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    Citizenship Groupwork: Group Members Date:05/12/2022

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    moses maned
    Grégoire Kayibanda was Rwanda's first president after independence but failed to unify Rwandans. He established a one-party Hutu-dominated state with policies that divided Rwandans along ethnic lines, such as identity cards labeling people as Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. This exacerbated tensions between Hutus and Tutsis. Kayibanda also banned opposition Tutsi parties and executed their members. His government was inefficient and corrupt. This failure to settle ethnic conflicts and divide Rwandan citizens by ethnicity ultimately contributed to the 1994 genocide against Tutsis.

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    Citizenship Groupwork: Group Members Date:05/12/2022

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    moses maned
    123 views8 pages
    Grégoire Kayibanda was Rwanda's first president after independence but failed to unify Rwandans. He established a one-party Hutu-dominated state with policies that divided Rwandans along ethnic lines, such as identity cards labeling people as Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. This exacerbated tensions between Hutus and Tutsis. Kayibanda also banned opposition Tutsi parties and executed their members. His government was inefficient and corrupt. This failure to settle ethnic conflicts and divide Rwandan citizens by ethnicity ultimately contributed to the 1994 genocide against Tutsis.

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    Grégoire Kayibanda was Rwanda's first president after independence but failed to unify Rwandans. He established a one-party Hutu-dominated state with policies that divided Rwandans along ethnic lines, such as identity cards labeling people as Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. This exacerbated tensions between Hutus and Tutsis. Kayibanda also banned opposition Tutsi parties and executed their members. His government was inefficient and corrupt. This failure to settle ethnic conflicts and divide Rwandan citizens by ethnicity ultimately contributed to the 1994 genocide against Tutsis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    123 views8 pages

    Citizenship Groupwork: Group Members Date:05/12/2022

    Uploaded by

    moses maned
    Grégoire Kayibanda was Rwanda's first president after independence but failed to unify Rwandans. He established a one-party Hutu-dominated state with policies that divided Rwandans along ethnic lines, such as identity cards labeling people as Hutu, Tutsi or Twa. This exacerbated tensions between Hutus and Tutsis. Kayibanda also banned opposition Tutsi parties and executed their members. His government was inefficient and corrupt. This failure to settle ethnic conflicts and divide Rwandan citizens by ethnicity ultimately contributed to the 1994 genocide against Tutsis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    CITIZENSHIP GROUPWORK

    Group members; DATE:05/12/2022


    ● UMUTONI KAZE Joanna Michelle
    ● HIRWA RUKUNDO Hope
    ● MUGISHA SHAMI Innocent
    ● MUGISHA Guy Noel
    ● BATETE Ange Nadette
    ● NSENGIYUMVA Nicolas
    ● ITURUSHIMBABAZI Peace Exaucee
    ● SANGWA HIRWA Sean
    ● GITOLI Remy Claudien

    Group number: 3
    Class: Year 1B

    SECTION A
    1. False
    2. False
    3. False
    4. False
    5. True

    SECTION B
    1. Discuss the political parties that were formed before Rwanda got
    independence.

    First of all, A political party is an organization that coordinates


    candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the
    members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote
    specific ideological or policy goals. Before independence, Rwanda used the
    multiparty system but after the 1994 genocide, Rwanda became a one-party-
    dominant state with the Rwandan Patriotic Front in power. So the following are
    political parties formed before Rwanda got independence;

    ➢ Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR): This was a conservative Rwandan


    political party. It was founded on 3 September 1959, by François Rukeba,
    and strongly supported by King Kigeri V. At the time, Rwanda was still
    under Belgian administration, and UNAR was the leading monarchist
    party. It called for immediate independence under a hereditary Tutsi
    constitutional monarchy.

    ➢ Rassemblement Démocratique du Rwanda (RADER): This was formed


    on April 3, 1995, by a group of Rwandan refugees in Mugunga, the
    eastern region of the then Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the
    Congo. Its stated goal was to establish a democratic and free Rwandan
    Republic, and its president was Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza.

    ➢ Parti du Mouvement pour l’Emancipation Hutu (PARMEHUTU): This


    was a political party in Rwanda and was formed by Grégoire Kayibanda in
    June 1957. The movement emphasized the right of the majority ethnicity
    to rule and asserted the supremacy of Hutus over Tutsis. It was the most
    important party of the "Hutu Revolution'' of 1959–61 that led to Rwanda
    becoming an independent republic and Hutus superseding Tutsis as the
    ruling group.

    ➢ Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse (APROSOMA):


    The party was established on 15 February 1959 by Joseph Gitera
    alongside friends and former schoolmates. Although it initially promoted
    social improvement for both Hutu and Tutsi, it later became an anti-Tutsi
    party.

    Those were the main political parties but there included others such as :

    ➢ AREDETWA: This stands for Association pour le Relèvement


    Démocratique de Batwa or Association for Democratic Elevation of Batwa.
    It was founded by Laurent Munyankuge from Gitarama. This party was
    later absorbed by PARMEHUTU.

    ➢ APADEC: This stands for Association du Parti Démocratique Chrétien or


    Association of Christian Democratic Party. Its founder was called Augustin
    Rugiramasasu.
    ➢ UMUR: This stands for Union des Masses Rwandaises.

    ➢ UNINTERCOKI: This stands for Union des Intêréts Communs du


    Kinyaga.

    ➢ ABAKI: This stands for Alliance des Bakiga.

    ➢ MEMOR: This stands for Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais.

    ➢ MUR: This stands for Mouvement pour l’Union Rwandaise.

    In conclusion therefore, we have been discussing different political parties that


    were formed before the independence of Rwanda. The major ones included
    PARMEHUTU which helped Rwanda get its independence, UNAR, RADER and
    APROSOMA. There were others such as APADEC, AREDETWA, etc. All these played
    an important role but they were all abolished after the liberation war and Rwanda
    became a one-party-dominant state with the Rwandan Patriotic Front in power as stated
    before.

    2. Evaluate the socio-economic achievements of the First Republic.

    The first republic of Rwanda started in 1972 after the coup d’etat of president
    KAYIBANDA by HABYARIMANA. From then the first republic was over. In the following
    passage we are going to see more about different social-economic achievements of the
    first republic.

    Economic Achievements.

    ➢ The first republic did more in the development of infrastructures like the
    development of schools, hospitals and also some governmental head offices.
    Even though all the above infrastructures were not evenly distributed within the
    county.

    ➢ In addition to that during the first republic there was development of health
    centers whereby different foreign medicines were introduced in order to replace
    the traditional medicines. And also there development of different hospitals for
    example the hospital of Kabgayi.
    ➢ There was also a big development in the food sector because as the Europeans
    came they introduced new types of agricultural products like the tea and the
    coffes and all these led to the improvement in the agricultural sector.

    ➢ Financial institutions like banks were opened and supported a few factories and
    industrial companies.

    ➢ Roads linking Rwanda to her neighbors were to be tarmacked as it was set in


    the framework of the five Year Development plan (1966 – 1971). Examples of the
    roads are : Kigali – Gatuna.

    ➢ Besides there was the construction of Kanombe airport which opened Rwanda to
    the outside world.

    ➢ There was also the construction of Rusumo Bridge at Akagera River which
    connected Rwanda to Tanzania and they also constructed Nyabarongo Bridge
    on River Nyabarongo.

    ➢ ISAR(Institut des Science Agronomiques du Rwanda) which was in charge of


    preparing plant seeds ,improved seeds and plants and distributed them in some
    parts of the country and in that time some Marshlands were reclaimed to improve
    agricultural products.

    Social achievements.

    In education:

    ➢ The 1st republic increased their budget allocated to education where before
    secondary schools were 23 schools and increased to 63 schools , the enrolment
    in primary schools was 261,306 increased to 425,000 and the number of girls in
    school increased from 29% to 45%.
    ➢ During the first Republic the first University was started with a priest called
    Levesque and it distributed faculties in medicines, arts and science.

    In health:

    ➢ Some socio-medical centers were opened for providing health education and
    training on how to avoid and prevent diseases and knowledge in maternal health
    care.

    ➢ and preventive medicine vaccination campaigns were initiated between 1965


    and 1970.

    In conclusion the above are different social-economic achievements of the first


    republic of Rwanda. In addition there are many achievements not only the one
    mentioned above but also there are others but not more consindered as the above
    ones. There are also both positive and negative achievements but in this context we
    choose to discuss only the positive ones in order to meet the requirements of the
    questions.

    3. Explain why Grégoire Kayibanda failed to unify the Rwandan citizens.

    Grégoire Kayibanda (1 May 1924 – 15 December 1976) was a Rwandan


    politician and revolutionary who was the first elected President of Rwanda from 1962 to
    1973. An ethnic Hutu, he was a pioneer of the Rwandan Revolution and led Rwanda's
    struggle for independence from Belgium, replacing the Tutsi monarchy with a republican
    form of government. Rwanda became independent from Belgium in 1962, with
    Kayibanda serving as the country's first president, establishing a pro-Hutu policy and a
    de facto one-party system governed by his party . He was overthrown in a coup d'état in
    1973 by his defense minister, Juvénal Habyarimana, and died three years later.
    Grégoire Kayibanda led Rwanda's first Republic which was characterized by ethnic
    ideology and bad governance. This later contributed to the 1994 genocide against the
    Tutsi due to failure to unify Rwandan citizens.
    ★ Unsettled ethnic and political tensions : Grégoire Kayibanda failed to settle
    the long-term conflicts that were between both the Tutsi and Hutu population.
    This later led to genocide against the Tutsis.

    ★ Inefficiency and corruption developed in government : The government of


    Grégoire Kayibanda involved corruption of different natural resources of the
    country, also this government was inefficient to solve different problems that
    were faced by the Rwandan citizens.

    ★ The Kayibanda administration established quotas to try to increase the


    number of Hutu in schools and the civil service: Only Hutu children were
    allowed to study in schools, this effort ended up penalizing the Tutsi citizens. This
    later resulted into different ethnic conflicts wich later led to the 1994 genocide
    against the Tutsis.

    ★ Ethnic identity cards: The Kayibanda's government started to introduce identity


    cards that were used to divide Rwandan citizens into different ethnic groups such
    as Tutsi, Hutu and Twa ; this system increased ethnic tension which later led to
    genocide in 1994.

    ★ It banned the political parties UNAR and RADER and executed Tutsi
    members: The Kayibanda’s government banned different Tutsi opposition
    parties which included RADER and UNAR from elections. This also contributed
    to rising of ethnic tension between Hutu and Tutsi.

    ★ The culture of impunity. Gregoire failed to unite people as he founded the


    Hutu Emancipation Movement Party in 1957 to fight against the Tutsi aristocracy
    which created differences among Rwandans.
    ★ The role played by the press. During the first republic due to the coming on
    power by the Hutu community many media started promoting hatred among the
    Hutu and Tutsi which created differences among Rwandans.

    ★ Increased violence. By 1962, about 120,000 people, primarily Tutsis, had


    taken refuge in neighboring states to flee the violence which had
    accompanied the gradual coming into power of the Hutu community.

    ★ Increased attacks. The Hutus and Tutsis were living peacefully until
    some of the Tutsis who wanted a return of the previous and exiled
    monarchical regime organized themselves in neighboring countries and
    began several unsuccessful attacks against the Rwandan government.
    This increased hatred between the Hutu majority, who were in favor of the
    Republic and the Tutsi minority So the situation got worse after some
    bloodbaths were recorded in neighboring Burundi in 1972.

    As a conclusion, we can say that some of the failures of Grégoire Kayibanda to


    unify the Rwandan citizens are: Unsettled ethnic and political tensions, Inefficiency and
    corruption developed in government, The Kayibanda administration established quotas
    to try to increase the number of Hutu in schools and the civil service, Ethnic identity
    cards, it banned the political parties UNAR and RADER and executed Tutsi members.
    Those are the main failures encountered in the first republic which was led by Grégoire
    Kayibanda. After genocide; there was a new government led by his excellence PAUL
    Kagame which led to the unification of Rwandan citizens and the good development of
    the country.

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