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    Bang-Bang Control

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    Bang-Bang Control

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    Bang–bang_control

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    232 views3 pages

    Bang-Bang Control

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Bang–bang control

    In control theory, a bang–bang controller (2 step or on–off


    controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between
    two states. These controllers may be realized in terms of any
    element that provides hysteresis. They are often used to control a
    plant that accepts a binary input, for example a furnace that is either
    completely on or completely off. Most common residential
    thermostats are bang–bang controllers. The Heaviside step function
    in its discrete form is an example of a bang–bang control signal.
    Due to the discontinuous control signal, systems that include bang–
    bang controllers are variable structure systems, and bang–bang
    controllers are thus variable structure controllers.

    Contents
    Bang–bang solutions in optimal control
    A water heater that maintains desired
    Practical implications of bang-bang control temperature by turning the applied
    See also power on and off (as opposed to
    continuously varying electrical
    References voltage or current) based on
    temperature feedback is an example
    application of bang–bang control.
    Bang–bang solutions in optimal control Although the applied power switches
    from one discrete state to another,
    In optimal control problems, it is sometimes the case that a control the water temperature will remain
    is restricted to be between a lower and an upper bound. If the relatively constant due to the slow
    optimal control switches from one extreme to the other (i.e., is nature of temperature changes in
    materials. Hence, the regulated
    strictly never in between the bounds), then that control is referred to
    temperature is like a sliding mode of
    as a bang-bang solution.[1]
    the variable structure system setup
    by the bang–bang controller.
    Bang–bang controls frequently arise in minimum-time problems.
    For example, if it is desired for a car starting at rest to arrive at a
    certain position ahead of the car in the shortest possible time, the
    solution is to apply maximum acceleration until the unique
    switching point, and then apply maximum braking to come to rest
    exactly at the desired position.[1]

    A familiar everyday example is bringing water to a boil in the Symbol for a bang-bang control
    shortest time, which is achieved by applying full heat, then turning
    it off when the water reaches a boil. A closed-loop household
    example is most thermostats, wherein the heating element or air conditioning compressor is either running
    or not, depending upon whether the measured temperature is above or below the setpoint.

    Bang–bang solutions also arise when the Hamiltonian is linear in the control variable; application of
    Pontryagin's minimum or maximum principle will then lead to pushing the control to its upper or lower
    bound depending on the sign of the coefficient of u in the Hamiltonian.[2]
    In summary, bang–bang controls are actually optimal controls in some cases, although they are also often
    implemented because of simplicity or convenience.

    Practical implications of bang-bang control


    Mathematically or within a computing context there may be no problems, but the physical realization of
    bang-bang control systems gives rise to several complications.

    First, depending on the width of the hysteresis gap and inertia in the process, there will be an oscillating
    error signal around the desired set point value (e.g., temperature), often saw-tooth shaped. Room
    temperature may become uncomfortable just before the next switch 'ON' event. Alternatively, a narrow
    hysteresis gap will lead to frequent on/off switching, which is undesirable for, e.g., an electrically ignited
    gas heater.

    Second, the onset of the step function may entail, for example, a high electrical current and/or sudden
    heating and expansion of metal vessels, ultimately leading to metal fatigue or other wear-and-tear effects.
    Where possible, continuous control, such as in PID control will avoid problems caused by the brisk state
    transitions that are the consequence of bang-bang control.

    See also
    Euler equation
    Double-setpoint control
    Fuzzy Logic
    Lyapunov's theorem
    Optimal control
    PID controller
    Robust control
    Sliding mode control
    Vector measure
    Pulse and glide
    GBU-12 Paveway II – a laser-guided bomb which uses a simplified bang-bang steering
    mechanism

    References
    1. Ross, Isaac (2015). A primer on Pontryagin's principle in optimal control (https://www.amazo
    n.com/Primer-Pontryagins-Principle-Optimal-Control/dp/0984357114). San Francisco:
    Collegiate Publishers. pp. 218–230. ISBN 978-0-9843571-0-9. OCLC 625106088 (https://w
    ww.worldcat.org/oclc/625106088).
    2. Kamien, Morton I.; Schwartz, Nancy L. (1991). "Discontinuous and Bang-Bang Control" (http
    s://www.google.com/books/edition/Dynamic_Optimization_Second_Edition/liLCAgAAQBA
    J?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA202). Dynamic Optimization : The Calculus of Variances and
    Optimal Control in Economics and Management (Second ed.). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    pp. 202–208. ISBN 0-444-01609-0.

    Artstein, Zvi (1980). "Discrete and continuous bang-bang and facial spaces, or: Look for the
    extreme points". SIAM Review. 22 (2): 172–185. doi:10.1137/1022026 (https://doi.org/10.113
    7%2F1022026). JSTOR 2029960 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2029960). MR 0564562 (http
    s://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0564562).
    Flugge-Lotz, Irmgard (1953). Discontinuous Automatic Control. Princeton University Press.
    ISBN 9780691653259.
    Hermes, Henry; LaSalle, Joseph P. (1969). Functional analysis and time optimal control.
    Mathematics in Science and Engineering. 56. New York—London: Academic Press.
    pp. viii+136. MR 0420366 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0420366).
    Kluvánek, Igor; Knowles, Greg (1976). Vector measures and control systems. North-Holland
    Mathematics Studies. 20. New York: North-Holland Publishing Co. pp. ix+180. MR 0499068
    (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0499068).
    Rolewicz, Stefan (1987). Functional analysis and control theory: Linear systems.
    Mathematics and its Applications (East European Series). 29 (Translated from the Polish by
    Ewa Bednarczuk ed.). Dordrecht; Warsaw: D. Reidel Publishing Co.; PWN—Polish
    Scientific Publishers. pp. xvi+524. ISBN 90-277-2186-6. MR 0920371 (https://www.ams.org/
    mathscinet-getitem?mr=0920371). OCLC 13064804 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1306480
    4).
    Sonneborn, L.; Van Vleck, F. (1965). "The Bang-Bang Principle for Linear Control Systems".
    SIAM J. Control. 2: 151–159.

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