Sudan University of Science & Technology

College of Graduate Studies

Department of Electrical Engineering

Performance Assessment of Thyristor Controlled

Series Compensator (TCSC) in Sudanese National
Grid
‫تقييم أداء معوض التوالي المتحكم به عن طريق الثايرستور في‬
‫الشبكة القومية السودانية‬

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement

of the Degree of M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (Power)

Prepared By:
Mosab Basher Omer Mohammed

Supervised By:
Dr. Mohammed Osman Hassan

August 2018
 ‫اآلية‬

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫قال تعالي ‪:‬‬

‫علَّ ْمتَنَا إِنَّ َك أَنتَ ا ْلعَ ِلي ُم ا ْل َح ِكي ُم﴾‬ ‫﴿ قَالُواْ ُ‬

‫س ْب َحانَ َك الَ ِع ْل َم لَنَا إِالَّ َما َ‬
‫سورة البقرة (‪)32‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
DEDICATION

To Mom and Dad

To my family

To my teachers

To my colleagues

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I must acknowledge my limitless thanks to Allah, the
Ever-Magnificent; the Ever-Thankful, for His helps and bless. I am totally
sure that this work would have never become truth, without His guidance. I
am grateful to some people, who worked hard with me from the beginning till
the completion of this thesis particularly my supervisor Dr. Mohammed
Osman Hassan, who has been always generous during all phases of the
thesis. I would like to take this opportunity to say warm thanks to Mr.
Ahmed Mohammed Abdelgadir, who have been so supportive along
the way of doing my thesis. I also would like to express my whole hearted
thanks to my family for their generous support they provided me throughout
my entire life and particularly through the process of pursuing the master
degree.

iii
 Abstract
In this thesis a method based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm, which represents one type of modern optimization techniques is
presented to determine the optimal parameters of Power System Stabilizers
(PSSs) found in Sudanese National Grid, instead of classical control
approaches. In addition TCSC is implemented in the National grid to
increases the performance of the system by decreasing reactance of the
transmission lines and hence increases the power flow in the lines as well as
reduces the line losses. Optimal location for placing of TCSC is found by
performance indices calculation to reduce overloading of each transmission
line in normal case and contingency cases. TCSC improve system damping.
The simulation carried out through MATLAB and POWER FACTORY
software. Therefore as a result the TCSC enhance National Grid performance
through decreasing transmission lines overloading under normal and
contingency conditions. Also activation of power system stabilizers found in
the National Grid and TCSC implementation had a significant role in
enhancing damping in National grid.

iv
 ‫مستخلص‬
‫في هذه األطروحة تم تقديم طريقة تعتمد على خوارزمية تجسيم سرب الجسيمات (‪، )PSO‬‬
‫عا واحدًا من تقنية التحسين الحديثة لتحديد المتغيرات المثلى لمثبتات نظام القدرة (‪)PSS‬‬
‫والتي تمثل نو ً‬
‫الموجودة في الشبكة القومية لكهرباء السودان‪ ،‬بدالً من طرق التحكم التقليدية‪ .‬باالضافة لذلك تم تمثيل‬
‫معوض التوالي المتحكم به عن طريق الثايرستور( ‪ )TCSC‬في الشبكة القومية لزيادة فعالية النظام‬
‫عن طريق تقليل المفاعالت الحثية لخطوط النقل وبالتالي زيادة القدرة المنقولة عن طريق هذه الخطوط‬
‫وتقليل الفقد فيها‪ .‬الموقع االمثل لربط معوض التوالي المتحكم به عن طريق الثايرستور (‪ )TCSC‬تم‬
‫حسابه عن طريق معامالت األداء لتقليل التحميل على خطوط النقل في الحالة الطبيعية وفي الحاالت‬
‫الطارئة‪ .‬وأيضا تم مالحظة زيادة تخميد النظام بعد اضافة معوض التوالي المتحكم به عن طريق‬
‫الثايرستور (‪ .)TCSC‬المحاكاة تم عن طريق برنامجي الماتالب وال ‪. DIGSILENT‬وعليه كنتيجة‬
‫وجد ان معوض التوالي المتحكم به عن طريق الثايرستور لعب دورا مهما في تحسين مستوى االداء‬
‫في الشبكة القومية وذلك عن طريق تقليل تحميل خطوط النقل في حالة التشغيل الطبيعية وكذلك في‬
‫حالة فقدان الخطوط‪ .‬وايضا تفعيل وضبط مثبتات نظام القدرة الموجودة في الشبكة القومية واضافة‬
‫معوض التوالى المتحكم به عن طريق الثايرستور لعبا دورا مهما في تحسين مستوى التخميد في‬
‫الشبكة القومية‪.‬‬

‫‪v‬‬
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

‫االية‬ i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
‫مستخلص‬ v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Methodology 3
1.5 Thesis Outlines 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Past Research on Transmission Lines Congestion Elimination 5
2.3 Historical and Evolution Perspective 7
2.4 PSS Design Concepts 7
CHAPTER THREE
MODELING OF TCSC AND PSS DESIGN CRITERIA
3.1 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) 10

3.2 Performance Indices Calculation 16

3.2.1 Active power performance index (PIp) 17
3.2.2 Contingency capacity Performance index (CPI) 18
3.3 Power System Stabilizer Design 18
3.3.1 Design Approach 19

vi
 CHAPTER FOUR
MODERN METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION
4.1 Introduction 21
4.2 Particle Swarm Optimization 22
4.2.1 Introduction 22
4.2.2 Computational Implementation of PSO 24
4.3 PSS Parameter optimization applying PSO 26
4.3.1 Optimization problem 26
27
4.3.2 Typical values of the PSS parameters are
CHAPTER FIVE
SIMULATION AND RESULTS DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction 28
5.2 Power System Stabilizers Parameters after PSO Tuning 28
5.3 TCSC Optimal Location under Normal condition calculations 30
5.4 The Effects of adding PSSs and TCSC on the Dynamic Stability 35
in Sudanese National Grid
5.4.1 Damping Ratio Improvement 35
5.4.2 The Effects of Adding PSSs and TCSC on Eigen Values 36
5.5 Implementation of TCSC in Sudanese National Grid under 38
Contingency Condition
5.5.1 Violation in Transmission Lines when line 79 out 41
5.5.2 Violation in Transmission Lines when line 20 out 42

CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion 44
6.2 Recommendations 44
REFERENCE 45
APPENDIX 48
vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page

3.1 block diagram of a control system designed for 11

controlling power flow
3.2 TCSC scheme in series with the line 12
3.3 Implementation of TCSC in Power Factory 12
3.4 The contribution of the PSS to the torque-angle loop 19
4.1 Flowchart of particle swarm optimization algorithm 25
5.1 PSO tuning process graph 29
5.2 Comparison of system damping ratio 36
5.3 Eigen values plot without PSSs and TCSC 36
5.4 Eigen values plot with PSSs and TCSC 37
5.5 Comparison of lines overloading violations when 41
Line79 out
5.6 Comparison of lines overloading violations when Line 42
20 out

viii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No.
5.1 PSS parameters after tuning using PSO 29
5.2 Ranking based on active power performance 30
index (Pip)
5.3 Line data with TCSC and without TCSC under 33
normal condition
5.4 System damping ratio comparison 35
5.5 Oscillatory modes egine values with and without 36
PSS and TCSC
5.6 Ranking based on contingency performance 37
index
5.7 Comparison of lines overloading violations when 41
Line79 out
5.8 Comparison of lines overloading violations when 42
Line 20 out

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission system
TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
PSS Power System Stabilizer
PSO particle swarm optimization
OPF Optimal Power Flow
ISO Independent System Operator
IL Interruptible Load
GA Genetic algorithm
POD power oscillation damper
PIp Active power performance index
CPI Contingency capacity Performance index

x
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

In present days, Power demand is increasing every year to meet this demand the
expansion of power generation and transmission is necessary. But at the same
time it is limited due to limited resources and environmental restrictions.
Installation of new transmission lines with the large interconnected power
system are limited to some of the factors like economic cost, environment related
issues. As a consequence some transmission lines are heavily loaded. The
proposed concept is power electronics based technology has been mainly used
for solving various power system control problems. [1]
Continuous and fast improvement of power electronics technology has made
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) a promising concept for power
system development in the coming decade. Among a variety of FACTS devices,
Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) is chosen and well designed to
enhance the transient stability of the power system. [2]
TCSC increases the performance of system decreasing reactance of line and
hence increases the power flow in the line but cost of FACTS device is high. An
approach to determine the most suitable location for placing the TCSC in order
to enhance the power flow in transmission line using contingencies analysis and
ranking. So it is required to find optima location of FACTS device. Performance
indices are defined and ranked to place TCSC in line which informs to locate
TCSC in better position.

1
Over the last half-century, many power system researchers and engineers have
worked on and contributed to the understanding and solution of the problem of
power system oscillations. It is now well recognized that the main cause of
power system oscillations is the poor damping of the so-called electromechanical
oscillation modes of the power system. Poor damping could be brought out by
the (1) large amount of long-distance power transmission, (2)weak
interconnection of large power sub-networks, and or (3) negative damping due to
the fast-acting high-gain AVRs. Most of the new generators connected to electric
utility systems were equipped with continuously-acting voltage regulators. [3]
Thus, the power system stabilizers are developed to aid in damping these
oscillations via modulating the generator excitation.

1.2 Problem Statement

Recently some modifications have been carried out in Sudanese National

grid to improve system performance but until now there are several problems not
solved such as:

i. Over loading of transmission lines under normal operating

conditions and under contingency conditions.
ii. Sudanese National grid contains four power system stabilizers
(PSSs) but only two of them are working and the others are in off-
line mode which lead to reduction in damping ratios as a result the
dynamic stability of the system has affected.

2
1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this thesis are:
i. Reactivate all power system stabilizers (PSSs) found in Sudanese National
grid.
ii. Tuning the PSSs parameters using modern optimization technique through
using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique.
iii. Solving the transmission lines over loading using Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC) under normal condition and under
contingency condition. Then performance indices are used to find the
optimal location of TCSC.
iv. Comparing the damping ratios of the system with PSSs and TCSC and
without them under normal operating condition.

1.4 Methodology

The first stage in this project; Sudanese National Grid was implemented in
DIGSILENT (Power Factory) software environment then power flow was
performed for the national grid.

On second stage all power system stabilizers (PSSs) found in the system
were activated and then tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO)
technique through linking POWERFACTORY software with MATLAB.

On third stage performance indices were used to find optimal location of

TCSC under normal condition and under contingency condition.

On the final stage TCSC parameters were calculated then the effect of
TCSC modeling in the transmission lines over loading was considered also the
effect of PSSs and TCSC on damping ratios under normal operating conditions
was illustrated.

3
1.5 Thesis Outlines
This thesis including six chapters as follow: Chapter one is
introduction including overview about the role of TCSC in improving
power systems performance through decreasing line reactance and hence
increasing power flow in transmission lines under normal and contingency
conditions. In addition the overview presents the effect of PSS on power
system damping. Also this chapter contains problem statement, objective
and methodology; while chapter two is literature review. Chapter three
gives information about TCSC and PSS modeling also introduces the
performance indices which used to find TCSC optimal location. Chapter
four includes an introduction of optimization methods and focus on PSO
and how to use it to determine optimal parameters of PSS. Chapter five
consists of study calculations and simulations results. And finally chapter
six includes the conclusion and recommendations.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
Power system is facing new challenges and opportunities in the
environment of the internet of things. Under the circumstance of Internet of
things, the transmission congestion management of interruptible load is the
important measure to improve system reliability and operating economy.
Considering the condition of target selected under different circumstances.

2.2 Past Research on Transmission Lines Congestion

Elimination
The rise of the Internet of things, make the power system has to face many
new problems. As at the beginning the rise of the Internet, and the problems
faced in today’s power system also need to face more and more serious
transmission congestion problem. With the opening up of the grid and cross-
regional electrical energy trade increasing, the deepening of power market
reform, it is necessary to carry out a wider range of optimal allocation of
resources. The gradual opening of demand side has become an important part of
congestion management [4]. The increasing of electricity trade and power flow
uncertainty has limited the transmission of electrical energy obviously.
Consequently, transmission congestion had become an important subject to be
solved.
The transmission congestion of power system means that the requirements
of power transmission can’t be satisfied because of the limitation of its
transmission capacity, which usually includes transmission lines or transformer

5
active power flow exceeding the permitted limit and the node voltage off-limit,
etc. In order to eliminate the congestion, the management mode of congestion
presents diversification. In the traditional congestion management mode, power
grid companies adjust power plant power plan, and generator outputs to invoke a
high power. This kind of congestion management usually concentrates on the
side of power generation. Literature [5] proposes a congestion management
model of joint mode; its essence is to consider all kinds of security constraints of
the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problems. Due to the fluctuation of node
electricity price under this model is very big, and trade surpluses can be
produced, which produce wrongful stimulate to the Independent System
Operator (ISO). Therefore the PJM energy market in the United States and
electricity market in the New England use financial transmission rights to solve
the transmission congestion [6]. User demand elasticity is also used to solve the
transmission congestion. Under the market structure of both sides of supply and
demand quoting at the same time, the load of each node is a decision variables
affected by price, ISO can control electricity to ease congestion flexibly.
Literature [7] structures congestion management model with the method of
sensitivity analysis. Literature [8] uses generator rescheduling to solve the
congestion, and provides a kind of congestion cost allocation method.
Using IL (Interruptible Load) to solve the congestion management is a new
solution of the congestion management in recent years. IL can make full use of
the electricity elasticity, eliminate or relieve congestion and the power supply
tension in peak load. According to the interruptible power supply contract signed
by the power company and power users [9], it allows power companies to
remove part of the user load as the contracted purview at a particular period of
time (such as peak load). Meanwhile giving the user certain power shortage
compensation can reduce the electricity load during peak hours to relieve the

6
tense situation of power supply, thus achieve the purpose of congestion
management.

2.3 Historical and Evolution Perspective

Despite their relative simplicity, Power System Stabilizers (PSS) may be

one of the most misunderstood and misused pieces of generator control
equipment. The ability to control synchronous machine angular stability through
the excitation system was identified with the advent of high speed exciters and
continuously-acting voltage regulators. By the mid-1960‟s several authors had
reported successful experience with the addition of supplementary feedback to
enhance damping of rotor oscillations. Since the early1960s, power system
stabilizers have been considered as integral components of the excitation systems
installed on all large generators on the Ontario Hydro system. The use of these
PSS units continues to produce millions of dollars of annual benefits [10].

2.4 PSS Design Concepts

The developments in the area of PSS in the power systems have been discussed
through the various PSS system designs methods. Most of the PSS designs are
based on the application of techniques developed in the area of control system
designs. Recently, heuristic search algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA)
have been applied to the problem of PSS design [10]. Supplementary constant
output produced to improve stability while the operating condition changes and
is always suited to operating conditions. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
technique was developed by Eberhart and Kennedy [10] which was inspired by
the Social behavior of Bird flocking and fish schooling. The results show the
potential of PSO technique for optimal design of PSS and can work effectively
over a wide range of loading conditions and system configurations. The
performance of the proposed PSOPSSs is compared to that of GAPSSs It is clear
7
that the system performance with the proposed PSOPSSs is much better than that
of GA-PSSs and the oscillations are damped out much faster than CPSS.

The PSS designed using conventional method performs well around the nominal
operating condition. However, its performance degrades as the system becomes
more loaded [5].Breeder Genetic Algorithm, BGAPSS performs slightly better
than the GA-PSS. GA however has some limitations such as premature
convergence, difficulties in selecting optimal genetic operators as well as the
high computational capacity required in solving complex optimization problems.
In order to deal with some of the limitations, BGA was proposed by John Greene
[10].This paper uses a slightly different version of BGA known as adaptive
mutation BGA.

The transient stability of a power system is a nonlinear property and cannot be

understood and properly addressed using linear analysis. Nonlinear controller,
inspired and designed using the nonlinear Hopf bifurcation theory, can give great
insight into the understanding and improving the transient stability margins of
the power system. Hopf bifurcation (HB) is a nonlinear theory that is useful in
explaining some of those phenomena [10].Existence of a HB in a system can be
inferred using the linearized model of the system. This has been used, for
instance, in [10], a new technique based on PSO is proposed to optimize the
parameters settings of CPSS is developed and Simulation results show the
effectiveness and robustness of the proposed OPSS over CPSS.

Artificial Bee Colony proposed by Karaboga [10] is a new technique proposed to

optimize the parameters settings of CPSS. PSS parameters settings are computed
using linear control theory [10]. Simulation results show the effectiveness and
robustness of the proposed ABCPSSs over CPSSs. Another version of ABC is
Interactive ABC, Investigations reveal the performance of IABC based

8
multiband power system stabilizers in a multi machine infinite bus system is
better in terms of settling time and peak overshoot under fault conditions and
provide good damping characteristics during small disturbance and large
disturbances for local as well as inter area modes of oscillations [10].

9
 CHAPTER THREE

MODELING OF TCSC AND PSS DESIGN

CRITERIA

3.1 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

The TCSC operates as a series controlled reactance, whose objective is to

compensate the transmission line impedance. The high switching speed of the
TCSC provides a mechanism to control the power flow in the transmission lines,
which allows increasing the load with the existing grid and the damping in the
interconnection of large power systems, and also provides the possibility of
quick power flow adjustment in response to several contingencies that may occur
in the system. The TCSC can also regulate the steady-state power flow to keep it
within the system physical limits [15, 16].
The TCSC can be modeled as a variable reactance (XTCSC) in series with the
transmission line. The variation of XTCSC allows regulating the active power flow
through the line, increasing the damping of power oscillations, among other
benefits.
The modeling of a TCSC can be composed by different control types which
allow the following functions [16]:
 Control of active power flow through the line and enhance the small
signal stability of the system.
 Improvement of transient stability.
 Limiting short-circuit currents.
From these types of control strategies, the controller that allows the power
flow control is modeled in this section. Figure 3.1 illustrates a block diagram of a
control system designed for controlling power flows and increasing the damping,
10
which is presented by Milano [17]. This diagram consists of a PI (Proportional
integral) controller and a first-order delay. The purpose of this control is to
modify the reactance of the transmission line in order to maintain a constant
power flow. The output signal of the block diagram of the TCSC is its variable
susceptance (bTCSC), whose expression, as stated by Milano [17], is:

bTCSC(XC) = - ……………………… (3.1)

( )

Fig (3.1): a block diagram of a control system designed for controlling power
flow
Where:
Pref:is the active power reference.
Pkm: is the active power transmitted by the line between nodes k and m.
POD: is the power oscillation damper (POD) signal.

11
bTCSC:is the susceptance of the TCSC.
xc:is the control signal (output of the first order delay).
xkm:is the line reactance between nodes k and m.
Kp:is the proportional gain of the PI controller.
KI:is the integral gain of the PI controller.
Tr:is the first order delay time constant.
The operation of the TCSC control system permits measuring the active
power flow through the line (Pkm) and comparing it with the active power
reference (Pref). Thus, when Pkm is higher than Pref, the control reactance xc is
negative, which means that bTCSC is positive. This means that the equivalent
reactance of the line increases, causing a decrease of the transmitted active
power (simulating the effect of increasing the line length). On the contrary, if Pkm
is lower than Pref, then xc is positive, which means that bTCSC is negative;
therefore, the equivalent reactance of the line decreases causing an increase in
the transmitted power (behaves as if the line length be shortened). TCSC
implementation in DigSILENT Power Factory is performed through a fixed
series capacitor in parallel with a controlled series reactor (Thyristor controlled
reactor—TCR). For this configuration, the variable to be controlled is the value
of the input reactance of the series reactor (xin) given in ohm [18]. Figure 3.2
shows the TCSC scheme in series with the line, whereas Fig. 3.3depicts the
implementation in Power Factory.

Fig (3.2): TCSC scheme in series with the line

12
 Fig (3.3): Implementation of TCSC in POWER FACTORY

Considering the scheme of Fig. 3.2, the total branch reactance (xT) is as follows:
XT=Xkm + XTCSC ………………………. …... (3.2)
Besides, the xTCSC reactance is the parallel equivalent between the capacitor and
reactor reactance, and its expression is as follows:
( . ).( . ) . .
j.XTCSC = -j = = = -j ……….. (3.3)
. . ( ) ( )

Where:
xcap: is the reactance of the fixed capacitor.
Xin:is the controlled reactance of variable reactor.
bTCSC: is the total TCSC susceptance (xTCSC = 1/bTCSC).
From (3.3), and considering that xcap is a priori defined (i.e. the fixed capacitor
does not change its reactance, which is appropriately chosen during the design),
it is possible to determine the expression that relates xin as a function of bTCSC
Xin = - ……………….…. (3.4)
.

Since the reactor in parallel with the fixed capacitor might eventually
make up together a resonance circuit, it is necessary to ensure that the xTCSC does
not surpass determined minimum and maximum thresholds. Thus, there is an
operating zone where xTCSC might acquire extremely high values (i.e. parallel
resonance), which necessarily has to be avoided (i.e. not-allowed operating
zone). Consequently, the requirement of limiting the TCSC operating zone, so

13
that xTCSC∈ [xTCSCmin, xTCSCmax], has to be considered in the TCSC controller
design. This fact highlights the requirement of specifying a limit of line
compensation. Therefore, in order to ensure the system stability, it is
recommended to compensate up to a maximum compensating fraction (CF) of
the line reactance nominal value (xkm), both in the capacitive (CFcap) and
inductive (CFind) TCSC operating zones. Therefore, XTCSC will be in the range
given by (3.5).
-CFcap.xkm ≤ xTCSC≤ CFind. xkm ………………………… (3.5)
Based on system experiences, a rational CF might be 0.3 (30 % of xkm).

From (3.5), it is easy to determine that the TCSC susceptance bTCSC will satisfy
The following relations:

bTCSC ≤ - and bTCSC≥ …………………… (3.6)

. .

Replacing (3.1) in (3.6), and after solving the in equations, the range of xc
(output of the first-order delay) can be determined as follows:

≤ xc ≤ ………………………… (3.7)

Therefore, the limits of the first-order delay Xcmax and Xcmin are as follows:

Xcmin = and Xcmax = ……………………… (3.8)

These last presented limits allow ensuring the line compensation does not
exceed the pre-defined thresholds, and also, the TCSC actually operates outside
the not allowed zone.
As explained beforehand, in DigSILENT POWERFACTORY, the TCSC
is implemented via the adequate control of the input reactance of the series
reactor (xin) [18]. Thus, xin is the signal to be controlled (i.e. the required output
of the DSL model of the controllers). Then, it is necessary to replace the last
block of the controllers (i.e. the block that computes bTCSC from the control

14
signal xc, shown in Fig. 3.1) by a block that allows establishing the relationship
between the control signal xc and xin(i.e. the available signal to be controlled in
the POWER FACTORY object). For this purpose, the existence equivalency
between (3.1) and the inverse of (3.3) can be used, as shown by (3.9).

- = …………………………………… (3.9)
( ) .

After several simplifications, it is possible to obtain from (3.9), the

expression that relates xin with the control signal xc, as follows:
. .
Xin = . …………………………. (3.10)

This last expression is introduced in a block called TCSC-Xin Interface.

bTCSC(xc). It is worth mentioning that, while xcap, xkm and xc are in per unit,
xinhas to be in ohm (since it is the signal specification of the reactor reactance in
Power Factory); thus, (3.10) has to be additionally multiplied by the base
impedance (zbase).

3.2 PERFORMANCE INDICES CALCULATION

The optimal locations to install the FACTS devices for secured Power
flow under normal and contingency condition are presented in this section. The
overload on the transmission line is eliminated by placing TCSC in the
appropriate location.
Active power performance index (PIp) is introduced in this section for
installing TCSC at suitable location to achieve secured power flow under normal
operating condition. The essential idea of TCSC placement in the proposed
methodology is to determine a line, which is most suitable for eliminating the
overloads on the transmission lines.
3.2.1 Active power performance index (PIp)

Pip = …………………………………………... (3.11)

15
Where:
Pi=Active power flow in line i.
Pmax=Maximum power flow in line i
n=specified exponent (Here value of n is kept unity)
Maximum power transfer can be expressed by formula:
∗
Pmax = …………………………………………………………. (3.12)

Where:
Vi=Voltage at bus i obtained from power flow
Vj=Voltage at bus j obtained from power flow
X=Reactance of line connecting bus i and bus j
PIp value is calculated for all the lines .the line with least positive value is
considered and ranked first. Next least valued is second and so. TCSC is placed
on line having rank 1.
3.2.2 Contingency capacity Performance index (CPI)
Contingency capacity Performance index (CPI) is introduced in this
section for installing TCSC at suitable location to achieve secured power flow
under contingency condition. Contingency capacity performance index is
calculated as follows:

CPI= ………………………………………………. (3.13)

Where:
Pi=Active power flow in line i
CPI value is calculated for all the lines .the line with highest positive value is
considered and ranked first. Next highest valued is second and so. TCSC is
placed on line having rank 1.

16
3.3 Power System Stabilizer Design

The problem of power system stabilizer design is to determine the

parameters of the stabilizer so that the damping of the system's
electromechanical modes is increased. This must be done without adverse
effects on other oscillatory modes, such as those associated with the exciters
or the shaft torsional oscillations. The stabilizer must also be designed so
that it has no adverse effects on a system's recovery from a severe fault.
Some of the most recent power system stabilizers have additional lead/lag
blocks [19].

3.3.1 Design Approach

Two methods can be following to determine the PSS Parameters:

1. Traditional method (calculated method).

2. Modern method (Optimization method)

Calculated Method:

The contribution of the PSS to the torque-angle loop (assuming ∆Vref = 0 and ∆δ
= 0) is shown in figure 3.4 [20]:

Figure (3.4): the contribution of the PSS to the torque-angle loop

17
From figure 3.4:

∆ ( )
= ( )( )
……………………………(3.14)
∆

∆
= ( ) ( )
∆
( )( )
( )= = ( ) …………. (3.15)
( )( )( )

( )= ( )( )
…………………….... (3.16)

The PSS parameters based on calculated method is summarized below:

1. Select T2 = 0.05, ζ = 0.2.

2. Calculate from ω = .

3. Calculate GEP at S = from equation (3.16)

4. Let X = angle (GEP).
5. Also let Y = angle (1+j ).
6. Then let Z = Y-X
( )
7. T =

8. Prepare G1 from G =

9. Then =| || |

10. Select T3 = T1, and T4=T2

11. SelectT = 10 seconds.

The PSS should be activated only when low-frequency oscillations develop and
should be automatically terminated when the system oscillation ceases.

18
The washout stage has the transfer function G = since the washout filter

should not have any effect on phase shift or gain at the oscillating frequency, it
can be achieved by choosing a large value of so that is much larger than
unity. Hence, its phase contribution is close to zero. The PSS will not have any
effect on the steady state of the system since, in steady state [21].

19
 CHAPTER FOUR

MODERN METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION

4.1 Introduction
Optimization is the act of obtaining the best result under given circumstance-s. In
design, construction, and maintenance of any engineering system, engineers have
to take many technological and managerial decisions at several stages. The
ultimate goal of all such decisions is either to minimize the effort required or to
maximize the desired benefit. Since the effort required or the benefit desired in
any practical situation can be expressed
as a function of certain decision variables, optimization can be defined as the
process of finding the conditions that give the maximum or minimum value of a
function [11].

In recent years, some optimization methods that are conceptually different from
the traditional mathematical programming techniques have been developed.
These methods are labeled as modern or nontraditional methods of optimization.
Most of these methods are based on certain characteristics and behavior of
biological, molecular, swarm of insects, and neurobiological systems [11].The
most important methods mentioned below:

1. Genetic algorithms
2. Simulated annealing
3. Particle swarm optimization
4. Ant colony optimization
5. Fuzzy optimization
6. Neural-network-based methods

20
Most of these methods have been developed only in recent years and are
emerging gas popular methods for the solution of complex engineering
problems. Most require only the function values (and not the derivatives). The
genetic algorithms are based on the principles of natural genetics and natural
selection. Simulated annealing is based on the simulation of thermal annealing of
critically heated solids. Both genetic algorithms and simulated annealing are
stochastic methods that can find the global minimum with a high probability and
are naturally applicable for the solution of discrete
optimization problems. The particle swarm optimization is based on the behavior
of a colony of living things, such as a swarm of insects, a flock of birds, or a
school offish. Ant colony optimization is based on the cooperative behavior of
real ant colonies, which are able to find the shortest path from their nest to a food
source. In many practical systems, the objective function, constraints, and the
design data are known only in vague and linguistic terms. Fuzzy optimization
methods have been developed for solving such problems. In neural-network-
based methods, the problem is modeled
as a network consisting of several neurons, and the network is trained suitably to
solve the optimization problem efficiently [12].

4.2 PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

4.2.1 Introduction
Particle swarm optimization, abbreviated as PSO, is based on the behavior of a
colony or swarm of insects, such as ants, termites, bees, and wasps; a flock of
birds; or a school of fish. The particle swarm optimization algorithm mimics the
behavior of these social organisms. The word particle denotes, for example, a
bee in a colony or a bird in a flock. Each individual or particle in a swarm
behaves in a distributed way using its own intelligence and the collective or
group intelligence of the swarm. As such, if one particle discovers a good path to
21
food, the rest of the swarm will also be able to follow the good path instantly
even if their location is far away in the swarm.
Optimization methods based on swarm intelligence are called behaviorally
inspired algorithms as opposed to the genetic algorithms, which are called
evolution-based procedures. The PSO algorithm was originally proposed by
Kennedy and Beernaert in1995 [12].

In the context of multivariable optimization, the swarm is assumed to be of

specified or fixed size with each particle located initially at random locations in
the multidimensional design space. Each particle is assumed to have two
characteristics: a position and a velocity. Each particle wanders around in the
design space and remembers the best position (in terms of the food source or
objective function value) it has discovered. The particles communicate
information or good positions to each other and adjust their individual positions
and velocities based on the information received on the good
positions [12].

As an example, consider the behavior of birds in a flock. Although each bird has
a limited intelligence by itself, it follows the following simple rules:

1. It tries not to come too close to other birds.

2. It steers toward the average direction of other birds.
3. It tries to fit the “average position” between other birds with no wide gaps
in the flock. Thus the behavior of the flock or swarm is based on a
combination of three simple factors:
a. Cohesion—stick together.
b. Separation—does not come too close.
c. Alignment—follows the general heading of the flock.

The PSO is developed based on the following model:

22
 i. When one bird locates a target or food (or maximum of the objective
function), it instantaneously transmits the information to all other birds.
ii. All other birds gravitate to the target or food (or maximum of the objective
function), but not directly.
iii. There is a component of each bird’s own independent thinking as well as
its past memory. Thus the model simulates a random search in the design
space for the maximum value of the objective function. As such, gradually
over much iteration, the birds go to the target (or maximum of the
objective function) [12].

4.2.2 Computational Implementation of PSO

After all parameters of the particle swarm optimization determined as in table
(4.1) the velocity and position of particle j in the ith iteration can be calculated
and updated respectively as follow and as in flowchart in figure 4.1:

Vj(i) = Vj (i - 1) + c1r1 [Pbest, j - Xj (i - 1)] + c2r2[Gbest - Xj (i - 1)] …………. (4.1)

Xj (i) = Xj (i - 1) + Vj (i); ……………………………………………. (4.2)

j = 1, 2….N

23
 Figure (4.1): Flowchart of particle swarm optimization algorithm

Particle:
The “particle” is defined as a vector that contains the desired variables to be
optimized. There is a trade-off between the number of particles and the number
of iterations of the swarm, and the fitness value of each particle has to be
evaluated using a user-defined function at each iteration. Thus, the number of
particles should not be large because computational effort could increase
dramatically. Swarms of 5-20 particles are normally chosen as appropriate
population sizes [13].

Fitness Function:
The PSO fitness function used to evaluate the performance of each particle
corresponds to a user-defined objective function [13].
24
4.3 PSS Parameter optimization applying PSO

4.3.1 Optimization problem

The problem here is on setting the optimal parameter of the PSS using PSO.
This results in the minimization of the critical damping index (CDI), which is
defined by:

CDI = J = (1- )…………… (4.3)

= ………………………... (4.4)

Equation 4.4 is the damping ratio of the ith critical swing mode. The objective of
the optimization is to maximize the damping ratio (ζ) as much as possible. There
are three tuning parameters of the PSS namely, the controller gain (KSTAB), lead
and lag time constants (T1 and T2), these parameters are to be optimized by
minimizing the desired objective function “J” given in Equation 4.3. With a
change of parameters of PSS, the damping ratio (ζ) as well as J varies. The
problem constraints are the bounds on the controller parameters [13, 14]. The
optimization problem can then be formulated as follows:

Minimize J as in 4.3
Subject to

K ≤K ≤ K

T ≤T ≤ T

T ≤T ≤ T

25
4.3.2 Typical values of the PSS parameters are
KPSS is in the range of 0.1 to 50.
T1is the lead time constant, 0.2 to 1.5 sec.
T2is the lag time constant, 0.02 to 0.15 sec.
T3is the lead time constant, 0.2 to 1.5 sec.
T4is the lag time constant, 0.02 to 0.I5 sec [8].

26
 CHAPTER FIVE

SIMULATION AND RESULTS DISCUSSION

5.1 Introduction

All the simulation in this chapter was carried out using DIG SILENT
(POWER FACTORY) software and MATLAB m-file environment. First all four
PSS found in Sudanese National Grid were activated and retuned using PSO
code (see appendix A). In the second step optimal location for TCSC under
normal operating condition was defined using power performance index to
reduce transmission lines loading. Then after placing TCSC in the grid the
damping ratios was compared when there is PSS and TCSC with the case
without them. Also the improvement of the transmission lines loading was
stated. In the last step contingency performance index was used to define optimal
location for TCSC under contingency condition which improves system
performance under contingency condition.

5.2 Power System Stabilizers Parameters after PSO

Tuning

All four PSSs found in Sudanese national grid were activated and tuned
again using PSO code (see appendix A). The tuning process done through
linking PSO code (MATLAB – m-file) with DIGSILENT (Power Factory)
software. The parameters of the PSSs illustrated in table (5.1) and the graph of
PSO tuning process represented in figure (5.1)

27
Table (5.1): PSS parameters after tuning using PSO

PSS
K T1 T2 T3 T4 Tw
NO
1 36.794 2.259 1.6525 2.4949 0.33233 20
2 27.118 1.5949 1.4804 0.70887 1.8694 20
3 21.42 1.7307 1.1606 2.2165 1.5258 20
4 39.71 1.7148 1.2833 1.6195 0.9045 20

Figure (5.1): PSO tuning process graph

28
 5.3 TCSC Optimal Location under Normal condition
calculations:

Table (5.2): Ranking based on active power performance index (PIp).

Line Reactance (Xi)

Pi(MW) Vi(KV) Vj(KV) Pmax Pip Ranking
NO ohm
1 149.9 229 227.4 6.961825 7480.021 0.000401604 50
2 68.5 227.4 226.1 28.06895 1831.744 0.001398464 63
3 34.6 226.1 223.8 28.08507 1801.711 0.000368792 49
4 70.5 228.8 223.8 28.08507 1823.226 0.001495192 66
5 94 209.8 223.8 25.066 1873.184 0.002518226 69
6 91.8 203.5 209.8 30.95 1379.46 0.004428604 72
7 77 520.4 526.1 65.3292 4190.813 0.000337586 47
8 24.6 231.4 230.4 21.14 2521.975 9.51456E-05 39
9 58.2 230.2 231.4 17.365 3067.566 0.000359963 48
10 94.1 230.2 230 0.755 70127.15 1.80056E-06 11
11 20.4 230 227.2 9.059999 5767.771 1.25096E-05 24
12 106.5 225.8 227.2 2.114 24267.63 1.92595E-05 28
13 241.8 225.8 227.2 4.228 12133.81 0.000397117 51
14 242 224.9 224.8 0.453 111606 4.70171E-06 16
15 165.6 223.2 224.8 6.493 7727.608 0.00045923 52
16 194.5 223.2 223.8 8.304999 6014.71 0.001045707 60
17 175.3 236.8 223.8 71.734 738.7827 0.056302849 79
18 4.2 540.6 520.4 95.49599 2945.969 2.03255E-06 12
19 135.4 232 230.6 3.0955 17282.89 6.13768E-05 33
20 136.3 227.9 230.6 5.738 9158.895 0.000221465 45
21 260.1 227.9 227.1 5.738 9019.883 0.000831532 59
22 567.2 227.1 240.2 22.3027 2445.866 0.053778298 77
23 7 240.2 240 16.1872 3561.332 3.86341E-06 15
24 57.1 240.2 254 12.684 4810.06 0.00014092 43
25 52.3 254 265.3 11.8233 5699.441 8.42052E-05 37
26 45.9 265.3 281.3 19.026 3922.469 0.000136932 42

29
27 22.8 281.3 291.3 13.892 5898.552 1.4941E-05 25
28 14.9 291.3 296.9 9.966 8678.203 2.9479E-06 14
29 10.8 296.9 304.3 18.12 4986.019 4.6918E-06 17
30 3.4 304.3 306.3 11.929 7813.487 1.89351E-07 5
31 40.1 240.7 240.2 24.6583 2344.693 0.000292494 53
32 91.5 240.7 240.2 26.0928 2215.789 0.001705239 68
33 9.6 238.5 241.6 71.734 803.2676 0.000142831 57
34 189.6 241.6 236.8 10.075 5678.499 0.001114832 64
35 15.9 540.6 538.1 10.1568 28640.6 3.08198E-07 6
36 22.3 230.2 230.2 3.926 13497.72 2.72954E-06 13
37 6.3 227.2 230.2 4.53 11545.57 2.97749E-07 7
38 68.2 106.7 105.9 1.441 7841.45 7.56443E-05 35
39 22.6 106.7 106.7 1.614 7053.835 1.02652E-05 21
40 71 106.7 105.6 1.614 6981.115 0.000103435 40
41 3.5 105.6 105.6 1.076 10363.72 1.14053E-07 3
42 154.4 227.3 232 6.191 8517.784 0.00032858 46
43 76.1 105.6 104.4 1.25085 8813.719 7.45506E-05 34
44 121.7 106 104.2 2.21925 4976.997 0.000597925 58
45 5.5 104.4 104.2 0.79355 13708.63 1.60967E-07 4
46 27.9 105.7 106.7 2.7667 4076.405 4.6844E-05 32
47 154.9 105.7 106.7 0.6795 16597.78 8.70969E-05 38
48 82 105.7 105.4 0.4304 25884.71 1.00355E-05 22
49 67.7 104 103.8 0.4035 26753.9 6.40329E-06 19
50 50.4 103.8 102.9 1.883 5672.342 7.89471E-05 36
51 87.5 104 103.7 0.4035 26728.13 1.07171E-05 23
52 2.1 103.7 103.6 1.0491 10240.51 4.20528E-08 2
53 19.4 103.6 103.6 1.4795 7254.451 7.15145E-06 20
54 56.2 104.2 103.6 1.0222 10560.67 2.83198E-05 30
55 83.1 105.7 103.6 4.842 2261.57 0.00135015 61
56 195.7 224.8 227.1 5.587 9137.655 0.000458682 54
57 71.2 104.7 104.3 0.6315 17292.49 1.69529E-05 27
58 34.5 104.3 104 1.263 8588.44 1.61365E-05 26

30
59 34.4 104 104 7.532 1436.006 0.000573858 56
60 2.8 105.9 105.2 1.076 10353.79 7.31336E-08 10
61 27.9 105.2 104.4 4.035 2721.903 0.000105066 41
62 15.8 105.2 104.7 32.417 339.7736 0.002162395 67
63 10.9 104.4 104.1 4.7685 2279.132 2.28725E-05 29
64 54.9 105.2 104.4 5.78875 1897.28 0.000837301 55
65 127.9 104.4 113.4 14.9455 792.1421 0.026069631 78
66 155.9 124.1 113.4 12.8826 1092.399 0.020367119 73
67 459.1 253.6 259 23.103 2843.025 0.026076741 76
68 45.5 259 270.2 22.68624 3084.769 0.000217559 44
69 0 270.2 270.8 9.059999 8076.177
70 43.3 270.2 273.1 9.44354 7813.979 3.07066E-05 31
71 12 273.1 273.2 7.37937 10110.74 1.40863E-06 9
72 16.7 273.1 274.5 11.2495 6663.936 6.28017E-06 18
73 0 274.5 274.9 6.610779 11414.7
74 4.1 111.2 111.5 0.52625 23560.67 3.02826E-08 1

75 15 111.2 105.6 29.049 404.2384 0.001376916 62

76 0.3 111.5 111.4 40.416 307.3313 9.5286E-07 8
77 39.9 104.4 105.5 14.735 747.4856 0.002849313 71
78 52.5 111.2 105.5 25.26 464.4339 0.012778233 74
79 220.9 259 247.4 33.22 1928.856 0.013115709 75
80 213.7 247.4 241.6 13.59 4398.222 0.002360776 70
81 71 228.8 229 28.06895 1866.66 0.001446725 65

From table (5.2) it observed that transmission line 74 (line from SNJA to
SNAR) is having least Pip value 3.02826E-08 so ranked first. Table (5.2)
provides optimal solution for optimal placement of TCSC in line 74 (rank 1).
However this improvement in transmission lines overloading represented in table
(5.3).

31
 Table (5.3): Line data with TCSC and without TCSC under normal
condition

Line
Loading without TCSC Loading with TCSC
NO
1 22.70% 22.60%
2 10.70% 10.70%
3 7.10% 7.10%
4 12.60% 12.60%
5 31.40% 31.30%
6 100.17% 99.70%
7 7.70% 7.90%
8 8% 9.20%
9 14.60% 13.90%
10 20.70% 25.10%
11 15.30% 7.90%
12 39.30% 24.90%
13 49.40% 44.60%
14 49.50% 44.50%
15 36.70% 34.80%
16 37.50% 40.70%
17 50.90% 62.90%
18 11.60% 12.90%
19 35.30% 30.90%
20 37.40% 32.90%
21 51.60% 48%
22 100.82% 96.87%
23 4.70% 4.80%
24 52.90% 54%
25 46.60% 47.70%
26 43.50% 44.40%
27 36% 36.70%
28 27.40% 27.90%
29 24% 24.40%
30 8.10% 8.20%
31 10.20% 12.20%
32 21.50% 17.10%
33 7.00% 41.50%
34 29.50% 20.60%

32
35 5.70% 5.80%
36 4.90% 11.30%
37 29.40% 21.70%
38 17.80% 17.00%
39 4.90% 6.00%
40 19.20% 16.70%
41 1.60% 3.20%
42 77.30% 77.70%
43 24.30% 21.80%
44 29.30% 29.50%
45 5.80% 3.10%
46 23.00% 14.70%
47 46.30% 41.90%
48 21.40% 21.10%
49 17.60% 17.30%
50 13.50% 13.30%
51 24.30% 23.90%
52 1.80% 1.50%
53 4.60% 4.50%
54 33.00% 30.80%
55 19.20% 19.10%
56 38.10% 34.40%
57 70.20% 74.90%
58 60.60% 64.00%
59 15.70% 16.70%
60 28.60% 10.80%
61 13.80% 13.00%
62 27.90% 28.30%
63 12.90% 11.80%
64 29.10% 20.20%
65 85.90% 72.20%
66 38.10% 39.40%
67 81.40% 71.70%
68 50.70% 64.70%
69 75.20% 6.80%
70 18.50% 23.20%
71 3.90% 4.80%
72 10.00% 12.40%
73 4.20% 5.00%
74 10.60% 15.09%
33
 75 24.40% 25.00%
76 2.40% 20.70%
77 65.20% 15.30%
78 73.20% 62.60%
79 75.20% 36.40%
80 39.30% 11.50%
81 11.50% 11.50%

Table (5.3) shows that placement of TCSC in the line between SNJA and
SNAR decrease overloading of overloaded lines (L6 and L22) from 100.17%
and 100.82% to 99.7% and 96.87% respectively. Also other lines having
overloading within limits.

5.4 The Effects of adding PSSs and TCSC on the Dynamic

Stability in Sudanese National Grid

5.4.1 Damping Ratio Improvement

The activation and tuning process of all PSSs found in Sudanese National
grid has a significant role in enhancing system damping. However this
improvement of system damping represented in table (5.4) and in the figure (5.2)

Table (5.4): System damping ratio comparison

Mode Damping ratio without PSS and

Damping ratio with PSS + TCSC
NO TCSC
1 0.132350806 0.144496
2 0.165021453 0.176
3 0.145564594 0.164699
4 0.103758697 0.117054
5 0.338732153 0.499738022
6 0.13549173 0.705348
7 0.712260435 0.702957509
8 0.164911037 0.16666598
9 0.341364858 0.35774
34
 0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

Damping ratio without PSS and

0.4 TCSC
Damping ratio with PSS + TCSC
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Figure (5.2): Comparison of system damping ratio

5.4.2 The Effects of Adding PSSs and TCSC on Eigen

Values

The process of activating the PSSs and connecting TCSC in optimal

location makes system Eigen values shifted towards stable region more than in
the primitive case (without PSSs and TCSC). These results represented in table
(5.5) also in figure (5.3) and figure (5.4).

35
 Table (5.5): Oscillatory modes egine values with and without PSS and TCSC

Oscillatory Without PSS and TCSC With PSS and TCSC

mode Real part Imaginary part Real part Imaginary part
Mode 00001 -1.249881274 9.9090149448 -1.487969373 10.189642132
Mode 00002 -1.332733846 6.6981777899 -1.296141878 7.2455040021
Mode 00003 -1.241561514 12.281326147 -2.028232195 12.147434965
Mode 00004 -1.799528595 12.227575641 -1.494368139 12.678813687
Mode 00005 -0.556622413 4.5928536302 -1.253789450 3.8866462783
Mode 00006 -4.584606964 4.5069236555 -4.506464748 4.5288150778
Mode 00007 -2.903862231 17.280884688 -2.925433438 17.276513054
Mode 00008 -5.952026883 16.111847786 -6.158574728 16.07728505
Mode 00009 -0.098059675 -0. -1.865479286 0.46304759455

Figure (5.3): Eigen values plot without PSSs and TCSC

36
 Figure (5.4): Eigen values plot with PSSs and TCSC

5.5 Implementation of TCSC in Sudanese National

Grid under Contingency Condition

The contingency created by taking out the line 79 (from Gadarief to

Hawata) and line 20 (from Gamoia to ALHuda). The contingency performance
index (CPI) used to define optimal location for TCSC under contingency
condition.

Table (5.6): Ranking based on contingency performance index (CPI).

Line Reactance
Pi(MW) Vi(KV) Vj(KV) Pmax CPI Ranking
NO (Xi) ohm
55
1 149.9 228.6 228.4 6.961825 7499.792 0.980012779
65
2 68 225.7 227 28.06895 1825.287 0.962745592
54
3 34.6 225.7 223.3 28.08507 1794.505 0.980718921
68
4 69.9 223.3 228.4 28.08507 1815.973 0.961508232
70
5 94 209.4 223.3 25.066 1865.436 0.949609637
72
6 90.4 203 209.4 30.95 1373.447 0.934180229
37
 56
7 83.6 519.6 524.8 65.3292 4174.031 0.979971397
32
8 18 229.8 230.4 21.14 2504.537 0.992813044
50
9 51.3 230.4 228.9 17.365 3037.061 0.983108668
10
10 94.4 228.9 228.9 0.755 69397.63 0.998639723
29
11 29.5 228.9 228.9 9.059999 5783.136 0.994898962
24
12 81.4 223.2 225.2 2.114 23777.03 0.996576528
52
13 214.7 223.2 221.3 4.228 11682.63 0.981622289
16
14 214.9 221.1 221.3 0.453 108012 0.998010406
53
15 136.3 216.6 221.1 6.493 7375.675 0.981520336
62
16 156.6 216.6 216 8.304999 5633.426 0.972201642
74
17 71.2 231.3 216 71.734 696.4731 0.897770636
34
18 22.2 537 519.6 95.49599 2921.853 0.992402081
33
19 122.4 228.7 230.2 3.0955 17007.51 0.992803178
49
20 123.3 225.5 228.7 5.738 8987.774 0.986281365
61
21 244.4 224.4 225.5 5.738 8818.787 0.972286438
76
22 550.4 239.3 224.4 22.3027 2407.732 0.771403111
15
23 7 239.2 239.3 16.1872 3536.162 0.998020453
48
24 57 239.3 253.1 12.684 4775.058 0.988062971
38
25 52.2 253.1 264.3 11.8233 5657.839 0.990773863
47
26 45.9 264.3 280.2 19.026 3892.403 0.988207799
26
27 22.8 280.2 290.2 13.892 5853.3 0.996104761
13
28 14.9 290.2 295.7 9.966 8610.49 0.998269553
17
29 10.8 295.7 303.1 18.12 4946.284 0.997816543
42
30 3.4 303.1 304.1 11.929 7726.776 0.999559972
6
31 28.9 293.3 239.6 24.6583 2849.94 0.989859436

38
 42
32 21.7 237 239.6 26.0928 2176.279 0.99002885
73
33 67.7 233.9 237 71.734 772.7758 0.912393738
40
34 53 233.9 231.3 10.075 5369.833 0.990130047
4
35 10.5 534.5 537 10.1568 28259.54 0.999628444
18
36 29.2 228.9 228.6 3.926 13328.21 0.997809158
12
37 18.6 228.6 225.2 4.53 11364.4 0.99836331
35
38 68.2 106 105.2 1.441 7738.515 0.99118694
21
39 18.4 106 106.1 1.614 6968.154 0.997359415
44
40 75.9 106.1 104.9 1.614 6895.843 0.988993368
2
41 1.4 104.9 104.8 1.076 10217.03 0.999862974
51
42 154.1 225.6 230.2 6.191 8388.487 0.981629582
39
43 80.7 104.8 103.5 1.25085 8671.543 0.990693698
59
44 119.2 105 103.3 2.21925 4887.462 0.975611063
1
45 1 103.3 103.5 0.79355 13473.06 0.999925778
36
46 35.4 103 105.1 2.7667 3912.712 0.990952567
41
47 162.4 105.1 106.1 0.6795 16410.76 0.990104052
22
48 82 105.1 104.1 0.4304 25420.33 0.996774235
20
49 67.7 103 102.8 0.4035 26241.39 0.997420106
37
50 50.4 102.8 101.9 1.883 5563.101 0.990940305
23
51 87.8 103 102.7 0.4035 26215.86 0.996650882
3
52 2.3 102.6 102.7 1.0491 10043.87 0.999771005
19
53 17.4 102.6 102.6 1.4795 7115.079 0.99755449
30
54 58.2 103.3 102.6 1.0222 10368.4 0.994386791
64
55 80.8 102.6 104.6 4.842 2216.431 0.963545
58
56 198 224.4 221.1 5.587 8880.408 0.977703727

39
 27
57 66.1 103 102.6 0.6315 16734.44 0.996050062
25
58 29.4 102.6 102.5 1.263 8326.603 0.996469148
57
59 29.3 102.5 103 7.532 1401.686 0.979096604
7
60 5.9 100.6 101.9 1.076 9527.082 0.999380713
45
61 27.9 100.6 99.8 4.035 2488.198 0.988787067
63
62 11.4 100.6 103 32.417 319.6409 0.96433498
31
63 10.9 96 96.4 4.7685 1940.736 0.994383574
69
64 65.4 100.6 96.4 5.78875 1675.291 0.960962003
78
65 306.4 108.5 96.4 14.9455 699.8361 0.562183185
77
66 413.6 108.5 138.4 12.8826 1165.634 0.645171722
75
67 496.6 288.3 294.9 23.103 3680.027 0.865055348
46
68 46.3 294.9 308.9 22.68624 4015.412 0.988469429
69 0 308.9 309.6 9.059999 10555.79
28
70 43.3 308.9 312.5 9.44354 10221.93 0.995764011
8
71 12 312.5 312.7 7.37937 13242.15 0.999093803
14
72 16.8 312.5 314.4 11.2495 8733.721 0.998076421
73 0 314.4 314.7 6.610779 14966.72
11
74 35.3 110 110 0.52625 22992.87 0.998464742
66
75 15 110 104.3 29.049 394.9534 0.962020832
9
76 0.3 110 109.9 40.416 299.1142 0.998997039
60
77 17.6 100.6 96.4 14.735 658.15 0.973258375
71
78 27.1 110 100.6 25.26 438.0839 0.938139707
79 33.22 0
5
80 1.6 235 233.9 13.59 4044.628 0.999604414
67
81 71 228.4 228.6 28.06895 1860.142 0.961830876

40
 According to table (5.5); line 45 (from BANAT to Omdurman) is having
the highest CPI value (0.999925778) so ranked first. Table (5.5) provides
optimal solution for optimal placement of TCSC in line 45 (rank 1) under
contingency condition.

5.5.1 Violation in Transmission Lines when line 79 out

The transmission line overloading violations when line 79 taken out has
been illustrated in table (5.6) and figure (5.5) as shown bellow.

Table (5.7): Comparison of lines overloading violations when Line79 out

Line NO Line Loading witout TCSC Line Loading with TCSC

22 99.05% 99.29%
45 141.67% 6.80%
6 100.39% 100.40%
65 100.03% 99.40%
66 91.40% 91.33%

160.00%

140.00%

120.00%

100.00%

80.00% Line Loading witout TCSC

60.00% Line Loading with TCSC

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
22 45 6 65 66

Figure (5.5): Comparison of lines overloading violations when Line79 out

41
 From the above table (5.6) and figure (5.5) it is observed that with optimal
location of TCSC in line 45 (from BANAT to Omdurman) decrease the
overloading from 141% to 6.8% through distributing the loading to other lines.

5.5.2 Violation in Transmission Lines when line 20 out

The transmission line overloading violations when line 20 taken out has been
illustrated in table (5.7) and figure (5.6) as shown bellow.

Table (5.8): Comparison of lines overloading violations when Line 20 out

Line Loading without

Line NO Line Loading with TCSC
TCSC
22 102.55% 103.38%
42 80.49% 80.02%
45 390.23% 21.90%
6 99.89% 99.84%
67 82.18% 82.94%

450.00%

400.00%

350.00%

300.00%

250.00%
Line Loading witout TCSC
200.00%
Line Loading with TCSC
150.00%

100.00%

50.00%

0.00%
22 42 45 6 67

Figure (5.6): Comparison of lines overloading violations when Line 20 out

42
 From the above table (5.7) and figure (5.6) it is observed that with optimal
location of TCSC in line 45 (from BANAT to Omdurman) decrease the
overloading from 390.23% to 21.9% through distributing the loading to other
lines.

43
 CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion

As per the objective study of the thesis, the simulation result shows that
the effective placement of FACTS device TCSC in optimal location of the
transmission line based on performance indices decreases the overloading of line
under Normal operating condition and contingency condition. The TCSC
changes the real and reactive power of the system in any location, but the
optimal location presents the best benefit on power losses. Also system damping
was improved when TCSC connected in its optimal location.

6.2 Recommendations

The following suggested for future studies in this field:

i. Employ of Genetic Algorithm (GA) in tuning of TCSC parameters.

ii. Employ of Power Oscillation Damper (POD) in order to enhance
dynamic and transient stability.
iii. Introduce another FACTS device such as SVC in order to enhance
voltage profile.
iv. Perform transient stability analysis to check the improvement of
system dynamic stability due to TCSC implementation in Sudanese
national grid.

44
References
[1] Shrirang Kulkarni ,T.N.Venkataraman, “Performance improvement by
optimal location and damping of oscillations in the power system using TCSC”,
Technical Research Organization India, 2015.
[2] Madhura Gad, PrachiShinde, “Optimal Location of TCSC by Sensitivity
Methods”, BharatiVidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering, 2012
[3] P. Kundur, “Power system stability and control”, McGraw Hill, New York,
1994.
[4] Lixuan G “On multi-objective planning evaluation function”, Zhangzhou
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[5] Zhang N, Xu J, Xue “Core-shell structured mesoporous silica nanoparticles

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[6] Chao HP, Peck “Flowgate-base transmission rights and congestion

management”, Electr Journal, PP-38–58, 2000

[7] Wang X, Gan Z, Lei B “Sensitivity analysis of transmission congestion

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[8] Baran ME, Banunarayanan V, Garren KE” Equitable allocation of congestion

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[9] Xiangwei C, Youbing Z, Yijia C “Accident spare capacity into account risk
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[10] LodTapin, Dr. Ram Krishna Mehta, “Overview and Literature Survey of
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[11] SerdarEkinci, AysenDemiroren, “PSO Based PSS Design for Transient

Stability Enhancement”, IU-JEEE Vol.15 (1), 2015.

45
[12] Singiresu S. RAO, “Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice”, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.

[13] D. Mondal, AbhijitChakrabarti, AparjitaSengupta, “Power System Small

Signal Stability and Control”, Elsevier Inc., 2014.

[14] Sidhartha Panda, N.P.Padhy,“PSO-Based SSSC Controller for

Improvement of Transient Stability Performance”, International Journal of
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[15] Huang KS, Wu QH, Turner DR, “Effective identification of induction motor
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[16] Marino P, Mungiguerra V, Russo F, Vasca F, “Parameter and state

estimation for induction motors via interlaced least squares algorithm and
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[17] Bishop RR, Richards GG” densifying induction machine parameters using a
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[18] Simões MG, FarretFA,” Alternative energy systems: design and analysis
with induction generators (Power electronics and applications series)”, CRC
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[19] Graham Rogers, “Power System Oscillations”, Kluwer Academic,Issue 3,

PP:70-96, 2000.

[20] Saure, P.W., Pai, M.A. “Power System Dynamics and Stability”, Prentice
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[21] Sidhartha Panda, N.P.Padhy,“PSO-Based SSSC Controller for Improvement

of Transient Stability Performance”, International Journal of Electrical,
Computer, Energetic. Electronic and Communication Engineering Vol: 1, PP: 9-
12, 2000
46
 APPENDICES
Appendix A: PSO Code
%---===---===---Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm:---===---===---
%---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===--
%This procedure is used for optimal tuning (or placement)
%of Power System Stabilizers (PSS) in a multi-machine power system.
%For solving this problem two platforms are employed and linked together
%in a genuine automatic data exchange procedure: Matlab(Mathworks) and
%DIgSILENT (PowerFactory).
%-Matlab - easy to learn, write and debug;
%-DIgSILENT - acurat power system and controller modeling;
% - Modal analysis module
%---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===--
%---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===---===--
%Variable initialization
clear; clc; %Clear the workspace and the command window
nr_particle=20; %Number of particle
nr_gen=20; %Number of iterations
particle_size=20;%Particle size
nr_PSS=4;
%Lower and upper eigenvalue filter bounds
above_hz=0.1; %Lower hz filter
under_hz=7; %Upper hz filter
%END Lower and upper eigenvalue filter bounds
c1=0.6; c2=0.3; alfa=10; beta=1; gama=1; %Multi-objective function
constants
teta_0=-2.5; epsilon_0=0.6; %Wedge-shape boundries
%----====----====----Particle's definition domain====----====----====
%----====----====----====----====----====----====----====----====----
Klow=0.1; Khigh=50; Tlow=0.01; Thigh=3;
%----====----====----====----====----====----====----====----====----
%----====----====----====----====----====----====----====----====----
%Construct and/or fill the communication .csv files between Matlab and
DIgsilent
csvwrite('index.csv', []); csvwrite('Eigen.csv', []);
csvwrite('Eigen2.csv', []);
csvwrite('Eigen3.csv', []); csvwrite('Eigen4.csv',
[]);csvwrite('Switch.csv', []);
csvwrite('gen_act.csv', []); csvwrite('Particle.csv', []);
csvwrite('Particle2.csv', []);
csvwrite('Particle3.csv', []); csvwrite('Particle4.csv', []);
csvwrite('Switch.csv', 1);
csvwrite('nr_particle.csv', nr_particle); csvwrite('nr_gen.csv', nr_gen);
csvwrite('index.csv', 1); csvwrite('gen_act.csv', 1);
[Switch] = textread('Switch.csv'); %Read the state of the Switch
%END Construct and/or fill the communication .csv files between Matlab and
DIgsilent
%Variable initialization
Fobj_caz1=0;
best_Fobj_ever=0;
swich=[]; particle_pt_validare=[]; vector=[]; index=1;
nr_invalid_particle=0; evolutie=[]; Fobj=[]; vect_best_Fobj_ever=[];
vect_best_particle_ever=[]; best_Fobj_ever=[]; best_particle_ever=[];
v=rand(nr_particle,particle_size); %Initialize particle's random speeds
%END Variable initialization
[v]=viteze(v); %Generate negative and pozitive speeds
47
%Construct the population of particles
[original_pop]=Population(nr_particle, nr_PSS, Klow, Khigh, Tlow, Thigh);
%Generate population of particle
%load original_pop original_pop %Load a predefine population of particles
%END Construct the population of particles
tic %Start the watch
%Start the iterative process
for gen_act=1:nr_gen
vect_Fobj_pop=[]; %Variable initialization
w1=0.8-((0.8-0.2)*gen_act)/nr_gen; %Weighting function of the multi-
objective function
while index<=nr_particle %Begin the data exchange between Matlab-
DigSILENT for every particle of each generation
[Switch] = textread('Switch.csv'); %Read the switch file

particle1=original_pop(index,1:5); %Take every particle

particle_invers1=particle1'; %Rewrite particle as
collumn
csvwrite('Particle.csv', particle_invers1); %Write Particle.csv
file with the 'index-th' particle

particle2=original_pop(index,6:10); %Take every

particle
particle_invers2=particle2'; %Rewrite particle as
collumn
csvwrite('Particle2.csv', particle_invers2);

particle3=original_pop(index,11:15); %Take every

particle
particle_invers3=particle3'; %Rewrite particle as
collumn
csvwrite('Particle3.csv', particle_invers3);

particle4=original_pop(index,16:20); %Take every

particle
particle_invers4=particle4'; %Rewrite particle as
collumn
csvwrite('Particle4.csv', particle_invers4);

load Particle.csv;
load Particle2.csv;
load Particle3.csv;
load Particle4.csv;

csvwrite('Switch.csv',1); %Rewrite the Switch.csv file for

DigSILENT to start doing its computation
load Switch.csv;
while Switch==1 %The loop which makes Matlab to wait DigSILENT to
compute
for o=1:4000 %The loop for delaying the switch scan
%Optimal_Solution=[best_Fobj_ever best_particle_ever]
%Fobj_caz1
best_Fobj_ever
end
[Switch] = load('Switch.csv'); %Read the Switch.csv file
if Switch==0 %The condition of breaking out from while loop
break
end
48
 end
load Eigen.csv; %Read the system eigenvalues from Eigen.csv file
load Eigen2.csv;
load Eigen3.csv;
load Eigen4.csv;
%Particle's validation sequence
swich=0;
[d,s]=size(Eigen);
real_particle=[];
real_particle1=[];
real_eig_caz1=Eigen(:,1);
complex_eig_caz1=Eigen(:,2);
z=find(real_eig_caz1>0);
[x1,y]=size(z);

particle_pt_validare=[];
if x1>0
index=index-1;
particle_pt_validare=[];
%Define the PSS gain and time constants within the definition domain
for i=1:nr_PSS
K=Klow+(Khigh-Klow)*rand(1);
T1=Tlow+(Thigh-Tlow)*rand(1);
T2=Tlow+(Thigh-Tlow)*rand(1);
T3=Tlow+(Thigh-Tlow)*rand(1);
T4=Tlow+(Thigh-Tlow)*rand(1);
particle_pt_validare=[particle_pt_validare K, T1, T2, T3, T4]; %The
new particle for validation
end

%END Define the PSS gain or time constant within the definition
domain

original_pop(index+1,:)=particle_pt_validare; %Replace the invalid

particle from the population with a new particle
swich=1;
nr_invalid_particle=nr_invalid_particle+1;
end
%END Particle's validation sequence
if swich==0
%-------------------------------------------------
%Filter only the positive complex eigenvalues
ind_caz1=find(Eigen(:,2)>0);
Eigen=Eigen(ind_caz1, :);
%END Filter only the positive complex eigenvalues

%Damping ratio
[size_caz1, r]=size(Eigen);
damp_caz1=[];
for i=1:size_caz1
damp_caz1_var=-Eigen(i, 1)/(sqrt(Eigen(i,1).^2 + Eigen(i,2).^2));
damp_caz1=[damp_caz1; damp_caz1_var];
end
%END Damping ratio

%Filter the oscillation modes which are too damped

ind=find(damp_caz1 > 0.7);
damp_caz1(ind)=[];
49
Eigen(ind, :)=[];
%END Filter the oscillation modes which are too damped

% Filter the eigenvalues between above_hz and under_hz

hz_eigen_caz1=abs(Eigen(:, 2))/(2*pi); %Frequency of oscillation
index_oscil_min_caz1=find(hz_eigen_caz1 > above_hz); %Index of the
oscillatory mode which are above 'above_hz' Hz
Eigen=Eigen(index_oscil_min_caz1, :);
damp_caz1=damp_caz1(index_oscil_min_caz1, :); %The vector with eigenvalues
damping factors
hz_eigen_caz1=hz_eigen_caz1(index_oscil_min_caz1, :); %The vector with
the frequency of the eigenvalues
index_oscil_max_caz1=find(hz_eigen_caz1 < under_hz); %Index of the
oscillatory mode which are below 'under_hz' Hz
Eigen=Eigen(index_oscil_max_caz1, :);
damp_caz1=damp_caz1(index_oscil_max_caz1, :); %The vector with eigenvalues
damping factors
hz_eigen_caz1=hz_eigen_caz1(index_oscil_max_caz1, :); %The vector with
the frequency of the eigenvalues
%END Filter the eigenvalues between above_hz and under_hz

%Filter the electromechanical oscillations of interest

%------------------------------------------------------
index_teta_caz1=find(Eigen(:,1) > teta_0);
Eigen=Eigen(index_teta_caz1,:);
damp_caz1=damp_caz1(index_teta_caz1);
% index_epsilon_caz1=find(damp_caz1 < epsilon_0);
% damp_caz1=damp_caz1(index_epsilon_caz1);
% Eigen=Eigen(index_epsilon_caz1,:);
%-------------------old--------------------------

%------------------------------------------------------

[r,t]=size(Eigen);
%-----------------new2------------------------------

%END Filter the electromechanical oscillations of interest

%Objective function
Fobj_caz1=[];
[x,y]=size(Eigen);

for i=1:x
first=(teta_0-Eigen(i, 1))^2;
second=(epsilon_0-damp_caz1(i, 1))^2;
Fobj_caz1_var=beta*first + alfa*second*gama;
Fobj_caz1=[Fobj_caz1; Fobj_caz1_var];
end
Fobj_caz1=sum(Fobj_caz1);
Fobj=Fobj_caz1;

vect_Fobj_pop=[vect_Fobj_pop; Fobj]; %Vector of the obj function from

generation 'x'
%END Filter the electromechanical oscillations of interest
%%%%END Electromechanical Oscillations filter%%%
end
load Particle.csv;
index=index+1; %Pass to next particle

50
 csvwrite('index.csv', index); %Increment the index
end
index_best_Fobj_pop=find(vect_Fobj_pop==min(vect_Fobj_pop)); %Index of
the best obj. function from the population
best_Fobj_pop=vect_Fobj_pop(index_best_Fobj_pop); %Best objective
function from generation 'x'
best_particle_pop=original_pop(index_best_Fobj_pop, :); %Best particle
from generation 'x'
vect_best_Fobj_ever=[vect_best_Fobj_ever; best_Fobj_pop]; %Vector of
best obj function ever
vect_best_particle_ever=[vect_best_particle_ever;
best_particle_pop];%Vector of best particle ever

index_best_Fobj_ever=find(vect_best_Fobj_ever==min(vect_best_Fobj_ever));
%Index of the best obj. function ever
index_best_Fobj_ever=index_best_Fobj_ever(1);
best_Fobj_ever=vect_best_Fobj_ever(index_best_Fobj_ever);%Best fobj
ever

best_particle_ever=vect_best_particle_ever(index_best_Fobj_ever,:);%Best
particle ever
best_particle_eever=best_particle_ever'; %Written as collumn

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
if gen_act==1
pbest=original_pop;
end
%Elitism
if gen_act>=2
[original_pop, vect_Fobj_pop]=Elitism(original_pop, vect_Fobj_pop,
best_Fobj_ever, best_particle_ever);
end
%END Elitism
evolutie = [evolutie best_Fobj_ever]; %The objective function evolution
[ki,ou]=size(original_pop);
pop=[]; vit=[];
%Swarm and speed actualization according to the particle pozition
if gen_act>=2
for kk=1:ki
if vect_Fobj_pop(kk,1) > past_vect_Fobj_pop(kk,1);
pbest(kk, :)=past_original_pop(kk, :);
v(kk, 1)=past_v(kk, 1);
end
end
end
%END swarm and speed actualization according to the particle pozition
for ll=1:ki
particle=original_pop(ll, :);
v_crt=v(ll,:);
w2=c1*rand(1);
w3=c2*rand(1);
%Particle speed computation
v_crt=w1*v_crt+w2*(pbest(ll,:)-particle)+w3*(best_particle_ever-
particle);
%END Particle speed computation
particle=particle+v_crt; %Actualization of the particle pozition
pop=[pop; particle];

51
 vit=[vit; v_crt];
end
%Prevent particle to go out from it's definition domain
[cv, bn]=size(pop);

for ii=1:cv
for z=0:5:15
if pop(ii, 1+z) > Khigh
pop(ii, 1+z) = Khigh;
else if pop(ii, 1+z) < Klow
pop(ii, 1+z) = Klow;
end
end

if pop(ii, 2+z) > Thigh

pop(ii, 2+z) = Thigh;
else if pop(ii, 2+z) < Tlow
pop(ii, 2+z) = Tlow;
end
end
if pop(ii, 3+z) > Thigh
pop(ii, 3+z) = Thigh;
else if pop(ii, 3+z) < Tlow
pop(ii, 3+z) = Tlow;
end
end
if pop(ii, 4+z) > Thigh
pop(ii, 4+z) = Thigh;
else if pop(ii, 4+z) < Tlow
pop(ii, 4+z) = Tlow;
end
end
if pop(ii, 5+z) > Thigh
pop(ii, 5+z) = Thigh;
else if pop(ii, 5+z) < Tlow
pop(ii, 5+z) = Tlow;
end
end
end
end
%END Prevent particle to go out from it's definition domain
%pop=plus;
[fg, gj]=size(pop);
past_original_pop=original_pop;
past_v=v;
past_vect_Fobj_pop=vect_Fobj_pop;
original_pop=pop;
v=vit;
gen_act=gen_act+1;
csvwrite('gen_act.csv', gen_act);
index=1;
csvwrite('nr_particle.csv', nr_particle);
csvwrite('Switch.csv', 1);
save andrei; %Save the data if an unexpected error ocurres
end
%END Start the iterative process
jjj=plot(evolutie) %Plot the optimization proces evolution
toc %Stop watch

52
Appendix B: Sudanese National Grid

53
 Appendix C: Generators Data

Name xd xd' xd'' xq xq' xq'' Td'o Td''o Tq'o Tq''o

kV MVA MW p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. s s s s
Garri G1 (GAS1) 11 41.3 37.17 0.9 0.26 0.24 0.54 0.3 0.21 1.588889 0.047077 0 0.012833
Garri G2 (GAS2) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G3 (ST01) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G4 (GAS3) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G5 (GAS4) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G6 (ST02) 11 41.3 37.17 0.93 0.302 0.365 0.69 0.3 0.341 2.597849 0.036258 0 0.029652
Garri G7 (GAS5) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G8 (GAS6) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G9 (ST03) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G10 (GAS7) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G11 (GAS8) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G12 (ST04) 11 41.3 37.17 0.953 0.312 0.283 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G13 (ST09) 11 70 60 1.66 0.18 0.132 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Garri G14 (ST10) 11 70 60 1.66 0.18 0.132 0.573 0.3 0.402 2.314628 0.037189 0 0.049812
Jebel Aulia G1 11 41.25 60 0.99 0.318 0.288 0.615 0.3 0.306 1.702424 0.046189 0 0.01642
Merowe G1 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G10 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G2 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G3 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G4 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G5 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G6 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G7 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G8 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Merowe G9 13.8 140 127.3 0.883 0.275 0.18 0.601 0.3 0.213 8.843 0.089 0 0.219
Roseires G1 11 44.5 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
Roseires G2 11 44.5 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
Roseires G3 11 44.5 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
Roseires G4 11 43 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
Roseires G5 11 43 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
Roseires G6 11 43 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
 Roseires G7 11 43 40 0.89 0.26 0.21 0.54 0 0.22 4.67 0.05 0 0.07
Sennar G1 11 9.4 7.5 1.02 0.3 0.2 0.65 0.3 0.25 5 0.041 0 0.074
Sennar G2 11 9.4 7.5 1.02 0.3 0.2 0.65 0.3 0.25 5 0.041 0 0.074
Khartoum North G1 11 41.25 30 1.634 0.232 0.17 1.6 0.48 0.16 7.2 0.05 0.9 0.048
Khartoum North G2 11 41.25 30 1.634 0.232 0.17 1.6 0.48 0.16 7.2 0.05 0.9 0.048
Khartoum North G3 11 75 60 2.3 0.23 0.148 2.1 0.55 0.16 7.69 0.04 0.96 0.048
Khartoum North G4 11 75 60 2.3 0.23 0.148 2.1 0.55 0.16 7.69 0.04 0.96 0.048
Khartoum North G5 11 137.5 110 1.97 0.27 0.24 1.9 0.48 0.2 8.2 0.035 0.997 0.035
Khartoum North G6 11 137.5 110 1.97 0.27 0.24 1.9 0.48 0.2 8.2 0.035 0.997 0.035
Khartoum North Gas
11 23.5 17 2.16 0.2 0.142 2.1 0.3 0.15 5.34 0.05 0.59 0.05
1
Khartoum North Gas
11 25 17 2.16 0.2 0.142 2.1 0.3 0.15 5.34 0.05 0.59 0.05
3
Khartoum North Gas
11 25 17 2.16 0.2 0.142 2.1 0.3 0.15 5.34 0.05 0.59 0.05
4
GBA disel GT1 6.6 4.5 2.5 1.85 0.89 0.235 0.89 0.3 0.22 4.8 0.02 0.59 0.08

GBA disel GT2 6.6 3.5 2 1.85 0.89 0.235 0.89 0.3 0.22 4.8 0.02 0.59 0.08

GBA kaplain GT1 6.6 6.6 2 1.138 0.306 0.205 0.683 0.3 0.2 6 0.05 0.59 0.1

GBA kaplain GT2 6.6 6.6 2 1.138 0.306 0.205 0.683 0.3 0.2 6 0.05 0.59 0.1

GBA pump 1 6.6 2.6 2 1.28 0.32 0.25 0.92 0.3 0.315 5.2 0.05 0.59 0.06

GBA pump 2 6.6 2.6 2 1.28 0.32 0.25 0.92 0.3 0.315 5.2 0.05 0.59 0.06

GBA pump 3 6.6 2.6 2 1.28 0.32 0.25 0.92 0.3 0.315 5.2 0.05 0.59 0.06
 Appendix D: Transmission Lines Data

from to length no.of nominal conductor R1 X1 C1 Rо Xо Cо

circuit voltage kV type&size (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (nf/km) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (nf/km)
kuku kh.north 4.5 2 110 2*350mm²ACSR 0.0384 0.302 9.5 0.3995 1.206 6.53
kilox kuku 14.6 2 110 1*350mm²ACSR 0.087 0.379 9.5 0.502 1.93 4.3
kilox faroug 14 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
jebel aulia shagara 39 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
kuku kh.east 3.2 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
eid babiker kh.north 12 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
eid babiker alaizba 11 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
kh.north Izergab 12 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
mahadia Izergab 8 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
mahadia oumdurman 9.3 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
mugran banat 3.8 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
banat omdurman 5.9 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
mugran shagara 11 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
kilox local market 3 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
shagara local market 7.8 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
kilox bagair 28 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
giad bagair 3 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
giad hasa hesa 77 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
meringan hasa hesa 55 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
meringan hag abdalla 35 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
sennar
hag abdalla 60 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
hydro
sennar
mina sharif 69 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
hydro
sennar
sennar jun 10 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
hydro
sennar jun rabak 96 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
meringan elfau 71 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
gedarif elfau 153 1 110 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.421 8.6 0.546 1.38 5.3
meringan managil 75.6 1 110 1*150mm²ACSR 0.105 0.289 9.65 0.315 0.867 5.4
gamoeia banat 16.5 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
hasa hesa genaid 15 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
kilox1 giad 43 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
kilox2 giad 43 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
meringan1 giad 141 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
meringan2 giad 141 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
meringan sennar jun 84 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
sennar jun singa 50 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
singa roseires 178 2 220 1*400mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
garri eid babiker 60 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
kilox eid babiker 14 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
free zone shendi 115 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
atbara shendi 140 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
atbara barber 38 4 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
barber algobosh 25 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.18 5.75
barber alsherek 121 4 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.19 5.75
alsherek dagash 89 4 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.20 5.75
dagash abuhamad 30 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.21 5.75
abuhamad mugrat 20 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.22 5.75
jebel aulia giad 36 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
jebel aulia gamoeia 37 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
markhiat mahdia 21 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
markhiat gamoeia 37 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
garri free zone 5 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
kabbashi free zone 34 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
kabbashi eid babiker 30 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
mushkur jebel aulia 100 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
mushkur rabak 100 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
rank roseires 172.8 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
rabak rank 163.3 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
rabak kosti 27 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
kosti tandalti 84 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
tandalti umrawaba 78.3 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
 rabak umrawaba 154.9 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
umrawaba elrahad 70 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
elrahad obeid 60 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
obeid aldebebat 92 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.18 5.75
aldebebat abuzabad 66 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.19 5.75
abuzabad alfula 120 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.20 5.75
alfula babanosa 80 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.21 5.75
aldebebat aldalang 58 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.22 5.75
umrawaba abasia-tagali 84 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.23 5.75
abasia-tagali rashad 42 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.24 5.75
rashad abugibeha 48 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.25 5.75
abugibeha kalogy 75 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.26 5.75
kalogy talody 69 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.27 5.75
talody kadogly 81 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.28 5.75
kadogly lagawa 80 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.29 5.75
lagawa alfula 92 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.30 5.75
singa hawata 90 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
gedarif gle alnahl 49.6 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
gle alnahl hawata 48.9 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
hawata eldender 44.5 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
eldender senga 42.9 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
gedarif showak 75.12 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
 showak girba 62.54 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
girba kassala 74.5 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
girba new halfa 48.87 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
kassala aroma 43.78 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
merowe merowe town 34.55 2 220 1*480mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
debba merowe town 139.3 2 220 1*480mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
debba dongola 139.38 2 220 1*480mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
dongola wawa 166 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
wawa old halfa 205 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
atbara port sudan 448.92 1 220 1*480mm²ACSR 0.076 0.403 9.02 0.551 2.159 4.4
port sudan Arkiaey 75 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
port sudan port sudan ring 30 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
merowe markhiat 346 2 500 4*325mm²ACSR 0.028 0.276 13.083 0.3445 0.981 9.99
kabbashi markhiat 36.8 1 500 4*325mm²ACSR 0.028 0.276 13.083 0.3445 0.981 9.99
merowe atbara 236.7 1 500 4*325mm²ACSR 0.028 0.276 13.083 0.3445 0.981 9.99
gedarif rawesda 38 1 66 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.397 8.96 0.47 1.45 5.7
showak rawesda 32 1 66 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.397 8.96 0.47 1.45 5.7
showak elgriba 70 1 66 1*95mm²ACSR 0.348 0.397 8.96 0.47 1.45 5.7
kassala elgriba 85 1 66 1*120mm²ACSR 0.255 0.386 9.6 0.44 1.45 5.7
kilo3 elgriba PP 3 1 66 1*120mm²ACSR 0.255 0.386 9.6 0.44 1.45 5.7
elgriba 220 halfa 52 1 66 1*120mm²ACSR 0.255 0.386 9.6 0.44 1.45 5.7
kilo3 elgriba 220 3 1 66 1*120mm²ACSR 0.255 0.386 9.6 0.44 1.45 5.7
Rosaries KarnKarn 80 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
KarnKarn kurmuk 50 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
Rosaries Umdafra 55 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
KarnKarn BAO 39 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
KarnKarn Geisan 25 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
Babanusa Adila 90 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Adila El Da'ein 100 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.18 5.75
El Da'ein Nyala 180 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.19 5.75
Nyala El Fashir 200 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.20 5.75
Nyala Kass 95 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Kass Zalinge 110 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.18 5.75
Zalinge Genena 132 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.18 5.75
EL Fasher Um Kadadh 145 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
Zalinge Garsila 80 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75
Abu Zabad Al Nuhood 94 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Al Nuhood Gibesh 116 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Hamarat AL
Sodari 126 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Sheik
AL Obeid Bara 63 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Bara Sodari 167 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Hamarat Al
Sodari 132 2 220 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.302 13.06 0.262 1.2/1.17 5.75
Wiz
Kalogi Heban 60 2 110 2*240mm²ACSR 0.067 0.269 13.06 0.262 1.044 5.75