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    Lab Report 1 - Mic102

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    Suhada Idayu
    This document provides instructions on how to use a light microscope. It describes the various parts of the microscope and their functions, including the objective lenses, eyepiece, stage, condenser, and diaphragm. It also provides procedures for setting up the microscope and viewing specimens at different magnifications. Images were obtained of a Ranunculus dicot root at 40x magnification. The structures of xylem and phloem were clearly visible in the image. Proper use and cleaning of the microscope is important to obtain clear images.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lab Report 1 - Mic102

    Uploaded by

    Suhada Idayu
    442 views10 pages
    This document provides instructions on how to use a light microscope. It describes the various parts of the microscope and their functions, including the objective lenses, eyepiece, stage, condenser, and diaphragm. It also provides procedures for setting up the microscope and viewing specimens at different magnifications. Images were obtained of a Ranunculus dicot root at 40x magnification. The structures of xylem and phloem were clearly visible in the image. Proper use and cleaning of the microscope is important to obtain clear images.

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    mic102

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    LAB REPORT 1_MIC102_

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    This document provides instructions on how to use a light microscope. It describes the various parts of the microscope and their functions, including the objective lenses, eyepiece, stage, condenser, and diaphragm. It also provides procedures for setting up the microscope and viewing specimens at different magnifications. Images were obtained of a Ranunculus dicot root at 40x magnification. The structures of xylem and phloem were clearly visible in the image. Proper use and cleaning of the microscope is important to obtain clear images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    442 views10 pages

    Lab Report 1 - Mic102

    Uploaded by

    Suhada Idayu
    This document provides instructions on how to use a light microscope. It describes the various parts of the microscope and their functions, including the objective lenses, eyepiece, stage, condenser, and diaphragm. It also provides procedures for setting up the microscope and viewing specimens at different magnifications. Images were obtained of a Ranunculus dicot root at 40x magnification. The structures of xylem and phloem were clearly visible in the image. Proper use and cleaning of the microscope is important to obtain clear images.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    MIC 102

    LAB How To Use Microscope


    GROUP AS1141B1
    LEADER AND ID NUR SHAFFIDA TAZZRIENA BINTI ABDULLAH ( 2022865884)
    GROUP MEMBERS 1) NOOR SUHADA IDAYU BINTI ARBAIN (2022627316)
    AND ID 2) NUR LAILATUL SHAHREEN BINTI AZHAR (2022679792)
    3) WAN NUR AMIRADAMIA BINTI WAN ROSMAN (2022801626)
    4) RAJA NUR AISAH BINTI RAJA KAMARUDIN (2022476836)
    LECTURE’S NAME TS FAIKAH AWANG @ISMAIL
    INTRODUCTION :
    Microorganisms are commonly very small in size . So, when comes to observing them through
    our naked eyes are absolutely impossible . The solution to overcome this problem is by observing
    them using microscope. Although microscopes comes with various type of models and
    applications ( such as electron microscopic and The Scanning Probe Microscope ) , the most
    basic microscope with simple way of handling would be the light microscope . Despite their
    disadvantages comparing to other advance microscope , they are still capable of viewing
    microorganism . This instrument also the most generally use by beginners such as students.
    The light sources bulb is located in the base at the instrument. It projects light upwards through
    the diaphragm, slide and lenses. The light sources in control by the on-off switch and the
    brightness of the bulb is controlled by the voltage control. The condenser helps to focus the light
    onto the sample analysed. They are particularly helpful when coupled with the highest objective
    lens. The condenser should be adjust within 1cm of the slide when using the 40x objective and
    as close as possible when using 100x objective.

    The condenser diaphragm controls the intensity and size of the cone light projected on the
    specimen. This will make sure that the correct amount of light enters the objective lens. The
    stage is the flat platform that support the slide being observed. The stage may be moved
    backwards or forwards and from left to right by using coaxial knobs. When the coarse-focus is
    turned, the stage moves up or down, in order to adjust the focus. The fine-focus adjustment
    knobs is used fine to adjust the focus. The light microscope usually has three or four objective
    lenses on a microscope. They consist of 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x magnification powers. The
    objective lens focuses the light passing through the specimen to form a magnified primary images.

    The eyepiece tube connect the eyepiece to the objective lens. It receives and redirect the light
    through the objective lens. The eyepiece contains the ocular lens, which provides a magnification
    power of 10x to 15x, usually. This is where you look through. The total magnification of the
    specimen or sample observed are calculated by multiplying the objective lens multiplication power
    and the eyepiece lens multiplication power. The calculations are as shown below:

    4x objective X 10x eyepiece = 40x magnification


    10x objective X 10x eyepiece = 100x magnification
    40x objective X 10x eyepiece = 400x magnification
    100x objective X 10x eyepiece = 1000x magnification

    Magnification and resolution are two important things for microscope. Resolution is not
    magnification. Magnification is a microscope’s ability to increase size. When you magnify an
    images probability you may get blur images because of the useless resolution. Microscope
    resolution is the shortest distance between two separate points in a microscope’s field of view
    that can still be distinguished entities. Use the resolving power of the lens on the microscope to
    adjust the resolution
    OBJECTIVES:

    i. To describe the various parts of a microscope and their functions.

    ii. To learn how to take care and maintain a microscope.

    iii. To learn how to use a microscope to observe prepared specimens.

    MATERIALS :

    1) Microscope
    2) Glass slide of Ranunculi’s, ts of dicot root and cover slips.
    PROCEDURES:
    Setting up:
    1. Sitting on the stool with our knee under the bench and the microscope was moved so that
    you looked through both eyepiece without straining. We made sure that we are
    comfortable with the position.

    2. The power lead of the microscope was plugged in and power is on, the main on-off switch
    was used to turn on the microscope light.

    3. The light intensity was adjusted using the brightness control. Position 5 was normally
    adequate.

    4. The revolving nosepiece was rotated to bring the 4x objectives lens into the light path.

    5. A clean slide was taken and that was the ranuculus dicot root. The slide was placed on
    the stage, using the spring click to secure it. The slide was moved into the light path using
    the coaxial stage control knobs.

    6. Each eyepiece was looked through and adjusted them until we saw a single circle of light.
    For future references a picture of the image of specimen was taken.

    7. Using the right eye only, the image was focused by adjusting the coarse and fine
    adjustment.

    8. The same steps were repeated by using the more higher objective lens.

    Low power (10x) objective viewing:


    1. FINE adjustment knob was used to focus, and the stage was moved to obtain a
    view of the specimen. The side of microscope was watched and the objective lens
    was changed to 10x magnification.
    2. The condenser was focused by placing an object, such as an inoculating loop or
    pencil tip, in the centre of the glass above the light source. The condenser light
    was adjusted so that the object was focused.
    3. The condenser was then lowered just sufficiently to throw the object out of focused.
    4. To optimize image definition and contrast, one eyepiece was removed, the empty
    tube was looked down and the condenser diaphragm was adjusted so that its edge
    could just be seen inside the circle of light. For specimen of poor contrast, a better
    image may be obtained by reducing the aperture further. The eyepiece was
    replaced and re-focused with fine adjustment.
    RESULTS

    The image of Ranunculus dicot root under microscope at 40× magnification


    DISCUSSION
    First, the specimen that our group identify is RANUNCULUS dicot root. Dicot root has xylem
    in the shape of ‘X’ which is surrounded by phloem. Moreover, it has got tap roots. In a dicot root,
    the number of xylem and phloem is constant. Vessels of xylem are angular or polygonal in shape,
    when we cut it in transverse section. Conjunctive tissue in a dicot root is parenchymatous, which
    forms vascular cambium.
    So, from the image that we got the pointer is on xylem which transports water and nutrients from
    the to the leaves. Between the arms of xylem is phloem which transports sap from the leaves to
    the roots. The red ring immediately around the star-shaped area is endodermis and the green tissue
    around it is cortex. The cortex functions in food storage.
    The clearest image that we got is from 40× magnification. This mean it is important for us to
    know how to use microscope. If we followed the correct method to look the specimen under
    microscope, we can the clear image from all magnification. Some precaution step that can we use
    is before do the experiment does not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only
    special lens paper to clean the lenses. Then always keep your microscope covered when not in use.
    After that carry a microscope with both hands. Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other
    hand under the base for support. When we do the experiment, make sure our specimen in a good
    condition to avoid error image.
    CONCLUSION
    To conclude the objective of this experiment, the light microscope is a powerful tool for
    understanding the structure and function of tissues. It is widely used in biomedical science courses
    and also in research and diagnostic laboratories. We must understand the capabilities and
    limitations of the light microscope to get the best results from microscopy. The different staining
    techniques are ability to identify the structures and specific cell types. From this experiment, we
    were able to discover the cell of bacteria, plant and animal through microscope. Besides, we were
    able to identify the structure of cell such as bacteria cell, plant cell and animal cell. We also can
    identify the difference of bacteria cell, plant cell and animal cell. Moreover, proper cleaning of
    lenses should be done as well to avoid accumulation of dust particles that will lead to discomfort
    usage of the microscope when viewing the specimen. The light microscope is a very powerful tool
    for understanding the structure and function of tissues and it is widely used in biomedical science
    courses as well as in research and diagnostic laboratories. The invention of the microscope allowed
    scientists to see cells bacteria and many other structures that are too small to be seen with the
    unaided eye.

    m
    POST LAB QUESTION

    1. What is meant by a compound light microscope? (1 mark)


    A compound light microscope is a microscope with more than one lens and its own light source.
    In this type of microscope, there are ocular lenses in the binocular eyepieces and objective lenses
    in a rotating nosepiece closer to the specimen.

    2. What is the microscope's field of view? (2 marks)

    Microscope field of view (FOV) is the maximum area visible when looking through the
    microscope eyepiece (eyepiece FOV) or scientific camera (camera FOV), usually quoted as a
    diameter measurement. Say, for example, you are viewing a cell or specimen under an optical
    microscope. The diameter of the circle that you see is the field of view of the microscope.

    3. What happens to the field of view as the total magnification increases? (2 marks)
    The field of view is inversely proportional to the magnification power, meaning that as the
    magnification increases, the field of view decreases. As such, when the magnification is increased
    from 4x to 40x, the field of view decreases and when you increase the magnification of an area,
    you look at a smaller area. So, you see less light, and the image appears dimmer.

    4. Which power, low or high, has the smaller field of view? (2 marks)
    Going to high power on a microscope decreases the area of the field of view. The field of view is
    inversely proportional to the magnification of the objective lens. The specimen appears larger with
    a higher magnification because a smaller area of the object is spread out to cover the field of view
    of your eye.

    5. Which power, low or high, has the greater magnification? (2marks)


    High power increases the magnification of a specimen. The amount an image is magnified is equal
    to the magnification of the ocular lens, or eyepiece, multiplied by the magnification of the objective
    lens.
    6. What is depth of field? Why must you focus "through" the object when viewing it
    with a compound light microscope? (4 marks)

    When observing an object with a lens, the object is most clearly viewed when it is at the focal
    point of the lens. If the distance between the lens and the object is slightly varied, then there is a
    range or tolerance in which the object can still be clearly observed. This range is known as the
    depth-of-field (DoF). The depth of focus is greatest on the lowest power objective. Each time you
    switch to a higher power, the depth of focus is reduced. Therefore, a smaller part of the specimen
    is in focus at higher power. Again, this makes it easier to find an object on low power, and then
    switch to higher power after it is in focus.
    REFERENCES

    The compound light microscope - optics, Magnification and uses. MicroscopeMaster. (n.d.).
    Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://www.microscopemaster.com/compound-light-
    microscope.html

    The compound light microscope - optics, Magnification and uses. MicroscopeMaster. (n.d.).
    Retrieved November 30, 2022, from https://www.microscopemaster.com/compound-light-
    microscope.html
    Microscope notes. Microscopy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2022, from
    https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/microscope/microscope_notes.html

    Depth-of-field. KEYENCE. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2022, from


    https://www.keyence.com/ss/products/microscope/microscope_glossary/terminology/depth_of_fi
    eld.jsp

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