SUBJECT: VE 119

TOPIC: CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

Career Development is an on-going process of gaining knowledge and improving skills that will help
an individual to establish a career plan. It can start when someone is quite young and just learning
about different ways to make a living. It is a part of human development, and the process can span a
lifetime.

Career Development Theory is an on-going process of gaining knowledge and improving skills that
will help an individual to establish a career plan. It can start when someone is quite young and just
learning about different ways to make a living. It is a part of human development, and the process can
span a lifetime.

Different Career Development Theories

1. Frank Parsons’ Trait and Factor Theory

Frank Parsons developed the idea of matching careers to talents, skills, and personality. He is
regarded as the founder of the vocational guidance movement.

2. Holland Theory of Vocational Types

John L. Holland developed his theory on the idea that career choice is based on personality.

Holland Codes or Holland Occupational Themes:

 Realistic (R) also called “Doers,” people in this type solve problems by taking action rather than
discussing it.
 Investigative (I) also called “Thinkers,” people in this type like to work with information.
 Artistic (A) also called “Creators,” people in this type are creative, inventive and typically more
emotionally aware than other Holland Types.
 Social (S) also called “Helpers,” people in this type enjoy teaching or helping others.
 Enterprising (E) also called “Persuaders,” people in this type enjoy working with people and
information.
 Conventional (C) also called “Organizers,” people in this type enjoy rules and regulations.

3. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Developed by Albert Bandura, is the idea that an individual’s motives and behaviors are based
on experience.

Social Cognitive Theory helps to explain how a person can set up their career development
plan for success. Through a positive view of their own abilities and surrounding themselves with
a positive network of mentors, a person has a better chance of achieving their career goals.

4. Super’s Developmental Self-Concept Theory

Donald Super built his developmental theory on the idea that your view of yourself changes.
This theory defines a “career” as the entire lifetime of a person.

Super broke career development into five stages:

 Growth this stage starts at birth and continues through age 14.
  Exploration this stage starts at age 15 and continues through age 25.
 Establishment this stage starts at age 25 and continues through age 44.
 Maintenance this stage starts at 45 and continues through age 64.
 Decline this stage begins at age 65.

5. Roe’s Personality Theory

Anne Roe’s Personality Theory states that a person chooses their career based on their
interaction with their parents. Roe believed that the way a child interacts with their parents
would lead them to pursue either person-oriented or non-person-oriented jobs.

.6. Krumboltz Social Learning Theory of Career Choice

John D. Krumboltz developed a theory of career decision-making and development based on

social learning.

Krumboltz proposed the four main factors that influence career choice.

 genetic influences
 environmental conditions and events,
 learning experiences and
 task approach skills (e.g., self-observation, goal setting, and information seeking).

Learning experiences, especially observational learning stemming from significant role models
(e.g., parents, teachers, heroes), have a powerful influence on career decisions, making some
occupations more attractive than others. Positive modeling, reward, and reinforcement will likely
lead to the development of appropriate career planning skills and career behavior.)

7. Constructivist Theory/Models of Career Development

Two thinkers associated with this approach are M.L. Savickas and VancePeavy, it is related to
existential theory and is a more philosophical framework within which career counseling can be
done. The constructivist career counseling approach is generally about life planning. The search
for meaningful work is connected to constructivism's emphasis on deriving meaning from
personal experience. To have meaningful careers, experience careers individuals need to
reflect on their life experiences and the resulting “constructs” they may hold about life/work/self.

In conclusion, Career Development Theory can help you gain a better understanding of
yourself and your career. Many people find a combination of several theories enables them to
gain better insight.

TOPIC: CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

According to Missouri State Career Development Process is an ongoing process consisting

of four main recurring steps: self-knowledge, exploration, decision-making and action.

Self-knowledge
- means to understand ourselves by understanding our personality, interest, skills and
values.

Exploration
- means how can we explore so many possibilities.
Decision-making
- challenging steps for many people

Action
- take charge of you major and your career, by setting smart goals to obtain your objective.

The Six Stages of Career Development

1. Career Awareness
- a stage where children learn about themselves and what they enjoy doing
(interest), what they can do particularly well (abilities) and learn what's important to them
(values and beliefs).

2. Career Exploration
- in this stage the children begin to investigate a career that are interest of them.

3. Career Preparation
- in this stage children and youth gather the knowledge they will need to perform in
their careers, including the basic literacy skills necessary to function in modern society and
work successfully in an information age.

4. Career Placement
- a stage that is most often experienced during late adolescence and early adulthood when
young adults land their first job outside their home for pay.

5. Career Maintenance
- during this stage the worker settles into pattern, becoming comfortable with job duties
and co-workers and finding a balance between work and play.

6. Career Mentoring
- this career mentoring stage can occur while an individual is still working or his
retirement. Career mentoring is where mature workers have an opportunity to share what they
learned that enabled them to be successful in their jobs.

TOPIC: STEPS IN CAREER PLANNING

Career planning consists of activities and actions that you take to achieve your individual career
goals.

Five steps of Career Planning

First Step: Self-Assessment knowing and understanding of self better to know if you are in the
right job/career or you
want to go to another job.
Four Components of Self-Assessment

 Interests finding a job that allows you to explore or share your interests in some way is more
likely to keep you engaged, motivated, and inspired in your work.
 Personality the better you understand your personality and how you function in the world, the
more likely you will be to find jobs or careers that are a good match.
 Values making choices consistent with your values are a key component of career satisfaction,
take time to define what your values mean to you.
 Skills knowing what skills you have to offer can help you identify specific industries or
organizations where your strengths might be a good match for the employer’s needs.

Second Step: Explore Work/ Career Options matching and aligning what you want to do on one
hand, and with the various opportunities, on the other.

Steps to begin exploring careers that will make you happy:

1. Start with yourself

Consider what interests you, what you enjoy doing and what motivates you.
2. Research viable careers
Start researching careers, with this step you're able to have more information about the jobs
that seem to fit you.
3. Eliminate the careers that don't appeal to you
During your research, you may find that some career paths aren't in your best interest so be as
picky as you need so you end up with a handful of career options that seem like viable choices.
4. Speak to others in the field
You can do a lot of research about your final career choices, but the best insight into your
options will probably come from those who are already employed in the field.
5. Get involved in the workplace
Speak to experts in the field and ask if there are any opportunities to shadow them and their
team for a day.
6. Revisit your choices
Based upon the previous steps, you’ll be better positioned to know if a career you’re exploring is
the right one for you, and eliminate any careers you’ve decided won’t.

Third Step: Narrow Down List of Work/Career Options

List down three to five career options that is match with your interest, personality, needs, values
and skills, on one hand and the opportunities and limitations, on the other.

5 Career Options Sample

1. Teacher
2. Nurse
3. Business woman
4. Engineer
5. Fashion Designer
 Fourth Step: Decide Or Choose the Best Option
This step will let you choose the best from among the list of 3-5 options.

 Description of your ideal job

 Personal Mission Statement
 Job Requirements or Qualifications

Fifth Step: Set a Career Goal

This process will give you focus and it will motivate you to overcome obstacles that will keep you
from achieving your goal.

Career planning is important to:

 Identify your purpose and passions.

 Helps in goal setting
 Helps in analysing strengths and weaknesses
 Gives you motivation
 Path to your goals
 Balances your personal and work life

Tips for Building a Career

 Realize your goals

 Never stop learning
 Ask, listen and learn
 Fulfill your current job
 Prepare yourself

In conclusion, Career Planning is a must for every individual in order to become successful in life.
It brings out the best within the individual and helps utilize person’s skills and abilities to optimum
level.

TOPIC: HISTORY OF CAREER COUNSELING

Career Counseling
- Defined as a process in which a counselor works collaboratively to help
clients/students clarify, specify, implement and adjust to work related decisions.

- Career counseling began in1879 during the industrial revolution.

- Due to job loss in agricultural sector, increasing demands for workers in heavy
industry, the loss of permanent jobs on the family farm to new emerging
technologies and returning veterans from WWI.

 Frank Parsons
- Founder of career vocational guidance, now career counseling
 Six Stages of Career Counseling

1. Job Placement Services (1890-1919)

 The focus of the first stage of career counseling was for job placement.

2. Educational Guidance in School (1920-1939)

 Educational counseling the second stage in the development of career counseling,
emerged from the work of humanitarian, progressive social reformers in school.

3. Colleges and Universities and the Training of Counselors (1940-1959)

 Was characterized by the focused of societal resources on colleges and the training of
professional counselors as response to a new social transition engendered by two
major events that set the tone for all subsequent worldwide actions.

4. Meaningful Work and Organizational Career Development (1960-1979)

 The 1960’s were a time of idealism and hope. In this stage it focuses on a generation of
young people on the potential, myths, and illusions of American society, providing for
them a new vision of personal, social, and cultural relations.

5. Independent Practice Career Counseling and Outplacement Counseling (1980-1989)

 This began the fifth stage transition in the 1980’s from an industrial age to a technology
age.
 During this stage the emergence of the private practice career counselor was the direct
result of the beginnings of national acceptance of career counseling as an important
service to provide to a citizenry in occupational transition as well as to the proliferation
of mental health private practices.

6. Focus on School-to-Job Transition; Internalization of Career Counseling;

Multicultural Counseling; and Increasing Sophistication in the use of Technology (1990-
present)

 Career counseling had found it itself being extended in a variety of new directions

TOPIC: COUNSELING STRATEGIES AND WHAT DID THE CAREER COUNSELORS DO

Counseling involves relationship between two persons in which one of them (counselor) attempts
to assists the other (counselee or client) in organizing himself as to attain a particular form of
happiness or adjusting to a life situation.

Career Counseling it is the process of helping an individual come up with a personal career plan. It
is collecting and evaluating various information about the self and the world of work to help the
client meet his/her life goals and take the necessary steps to implement the plan.

Career Counseling Strategies/Techniques

 1. Pre-Counseling - it is conducive to get a basic understanding of your candidate.

2. Rapport Building - for communication to flow freely and clearly during counselling, it is essential
to remove any potential blockages.

3. Career Assessment - this is a tool designed to analyze the various skills, talents, and aptitudes
of your candidate.

4. 360° Profile Analysis -it focuses on the candidates thoughts, culture, beliefs, and frame of mind
together with his or her skills, personality.

5. Setting Career Goals -the whole point of career counselling in itself is to set the optimal career
goal it is imperative to achieving them.

6. Develop an Action Plan -an action plan can be considered a tool to allow counselors to develop
a course of action for the candidate.

7. Using Technology Platforms -this helps counsellors to pick the reports at ease and work on
them.

8. Understanding the job market - understanding these variations will help in providing the right
guidance and career options to the students based on an informed decision.

9. Updated Knowledge of Career Options -having the right information about upcoming and
growing careers will help a counsellor to provide options to the candidate.

10. Post Counselling Support -this will ensure that the candidate is following recommendations
and working towards achieving the goals.

What Career Counselors do:

1. Administer personality and career tests to assess clients’ career aptitudes and interests.

2. Identify career possibilities and educate clients about these options.

3. Provide referrals to community resources, such as job training opportunities and educational
programs.

4. Help clients identify nearby job openings and internship opportunities.

5. Assist clients in creating resumes and cover letters.

6. Teach clients effective interviewing techniques and hold mock interviews.

In conclusion, Career Counseling helps you choose a better career option that’s just right for you .
Get expert, unbiased advice on selecting and planning your career.

Five Stages of Career Development

Career Development
 Is the process of managing life, and work over the lifespan

Career Stages
 Refers to the stages of career development that an individual pass through.
TOPIC: Five Stages of Career Development

1. Exploration
 Refers to the stage before gaining permanent employment

2. Establishment
 In this stage it includes your initial job search, applying for a job and accepting your first
long term position.
3. Mid-career
 This stage was characterized either career stability and progression or a transition into a
new progression or field
4. Late-career
 This stage you begin to envision what your life will look like after retirement and may
spend less time working and more time doing activities you enjoy outside of work.
5. Decline
 A stage where many people are ready to retire.

6 Stages of Modern Career Development

. Stage # 1. Assessment:

In the Assessment Stage, you are getting ready for your life’s work. This stage is characterized
by unawareness, in that you are not sure what your values, strengths, and weaknesses are.
You start to feel as though you want to know more about yourself and make a conscious effort
to get in touch with who you really are.
The key characteristics of this stage are taking assessment instruments and working with a
career counsellor or career coach.
Stage # 2. Investigation:
In the Investigation Stage, you are researching what work exists in the world. This stage is
characterized by feelings of confusion, in that you are not sure what career options exist for
you. You may feel overwhelmed with all of the jobs and opportunities that exist as you begin
the process of researching the modern world of work.
But if you approach this stage with a positive frame of mind, you will find that you will learn
about many possibilities you may have never considered. The key characteristics of this stage
are researching the world of work and conducting informational interviews with people in your
chosen field.
Stage # 3. Preparation:
In the Preparation Stage, you are still getting ready to do your life’s work. This stage is
characterized by feelings of excitement, as you think of how wonderful it will be to perform
meaningful work. However, there is still much work to be done, and to be successful, you have
to prepare. This stage is characterized by gaining knowledge and experience and setting goals
and adopting a success- oriented mind-set
Stage # 4. Commitment:
In the Commitment Stage, you will feel confident that you have figured out what you are meant
to do. Sometimes people have known all along what they were meant to do but could not
commit to the process of making it happen, for whatever reason. At this stage, more than ever,
you must focus your energy and keep your eye on the target.
The key characteristics of this stage are conducting a job search and negotiating and
accepting a job offer.
Stage # 5. Retention:
In the Retention Stage, you will feel comfortable in your career field, as you will now have
figured out how things work in your industry. You will want to remain committed to your career
by continually updating your skill set and staying current with industry standards. This stage is
characterized by providing first-class customer-service skills and building a professional
network.
Stage # 6. Transition:
The Transition Stage is characterized by feelings of discomfort in that you are unsure of what
you will be doing next (and/or if you will be happy). In this stage, you will learn to make
conscious changes in your career direction.

TOPIC: HOW TO DEVELOP TECHNICAL-PROFESSIONAL CAREER

Technical Career are the abilities and knowledge needed to perform specific tasks. They are
practical, and often relate to mechanical, information technology, mathematical, or scientific tasks. 

Professional Career involves being reliable, setting your own high standards, and showing that
you care about every aspect of your job. It's about being industrious and organized, and holding
yourself accountable for your thoughts, words and actions.

Some ideas that can help you to develop your Technical Skills/Career:

1. Enroll in technical classes, workshops and seminars – For many, the classroom experience
trumps studying alone or learning online. There are numerous training sessions, seminars and
workshops that offer a platform for learning about a specific technology or product.
2. Subscribe to Technical Sites & Magazines – They can help to improve your technical
knowledge, skills, insights into innovation and also provide you with tips on how to manage com
plex software applications. Examples of Technical Sites are: Techcrunch, CNET,  Mashable,
and Engadget, to mention a few.
3. Make Friends with a Computer Geek – Spending time with knowledgeable “geeks” is a great
way to develop your technical know-how. Much of their knowledge will eventually sink in. Most
geeks love talking about technology and would be more than willing to share their knowledge
with you.
4. Read Technical Books & Take Online Tutorials – Bookstores typically have a section for
hardware, software, programming languages and other technical topics. Whether you choose to
join your local library or buy these books, one advantage you have is that you can buy based on
your present knowledge level (beginner or advanced learner).
5. Learn Multiple Software Applications – The more experienced you are with existing
applications, the easier it will become to learn new ones in the future. Eventually, it will become
extremely easy to figure out the technicalities of different applications and the "typical" features
of a standard software application.
6. Talk to Developers – Another great way to learn about technology is to discuss with the
development team on how implementation will work. Discuss with programmers, they will be
willing to explain what they are doing.
7. Volunteer on Technical Projects – Seek out opportunities in your community to volunteer on
technical projects; this will allow you to gain valuable experience from working with the technical
members of the team.

Several ways on how you can develop your Professional Career:

1. Set goals for yourself. Setting specific goals to improve your career helps you stay on track
with your development. Make sure your goals are measurable, achievable and relevant to your
profession or your goals. 
2. Find a mentor. A professional mentor is typically a superior you respect and trust. Once you
find your mentor, you can reach out for informal meetings, which can then naturally develop into
a professional relationship.
3. Seek feedback about strengths and weaknesses. You can ask superiors, colleagues or even
friends or family about your strengths and areas for improvement. It is important to seek
feedback from people who will give you honest critiques rather than automatic praise. 
4. Review job descriptions for positions you want.  These job descriptions will give you an idea
of the transferable skills you have, as well as the job-specific skills you will need.
5. Enroll in an online degree program. Companies often encourage employees to further their
education with a degree, and some offer tuition assistance or reimbursement. 
6. Take continuing education courses in career-related fields. These courses are often taught
by professionals with experience in their field. For some professions, continuing education
courses are required to stay current in the industry.
7. Take advantage of company training.  Many companies use independent training
departments with experts in different fields that train on specialized skill sets. 
8. Participate in job shadowing. Job shadowing is a great way to learn more about the day-to-
day responsibilities of another profession and to learn new skills. 
9. Join a professional association in your field. In a group setting, you have the opportunity to
converse with colleagues about your industry and to discover skills you may want to develop. 

In conclusion, Technical and Professional are important for a number of reasons. They can help
you work more efficiently, boost your confidence and make you a more valuable candidate for
employers and often better at multitasking in a challenging and complex role.

(Sana’y makatulong, Goodluck Values 3-C sa exams niyo kaya niyo yan FIGHTING FUTURE
EDUCATORS! God Bless)

-May and Rachil