle. Thus, triangle ABC is the pedal triangle of its (A) a + b (B) b + c
ex-central triangle I1I2I3. (C) c + a (D) a + b + c
The angles of ex-central triangle I1I2I3 are
Solution: We have
A B C c
90° − , 90° − , 90° − = 2R
2 2 2 sin C
and sides are Therefore,
B C A c = 2 R sin 90° = 2R
I1I3 = 4 R cos ; I1I2 = 4 R cos ; I2I3 = 4 R cos Also,
2 2 2
C
r  ( s  c )tan  ( s  c )(tan 45)
4.10.1 Area and Circumradius of the Ex-Central 2
Triangle 2r  2 s  2c  a  b  c  a  b  2R ,
 2(r  R )  a  b
1
Area of triangle = (Product of two sides) × (Sine of included angles)
2 Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
1  B  C  A
∆ = ⋅  4 R cos  ⋅  4 R cos  ×  90° −  Illustration 4.24  In an equilateral triangle the in-radius and the
2  2  2  2 circumradius are connected by
A B C (A) r = 4 R (B) r = R/2
∆ = 8R 2 cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos
2 2 2 (C) r = R/3 (D) None of these
A Solution:
I2I3 4 R cos A B C
Circumradius   2  2R r = 4 R sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
2 sin ÐI1I2I3  A 2 2 2
2 sin 90 
 2 For an equilateral triangle, A = B = C = 60° . Therefore
Remarks: 1 1 1 R
r = 4 R sin 30°⋅ sin 30°⋅ sin 30° = 4 R ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
1. Orthocentre of the triangle is the in-centre of the pedal 2 2 2 2
triangle. Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
2. If I1, I2 and I3 are the centres of escribed circles which are oppo-
site to A, B and C, respectively, and I the centre of in-circle then Illustration 4.25  In a triangle ABC, the vertices A, B, C are at
triangle ABC is the pedal triangle of the triangle I1I2I3 and I is the distance of p, q, r from the orthocentre, respectively. Show that
orthocentre of the triangle I1I2I3. aqr + brp + cpq = abc.
3. The centroid of the triangle lies on the line joining the circum-
Solution: Let H be the orthocentre of triangle ABC (Fig. 4.16). From
centre to the orthocentre and divides it in the ratio 1: 2.
question, HA = p, HB = q, HC = r
4. Circle circumscribing the pedal triangle of a given triangle
bisects the sides of the given triangle and also the lines A
joining the vertices of the given triangle to the orthocen-
tre of the given triangle. This circle is known as nine-point
circle. F p E
5. Circumcentre of the pedal triangle of a given triangle bisects
the line joining the circumcentre of the triangle to the H
orthocentre. q r

Illustration 4.22  In a ∆ABC, r1 < r2 < r3 . Then

B C
D
(A) a < b < c (B) a > b > c
(C) b < a < c (D) a < c < b Figure 4.16

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 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 151

From Fig. 4.16, 4. If r1, r2 , r3 in a triangle be in HP, then the sides are in
∠HBD =∠EBC = 90° − C
(A) AP (B) GP
∠HCD = ∠FCB = 90° − B (C) HP (D) None of these
Therefore, Ans. (A)
5. If the sides of a triangle are 13, 14, 15 then the radius of its
∠BHC = 180° − (∠HBD + ∠HCD)
in-circle is
= 180° − [90° − C + 90° − B] 67 65
= B + C = 180° − A (A) (B)
8 4
Similarly, (C) 4 (D) 24
Ans. (C)
∠AHC = 180° − B and ∠AHB = 180° − C 
. If the bisector of the angle C of a triangle ABC cuts AB in D and
6
Now, the circumcircle in E, prove that CE:DE = (a + b)2:c2.
Area of ∆BHC + Area of ∆CHA + Area of ∆AHB
= Area of ∆ABC
4.11  Cyclic Quadrilateral
1 1 1
Þ q × r × sin Ð BHC + × r × p sin ÐCHA + p × q sin ÐAHB = D A quadrilateral PQRS is said to be cyclic quadrilateral if there exists
2 2 2
a circle passing through all its four vertices P, Q, R and S (Fig. 4.17).
Therefore, Let a cyclic quadrilateral be such that
1 PQ = a, QR = b , RS = c and SP = d
∆ = bc ⋅ sin A
2
Then ∠Q + ∠S = 180° and ∠P + ∠S = 180°. Let 2s = a + b + c + d .
1 1 1
⇒ qr ⋅ sin(180° − A) + rp sin(180° − B ) + pq sin(180° − C ) = ∆ Now
2 2 2 Area of cyclic quadrilateral PQRS  = Area of ∆PQR + Area of ∆PRS
1 1 1
⇒ qr ⋅ sin A + rp sin B + pq ⋅ sin C = ∆ 1 1
2 2 2 = ab sin Q + cd sin S
2 2
1 a 1 b 1 c
⇒ qr ⋅ + pr ⋅ + pq ⋅ =∆ 1 1
2 2R 2 2R 2 2R = ab sin Q  cd sin(p  Q )
2 2
abc  abc 
⇒ aqr + brp + cpq = 4 R ⋅ ∆ = 4 ⋅ = abc Since ∆ = 4 R  1
4∆   = (ab + cd )sin Q (1)
2

S
Your Turn 3
d c
1. If R is the radius of the circumcircle of the ∆ABC and ∆ is its area,
then
P R
as + b + c as + b + c
(A) R = (B) R = a
∆ 4∆ b
abc abc
R = 4∆ (D)
(C)  R=
∆ Q

Ans. (C) Figure 4.17

2. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3, 4 and 5 units, then In ∆PQR and∆PRS, from cosine rule we have, respectively,
R (the circumradius) is
(A) 2.0 unit (B) 2.5 unit PR 2 = PQ 2 + QR 2 − 2PQ.QR cos Q = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos Q (2)
(C) 3.0 unit (D) 3.5 unit
Ans. (B) and PR 2 = PS 2 + RS 2 − 2PS .RS cos S
3. If x , y , z are perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of  d 2  c 2  2cd cos(p  Q )
bx cy az  d 2  c 2  2cd cos Q (3)
triangle having sides a, b and c, then the value of + +
c a b Therefore,
will be
1
1. Area of cyclic quadrilateral = (ab + cd )sin Q
2
a +b +c2 2 2 2
a +b +c 2 2
(A) (B)
2R R2 2. Area of cyclic quadrilateral = ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )( s − d ) ,
a2 + b 2 + c 2
2 2 2 where 2s = a + b + c + d
(D) 2(a + b + c )
(C)
R R
2
a2 + b 2 − c 2 − d 2
3. cos Q =
Ans. (A) 2(ab + cd )

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 152 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

4.11.1  Circumradius of Cyclic Quadrilateral From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
Circumcircle of quadrilateral PQRS is also the circumcircle of ∆PQR. a2 + b 2 − c 2 − d 2
cos B = (3)
Hence, circumradius of cyclic quadrilateral PQRS = R 2(ab + cd )
PR PR(ab + cd )  B  1 cos B
Circumradius of ∆PQR = = Since, tan2    , we get using Eq. (3)
2sin B 4∆  2  1 cos B
But
 B  2(ab  cd )  (a2  b2  c 2  d 2 )
(ac + bd )(ad + bc ) tan2   
PR =  2  2(ab  cd )  (a2  b2  c 2  d 2 )
(ab + cd )
Hence, (c + d )2 − (a − b )2
1 =
R= (ac + bd )(ad + bc )(ab + cd ) (a + b )2 − (c − d )2
4∆
(c + d + a − b )(c + d − a + b )
1 (ac + bd )(ad + bc )(ab + cd ) =
      = (a + b + c − d )(a + b − c + d )
4 ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )( s − d )
( s − a)( s − b )
4.11.2  Ptolemy’s Theorem = , where s = a + b + c + d
( s − d )( s − c )
See Fig. 4.18. In a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS, the product of diag- 3 3
onals is equal to the sum of the products of the length of the Illustration 4.27  A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD of area is
4
opposite sides, i.e. according to Ptolemy’s theorem, for a cyclic inscribed in a unit circle. If one of its sides AB = 1 and the diagonal
quadrilateral PQRS.
BD = 3 then find the lengths of the other sides.
PR ⋅ QS = PQ ⋅ RS + RQ ⋅ PS
Solution:
P A

Q x y

√3
B D

R p q

S C
Figure 4.18 Figure 4.20
Illustration 4.26  In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, prove that
See Fig. 4.20. By sine formula in ∆ABC ,
B  ( s − a)( s − b ) 
tan2 =   3 3
2  ( s − c )( s − d )  = 2R ⇒ =2
sin A sin A
a, b, c and d being the lengths of sides AB, BC, CD and DA, respec-
tively, and ‘s’ is semi-perimeter of quadrilateral. 3 p
⇒ sin A = ⇒ A=
2 3
Solution: See Fig. 4.19. In DABC
Now, AB = x = 1.
By cosine formula in ∆ABD
D C
c p x2 + y2 − 3 1 1+ y 2 − 3
cos = ⇒ = ⇒ y = y2 − 2
3 2 xy 2 2y
d b
⇒ y 2 − y − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 2)( y + 1) = 0
a
⇒ y = 2 [ y ≠ −1]
A B
Figure 4.19 Since ∠A = 60°, therefore ∠C = 120
AC2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos B (1) In DBDC,
In DADC 3  p2  q2  2 pq cos120 3  p2  q2  pq  (1)
AC2 = c2 + d2 − 2cd cos D
= c2+ d2 − 2cd cos (180° − B) 3 3
Also, area of quadrilateral ABCD = . Therefore,
= c2 + d2 + 2cd cos B(2) 4

Chapter 4.indd 152 01-01-2009 11:03:54 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 153

 
3 3
 ABD  BCD       1 na2 cot  p  (In terms of side)
4 2 n
1 1  
 12 sin 60  p  q  sin120       nr 2  tan  p  (In terms of in-radius)
2 2  
n
3 3 n  2p 
  pq        R 2 sin   (In terms of circumradius)
2 4 2  n 
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
⇒ pq     4.12.1  Area of Sector
4 4 2 4 4
⇒ pq = 1 Area included between two radius and circumference (Fig. 4.22)
is given by
Therefore, Eq. (1) gives,
R 2q
Area = , where q is in radians
3 = p2 + q2 + 1 ⇒ p2 + q2 = 2 [ p , q > 0] 2

Thus,
1
p2 + = 2 ⇒ p 4 − 2 p2 + 1 = 0
p2 C
2 2 2 R
⇒ ( p − 1) = 0 ⇒ p = 1 R
q
2
So, p = 1, q = 1. Therefore, AB = 1, AD = 2, BC = CD = 1.
sector

4.12  Regular Polygon Figure 4.22

A regular polygon is a polygon that has all its sides equal and all 4.12.2  Area of Segment
its angles equal.
Area between a circumference and a chord (Fig. 4.23) is given by
R2
Area = (q – sin q )
2
O
F p /n C
R R
r
C
A B R R
q
Figure 4.21
segment
1. See Fig. 4.21. Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n
sides is
Figure 4.23
 2n − 4   2n − 4  p
  × Right angles =   × radians Illustration 4.28  The area of the circle and the area of a regular
n   n  2
polygon of n sides and its perimeter equal to that of the circle are
2. The circle passing through all the vertices of a regular polygon
is called its circumscribed circle. in the ratio of  [Roorkee 1992]
  If a is the length of each side of a regular polygon of n sides, p p p p
(A) tan   : (B) cos   :
then the radius R of the circumscribed circle, is given by  n n  n n

a p  p p p p
R   cosec   (C) sin   : (D) cot   :
 n n  n n
2 n
Solution: Let r be the radius of the circle and A1 be its area,
3. The circle which can be inscribed within the regular polygon so
therefore, A1 = p r 2 . Since the perimeter of the circle is the same as
as to touch all its sides, is called its inscribed circle.
the perimeter of a regular polygon of n sides, therefore, 2p r = na,
  Again if a is the length of each side of a regular polygon of
where ‘a’ is the length of one side of the regular polygon. This gives
n sides, then the radius r of the inscribed circle is given by 2p r
a= .
a p  n
R = ⋅ cot   Let A2 be the area of the polygon. Then
2  n
4. The area of a regular polygon is given by 1 2 p 1 4p 2 r 2 p p p
A2 = na ⋅cot = n ⋅ 2 cot = p r 2 ⋅ ⋅ cot
∆ = n × area of triangle OAB 4 n 4 n n n n

Chapter 4.indd 153 01-01-2009 11:04:08 AM

 154 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Therefore, p
p R2
4 cosec2
2 p2 p p p p p Given ratio = = ⇒ n =4
A1 : A2 = p r : p r ⋅ ⋅ cot = 1: cot = tan : 2 p
n n n n n n pr 3 cot2 3
Hence, the correct answer is option (A). n
p 3 3
Illustration 4.29  If the number of sides of two regular polygons  cos 
having the same perimeter be n and 2n, respectively, their areas n 4 2
are in the ratio p p p 5p
 Either  or 
n 6 n 6
p p
2 cos   2 cos   As n is a natural number, therefore n = 6.
 n  n
(A) (B)
p p
cos  
 2n 
1+ cos  
 n 4.13  Solution of a Triangle
p The three sides a, b, c and the three angles A, B, C are called the
cos  
 n elements of the triangle ABC. When any three of these six elements
(C) (D) None of these
p (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the triangle
sin  
 n is known completely; that is, the other three elements can be
expressed in terms of the given elements and can be evaluated.
Solution: Let s be the perimeter of both the polygons. Then the This process is called the solution of a triangle.
length of each side of the first polygon is s/n and that of second In this section, we will discuss the solution of oblique triangles
polygon is s/2n.
only.
If A1, A2 denote their areas, then
4.13.1  Type I
2
ns p Problems based on finding the angles when three sides are given.
A1 =   cot (1)
4 n n If the data given is in sine we use the following formula, which-
1  s
2
p ever is applicable:
and A2 = ⋅ (2n)   ⋅ cot   (2)
4  2n   2n  A ( s − b )( s − c ) B ( s − c )( s − a) C ( s − a)( s − b )
sin = , sin = , sin =
Ratio of Eqs. (1) and (2) is 2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
p  p   p  If the given data are in cosine, first of all try the following formula,
2 cot   2 cos   sin   whichever is needed:
A1  n  n   2n 
 
A2 p  p  p  A s( s − a) B s( s − b ) C s( s − c )
cot   sin   cos   cos = , cos = , cos =
 2n  n  2n  2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
p   p  and see whether logarithm of the number on RHS can be deter-
2 cos   sin   mined from the given data. If s proceed further, if not then try the
  n   2n 
p  p  p  following formula, whichever is needed:
2 sin   cos   cos  
2
 n 2
  n  2n  b 2 + c 2 − a2 a2 + c 2 − b 2 a2 + b 2 − c 2
cos A = , cos B = , cos C =
p  2bc 2ac 2ab
2 cos  
 n If the given data are in tangent, use the following formula, which-
p  ever is applicable:
1 cos  
n A ( s − b )( s − c ) B ( s − c )( s − a) C ( s − a)( s − b )
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). tan = , tan = , tan =
2 s( s − a) 2 s( s − b ) 2 s( s − c )
Illustration 4.30  The ratio of the area of the regular polygon of
4.13.2  Type II
n sides circumscribed about a circle to the area of the regular pol-
ygon of equal number of sides inscribed in the circle is 4:3. Find Problem based on finding the angles when any two sides and the
the value of n. angles between them are given or any two sides and the differ-
ence of the angles opposite to them are given.
Solution: Area of circle inscribed about a regular polygon of n
sides is Working Rule: Use the following formula, whichever is needed:
2 2 B −C b−c A
a p  pa p 1. tan = cot
p R 2  p  cosec   cosec2 2 b+c 2
2 n 4 n
C − A c −a B
Area of circle inscribed about the same regular polygon is 2. tan = cot
2 c+a 2
2
a p  p a2 p A−B a−b C
p r 2  p  cot   cot2 3. tan = cot
2 n 4 n 2 a+b 2

Chapter 4.indd 154 01-01-2009 11:04:18 AM

 A

c
b b c sin B

D
B
C2 C1
Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 155
(iii)

4.13.3  Type III A

Problems based on finding the sides and angles when any two b b c sin B
angles and side opposite to one of them are given. c

Working Rule: Use the following formula, whichever is needed: C2 B C1

a b c
1. = = (iv)
sin A sin B sin C
. A + B + C = 180°
2
Figure 4.24
4.13.4  Type IV
When all the three angles are given, then unique ­solution of tri- 4.13.6  Alternative Method
angle is not possible. In this case only the ratio of the sides can be
By applying cosine rule, we have
determined.
For this the following formula can be used: a2 + c 2 − b 2
cosB = s
a b c 2ac
= = ⇒ a2 – (2c cosB) a + (c2 – b2) = 0
sin A sin B sin C
2 2 2
4.13.5  Type V ⇒ a  cccos
cosBB (c( ccos
cosB )B2) (c (2c b2b) )

If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, cosBB bb2 2 (c(sin
⇒ a  cccos B )B2 )
c sin 2

c b sin A This equation leads to the following cases:

then sin C = sin B, A = 180° − (B + C) and a = give the
b sin B Case 1.
remaining elements. If b < c sin B, no such triangle is possible.
1. If b < c sin B, there is no triangle possible [Fig. 4.24(i)]. Case 2.
2. If b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, then there is only one trian- Let b = c sin B. There are further following cases:
gle possible [Fig. 4.24(ii)]. (a) B is an obtuse angle
3. If c sin B < b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two ⇒ cos B is negative. There exists no such triangle.
­values of angle C [Fig. 4.24(iii)]. (b) B is an acute angle
4. If c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle ⇒ cos B is positive. There exists only one such triangle.
[Fig. 4.24(iv)].
Case 3.
This is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case. Let b > c sin B. There are further following cases:
A (a) B is an acute angle
⇒ cos B is positive. In this case two values of a will exist if
c and only if
b c sin B c cos B > b2 − (c sin B )2 or c > b
⇒ Two such triangles are possible. If c < b, only one such tri-
B D angle is possible.
(i) (b) B is an obtuse angle
⇒ cos B is negative. In this case triangle will exist if and only if
b2 − (c sin B )2 > | c cos B |
A
If b > c. In this case only one such triangle is possible.
If b < c there exists no such triangle.
c . If one side a and angles B and C are given, then A = 180° –
1
b c sin B
(B + C), and
a sin B a sin C
b= ,c=
B sin A sin A
D
(ii)
2. If the three angles A, B, C are given, we can only find the
ratios of the sides a, b, c by using sine rule (since there are
A infinite similar triangles possible).

c Illustration 4.31  If in a right-angled triangle the hypotenuse is

b b c sin B
four times as long as the perpendicular drawn to it from opposite
D vertex, then find one of its acute angle.
B
C2 C1 Solution: See Fig. 4.25. If x is length of perpendicular drawn to it
from opposite vertex of a right-angled triangle, so, length of the
(iii)
diagonal is

A
b b c sin B
c
Chapter 4.indd 155 C2 01-01-2009 11:04:23 AM
B C1
 156 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

AB = y1 + y 2 Solution: See Fig. 4.26. In ∆ ’s ACB1 and ACB2

(1)
A C2 C
C1
y1
b
c (90°− q ) a

y2 b sin A
x A
q B2 B1
q
B O Figure 4.26
Figure 4.25
sin C1 AB1 c1 sin C2 c2
= = and =
From ∆OCB , y 2 = x cotq and from ∆OCA, y1 = x tanq. Putting the sin B1 AC b sin B2 b
values in Eq. (1), we get
AB = x (tanq + cotq ) (2) Therefore,

Since, length of hypotenuse = 4 (Length of perpendicular) sin C1 sin C2 c1 + c2

+ =
therefore, sin B1 sin B2 b
sin2 q  cos2 q  2 2 2 
x (tanq + cotq ) = 4 x ⇒ 4 since, cos A  b  c  a  c 2  (2b cos A)c  (b2  a2 )  0 
sinq cosq  2bc 
1  
⇒ sin2q = ⇒ 2q = 30° ⇒ q = 15° therefore, c1  c2  2b cos A 
2
sin C1 sin C2 2b cos A
   2 cos A
Illustration 4.32  Find the number of triangles ABC that can be sin B1 sin B2 b
5 Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
formed with a = 3, b = 8 and sin A = .
3
5
Solution: Given a = 3, b = 8 and sin A = . Therefore
13 Your Turn 4
 5  40 1. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 and 5 and
b sin A  8     a (  3)
13  13 the angle between them is 60°. If the third side is 3, the remain-
ing fourth side is
Thus, in this case no triangle is possible.
(A) 2 (B) 3
Illustration 4.33  If two sides of a triangle are 2 3 and 2 2 and (C) 4 (D) 5
Ans. (A)
the angle opposite the shorter side is 45°, then find the maximum
2. Two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 and 5 and the
value of the third side.
angle between them is 60°. If the area of the quadrilateral is
Solution: Let a = 2 3 , b = 2 2 . Therefore, B = 45°. So, 4 3, then the remaining two sides are
(A) 2, 3 (B) 3, 4
a b c 2 3 2 2 c
= = ⇒ = = (1) (C) 4, 5 (D) 5, 6
sin A sin B sin C sin A sin 45° sin C Ans. (A)
3 3. The sum of the radii of inscribed and circumscribed circles for
sin A = ⇒ A = 60°
2 an n-sided regular polygon of side a, is
Therefore, p  a p 
(A) a cot   (B) cot  
C = 180° − A − B = 75°  n 2  2n 

From Eq. (1), we have p  a p 

(C) a cot   (D) cot  
 2n  4  2n 
c = 4 sin C = 4 sin( 45° + 30°) = 2 + 6
Ans. (C)
4. A regular polygon of nine sides, each of length 2, is inscribed in
Illustration 4.34  In an ambiguous case, if the remaining angles a circle. The radius of the circle is
of the triangles formed with a, b and A be B1, C1 and B2 , C2 then
p p
sin C1 sin C2 (A) cosec (B) cosec
+ =____. 9 3
sin B1 sin B2
p p
(A) 2cos A (B) cos A (C) cot
(D) tan
9 9
(C) 2sin A (D) sin A Ans. (A)

Chapter 4.indd 156 01-01-2009 11:04:42 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 157

5. In a triangle ABC, AB = 2, BC = 4 , CA = 3 and D is mid-point of BC. Additional Solved Examples

Then
11 7 1. If in a ∆ABC, cos A + 2 cos B + cos C = 2, then a, b, c are in
(A) cosB = (B) cosB =
6 8 ( A) HP (B) GP
(C) AD = 2.4 (D) AD 2 = 2.5 (C) AP (D) None of these
Ans. (D) Solution: From the given condition, we have
p
. If b = 3, c = 4 and B = , then find the number of triangles that
6 cos A + cos C = 2(1− cos B )
3
can be constructed. A+C A−C B
Ans. 0 ⇒ 2cos cos = 2 x 2sin2
2 2 2
4.13.7  m – n Theorem ⇒ cos
A−C B
= 2 sin cos
A+C B 
= sin ≠ 0
See Fig. 4.27. If a point D divides the side BC of ∆ ABC internally in 2 2 2 2 
the ratio m:n and ∠BAD = a, ∠DAC = b and ∠ADC = q then A−C B B B
⇒ 2 cos cos = 4 sin cos
2 2 2 2
(m + n) cot q = m cot a − n cot b
= n cot B − m cot C A+C A−C  B A+C
⇒ 2sin cos = 2 sin B  cos = sin 
A 2 2  2 2 
⇒ sin A + sin C = 2 sin B
a a c b
b ⇒ + = 2 ⇒ a + c = 2b
k k k
⇒ a, b, c are in AP
q Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
B D C
2. Points D, E are taken on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that
Figure 4.27 BD = DE = EC. If ∠BAD = x, ∠DAE = y, ∠EAC = z, then the value of
sin( x + y )sin( y + z )
is equal to
The result can be derived using the sine rule in ∆ABD and ∆ADC. sin x sin z
(A) 4 (B) 1
Illustration 4.35  In Fig. 4.28, ABC is a triangle in which angle C = (C) 2 (D) None of these
90° and AB = 5 cm. D is a point on AB such that AD = 3 cm and
∠ACD = 60°. Find the length of side AC. Solution: See Fig. 4.29. From ∆ADC

C sin( y + z ) sin C
=  (1)
DC AD

60° A

x y z

A 3 cm B
D
5 cm
B D E C
Figure 4.28
Figure 4.29
Solution: Using m – n theorem,

(3 + 2) cot ∠CDA = 2 cot 30° − 3 cot 60° From ∆ABD

3 sin x sin B
⇒ cot ∠CDA = = (2)
5 BD AD
and from ∆AEC,
Now, using sine rule in ∆CDA,
sin z sin C
= (3)
AC AD EC AE
=
sin ∠CDA sin ∠ACD Also, from ∆ABE,
3 . 5 3 sin( x + y ) sin B
⇒ AC = 5 cm =  (4)
sin 60 28 7 BE AE

Chapter 4.indd 157 01-01-2009 11:04:54 AM

 158 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

From Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get  abc 

since R  
sin( x + y )sin( y + z ) BE DC AD AE  4∆ 
= × × ×
sin x sin z AE AD BD EC Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
BE DC
= × = 2×2 = 4 cos C + cos A cos B
BD EC 5. In a ∆ABC, + is equal to
c+a b
(BE = 2 BD and DC = 2 EC ) 1 1
(A) (B)
Hence, the correct answer is option (A). a b
B 1 c+a
3. In any ∆ABC, if C = 90°, then tan is equal to (C) (D)
2 c b
c −a a−c
(A) (B) Solution: We have
c+a a+c
cos C + cos A cos B b cos C + b cos A + c cos B + a cos B
c+a + =
(C) (D) None of these c+a b b(c + a)
c −a
(b cos C + c cos B ) + (b cos A + a cos B )
Solution: Using Napier’s analogy, we get =
b(c + a)
C − A c −a B a+c
tan = cot = (using projection formulae)
2 c+a 2 b(c + a)
90° − (90° − B ) c − a . 1 1
⇒ tan = =
2 c + a tan B b
2 Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
(since C = 90°, therefore A + B = 90°)
3
2 6. In a DABC, prove that cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ .
 B c a 2
⇒ tan  
 2 c a Solution:
B c a  A+ B  A − B C
⇒ tan  cos A + cos B + cos C = 2 cos  cos  + 1− 2 sin2
2 c a  2   2  2
B C  A − B  A+ B 
(since, 0 < B < 180°, tan cannot be negative) = 2 sin cos   − cos   +1
2 2  2 2  
Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
A+B p C  A+ B C
4. If x, y, z are perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of a triangle    = − , therefore, cos   = sin 
 2 2 2  2 2
bx cy az
having sides a, b and c, then + + is equal to
c a b A B C
= 4 sin sin sin + 1
2 2 2
a2 + b 2 + c 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
(A) (B) 1  A B C 1 3
2R R ≤ 1+
8
⋅4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 ≤ 8  ≤ 2
 
a2 + b 2 + c 2 2(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) 3
(C) (D) 7. For a triangle, it is given that cos A + cos B + cos C = . Prove
4R R 2
that the triangle is equilateral.
Solution: Solution: If a, b, c are the sides of ∆ABC then given that
1 1 1
ax = ∆ , by = ∆ , cz = ∆ 3
2 2 2 cos A + cos B + cos C =
2
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ b 2 + c 2 − a2 c 2 + a2 − b 2 a2 + b 2 − c 2 3
⇒ x= ,y= ,z= ⇒ + + =
a b c 2bc 2ca 2ab 2
Hence,
⇒ ab2 + ac2 – a3 + bc2 + ba2 – b3 + ca2 + cb2 – c3 = 3abc
bx cy az 2b∆ 2c ∆ 2a∆
+ + = + + ⇒ ab2 + ac2 + bc2 + ba2 + ca2 + cb2 – 6abc = a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc
c a b ac ab bc
(a + b + c )
2∆ 2 2 2 4 ∆  a2 + b 2 + c 2   (b –c)2 + b(c – a)2 + c(a – b)2 = 
⇒a [(a – b)2 +
{b + c + a } =   2
abc abc  2 
(b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
1  a2 + b 2 + c 2 
=   ⇒ (a + b – c)(a – b)2 + [b + c – a)(b – c)2 + (c + a – b)(c – a2) = 0
R 2 

Chapter 4.indd 158 01-01-2009 11:05:13 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 159
DC AD
=
2 A sin C
sin
Now a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b. Since each term on the Therefore, 3
left side has positive coefficient multiplied by perfect square, DC sin C
AD =
each must be separately zero. So a = b = c. Hence, the triangle 2A
sin
is equilateral. 3
But BD = CD. Therefore,
8. In a triangle ABC, prove that a(a + c − b ) = 1− cos A .
b(b + c − a) 1+ cos A sin B sin C sin C
= =
A 2A A A
Solution: sin sin 2 sin ⋅ cos
a(a + c − b ) a[(a + c )2 − b2 ] 3 3 3 3
LHS = =
b(b + c − a) b[(b + c )2 − a2 ] sin B 1 1 A
⇒ sin C = = sec
A 2 3
a (a2 + c 2 − b2 + 2ac ) 2 cos
= 3
b (b2 + c 2 − a2 + 2bc )
a (2ac cos B + 2ac ) 10. If I is the in-centre of ∆ABC and R1, R2, R3 are the radii of the
= circumcircles of the triangles IBC, ICA and IAB, respectively,
b 2bc cos A + 2bc
then show that R1R2R3 ≤ R3.
a 2ac (cos B + 1)
= Solution: See Fig. 4.31. In ∆IBC apply sine rule. We get
b 2bc (cos A + 1)
a2 (1+ cos B ) a 2R sin A
= = 2R1 = 2R1
 B+C cos A / 2
b2 (1+ cos A) sin  p − 
 2 
sin2 A (1+ cos B )
= ⇒ R1 = 2R sin A/2
sin2 B (1+ cos A)
A
(1− cos2 A) (1+ cos B )
=
(1− cos2 B ) (1+ cos A) b
c
1− cos A I
=
1− cos B p − (B +C)/2
B B/2 C/2 C
a
9. If the median AD of a triangle ABC divides the angle ∠BAC in
sin B 1 A
ratio 1:2, then show that = sec .
sin C 2 3 Figure 4.31
Solution: See Fig. 4.30. Similarly, R2 = 2R sin B/2 and R3 = 2R sin C/2
A Now, R1R2R3 = R3 8 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2 ≤ R3
11. In any ∆ABC, if a = 2, b = 3 + 1 and C = 60°. Find the other two
A 2A
3 3 angles and the remaining side.
Solution: Two sides and included angle are given.
B−A b−a C  3 + 1− 2 
B D C tan = cot =  cot 30°
2 b+a 2  3 + 1+ 2 
Figure 4.30  3 1
=   3 = 3  1 tan 60 tan 45
A 2A  
∠BAD = , ∠DAC =  3 3 3  1 1 tan 60 tan 45
3 3
3  1 tan 60 tan 45
BD AD 
= 3  1 1 tan 60 tan 45
A sin B
sin = tan (60° − 45°) = tan 15°
3
Therefore, Therefore,
BD sin B
AD = B−A
A = 15°⇒ B − A = 30°(1)
sin 2
3
We know that
From ∆ADC, we have
A + B + C = 180° ⇒ A + B = 120°  (2)
DC AD
= Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get B = 75° and A = 45°.
2 A sin C
sin
3 To find side c, we use the sine rule
DC sin C
AD =
2A
sin
3

Chapter 4.indd 159 01-01-2009 11:05:25 AM

 160 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

a c  3  2  14. Prove that ∑ a3 cos(B − C ) = 3abc .

= ⇒c= 2   = 6
sin A sin 60°  2  1 Solution:
Thus, A = 45°, B = 75° and c = 6. a3 cos(B − C ) = a2 ⋅ a cos(B − C )

12. If A = 30°, a = 100, c = 100 2, find the number of triangles that = a2 ⋅ 2R sin A cos(B − C )
can be formed. = Ra2 2sin(B + C ) ⋅ cos(B − C )
Solution: Here a, c and A are given. Therefore we will have to (since B + C = 180° − A)
examine whether two triangles are possible or not. For two
= Ra {sin 2B + sin 2C }
2
triangles
a > c sin A (1) = a2 (b cos B + c cos C )
a < c (2)
Now
∑ a3 cos(B − C ) = ∑ a2 (b cos B + c cos C )
= ab(a cos B + b cos A) + bc (b cos C + c cos B ) + ca(c cos A + a cos C )
100 > 100 2 sin 30°
= ab ⋅ c + bc ⋅ a + ca ⋅ b = 3abc
⇒ 100 > 50 2 and a < c
15. The sides of a triangle are in AP. If the angles A and C are
That is, 100 < 100 2 . So two triangles can be formed. the greatest and smallest angles, respectively, prove that
4 (1− cos A)(1− cos C ) = cos A + cos C .
1 1 3
13. In a ∆ABC if ∠C = 90° prove that + = . Solution: We have 2b = a + c . Therefore,
a+c b+c a+b+c
Solution: Using cosine rule we have 2sin B = sin A + sin C
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos 60° B B A+C A−C B A−C
⇒ 4 sin cos = 2 sin cos = 2cos ⋅ cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1
= a2 + b2 − 2ab   = a2 + b2 − ab  (1) B A−C
 2 ⇒ 2 sin = cos
2 2
Therefore, A+C A−C
ab  b2  a2  c 2 ⇒ 2 cos = cos (1)
2 2
 b(a  b )  ( a  c )(a  c ) Now,
1 ac A+C A−C
  cos A + cos C = 2 cos ⋅ cos
a  c b(a  b ) 2 2
From Eq. (1), A+C  A+C
= 2 cos  2 cos  [using Eq. (1)]
2  2 
ab − a2 = b2 − c 2
⇒ a(b − a) = (b − c )(b + c ) A+C
= 4 cos2 (2)
2
1 b−c
⇒ = A C
b + c a(b − a) 4(1− cos A)(1− cos C ) = 4 ⋅ 2 sin2 ⋅ 2 sin2
2 2
Therefore, 2
 A C
1 1 a−c b−c = 4  2 sin sin 
+ = +  2 2
a + c b + c b ( a − b ) a (b − a ) 2
 A−C A+C
= 4 cos − cos 
a(a − c ) − b(b − c ) (a2 − b2 ) − c (a − b )  2 2 
= =
ab(a − b ) ab(a − b )  A+C A+C
2
= 4 2 cos − cos 
(a − b )(a + b − c ) a + b − c  2 2 
= =
ab(a − b ) ab A+C
= 4 cos2 (3)
2
(a + b − c )(a + b + c ) (a + b )2 − c 2
= = From Eqs. (2) and (3), we get
ab(a + b + c ) ab(a + b + c )
cos A + cos C = 4(1− cos A)(1− cos C )
(a + b )2 − (a2 + b2 − ab )
= (using Eq. (1) to replace c2) 16. A triangle has base 6 cm and an area of 12 sq. cm. The differ-
ab(a + b + c )
ence of the base angles is 60°. Prove that the angle opposite
3ab 3 is given by the equation
= =
ab(a + b + c ) a + b + c 8cos A − 6 cos A = 3

Chapter 4.indd 160 01-01-2009 11:05:46 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 161

Solution: We have B + C = 180° − A ; B − C = 60°. Therefore, 19. Prove that the distance of the middle point of the side BC from
b2 − c 2
A A the foot of the altitude from A to BC is (assuming b > c).
B = 120 − and C = 60° − 2a
2 2 Solution: See Fig. 4.32.
 A A
sin B = sin(180° − B ) = sin  60° + 
 2
 A c
b
sinC = sin  60° − 
 2
Also
1 1 B C
Area of the ∆ = ca sin B = a2R sin C sin B P M a/2
2 2
Figure 4.32
1  a  a2 sin B sin C
= a  sin B sin C = The required distance = MP
2  sin A  2 sin A a a
= − BP = − c cos B
Therefore, 2 2
 A  A
(36 )sin  60° −  sin  60° +  a2 − 2ac cos B
1  2  2 =
12 =
2 sin A 2a

⇒ 4 cos A = 3(cos A − cos120 ) = 3 cos A +

3 a2 − ( a2 + c 2 − b 2 ) b 2 − c 2
= =
2 2a 2a
⇒ 8cos A – 6cos A = 3
17. If cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin C = 1, show that a : b : c = 1: 1: 2 . c 2 − b2
Note: If b < c, the same distance =
2a
Solution:
cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin C = 1 20. If O is a point inside a triangle ABC such that∠OAB = ∠OBC = ∠OCA = w
1- cos A cos B ∠OAB = ∠OBC = ∠OCA = w , then show that
⇒ sin C = £ 1 ( since sin C £ 1)
sin A sin B (i) cot w = cot A + cot B + cot C
⇒ 1− cos A cos B ≤ sin A sin B (ii) cosec2w = cosec2 A + cosec2B + cosec2C
⇒ 1≤ cos A cos B + sin A sin B
⇒ 1≤ cos( A − B )(1) Solution: See Fig. 4.33. ABC is the triangle and O is so taken (inside
But, the triangle) such that
cos( A − B ) ≤ 1(2) A
Equations (1) and (2) can hold, only if cos (A − B) = 1.
This implies A = B. Hence, w
1− cos A cos B 1− cos2 A
sin C = = =1
sin A sin B sin2 A
O
Therefore, C = 90° and hence A = B = 45°. So
w
a : b : c = sin 45° : sin 45° : sin 90° = 1: 1: 2 w
B C
18. If rr1 = r2r3, prove that the triangle is right-angled.
Solution: Figure 4.33
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ OAB  OBC  OCA  w
rr1 = r2r3 ⇒ ⋅ = ⋅
s s−a s−b s−c
⇒ ( s  b )( s  c )  s( s  a) [since 2  s( s  a)( s  b )( s  c )] 1
Area of triangle OBC = OB ⋅ BC ⋅sinw
2
⇒ s2 − s(b + c ) + bc = s2 − sa 1
⇒ s(b + c − a) − bc = 0 = OB ⋅ OC ⋅ sin ∠BOC
2
⇒ (a + b + c )(b + c − a) − 2bc = 0 and
2 2
⇒ (b + c ) − a − 2bc = 0 ∠BOC = 180 − {w + C − w } = 180° − C

⇒ b 2 + c 2 = a2 Therefore,
So, the triangle is right-angled by the converse of Pythagoras a sinw
OC = (1)
theorem. sin C

Chapter 4.indd 161 01-01-2009 11:06:04 AM

 162 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Also, 5 
1 (A) (0, 0) (B)  , 0
Area of triangle OAC = OA ⋅ OC ⋅ sin A 4 
2
1 5  5 
 = OA ⋅ AC sin( A − w ) (C)  , 0 (D)  , 0
2  3 
2
Therefore,  [AIEEE 2009]
b sin( A − w )
OC = (2) Solution: Let P  (1, 0 ), Q( 1, 0 ) and A = ( x , y ). Then
sin A
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get AP BP CP 1
= = = 
sinw b sin( A − w ) AQ BQ CQ 3
a =
sin C sin A
 3 AP  AQ  9 AP 2  AQ 2
a sinw sin A  b sin
⇒ C sin(
a sinAw w
sin) A  b sin C sin( A  w )
 9( x  1)2  9 y 2  ( x  1)2  y 2
Since a  2R sin A, b Since
2R sinaB we getA, b  2R sin B we get
2R sin
⇒ 9 x 2 − 18 x + 9 + 9 y 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1+ y 2
sin A sinw sin( B + C ) = sin B sin C (sin A cos w − cos A sinw )
2 2
sin B sin C cos A + sin C sin A cos B  ⇒ 8 x − 20 x + 8 y + 8 = 0 
⇒ cos w sin A sin B sin C = sinw  
+ sin A sin B cos C  5
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − x + 1 = 0 (1)
2
Dividing by sin A sin B sin C sinw , we get
Therefore, A lies on the circle and similarly, B and C also lie on the
cot w = cot A + cot B + cot C(3) same circle. Therefore, the circumcentre of ABC is the centre of the
This is the result of (i).
circle 1, which is given by
( )
− −5
 2

5 
, 0 =  , 0
Squaring Eq. (3), we get  2   4 
cot2 w  cot 2 2 w  cot
cot 2
A  cot2 B cot
22 2
wCBcot
 cot
Acot 2
2 2
cot A Ccot
cot 2
2
Acot BBcot C B2  cot A cot B
cotA2cot
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
and  cotand A cot and
 1 A cot
B cot B 1cot A cot B  1
2. For a regular polygon, let r and R be the radii of the inscribed
2 2 and the circumscribed circles. A false statement among the
Using cosec q − 1 = cot q we get
following is
2 2
cosec w  cosec A  cosec B  cosec C2 2 r 1
(A) There is a regular polygon with =
R 2
21. If the area of ∆ABC is a2 − (b − c )2 , then find the value of tan A.
r 2
Solution: Given (B) There is a regular polygon with =
R 3
s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) = a2 − (b − c )2
r 3
⇒ s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) = (a + b − c )(a − b + c ) (C) There is a regular polygon with =
R 2
⇒ s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) = (2 s − 2c )(2 s − 2b ) r 1
(D) There is a regular polygon with =
s( s − a) A  R 2 [AIEEE 2010]
⇒ = 4 ⇒ cot = 4
( s − b )( s − c ) 2 Solution: Consider a regular polygon of n sides. Draw a line
A 1 segment from its centre to each of its n sides to get n number of
⇒ tan = similar triangles which will look as shown in Fig. 4.34.
2 4
Therefore, O
A  1
2 tan 2 
2  4 8
tan A = = =
2 A 1 15 R R
1− tan 1− r
2 16

Previous Years' Solved JEE Main/AIEEE A x B

Questions Figure 4.34

Let q be angle AOB. Therefore,
1. Three distinct points A, B and C are given in the two-dimensional
coordinate plane such that the ratio of the distance of any one 360°
q=
of them from the point (1, 0) to the distance from the point n
1 Then from trigonometry of right triangles, we have
(−1, 0) is equal to . Then the circumcentre of the triangle ABC q x/2 q x/2
3 tan = and sin =
is at the point 2 r 2 R

Chapter 4.indd 162 01-01-2009 11:06:22 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 163

So we have, Solution: See Fig. 4.36.

a p
r = cot
2 n
where a is the side of polygon. Therefore,

a p a p h
R  cosec R  cosec
2 n 2 n
p p
cot cot
r r p 2 p 2
  n  cos  n for  cos
any n N for any n  N b a
R cosec p R cosec
n 3p n 3 x 2m P
n n
Figure 4.36
Hence, the correct answer is option (B).
x +2
3. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are parallel and = cos ta ⇒ x = h cot a − 2
h
BC ^ CD. If ∠ADB = q , BC = p and CD = q , then AB is equal to x
Also = cot b ⇒ x = h cot b
h
p2 + q2 cosq p2 + q2 Therefore,
(A) (B) 2
p cosq + q sinq p cosq + q2 sinq h cot a  2  h cot b
 cos a cos b 
 h   2
( p2 + q2 )sinq ( p2 + q2 )sinq 
(C) (D)  sina sin b 
2
p cosq + q sinq
( p cosq + q sinq )  sin b cos a − cos b sina 
⇒ h  = 2
 [JEE MAIN 2013]  sina sin b
Solution: Using sine rule in the triangle ABD, as shown in Fig. 4.35, 2sina sin b
⇒h=
we get sin( b − a )
AB BD p2  q2 Hence, the correct answer is option (A).
 
sinq sin(q  a ) sin(q  a ) 5. From the top of a 64 m high tower, a stone is thrown upwards
2 2 vertically with the velocity of 48 m/s. The greatest height (in
p  q sinq
 AB  meters) attained by the stone, assuming the value of the gravi-
sinq cos a  cosq sina tational acceleration, g = 32 m/s2 is
p2  q2 sinq (A) 100 (B) 88
 (C) 128 (D) 112
[(sinq  q ) / ( p  q2 )]  [(cosq  p ) / p2  q2 ]
2
 [JEE MAIN 2015 (ONLINE SET-2)]
( p2  q2 )sinq Solution: See Fig. 4.37.

p cosq  q sinq v = 0 m/sec
A B
a S
p - (q + a )
u = 48 m/sec
p
√p 2 + q 2
q
a
D q C 64 m

Figure 4.35
Hence, the correct answer is option (D).
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical tower from a Figure 4.37
point P on the horizontal ground was observed to be a . After
g = 32 m/s2 ⇒ a = −32 m/sec2
moving a distance 2 m from P towards the foot of the tower,
the angle of elevation changes to b . Then the height (in metres) By laws of motion
of the tower is v2 – u2 = 2as
2sina sin b sina sin b ⇒ 0 – (48)2 = 2(−32)(s)
(A) (B)
sin( b − a ) cos( b − a ) 48  48
s  36 m
2sin( b − a ) 232
cos( b − a )
(C) (D)
sina sin b sina sin b Therefore, greatest height attained by stone from ground
= (64 + 36) m = 100 m.
 [JEE MAIN 2014 (ONLINE SET-2)] Hence, the correct answer is option (A).

Chapter 4.indd 163 01-01-2009 11:06:32 AM

 164 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

6. ABC is a triangle in a plane with vertices A(2, 3, 5), B(−1, 3, 2) and Therefore,
C(l , 5, m ). If the median through A is equally inclined to the PM = PN = 2k
coordinate axes, then the value of (l 3 + m 3 + 5) is RM = RL = 2k + 4
(A) 1130 (B) 1348 QL = QN = 2k + 2
(C) 1077 (D) 676
Therefore,
 [JEE MAIN 2016 (ONLINE SET-2)] QR  4 k  6 

Solution: The specified triangle is shown in Fig. 4.38. RP  4 k  4  (1)

A(2, 3, 5) PQ  4 k  2 
Hence,
( PQ )2  ( PR )2  (QR )2
cos P 
2( PQ )( PR )
1 ( 4 k  2)2  ( 4 k  4 )2  ( 4 k  6 )2
B D C  
3 2( 4 k  2)( 4 k  4 )
(−1, 3, 2) (l, 5, m)
1 (2k  1)2  4(k  1)2  (2k  3)2
l − 1, 4, m + 2  
2 2 3 4(2k  1)(k  1)
1 4(k  1)2  ( 4 k  4 )(2)
Figure 4.38  
3 4(2k  1)(k  1)
The direction ratios (DRs) of AD is 1 (k  1)2  2(k  1)
 
 l −1 m +2  3 (k  1)(2k  1)
 − 2 , 4 − 3, − 5
2 2   (k  1)(2k  1)  3(k  1)(k  1)
 k  1 or 2k  1  3k  3
 l −5 m − 8
 , 1,  4k
2 2 
That is, Substituting the values in the set of Eq. (1), we get PQ = 18; QR = 22;
l −5 m −8 and RP = 22.
= 1, =1
2 2 Hence, the correct options are (B) and (D).
l = 7, m = 10
Therefore, 2. In a triangle, the sum of two sides is x and the product of the
l3 + m3 + 5 = 343 + 1000 + 5 = 1348 same two sides is y. If x2 − c2 = y, where c is the third side of the
triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the circumradius of
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). the triangle is
3y 3y
(A) (B)
Previous Years' Solved JEE Advanced/ 2 x( x + c ) 2c ( x + c )

IIT-JEE Questions (C)

3y
(D)
3y
4 y( x + c ) 4c( x + c )
1
1. In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and cos P = . Further
3  [JEE ADVANCED 2014]
the in-circle of the triangle touches the sides PQ, QR and RP at
Solution: See Fig. 4.40. Let
N, L and M, respectively, such that the lengths of PN, QL and RM
are consecutive even integers. Then possible length(s) of the a + b = x (1)
side(s) of the triangle is (are)  ab = y  (2)
(A) 16 (B) 18 x2 − c2 = y (3)
(C) 24 (D) 22
A
 [JEE ADVANCED 2013]
Solution: From Fig. 4.39, we see that QR is the largest side.
+2 Q b
2k
L c
+4 2k + 2
2k
R N
2k C
+4
2k a
M
2k B
P

Figure 4.39 Figure 4.40

Chapter 4.indd 164 01-01-2009 11:06:39 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 165

From Eq. (1), Solution: See Fig. 4.41. It is given that

a + b + c = c + x  (4) 2s = x + y + z
From Eq. (2), Let us consider
abc = cy  (5) s− x s− y s−z
= = = k (say)
From Eq. (4) we have 4 3 2
∆ 2∆ That is,
2s  c  x  2 cx r 
r cx s = 4k + x; s = 3k + y; s = 2k + z
 ∆
since r   Adding the three, we get
 s
3s = 9k + (x + y + z) = 9k + 2s
From Eq. (5) we have
⇒ s = 9k
cy  abc  Hence
4 ∆ R  cy  R  since R  
4∆  4∆  x = 9k − 4k = 5k, y = 6k, z = 7k
Therefore,
X
r 2∆ 4∆ 8∆2
= × =
R c + x abc (c + x )abc

2
1  y z
8 ×  ab sin C 
2  2a 2/ b 2/ sin2 C
= =  (6)
(c + x )(abc ) (c + x ) a b c
Y Z
Now from Eq. (3), x
(a + b)2 – c2 = y
Figure 4.41
⇒ 2abcos c + 2ab = y
⇒ 2 ab (1+ cos c ) = ab Area of in-circle of the triangle XYZ is
2
Therefore,  ∆ p
1 p r2 = p   = ∆2
cosc = −  s s2
2 p
Now from Eq. (6), = s ( s − x )( s − y )( s − z )
s2
æ 1ö p
2ab ç 1- ÷ = × 9k × 4 k × 3k × 2k
r 2ab(1- cos2 c ) è 4ø 81k 2
= =
R (c + x )c (c + x )c p p
= × 24 k 3 = 24 k 2
3 9k 9
2ab × 3ab 3y
= 4 = = Therefore,
c ( c + x ) 2 x ( x + c ) 2c ( x + c )
p 8p
24 k 2 =
Hence, the correct answer is option (B). 9 3
2 8p 9
3. In a triangle XYZ, let x, y, z be the lengths of sides oppo- ⇒k = × =1⇒ k = 1
3 24p
site to the angles X, Y, Z, respectively, and 2s = x + y + z .
s− x s− y s−z The sides of the triangle are given by x = 5, y = 6, z = 7.
If = = and the area of in-circle of the triangle
4 3 2 Now, the area of ΔXYZ is
8p
XYZ is , then s( s − x )( s − y )( s − z ) = 9 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 6 6
3
(A) the area of the triangle XYZ is 6 6. Hence, option (A) is correct.
35
(B) the radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is 6. Now,
6 xyz 5 × 6 × 7 35
X Y Z 4 R= = =
( C) sin sin sin = 4∆ 4 × 6 6 4 6
2 2 2 35
x y z  ( s − y )( s − z )   ( s − z )( s − z )   ( s − y )( s − x ) 
2X Y  3 sin sin sin =    
(D) sin    2 2 2  yz  xz  xy 
 2  5
( s − z )( s − y )( s − z )
 [JEE ADVANCED 2016] =
xyz

Chapter 4.indd 165 01-01-2009 11:06:50 AM

 166 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

So,   8. A A1, B B1, C C1 are the medians of triangle ABC whose centroid
( s − z )( s − y )( s − z ) 4 × 3 × 2 4 is G. If the points A, C1, and B1 are concyclic, then
= =
xyz 5 × 6 × 7 25
2b2 = a2 + c 2
(A) (B) 2c 2 = a2 + b2
Hence, option (C) is correct.
Again, 2a2 = b2 + c 2
(C) (D) None of these

 X +Y  p − Z Z s( s − Z ) 9 × 2 3   9. The area of a triangle ABC, where a = 2( 3 + 1), B = 45°, C = 60°

sin2  = sin2  = cos2 = = =
 2   2  2 XY 5×6 5
is
(A) 3( 3 + 1) square unit (B) 2( 3 + 1) square unit
Hence, option (D) is correct. (C) 2 3( 3 + 1) square unit (D) 3(2 3 + 1) square unit
Hence, the correct options are (A), (C) and (D).
10. In a triangle ABC, the value of

Practice Exercise 1 cos2 B − cos2 C cos2 C − cos2 A cos2 A − cos2 B

+ + is
b+c c+a a+b
  1. If the lengths of arcs AB, BC and CA of a circle are 3, 4 and 5, (A) 0 (B) 1
respectively, then the area of triangle ABC is (C) 2 (D) 3
9 3 ( 3 + 1) 9 3 ( 3 − 1) 11. In a triangle ABC if cos A + 2cos B + cos C = 2, the sides of the
(A) 2 (B) 2 triangle are in
p p
(A) HP (B) GP
9 3 ( 3 − 1) (C) AP (D) None of these
(C) (D) None of these
p A B
  2. The area of right-angled triangle in terms of r and r1, 12. In a triangle, 1− tan tan =
2 2
if ∠A = 90° (where r, r1 have their usual meanings), is
2 2c
(A) r + r1 (B) rr1 (A) (B)
(C) r − r1 (D) r1 − r a+b+c a+b+c
 3. If in a DABC (whose circumcentre is origin), a ≤ sin A, then for c
(C) (D) None of these
any point (x, y) inside the circumcircle of DABC a+b+c
(A) |xy| < 1/8 (B) |xy| > 1/8 13. In a triangle ABC a2b2c2(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) =
(C) 1/8 < xy < 1/2 (D) None of these (A) D3 (B) 8 D3
  4. If the sine of the angles of a triangle ABC satisfy the equation (C) 16 D3 (D) 32 D3
c3x3 – c2 (a + b + c) x2 + l x + m = 0 (where a, b, c are the sides
14. If ex-radii r1, r2, r3 of a triangle are in HP then its sides a, b, c are
of DABC), then triangle ABC is
in
(A) always right-angled for any l, m
(A) AP (B) GP
(B) right-angled only when l = c(ab + bc + ca), m = −abc
(C) HP (D) None of these
c (ab + bc + ca) −abc
(C) right-angled only when l = ,m= 15. In a right-angled ∆ABC, sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C is equal to
4 8
(D) never right-angled (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) –1 (D) None of these
  5. If sin A and sin B of a triangle ABC satisfy c2x2 – c(a + b)x + ab = 0,
then the triangle is 16. In any ∆ABC, b2 sin 2C + c 2 sin 2B is equal to
(A) equilateral (B) isosceles (A) ∆ (B) 2∆
(C) right-angled (D) acute angled (C) 3∆ (D) 4∆
  6. ABCD is a quadrilateral circumscribed about a circle of unit 17. If p1, p2 , p3 are, respectively, the perpendiculars from the
radius. Then vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then p1 p2 p3 is
C A B D equal to
(A) AB sin ⋅ sin = CD sin ⋅ sin
2 2 2 2 a2b 2 c 2 a2b 2 c 2
A B C D (A) 2 (B)
(B) AB sin ⋅ sin = = CD sin ⋅ sin R 4R2
2 2 2 2
4 a2b 2 c 2 a2b 2 c 2
A D C B (C) 2 (D)
(C) AB sin ⋅ sin = CD sin ⋅ sin R 8R 2
2 2 2 2
A B C D 18. If p1, p2 , p3 are, respectively, the perpendiculars from
(D) AB sin ⋅ cos = = CD sin ⋅ cos
2 2 2 2 the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then
  7. If in triangle ABC, line joining the circumcentre and orthocen- cos A cos B cos C
+ + is equal to
tre is parallel to side AC, then value of tan A⋅tan C is equal to p1 p2 p3
(A) 3 (B) 3 (A)
1/r (B) 1/R
(C)
3 3 (D) None of these (C)
1/∆ (D) None of these

Chapter 4.indd 166 01-01-2009 11:07:08 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 167

a2 + b 2 + c 2
19. If ∆ = a2 − (b − c )2 , where ∆ is the area of triangle ABC, then 30. Let a, b and c be the sides of a triangle and = P.
ab + bc + ca
tan A is equal to Then
15 8 8 1 (A) 1 ≤ P ≤ 2 (B) 1 < P ≤ 2
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
16 15 17 2 (C) 1 < P < 2 (D) 1 ≤ P < 2
20. If the angles of ∆ABC are in the ratio 1:2:3, then the corre- 31. The area of the triangle inscribed in a circle of radius of 4 and
sponding sides are in the ratio the measures of whose angles are in the ratio 5:4:3 is
(A) 2:3:1 (B) 3 : 2 : 1
4(3 + 3 )
(A) (B) 4( 3 + 2 )
(C)
2 : 3 : 1 (D) 1: 3 : 2
4(3 − 3 )
(C) (D) 4( 3 − 2 )
21. If c 2 = a2 + b2, then 4s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c) is equal to
32. In a triangle ABC if a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = 2c 2 (a2 + b2 ), then which of
s4
(A) (B) b2c 2 the following does not hold?
c 2 a2
(C) (D) a2b2 p p
(A) A= ⇒ r1 = r3 (B) C = ⇒ r1 = r2
22. In a triangle ABC, O is a point inside the triangle such that ∠OBC 4 2
= ∠OCA = ∠OAB = 15°. Then value of cot A + cot B + cot C is p p
(C) A= ⇒ r2 = r3 (D) B = ⇒ r1 = r3
2 − 3
(A) (B) 2 −1 2 2
(C) 2 + 1 (D) 2 + 3 33. If in a DABC, Scos 3A = 1, then ABC is
(A) an equilateral triangle
23. In a ∆ABC if a2 sin(B − C ) + b2 sin(C − A) + c 2 sin( A − B ) = 0, then (B) an acute-angled scalene triangle
triangle is (C) an obtuse angled triangle
(A) right-angled (B) obtuse angled (D) a right-angled triangle
(C) isosceles (D) None of these
34. In an equilateral triangle r:R:r1 is
 sin2 A + sin A + 1 (A) 2:1:3 (B) 1:3:2
24. In any DABC, the least value of p   is
 sin A  (C) 1:2:3 (D) 3:2:1
35. In a DABC if 2R + r = r1, then
(A) 27 (B) 3
(C) 9 (D) None of these p p
∠C =
(A) (B) ∠B =
25. If A is the area and 2s the sum of the sides of a triangle, then 2 2
s2 s2 p
A≤
(A) (B) A ≥ (C) ∠A = (D) None of these
4 3 3 2
36. If the sines of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4:5:6,
s2 then their cosines are in the ratio
A>
(C) (D) None of these
3 (A) 12:2:9 (B) 12:9:2
26. If a, b, c and d are the sides of a quadrilateral, then the value of (C) 9:12:2 (D) None of these
a2 + b 2 + c 2 37. The perimeter of a DABC is six times the arithmetic mean of
is always greater than
d2 the sine of its angles. If the side a is 1, then the angle ∠A is
1
(A) 1 (B) p p
2 (A) (B)
6 3
1 1
(C) (D) p
3 4 (C) (D) p
2
27. If A + B + C + D = p , then the value of Σ cosA cosC − Σ sinA sinC =
(A) −1 (B) 1  r r
(C) 2 (D) 0 38. If  1− 1   1− 1  = 2 , then the D is
 r2   r3 
28. In a triangle ABC, D is the mid-point of BC and AD ^ AC. Then
which of the following is true (a, b, c are sides of DBAC as (A)
equilateral (B) isosceles
usual): (C)
right-angled (D) None of these

3b2 = a2 + c 2
(A) (B) 2b2 = a2 + c 2 39. In a triangle, tan A + tan B + tan C = 6 and tan A tan B = 2. Then
the values of tan A, tan B and tan C are
3b2 = a2 − c 2
(C) (D) 2b2 = a2 − c 2 (A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 2, 1, 4
(C) 1, 2, 0 (D) None of these
29. In a triangle ABC, a + b − c is
(A) always positive 40. If in a DABC, c = 3b and C – B = 90°, then tan B equals
(B) always negative 1
(A) 3 − 2 (B)
(C) positive only when c is smallest 3
(D) None of these (C) –1 (D) None of these

Chapter 4.indd 167 01-01-2009 11:07:26 AM

 168 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

41. If sides of a triangle are 18, 24, 30 cm, then radius of cir- 1
cumcircle is (C) (cot P + cot Q + cot R )
2r
(A)
2 (B) 4 (D)
None of these
(C)
6 (D) None of these  b + c − a A
51. The maximum value of  sin A ⋅ sec2 is
42. If P is a point on the altitude AD of the triangle ABC such that  2R  2
B 3
∠CBP = , then AP is equal to (A) 1 (B)
3 2
2
C C (C) (D) None of these
(A) 2a sin (B) 2b sin 8
3 3
52. Two triangles are possible if
B C
(C)
2c sin (D) 2c sin p p
3 3 (A) A < , a > c sin A, a > c (B) A < , a > c sin A, a < c
2 2
43. Given b = 2, c = 3 , ∠A = 30°. Then the in-radius of DABC is p
(C) A < , a < c sin A, a < c (D) None of these
2
3 −1 3 +1 53. If r1, r2 , r3 are ex-radii of the encircles of triangle ABC then
(A) (B)
2 2 ( s − a)r1 + ( s − b )r2 + ( s − c )r3 is
3 −1 (A) rs (B) 3rs
(C) (D) None of these rs
4 (C) (D) None of these
3
44. In a DABC, sin A + sin B + sin C = 1+ 2 and cos A + cos B + cos B + cos C = 2
54. In a triangle ABC, angles are in AP and b : c = 3 : 2 . Then the
cos A + cos B + cos B + cos C = 2 if the triangle is
angle A is
(A) equilateral (B) isosceles (A) 60° (B) 75°
(C) right-angled (D) right-angled isosceles (C) 120° (D) 135°
A−B A+B 55. In the ambiguous case, if a, b and A are given and c1, c2 are the
45. In a triangle ABC, tan cot is equal to 2 2 2
2 2 two values of the third sides, then (c1 − c2 ) + (c1 + c2 ) ⋅ tan A
a+b a+b is equal to
(A) (B) (A) 4 (B) 4 a2
c a−b
4 b2
(C) (D) 4 c 2
a−b a+b
(C) (D)
a+b 2R 56. If d1, d2 , d3 are the diameters of the three escribed circles of a
46. In any DABC, the expression triangle, then d1d2 + d2d3 + d3d1 is equal to
(a + b + c )(b + c − a)(c + a − b )(a + b − c ) ∆2
(A) (B) 4 s2
is equal to
4b2c 2 2 ∆ 2  
(C) (D) 4 ∆ 2
cos2 A
(A) (B) sin2 A p p
57. In a triangle ABC, ∠B = and∠C = . Let D divide BC inter-
1 + cos A
(C) (D) 1 – cos A 3 4
sin ∠BAD
47. If r1 = 2r2 = 3r3 then a + b + c is equal to nally in the ratio 1:3. Then equals
sin ∠CAD
(A)
3b (B) 2b 1 1
(C)
2a (D) 3c (A) (B)
6 3
 a c   b a 1 2
48. In a triangle ABC, if  1+ +   1+ −  = 3, then the angle A (C) (D)
 b b  c c  3
is equal to 3
p p 58. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 and 5
(A) (B) and the angle between them is 60°. If the third side is 3, the
3 4
fourth side is
p
(C) (D) None of these (A) 2 (B) 3
6
(C) 4 (D) 5
49. If twice the square of the diameter of a circle is equal to the 59. In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B. If
sum of the squares of the sides of the inscribed triangle ABC, the measure of angles A and B satisfy the equation
then sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C is equal to
3 sin x − 4 sin3 x − k = 0 , 0 < k < 1, then the measure of angle C is
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 1 p p
(A) (B)
50. If H is orthocentre of triangle PQR then PH + QH + RH is 3 2
2p 5p
QR cot P + PR cot Q + PQ cot R
(A) (C) (D)
(PQ + QR + RP) (cot P + cot Q + cot R)
(B) 3 6

Chapter 4.indd 168 01-01-2009 11:07:47 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 169

60. Consider a triangle ABC, with given ∠A and side ‘a’. If bc = x 2 , C to S intersect at a point P. If B, C vary along l in such a way
then such a triangle would exist if (x is a given positive real that the product |AB| . |AC| is constant, then locus of P is
number) (A) circle (B) a line parallel to BC
(C) a set of points (D) None of these
A A
(A) a < x sin (B) a > 2 x sin 9. Three straight lines are drawn through a point M, lying in
2 2
the interior of triangle ABC, parallel to its sides. The areas of
A
(C) a < 2 x sin (D) None of these the resulting three triangles (see Fig. 4.42) are S1, S2 and S3. The
2 area of triangle ABC is

Practice Exercise 2 A
O
P
Single/Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions M S2
Q S1 L
1. If a right-angled triangle has integer sides then which of the
following is necessarily an integer?
(A) Area (B) Circumradius C
B N P
(C) In-radius (D) None of these
2. In a triangle ABC, ∠C = 120°. If h is the harmonic mean of the Figure 4.42
lengths of the sides BC and CA, then the length of the bisector S1 + S2 + S3
(A) (B) ( S1 + S2 + S3 )2
of ∠BCA is
h
(A) h (B) ( S + S + S )3 / 2
2 (C) 1 2 3 (D) None of these
S1 + S2 + S3
h 3
(C) (D) h 10. A point P moves inside the square A1 A2 A3 A4 of side length
2 2
b such that distance of point P from O is less than its distance
3. A triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 1. The distance from each of the four vertices of square. The area moved by
between the orthocentre and the circumcentre of the trian- the point P is
gle cannot be b2
(A) b2 sq. units (B) sq. units
(A) 1 (B) 2 2
3 (C) 2b2 (D) None of these
(C) (D) 4
2 11. In Fig. 4.43, AB is tangent at A to the circle with centre O; point
4. Two of the altitudes of a scalar triangle ABC have lengths 4 D is interior to the circle and DB intersects the circle at C. If BC
and 12. If the length of the third altitude is also an integer, = DC = 3, OD = 2 and AB = 6, then the radius of the circle is
then its largest possible value is A
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6 B
D C
5. In a triangle ABC the altitude from A is not less than BC and
altitude from B is not less than AC. The triangle is O
(A) right-angled (B) isosceles
(C) obtuse angled (D) equilateral
6. If a, b, g, d are the smallest positive angles in ascending order Figure 4.43
of magnitude which have their sines equal to the positive
a b g d 3 + 3
(A) (B) 22
quantity k, then the value of 4 sin + 3 sin + 2 sin + sin
is equal to 2 2 2 2 9
(C)
2 6 (D)
(A)
2 1− k (B) 2 1+ k 2
(C)
2 k (D) None of these 12. In any DABC, which is not right angled, ∑ cos A cosecB cosecC
7. If D, E, F are the feet of perpendiculars from the vertices A, B, C is
to the opposite sides of DABC and the semi-perimeter of DDEF (A) constant (B) less than 1
A B C (C) greater than 2 (D) None of these
is equal to the in-radius of DABC then cos cos cos is equal to
2 2 2 13. If the sides of a triangle ABC are a, b and c such that 2b = a + c,
1 1 b
(A) (B) then exhaustive range of is
4 2 c
1 3 2 
(C) (D) (A)
 , 2 (B) (0, 1)
8 8 3
8. The line l is tangent to the circle S at the point A. B and C are  1 
points on l on opposite sides of A and other tangents from B.  − , 2
(C) (D) (4, 6)
2

Chapter 4.indd 169 01-01-2009 11:07:57 AM

 170 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

   

14. Let ABCD be a parallelogram and let AA ’, BB ’, CC ’ and DD ’ a b c
23. If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle then + +
be parallel rays in space on the same side of the plane deter- c +a−b a+b−c b+c −a
mined by ABCD. If AA′ = 10, BB′ =
8, CC′ = 18, a b c
 DD′ = 22 and
+ + can take value(s)
c +a−b a+b−c b+c −a
M and N are the mid-points of A′ C ′ and B ′D ′ respectively,
then MN = (A) 1 (B) 2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(C) 3 (D) 4 R R R
24. If l1, l2, l3 are lengths of altitudes of a triangle and + + = 2
R is circumradius, then l1 l2 l3
15. The sides of a triangle have length 11, 15 and k, where k is an
integer. Then the number of values of k for which the triangle (A) l1 = 3r (B) l2 = 3r
is obtuse is (C) l3 = 4r (D) l2 = 4r
(A) 5 (B) 12 25. If r1, r2, r3 are the radii of the escribed circles of a triangle ABC
(C) 13 (D) 17 and r is the radius of its in-circle then the root(s) of the equa-
16. A pentagon is formed by cutting a triangular corner from a tion x2 – r (r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1)x + r1r2r3 – 1 = 0 is/are
rectangular piece of paper. The five sides of the pentagon (A) 1 (B) r1 + r2 + r3
have lengths 13, 19, 20, 25 and 31, not necessarily in that (C) r (D) r1r2r3 – 1
order. The area of the pentagon is
(A)
459 sq. units (B) 600 sq. units Comprehension Type Questions
(C)
680 sq. units (D) 745 sq. units Paragraph for Questions 26–28: Vertices of a variable
acute-angled triangle ABC lie on a circle of radius R such that
3 + sin A + sin B + sin C
17. For an acute angle DABC, if p = then p ∈ da db dc
2 sin A sin B sin C + + = 6. Distance of orthocentre of triangle ABC from
dA dB dC
 5 10  10  vertices A, B and C is x1, x2 and x3, respectively.
(A) , (B)  , ∞
 3 3   3 
26. In-radius of triangle ABC is
(C) [2, ∞) (D) [-1, 1] (A) 1 (B) 2
18. If a, b, g, d be four angles of a cyclic quadrilateral taken in (C) 3 (D) 4
clockwise direction then the value of (2 + Σ cos a cos b ) will 27. Maximum value of x1x2x3 is
be (A) 4 (B) 6
(A) sin2 a + sin2 b (B) cos2 g + cos2 d (C) 8 (D) 10
(C) 2 2
sin a + sin d (D) cos2 b + cos2 g
dx1 dx 2 dx 3
19. If in a non-right-angled triangle ABC, tan A and tan B are 28. + + is always less than equal to
rational and the vertices A and B are also rational points, then da db dc
the correct statements is/are (A)
–3 3 (B) 3 3
(A) tan C must be rational (B) C must be a rational point
(C) tan C may be irrational (D) C may be an irrational point (C)
1 (D) 6
20. If in DABC, secA, secB, secC are in harmonic progression, then Paragraph for Questions 29–31: In a ∆ABC, the equation of the
(A)
a, b, c, are in harmonic progression. side BC is 2x – y = 3 and its circumcentre and orthocentre are at (2,
A B C 4) and (1, 2), respectively.
(B)
cot , cot , cot are in harmonic progression
2 2 2 29. Circumradius of ∆ABC is
(C)
r1, r2, r3 are in arithmetic progression
61 51
A B C (A) (B)
(D) cot , cot , cot are in arithmetic progression 5 5
2 2 2
21. Two circles C1 and C2 intersect at two distinct points P and 41 43
(C) (D)
Q in a plane. Let a line passing through P meet the circles 5 5
C1 and C2 in A and B, respectively. Let Y be the mid-point
30. sinB sinC is equal to
of AB and QY meet the circles C1 and C2 in X and Z, respec-
tively. Then 9 9
(A) (B)
XY 2 2 61 4 61
(A) Y is the mid-point of XZ (B) =
YZ 1 9 9
(C) (D)
(C) YX = YZ (D) XY + YZ = 3YZ 61 3 61
22. If in a DABC, a, b, c are in AP, then it is necessary that 31. The distance of orthocentre of vertex A is
2 b 1 b 2 1 6
(A) < < 2 (B) < < (A) (B)
3 c 3 c 3 5 5
2 b 1 b 2 3 2
(C) < < 2 (D) < < (C) (D)
3 a 3 a 3 5 5

Chapter 4.indd 170 01-01-2009 11:08:08 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 171

Paragraph for Questions 32–34: Let I be the in-centre and 39. Triangle ABC is an
I1, I2, I3 be the ex-centre opposite to angle A, B, C, respec- (A) equilateral triangle
tively, in ∆ABC. If a , b, g be the circumradius of ∆BIC, ∆AIC and (B) isosceles triangle
∆AIB, respectively, and R, r, r1, r2, r3 have their usual meaning, (C) right-angled triangle
then (D) None of these
32. II1 + II2 + II3 is equal to 40. Which of the following is true?
(A) BC > AC (B) BC < AB
 A B C  A B C (C) AC > AB (D) BC = AC
2R  sin + sin + sin 
(A) (B) 4 R  sin + sin + sin 
 2 2 2  2 2 2
Matrix Match Type Questions
 A B C A B C
4 R  cos + cos + cos  (D) 4 R sin + sin + sin
(C) 41. Match the following:
 2 2 2 2 2 2
Column-I Column-II
33. a , b , g is equal to
 (A) If in a triangle ABC, sin2A + sin2B = sin(A (i) Right-
2R2r
(A) (B) 4R2r
+ B), then the triangle must be angled
8R2r
(C) (D) 16Rr2
II1 II2 II3 bc
34. + + is equal to   (B) If in a triangle ABC  b2  c 2  2(ii) Equilateral
bc cos A,
a b g 2 cos A
bc 2 2
 b  c  2bc cosA, then the triangle must be
3 3 2 cos A
(A) (B) A B C
2 4  (C) If in a triangle ABC, tan + tan + tan = 3,
(iii) Isosceles
(C)
3 (D) 6 2 2 2
A B C
tan + tan + tan = 3 , then the triangle must be
Paragraph for Questions 35–37: The area of any cyclic 2 2 2
quadrilateral ABCD is given by A2 = (s – a)(s – b)(s – c)(s – d),  (D) If in a triangle the sides and the altitudes (iv) Obtuse-
where 2s =a + b + c + d, a, b, c and d are the sides of the are in AP, then the triangle must be angled
quadrilateral.
For a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD of area 1 sq. unit answer the fol- 42. Let ABC be a triangle with G1, G2, G3 the mid-points of BC, AC
lowing questions: and AB, respectively. Also let M be the centroid of the triangle.
35. The minimum perimeter of the quadrilateral is It is given that the circumcircle of ∆MAC touches the side AB
of the triangle at point A.
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) None of these Column-I Column-II
36. The minimum value of the sum of the lengths of diagonals
AG1 2
is (A) = (p) 
b 3
(A) 2 2 (B) 2
(C) 2 (D) None of these (B) Maximum value of Sn ∠CAM + 3
Sn ∠CBM = (q) 
37. When the perimeter is minimum the quadrilateral is 2
necessarily
(A) a square a2 + b 2 (r)  2
(C) =
(B) a rectangle but not a square c2
(C) a rhombus but not a square
(D) If (sin∠CAM + sin∠CBM) is maximum (s)  2
(D) None of these
2
c
Paragraph for Questions 38–40: Let ABC be any triangle and P be then =
p p p ab
a point inside it such that ∠PAB = , ∠PBA = , ∠PCA = , ∠PAC
18 9 6
2p Integer Type Questions
= . Let ∠PCB = x.
9 43. Two circles are circumscribed and inscribed about a square
ABCD of side 2 units. If P and Q are two points on respective
38. ∠PBC is equal to
2 2
p 2p circles, ∑ ( PA) − ∑ (QA) = ____________.
(A) (B)
9 9 44. The base AB of a triangle is 1 and height h of C from AB is less
p 1
(C) (D) None of these than or equal to . The maximum value of 4 times the prod-
3 2
uct of the altitudes of triangle is ____________.

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 172 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

Answer Key
Practice Exercise 1
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (B)
13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (D) 16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (B)
19. (B) 20. (D) 21. (D) 22. (D) 23. (C) 24. (A)
25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (D) 28. (C) 29. (A) 30. (D)
31. (A) 32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (C) 35. (C) 36. (B)
37. (A) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (B) 41. (D) 42. (C)
43. (A) 44. (D) 45. (C) 46. (B) 47. (A) 48. (A)
49. (A) 50. (A) 51. (A) 52. (B) 53. (B) 54. (B)
55. (B) 56. (B) 57. (A) 58. (A) 59. (C) 60. (B)

Practice Exercise 2
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (B)
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (A)
13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (A), (C)
19. (A), (B) 20. (B), (C) 21. (A), (C) 22. (A), (C) 23. (C), (D) 24. (A), (B)
25. (A), (D) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (A)
31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (A) 34. (D) 35. (A) 36. (A)
37. (A) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40. (C) 41. (A) → (i); (B) → (iii); (C) → (ii); (D) → (ii)
42. (A) → (q); (B) → (p); (C) → (s); (D) → (r) 43. 12 44. 2

Solutions

Practice Exercise 1
1. See Fig. 4.44. Angle subtended by the chord AB, BC and CA at A
2. r1 = s tan =s
centre of circle is in ratio 3:4:5, that is, 90°, 120°, 150°. So, 2
∠B = 75°, ∠C = 45°, ∠A = 60°. A
r = (s – a) tan = s – a
B 2
Also,
a2 = b2 +c2
r1 + r = b + c
90°
120° r1 - r = a
A
So,
150° (r1 + r)2 – (r1 – r)2 = 4r1r = 2bc
C
1
or D= bc = rr1
Figure 4.44 2
Now,
a
Perimeter of circle, 2p r = 12 3. a ≤ sinA ⇒ ≤ 1 ⇒ R ≤ 1/2
sin A
12 6
r= = So for any point (x, y) inside the circumcircle,
2p p
x2 + y2 < 1/4 ⇒ |xy| < 1/8
Area of triangle = 2r2 sin A sin B sin C
c 2 (a + b + c ) a+b+c
2 4. sin A + sin B + sin C = =
 6 c3 c
= 2   sin 60° sin 45° sin75°
p 
a b c
72 3 1 3 +1 But sin A + sin B + sin C = + +
= × × × 2R 2R 2R
p2 2 2 2 2
Comparing both we get c = 2R. So, the triangle is a right-angled
9 3 ( 3 + 1) triangle.
=
p2 Putting the same value of c, we get l = ab + bc + ca, m = -abc

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 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 173

c(a + b )
a + b k sin A + k sin B 1
5. sin A + sin B = = =  9. ∆= bc sin A, ∠A = 75°
c2 c k sin C 2
Thus, C = p/2 ⇒ DABC is right-angled. Hence,

6. Let ‘O’ be the centre of circle and ‘P’ be its point of contact with b a a/ 2 2a
= or b = =
side AB (Fig. 4.45). sin 45° sin 75° 3 +1 3 +1
C 2 2
D Therefore,

O
1 1 2a 2
D  ab sin C   sin 60
2 2 3 1
3
A B  4( 3  1)  2 3 ( 3  1) sq. unit
2
Figure 4.45 cos2 B − cos2 C sin2 C − sin2 B sin C − sin B
10. = =
Thus, b+c k (sin B + sin C ) k
A A Therefore,
AP = OP ⋅ cot = cot (1)
2 2
cos2 B − cos2 C 1
B B ∑ = ∑ (sin C − sin B ) = 0
and PB = OC ⋅ cot = cot (2) b+c k
2 2
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2) we get 11. cos A + 2 cos B + cos C = 2
AB  ⇒ cos A + cos C = 2(1 – cos B)
sin  
A B  2   A+C  A−C B
AP + PB = cot + cot = ⇒ 2 cos  cos  = 4 sin2
2 2 sin A  sin B  2   2  2
2 2
Similarly, A−C B
⇒ cos = 2 sin
 C + D 2 2
sin 
 2  A−C A+C
CD = ⇒ cos = 2 cos
C D 2 2
sin ⋅ sin
2 2 A C A C A C A C
Since, ⇒ cos cos + sin sin = 2 cos cos − 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A + B + C + D = 2p
Therefore, A C
⇒ cot cot = 3
A+B C +D 2 2
=p −
2 2
⇒ s( s − a) s( s − c )
 A+ B  C + D . =3
⇒ sin  = sin  ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a)( s − b )
 2   2 
A B C D s
⇒ AB⋅sin ⋅sin = CD sin ⋅sin ⇒ = 3 ⇒ s = 3s –3b ⇒ 2s = 3b
2 2 2 2 s−b
⇒ a + c = 2b ⇒ a, b, c are in AP.
 7. Distance of circumcentre from side AC = R cos B and distance
of orthocentre from side AC = 2R cos A⋅cos C. So, A B ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a)( s − c )
12. 1 − tan tan = 1 –
R cos B = 2 R cos A⋅cos C 2 2 s( s − a) s( s − b )
⇒ – cos (A + C) = 2 cos A⋅cos C s−c c 2c
⇒ sin A⋅sin C = 3 cos A⋅cos C =1− = =
s s a+b+c
⇒ tan A⋅tan C = 3
  8. Since A, C1, G and B1 are concyclic, therefore 13. a2b2c2 (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)

  BG⋅BB1 = BC1⋅BA = a2b2c2 (2sin (A + B) cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C)

2 c = a2b2c2 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
⇒ (BB1)2 = ⋅c = a2b2c2 [4sin A sin B sin C]
3 2
3
c2 4 a2b2c 2abc  abc 
2 1 = = 32  = 32 ∆ 3
⇒ ⋅ ( 2a2 + 2c 2 − b 2 ) = 8R 3  4 R 
3 4 2
⇒ 2a2 + 2c 2 − b2 = 3c 2 1 1 1 1
14. − = −
2
⇒ b + c = 2a2 2 r1 r2 r2 r3

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 174 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ So,
⇒ − = − 2t 8
s−a s−b s−b s−c tan A = =
1− t 2 15
⇒ (s – b) – (s – a) = (s – c) – (s – b)
20. (1 + 2 + 3)k = 180° ⇒ k = 30°
⇒a–b=b–c Therefore, A = 30°, B = 60°, C = 90°. Now
So a, b, c are in AP.
1 3
15. Let C = 90°, then a:b:c = sin A:sin B:sin C=
: : 1 or 1: 3 : 2
2 2
sin2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  sin2 A  sin2 B  1 21. ∆ is right-angled, ∠C = 90°. Therefore
2
p  1 
 sin2 A  sin2   A   1 4 ∆ 2 = 4 ⋅  ab = a2b2
 2  2 
= sin2 A + cos2 A + 1 = 2 22. cot A + cot B + cot C = cot 15° = 2 + 3
23. Consider
16. b2 sin 2C + c 2 sin 2B = b2 ⋅ 2 sin C cos C + c 2 ⋅ 2 sin B cos B
a2 sin(B − C ) = 2aR sin(B + C )sin(B − C )
= 2(b sin C ) (b cos C ) + 2(c sin B )(c cos B )
a 2 2
= 2c sin B(b cos C + c cos B ) = 2ac sin B = 4 ∆ = 2aR(sin2 B − sin2 C ) = (b − c )
2R
17. We have Similarly,
b 2 2
1 1 1 b2 sin(C − A) = (c − a )
∆ = ap1 = bp2 = cp3 2R
2 2 2 and
Therefore, c 2 2
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ c 2 sin( A − B ) = (a − b )
p1 = ; p2 = ; p3 = 2R
a b c Therefore,
So,
8∆3 8  abc 
3
a 2b 2 c 2 a2 sin(B − C ) + b2 sin(C − A) + c 2 sin( A − B ) = 0
p1p2 p3 = =   =
abc abc 4 R 8R 2 ⇒ a(b2 − c 2 ) + b(c 2 − a2 ) + c (a2 − b2 ) = 0

18. We have ⇒ a(b − c )(b + c ) + bc 2 − b2c − a2b + a2c = 0

⇒ a(b − c )(b + c ) − bc (b − c ) − a2 (b − c ) = 0
cos A cos B cos C
+ +
p1 p2 p3 ⇒ (b − c )(ab + ac − bc − a2 ) = 0

1 ⇒ (b − c )(c − a)(a − b ) = 0
= (a cos A + b cos B + c cos C )
2∆ ⇒ Either a = b or b = c or c = a
R  sin2 A + sin A + 1
= (sin A cos A + sin B cos B + sin C cos C )
∆ 24. Lower bound value of p  
 sin A 
R
= (sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C ) 1 
2∆ 
Hint:  sin A +  ≥2
4 sin A sin B sin C 2R sin A sin B sin C  sin A 
=R = Now,
2∆ ∆
 1 
2R 2 ∆ 2 ∆ 2 ∆ 16R ∆ 2 16R ∆ 2 1 sin A   1  3
= ⋅ ⋅ = = =  sin A 
∆ bc ca ab a2b2c 2 ( 4 R ∆ )2 R
 1 
sin B   1  3
19. ∆ = 2bc − (b2 + c 2 − a2 ) = 2bc (1− cos A)  sin B 
A  1 
= 2bc ⋅ 2 sin2 (1) sin C   1  3
2  sin C 
1 1 A A ⇒3 × 3 × 3 = 27
∆ = bc sin A = (bc ) 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
25. A = Area, 2s = a + b + c
A A    Hint: AM ≥ GM
= bc sin cos  (2)
2 2 s + ( s − a) + ( s − b ) + ( s − c )
≥ [ s( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )]
1/ 4
Therefore, by Eqs. (1) and (2) 4

A 1 s2
tan = =t ⇒ A≤
2 4 4

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 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 175

26. See Fig. 4.46. Hence, a + b > c , where a, b, c always positive.

  Hint:
a2 + b 2 + c 2
(a − b )2 + (b − c )2 + (c − a)2 ≥ 0 30. =P
ab + bc + ca
⇒ 2(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) ≥ 2(ab + bc + ca)
Hint: Use (a − b )2 + (b − c )2 + (c − a)2 ≥ 0 and (a + b + c) > 0
⇒ 3(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) ≥ a2 + b2 + c 2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a − b )2 + (b − c )2 + (c − a)2 ≥ 0
2 2 2 2
⇒ 3(a + b + c ) ≥ (a + b + c )
a2 + b 2 + c 2
2 2 2 2 2           ⇒ ≥ 1(1)
⇒ 3(a + b + c ) ≥ (a + b + c ) ≥ d ab + bc + ca
(as, a  b  c  d ) a > c − b ⇒ a2 > c 2 + b2 − 2bc (2)
( a2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 1 2 2 2
⇒ ≥ 2 2 2
⇒ aa2 >>ccb2++>bba2 −−+22bc
aa>>cc−−bb⇒
Similarly cbc− 2ac
d2 3
22 22 c 222> a2 + b2 − (3)
2ab
bb >>aa ++cc −−22ac ac
D c C
cc22 >>aa22++bb22 −−22ab
ab (4)
Adding Eqs. (2)–(4) we get
b
d a2  b 2  c 2
         2 (5)
ab  bc  ca
B
From Eqs. (1) and (5), we get 1 ≤ p < 2.
A a
31. See Fig. 4.48.
Figure 4.46
A
27. A+B+C+D=p
   Hint: A + B = p − (C + D)
cos(A + B) + cos(C + D) = 0
  Σ cos A cos C − Σ sin A sin C = cos (A + C) + cos(C + D) 4
    + cos(A + D) + cos(B + C) + cos(B + D) + cos(A + B) = 0
28. See Fig. 4.47. B C
Hint: sine rule for a ∆.
A
Figure 4.48

Hint: Angle at circumference = Half of centre

q
1
C D B ∆= × ( 2 3 + 6 ) × 4 = 4( 3 + 3)
2
Figure 4.47 Angles of ∆: 75, 60, 45. Now,
sin 90 sinq 2b 1 1
∆ACD : = : sinq = Area = ab sin C = ⋅ 2R ⋅ 2R ⋅ sin A ⋅ sin B ⋅ sin C
a b a 2 2
2 1 3 +1 3 1
⇒ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 4 R 2 = 4( 3 + 3 )
In ∆ABD 2 2 2 2 2
A  90
sin( sin( A ) 90sin(p  q )
 )  sin(p  q )
a a c c 32. Hint: (a2 + b2 − c 2 )2 = 2a2b2
2 2
2 cos A Asinqsinq a2 + b 2 − c 2 1
  2 cos   Now,
2ab
=±
2
= cos C
a a c c
2b 2c cos A p
  b  c cos A = 0 Hence, c can never be .
a a 2
⇒ 3b2 = a2 − c 2 33. Hint: Expand cos3A + cos3B + cos3C = 1
Now,
29. Hint: a + b > c
3 3 3C
2 cos ( A + B )cos ( A − B ) − 2 sin2 =0
( a + b )2 > a + b > c ⇒ a+ b> c 2 2 2

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 176 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

3 A 3B 3C 18 × 24 × 30
⇒ 4 sin sin sin =0 R= = 15
2 2 2 4 × 63
3A 3B 3C 42. See Fig. 4.49.
It means or or =p
2 2 2 A
2p p /2 − B
Therefore, A or B or C is obtuse angle triangle.
3
∆ abc ∆ P
34. Hint: : :
s 4∆ s − a
Now, B/3
B C
3 D
1 abc 2 2 a  4 2 1 2
: :  : : = : : 1 = 1: 2 : 3
s 4 2 a 3a 4  3 a 4 a 3 3 Figure 4.49
4
B 2B
abc ∆ ∆ Hint: ∠BPA = 90° + , ∠ABP =
35. Hint: + = 3 3
2∆ s s − a
In ∆ABP,
Now,
AP AB BP B
abc  1 1    AP  2c sin
= ∆ −  bc  2( s  b )  ( s  c )  2B   B B
2∆  s − a s  sin   sin 90   cos
3
3   3 3
2 2 2 p
⇒ a = b + c ⇒ ∆ = ∠A = 2
b 2 + c 2 − a2
36. Hint: Sides are in ratio: 4:5:6. 43. Hint: cos A = ; a = 1.
2bc
Now, apply cos A:cos B:cos C = 12:9:2
Now,
37. Hint: Convert sin B and sin C to sin A 1
∆ 2 bc sin A 3 −1
 a b c  r= = =
= = ⇒ b sin A = sin B , c sin A = sin C  s a+b+c 2
 sin A sin B sin C 
2
Now,
6(sin A + sin B + sin C )
(a + b + c ) = 44. sin A + sin B + sin C = 1+ 2
3
1+ b + c + cos
     and cos Aand + cos
B +Acos
cos + cos
B +Bcos C =B + 2cos C = 2
⇒ = sin A(1+ b + c )
2
Hint: Use odd one out rule
1 p
⇒ sin A = A= p p
2 6 Take two angles and one angle . This is satisfied.
4 2
∆ p p
38. Hint: r1 = B= , A=C =
( s − a) 2 4
Now,
Therefore, it is right-angled isosceles.
 ( s − b)  ( s − c )
 1−   1−  =2
s−a   s−a   A − B  A+ B
45. tan  ⋅ cot 
2  2   2 
⇒ (b − a)(c − a) = 2( s − a)
p Hint: Use Napier’s analogy,
⇒ a2 = b2 + c 2 : ∠A = right-angled
2  A − B  a − b C
tan  = ⋅ cot
39. Hint: A + B = p − C: tan A + tan B = tan C: 2tan C = 6  2   a + b  2
Now, tan C = 3. So Now,
tan A = 1, tan B = 2  A − B  A+ B  A − B C a−b
tan  ⋅ cot  = tan  ⋅ tan =
40. Hint: sin C = 3sin B ⇒ C = 90° + B  2   2   2  2 a+b
1
Now, sin (90° + B) = 3sin B ⇒ tanB = 1
3 46. Hint: Convert into s: ∆ = bc sin A
2
abc Now,
41. Hint: R =
4∆ (a + b + c )(b + c − a)(c + a − b )(a + b − c )

Now, ∆ = 36 × 18 × 12 × 6 = 63 . So 4b2c 2

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 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 177

Now,
2 s(2 s − 2a)(2 s − 2b )(2 s − 2c ) 16 ∆ 2
= = = sin2 A
4b2c 2 4b2c 2 ( s − a)r1 + ( s − b )r2 + ( s − c )r3 = 3∆ = 3rs

∆ 54. Hint: ∠B = 60° ∠A + ∠C = 120

47. Hint: r1 = Hence, options (c) and (d) go automatically.
( s − a)
Now,
Now,
1 2 3 b 3 sin B 3 1
r1 = 2r2 = 3r3 : = = =  =  sin C =  ÐC = 45
s−a s−b s−c c 2 sin A 2 2
⇒ 3b = 3a – c(1) Hence, ∠A =75°.
and a = 5b – 5c(2) 55. Hint: Use cos A for both c1 and c2.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get Now,
4c 5b c1c2 = b2 − a2
b= a=
3 4
Therefore, c1 + c2
a + b + c = 3b cos A = ⇒ (c1 + c2 ) = 2b cos A
2b
48. Hint: Use cos A. Now,
(b + a + c)(b + c – a) = 3bc
(c1 − c2 )2 + (c1 + c2 )2 ⋅ tan2 A
b 2  c 2  a2
(b  c )2  a2  3bc : 1 = (c1 + c2 )2 − 4 c1c2 + (c1 + c2 )2 tan2 A
bc
1 p ⇒ (c1 + c2 )2 sec2 A − 4 c1c2 = 4b2 − 4b2 + 4 a2 = 4 a2
cos A  ; A 
2 3
56. Hint: r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2
49. Hint: 2(2R )2 = a2 + b2 + c 2
a 4 r1r2 + 4 r2r3 + 4 r3r1 = 4 s2 ⇒ 4 d1d2 + 4 d2d3 + 4 d3d1 = 4 s2
Now, use sin A = .
2R
57. See Fig. 4.50.
2 2 2
 a  b  c  BD : DC  1: 3,
2=  +  + 
 2R   2R   2R 
sinBAD
To calculate :
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 sinCAD
50. PH = 2R′ cos P, QH = 2R′ cos Q, RH = 2R′ cos R (R′: circumradius) A

PH + QH + RH = 2R′(cos P + cos Q + cos R) =

QR PR PQ
cos P + cos Q + ⋅ cos R
sin P sin Q sin R

A ( s − b )( s − c )
51. Hint: tan = p /3 p /4
2 s( s − a) B C
D
Now,
A A Figure 4.50
2 sin cos
æ b + c - aö 2 2 = (b + c - a) tan A Hint: Apply sine rule
çè ÷
2R ø æ Aö R 2 In ∆ABD,
cos2 ç ÷
è 2ø AD BD
= (1)
2( s - a) (ss - b )( s - c ) 2 D 2rS 2r p sin ∠BAD
= = = sin
R s( s - a) s SR R 3
In ∆CAD,
2r = R maximum = 1
AD DC
= (2)
c p sin ∠CAD
52. Hint: sin C = sin A sin
a 4
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
Compare each option. We get option (B) correct.
∆ 3 BD 1 DC
53. Hint: r1 = ⋅ = ⋅
( s − a) 2 sin ∠BAD 2 sin ∠CAD

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 178 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

3  BD  sin ∠BAD c = AB = AM + BM = AL + BN
⇒ ⋅  × 2 = a+b−c

2 DC sin ∠CAD    = b – r + a – r ⇒ r =
2
3 1 sin ∠BAD B
⇒ × × 2=
2 3 sin ∠CAD
sin ∠BAD 1
⇒ =
sin ∠CAD 6
58. See Fig. 4.51.
M
2
A B
a N
60° O
3 d
b 5
C L A
D C
c Figure 4.52
Figure 4.51 As a2 + b2 = c2, we have following cases:
(i) If a and b are both odd or both even, then a2 + b2 is even ⇒ c2
a2 + b 2 − c 2 − d 2 is even
cosB =
2 (ab + cd ) Therefore, c is even and so (a + b) – c is even.
(ii) If one of a and b is odd and the other even, then a2 + b2 is odd
1 4 + 25 − c 2 − 9
⇒ = ⇒ c2 is odd
2 2 (10 + 3c ) Therefore, c is odd and so (a + b) – c is even.
c +a−b
⇒ c2 + 3c – 10 = 0 ⇒ c = 2 So, in every case if a, b, c are integers, we have r = =
integer. 2
59. 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x = k 0 < k < 1 A > B (given) 1 3
2. Area of DACB = ab sin120° = ab(1)
2 4
Hint: Use sinq = sina ⇒q = np + ( −1) a
n
Also,
Now, 1 3
area of DACD = bd sin60° = bd
sin 3x = k 2 4
⇒ sin 3A = sin 3B 1 3
Area of DBCD = ad sin60° = ad
n Now 2 4
⇒ 3 A = np + ( −1) 3B
ar(DACD) + ar(DBCD) = ar(DABC)
np Therefore,
⇒ A= + ( −1)n B
3 3 3 ab h
Therefore, (a + b )d = ab ⇒ d = =
4 4 a+b 2
p 2p
B+A= (only possibility) ⇒ C =
3 3 3. Let the vertices of the triangle be (cosqi, sinqi), i = 1, 2, 3
⇒Orthocentre is ((cosq1 + cosq2 + cosq3), (sinq1 + sinq2
b 2 + c 2 − a2 + sinq3))
60. cos A =
2bc ⇒ Distance between the orthocentre and the circumcentre is

 k 2 2 (cosq1 + cosq 2 + cosq 3 )2 + (sinq1 + sinq 2 + sinq 3 )2 < 3

 2k cos A  b     a2
2 2

b 4. Let h be the length of the third altitude falling on side c.

4 2 2
 b  (a  2k cos A)b  k  0 2 4 Let altitude of length 4 fall on side a and length 12 on side b.

⇒ b2 is real Therefore,

Therefore, D > 0, (a2 + 2k2 cos A)2 – 4k4 ≥ 0 1 1 1

D= ⋅ 4 ⋅a = ⋅12 ⋅ b = ⋅ h ⋅ c
2 2 2
 A  A
⇒  a2 + 2k 2 ⋅ 2 cos2   a2 − 2k 2 ⋅ 2 sin2  ≥ 0 2∆ 2∆ 2∆
 2  2 ⇒a= , b= , c=
⇒ a ≥ 2k sin A/2 4 12 h
Now,
c < a + b, c > |a – b|
Practice Exercise 2
2∆ ∆ ∆ 1 1 1
⇒ < + ⇒ < +
1. 
See Fig. 4.52. Let triangle be right-angled at C. Then area h 2 6 h 4 12
1 c 2∆ ∆ ∆ 1 1 1
= ab, circumradius R = which are not necessarily inte- ⇒ > − ⇒ > − ⇒3<h<6
2 2 h 2 6 h 4 12
gers. Again in square ONCL, NC = OL = r. We have Therefore, greatest value possible is 5.

Chapter 4.indd 178 01-01-2009 11:09:52 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 179

5. c sinB ≥ a ⇒ sinC sinB ≥ sinA

2k 2 r
and a sinC ≥ b ⇒ sinC sinA ≥ sinB PH =
k2 − r
p
⇒ sinC ≥ 1 ⇒ ∠C is So, the locus of P is a line parallel to BC.
2
6. Given a < b < g < d. Also sin a = sin b = sin g = sin d = k 9. See Fig. 4.54.
and a, b, g, d are smallest positive angles. Therefore A
b = p - a, g = 2p + a, d = 3p - a O
P
Now M S2
sin b = sin a and b > a Q S1 L

sin b = sin g and g > b

sin g = sin d and d > g C
B N P
Putting these values in the given expansion, we get
Figure 4.54
 a a
2  sin + cos  = 2 1+ sina = 2 1+ k Area of ABC BC 2
 2 2 =
Area of PQM QM2
7. R[sin2A + sin2B + sin2C] = 2r
A B C Area of ABC BC 2
⇒ 4R sinA sinB sinC = 8R sin sin sin =
2 2 2 Area of MNP NP 2

A B C 1 Area of ABC BC 2
⇒ cos cos cos = =
2 2 2 4 Area of MOL ML2
8. See Fig. 4.53. BC S1
Area of ∆ABC = QM =
P S
BC S3 BC S2
t1 PM = , ML = (QM = BN and ML = PC)
t1 S S

 S S S 
E BC = BC  1 + 2 + 3 
D r  S S S
I r q1
p1 S = ( S1 + S2 + S3 )2 where S is area of DABC

10. See Fig. 4.55. Point will lie inside the square PQRS
b /2 r g /2
b /2 g /2 b b b2
C
Area of PQRS = ⋅ = sq. units
B H A q1 2 2 2
p1

Figure 4.53 y
A1 P A1
∠PBA = b, ∠PCA = g
AB = p1, AC = q1
Q
p1q1 = k2 b S O
x

Let S touch BP and CP at E.

In DPEI A3 A2
R
1
∠EIP = ( b + g )
2
( b + g ) ( p1 + q1)r 2 Figure 4.55
t1 = rtan = 11. See Fig. 4.56.
2 p1q1 − r 2

Semi-perimeter of DBCP is E F
B
2 D C
( p1 + q1)r p1q1( p1 + q1)
p1 + q1 + t1 = p1 + q1 + = O
p1q1 − r 2 p1q1 − r 2
G
1 rp q ( p + q )
Area of DBCP = (p1 + q1) PH = 1 1 1 2 1
2 p1q1 − r Figure 4.56

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 180 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

BC × BE = AB2 ⇒ 3 × (6 + DE) = 36 3 3
Using AM ≥ GM and sinA sinB sinC ≤ we have
Therefore, DE = 6. 8
Now DE × DC = DG × DF, so
6 × 3 = (r + 2) (r - 2) ⇒ r2 = 22
≥
3
×
8
2 3 3 2
+
3
( 3
cosec2 A cosec2B cosec2C )
cos A − cos(B + C ) 4 3 1
12. ∑ sin B sin C = ∑ sin B sin C ≥ +
3 2 (sin A sin B sin C )2 / 3
= ∑ (1− cot B cot C ) = 3 − ∑ cot A cot B = 2 ≥
4 3
+ ×
4
3 2 271/ 3
13. a+b>c
Adding c to both sides, we get 4 6 10
= + =
b 2 3 3 3
3b > 2c ⇒ >
c 3 18. See Fig. 4.58. a + g = p and b + g  =  p,
Now,
b + c > a ⇒ b + c > 2b – c
b d g
and 2c > b ⇒ < 2
c
Therefore, a b
b 2 
∈  , 2
c 3 

14. Let centre of ABCD be O. Then Figure 4.58

AA′ + CC ′ BB ′ + DD ′ ⇒ cos a + cos b  +  cos g  +  cos d  = 0
OM = , ON =
2 2 ⇒ cos2 a + cos2 b  +  cos2 g  + cos2 d  +  2∑ cos a cos b = 0
⇒ OM = 14 and ON = 15 ⇒ 2 ∑ cos a cos b = –[2 cos2 a + 2 cos2 b ]
⇒ 2 + ∑ cos a cos b = [sin2 a + sin2 b ]
Also O, M, N are collinear. So MN = 1.
= sin2 a + sin2 d since, (d = p –b )
15. 4 < k < 26
For triangle to be obtuse 19. tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
Either 112 + 152 < k2
tan A + tan B
or 112 + k2< 152 ⇒ tan C =
tan A tan B −1
⇒ k ∈ {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25}
⇒ tan C must be rational
16. See Fig. 4.57. Since r2 + s2 = e2, e = 31 or e = 19 is not possible. Since the slope of line AB is rational and tan A is also rational,
Therefore, e equal to 13, 20 or 25 therefore slope of line AC is also rational.
Similarly, slope of line BC is also rational.
b
⇒ C must be a rational point.
a
20. Given cos A , cosB, cosC are in AP. Then
c
2 cosB = cosA + cosC
e
s
 B A−C B
⇒ 2  1− 2 sin2  = 2 cos sin
d
 2 2 2
r
B B B  A−C
Figure 4.57 ⇒1 – sin2 2 = sin sin + cos 
2 2  2  
T he possibilities for triplet {r, s, e} are {5, 12, 13}, {12, 16, 20},
{15, 20, 25}, {7, 24, 25}. B B   A+C  A−C
cos2 2 = sin cos  + cos 
Since 16, 15 and 24 do not appear among any of pair wise 2   2   2  
differences of 13, 19, 20, 25, 31, we have
A C
a = 19, b = 25, c = 31, d = 20, e = 13. B 2 cos 2 cos 2
⇒ cot =
Hence required area = 745 sq. units. 2  A+C
sin 
 2 
3 1
17. + [cosecA cosecC + cosecA cosecB + cosecB B A C
2 sin A sin B sin C 2 cosecC ] ⇒ 2 tan = tan + tan
2 2 2

Chapter 4.indd 180 01-01-2009 11:10:14 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 181

A B C Therefore, x2 – r(r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1)x + r1r2r3 – 1 = 0 is satisfied

⇒ cot , cot , cot are in HP by x = 1.
2 2 2
So, one root is x = 1 and other root is r1r2r3 – 1.
 B  A  C
⇒ 2  s tan  =  s tan  +  s tan  26. a = 2R sinA
 2  2  2
⇒ 2r2 = r1+ r2 da db dc
= 2R cosA, = 2R cosB, = 2R cosC
⇒ r1, r2, r3 are in AP dA dB dC
Now,
21. YP . YB = YZ . YQ  and  YA . YP = YX . YQ da db dc
But YA = YB. Hence, YX = YZ + + =6
dA dB dC
22. As a, b, c are in AP we have ⇒ 2R(cosA + cosB + cosC) = 6
a + c = 2b A B C
Now, ⇒ 2R 4sin sin sin = 6
2 2 2
a+b>c
b+c>a ⇒ 2r = 6 ⇒ r = 3
and a+b>c 27. x1 = 2R cosA, x2 = 2R cosB, x3 = 2R cosC
⇒3b > 2c ⇒ x1 + x2 + x3 = 2R(cosA + cosB + cosC) = 6
As b + c > a we have
Now,
2c > b x1 + x 2 + x 3
b ≥ ( x1x 2 x 3 )1/ 3
Similarly for . 3
a ⇒ x1x2x3 ≤ 8
Hence, (A) and (C) are the correct answers.
dx1 dx 2 dx 3
23. c + a – b, b + c – a, a + b – c are all positive. Therefore 28. = −2R sin A, = −2R sin B , = −2R sin C
dA dB dC
a b c
  Also,
c a b a b  c b c  a
da db dc
 abc  1/ 3 = 2R cosA, = 2R cosB, = 2R cosC
 3  (1) dA dB dC
(c  a  b )(a  b  c )(b  c  a) 
dx1 dx 2 dx 3
Also, + + = −( tanA + tanB + tanC ) ≤ −3 3
dA dB dC
a2 ≥ a2 – (b – c)2 ⇒ a2 ≥ (a + b – c)(a – b + c)
Similarly, 29. Since P(2, 4) is circumcentre and O(1, 2) is orthocentre, PE ^ BC
b2 ≥ (b + c – a)(b – c + a) and OD ^ BC.
c2 ≥ (c + a – b)(c – a + b) Let R be the circumradius of DABC. Then
Therefore, (OP)2 = R2(1 – 8 cosA cosB cosC)
a2b2c2 ≥ (a + b – c)2(b + c – a)2(c + a – b)2 Also,
Thus, 2
 PE = R cosA =
abc ≥ (a + b – c)(b + c – a)(c + a – b) 5
abc 3
⇒ ≥1 OD = 2R cosB cosC =
(c + a − b )(a + b − c )(b + c − a) 5
Therefore,
So, from Eq. (1), we have  3 
2
5 = R2 – 4  
a b c  5
+ + ≥3
c +a−b a+b−c b+c −a
61
⇒R=
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 5
24. l1 = , l2 = , l3 = 30. Now,
a b c
3
⇒ R = 2r R cosA =
⇒ Triangle is equilateral 5
3
⇒ l1 = l2 = l3 = 3r ⇒ – R cosB cosC + R sinB sinC =
5
3
25. We have and   2R cosB cosC =
∆3 5
r(r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1) =
( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) 9
and ⇒ R sinB sinC =
2 5
∆3 9
r1r2r3 = Therefore, sinB sinC = .
( s − a) ( s − b ) ( s − c )
2 61

Chapter 4.indd 181 01-01-2009 11:10:25 AM

 182 Mathematics Problem Book for JEE

6 37. When the perimeter is minimum,

31. Distance of orthocentre from vertex A = 2R cosA = .
5 s–a=s–b=s–c=s–d⇒a=b=c=d
32. See Fig. 4.59. So ABCD is a square.

G Common Explanation Questions 38–40:

B
See Fig. 4.60.
D
A
I r1
r 40°
A/2 10°
A F C E
150° 110°
Figure 4.59 P
20° 30°
100°
AI r
= 80° − x x
AI1 r1 B C

r −r Figure 4.60
⇒ II1 =  1  AI
 r  Now,
PA PB PA sin 20°
A = ⇒ =
r cosec sin 20° sin10° PB sin10°
= 2  4 R sin A cos B cos C 
r  2 2 2  Similarly,

Therefore, PB sin x PC sin 40°
= and =
PC sin(80° − x ) PA sin 30°
 A B C Now,
4 R  sin + sin + sin  ⇒ II1 = 4Rsin A
 2 2 2 2 PA PB PC 2 sin x [sin 50° + sin 30°]
⋅ ⋅ =
PB PC PA sin (80° − x )
 A B C
Therefore, II1 + II2 + II3 = 4 R  sin + sin + sin  ⇒ sin (80° − x) = 2 sin x sin 50° + sin x
 2 2 2
⇒ x = 20°
BC a a
33. a = = = 38. See Fig. 4.60. We have
2 sin ∠BIC  p + A  2 cos A
2 sin 
 2  2 ∠PBC = 80° − 20° = 60° =
p
3
b c 39. ∠BAC = ∠ACB = 50°
Therefore, b = and g =
B C
2 cos 2 cos Therefore, ABC is an isosceles triangle.
2 2

abc 40. ∠ABC = 80°

⇒ abg = = 2R 2 r
A B C Therefore, AC is the longest side, AC > AB.
8 cos cos cos
2 2 2 41. (A) sin2 (A) + sin2 (B) = sin (A + B)
A B C cos 2 A + cos 2B
II1 II2 II3 4 R sin 2 4 R sin 2 4 R sin 2 ⇒ 1− = sin C
34. + + = A
+
B
+
C
=6 2
a b g 2R sin 2R sin 2R sin ⇒ 1 - cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = sin C
2 2 2
⇒ cos2 C cos2 (A - B) + 2 cos (C) cos (A - B) = cos2 C
35. Applying AM ≥ GM for s – a, s – b, s – c, s – d
We have ⇒ cos C = 0 ⇒ The triangle is right angled.
s−a+ s−b+ s−c + s−d bc
≥ A (B) = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
4 2 cos A
⇒ s ≥ 2 ⇒ 2s ≥ 4
bc
⇒ cos A = ⇒ b2c2 = a2 (b2 + c2 - a2)
1 2 2a 2
Area = d1d2 sinq ⇒ d1d2 = ⇒ d1d2 ≥ 2
2 sinq
⇒ (a2 - b2) (a2 - c2) = 0 ⇒ a = b or a = c.
36. Also,
Hence, the triangle is isosceles.
d1 + d2 ≥ 2 d1d2 ≥ 2 2

Chapter 4.indd 182 01-01-2009 11:10:35 AM

 Chapter 4 | Properties of Triangle 183

A B C From Eq. (1), we have

tan + tan + tan = 3
(C)
2 2 2 a2 + b2 = 2c2(3)
2 2 2 and from Eq. (2) and (3), we have
 A B  B C  C A
  ⇒  tan − tan  +  tan − tan  +  tan − tan  = 0
 2 2  2 2  2 2 1
sin ∠CAM + sin ∠CBM = (a2 + b2 ) sin C
3ab (4)
The triangle is equilateral.
1
= (2c ) sin C
2

(D)
If a, b, c are in AP. and ha, hb, hc are in AP, where ha, hb, hc 3ab
are the altitudes, then a = b = c Also,
a2  b 2  c 2
The triangle is equilateral.  cos C
  2ab
42. G3A)2 = (G3M) (G3C)
Again using Eq. (1), we get
Therefore,
    c2 = 2ab cos C(5)
 c 2 1
   (G3C )2 Putting this in Eq. (4), we get
2  3
1
c 2 1  2b2 + 2a2 − c 2  sin ∠CAM + sin ∠CBM = ( 4 ab cos C )sin C
⇒ =   3ab
4 3 4  2 2  p
= sin 2C ≤  where∠C = 
⇒ a2 + b2 = 2c2(1) 3 3  4
So, (C) → (s). So, (B)→ (p)
Now in DAG1C, we have p
Again, sin∠CAM + sin∠CBM is maximum when C =
a sin C 4
sin ∠CAM =
2( AG1) Also from Eq. (5), we have
and in DBCG2 c2 = 2ab cos C
b sin C which implies
sin ∠CBM =
2(BG2 ) c2
Also, = 2 cos C = 2
ab
2b2 + 2c 2 − a2 3
AG1 = = b [using Eq. (1)] So, (D)→ (r).
4 2
43. Let centre of square (point of intersection of diagonals) be
2a 2  2c 2  b 2 3 origin.
and BG2   a
4 2 Vertices of square are A(1, 1), B(–1, 1), C(–1, –1) and D(1, –1).
So, (A) → (q). Radius of circumscribed or inscribed circles are 2 and 1,
respectively.
Now, Let any point P and Q on circumscribed and inscribed

2 ∆  a2 + b 2 
sin ∠CAM + sin ∠CBM =   circles, respectively, be ( 2 cos a , 2 sina ) and (cosb, sinb ).
3  a2b 2  Therefore,

∑ (PA) = ∑ {( 2 cosa − 1)2 + ( 2 sina − 1)2 } = 16

2
1  a2 + b 2 
=   sin C (2)
3  ab 
    ∑ (QA) = ∑ {(cos a − 1)2 + (sina − 1)2 } = 12
2
Also,

a2 + b 2 − c 2 44. Let A (0, 0), B (1, 0) and C (a, b ) be the vertices of the triangle.
cosC =
2ab | b |3
2 2 The product of the altitudes of the triangle is .
⇒ a + b = 4abcosC a2 + b2
1
Now, from Eq. (2), we have    This is maximum for a = 0 and b  =
.
2
2 2  p The maximum values of 4 times the product of the
sin ∠CAM + sin ∠CBM = sin 2C £ where C  
3 3 4 altitudes = 2.

Chapter 4.indd 183 01-01-2009 11:10:44 AM