CSEC ENGLISH A

SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT

CHILD ABUSE

WAYS IN WHICH CHILD ABUSE VICTIMS CAN SUFFER AT

THE HANDS OF THEIR ABUSERS.

Name of Candidate: Rihanna McLeod.

Rihanna McLeod.

Name of Group Members: Fantasia Donaldson, Sanecia Taylor, Javier Tyson, and Kimani Kerr.

Candidate #: 100068……

Center #: 100068.

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green.

Territory: Jamaica.

Year: 2023.

SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR CXC

(GENERAL PROFICIENCY)

PRESENTED TO THE CARIBBEAN SECONDARY

EXAMINATION COUNCIL

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE

ENGLISH A

BY

RIHANNA McLEOD

OF

MANNING’S SCHOOL
Rihanna McLeod.

2022.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Plan of Investigation ……………………………………………………............ 1

Scoring Rubric for Plan of Investigation ……………………………………... 2

Scoring Rubric for Individual Participation …………………………………. 3

Scoring Rubric for Quality of Within–Group Activities …………………….. 4

Oral Presentation Plan ……………………………………………………….... 5

Scoring Rubric for Oral Presentation ………………………………………… 6

Written Report ……………………………………………………………….... 7-9

Scoring Rubric for Written Report …………………………………………... 10-11

Reflection 1 ……………………………………………………………………... 12-13

Reflection 2 …………………………………………………………………….. 14-15

Reflection 3 …………………………………………………………………….. 16

Scoring Rubric for Reflections ……………………………………………….. 17

Group Written Report ………………………………………………………… 18-19

Appendix ………………………………………………………………………. 20-23

Bibliography …………………………………………………………………... 24
Rihanna McLeod.

Plan of Investigation

My group’s chosen topic for the English S.B.A. is ‘Child Abuse,’ and my chosen sub-

topic that I will be focusing on is ‘Ways in which Child Abuse Victims can Suffer at the Hands

of their Abusers.’ I chose this sub-topic because the act of child abuse has always perturbed and

intrigued me regarding the various methods/ways in which a helpless child is abused in our

world daily. Despite my perturbation towards an abuser’s proclivities for child abuse, as an

English student, I aim to improve my research and analytic skills to better educate myself and

understand the content and context of the information I choose to research. I also expect to

improve my vocabulary by learning more about the subject. I intend to gather the necessary

information through the use of songs/music videos, online articles, and vlogs/blogs to ensure that

I improve my skills and complete this English S.B.A.

Rihanna McLeod.

Scoring Rubric for Plan of Investigation

Name of Student: Rihanna McLeod.

Date: _____________________________________________

Final
Rating Scale
Score
Areas
0 1 2 3

No reason and Reason given is Appropriate Original and

Reasons for choosing the title given or vague or weak; reason and title insightful reason
(a) the topic and obscure reason appropriate title given and title given /3
selection of title with given
inappropriate title

Benefits given are Benefits are Benefits are

not clearly clearly clearly
Expected benefits to
stately, few are expressed, but expressed, sound
(b) you as a student of No benefits given /3
attainable they are not all and attainable
English
sound, most are
attainable

Material to be Material to be
collected stated collected stated
(type or nature of (type or nature
Material to be material) Limited of material)
collected not list or sources Various sources /2
stated given for possible
material
(Internet etc…)
Proposal for given
(c) collection and use of
material Use of English Use of the English Use of the
Language skills to Language skills English
be used in outlined and an Language skills
analyzing the attempt made to clearly outlined
material not indicate how they and clear /2
stated will be used indication of
how they will
be used
provided

/10

Total marks for Plan of Investigation = 10 marks.

Scale down to 5 marks.
Total Score
Score awarded = = _________________
2
Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green. Time/Date: ________________

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Rihanna McLeod.

Scoring Rubric for Individual Participation

Name: Rihanna McLeod.

Date: __________________________________________

The total mark for individual participants will be 5 marks based on the responses obtained
from the questions asked by the teacher.
Final
Areas Questions for students
Score
1. Do/Did you know what you are/were expected to do to work well in a team? /1

2. Are you able to focus on what is taking place in your group? /1

3. How do/did you feel in the group? I feel self-confidence, self-esteem, and self- /1
efficacy.
4. Do/Did you know how to manage how you behave in the group? /1

5. Do/Did you manage your tasks on time and thoroughly? /1

/5

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green. Time/Date: ____________________

NOTE:
This scale should be completed by the teacher in discussion with the student on two different
occasions. After the first assessment, a discussion should take place and feedback should be
given to the student to allow for improvement. The second assessment should produce the final
mark out of five agreed upon by the teacher and student.

Scoring Rubric for Quality of Within–Group Activities

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Rihanna McLeod.

Name of Group: Group 4 (Child Abuse).

Date: __________________________________________________

Facets of Rating Scale Final

process Score
0 1 2 3

Plan of work not The plan of work All members have

known by all group exists and most group seen, read and
1 Communication /2
members members have seen, discussed the plan
read and discuss it of work

No awareness of what Some awareness of Members seek out

members of the group what members of the and are aware of
2 Collaboration /2
are doing group are doing what all members of
the group are doing

Group members show Group members Group members Group members

no evidence of engaged in reflection engaged in engaged in reflection
reflecting on their on work at the end of reflection on work on work at the end of
3 Reflection* /3
work some of the activities at the end of most all of the activities or
or sessions of the activities or sessions
sessions

There is obvious Members attempt to Members are Members respect and

misunderstanding resolve issues and actively creating appreciate each other;
among members. problems to ensure a interaction with and show empathy to
4 Interaction /3
Group unable to comfortable each other and all members
resolve problems relationship among displaying trust and
group members respect

/10
Total Score

*THIS IS NOT AN ASSESSMENT OF THE THREE ENTRIES.

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green. Time/Date: _________________________

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Rihanna McLeod.

Oral Presentation Plan.

 Topic: Child Abuse.

 Sub-Topic: Ways in Which Child Abuse Victims can Suffer at the Hands of their

Abusers.

 Genre: Speech.

 Source: Original piece.

 Language: Standard Jamaican English.

 Reason for selecting genre: I enjoy researching a lot of information, deep diving, about

any topic that piques the slightest of my interest, so given that a speech not only helps me

to summarize what I've researched to express it to others, but it also shows me if I

actually learned or understood anything myself through expressions of language, namely

writing and speaking.

Scoring Rubric for Oral Presentation.

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Rihanna McLeod.

Name of Student: Rihanna McLeod.

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green.
Time/Date of Assessment: ___________________________

Rating Scale
Facets of Tasks
0 1 2 3 4

Jerky, halting Choppy Awkward but Intelligible; clear;

fragmentary acceptable smooth; well-paced
Fluency of Delivery intonation; flow
long pauses continuous; natural

Connections with Connections with Limited Coherent; Key Clear organization

topic/issue unclear; topic/issue unclear; comprehension issues well of ideas; Sustained
Structure, incomprehensible; Very incoherent in lacks elaboration; developed; Well treatment of
Comprehensibility, Style of parts; Utterance Slightly incoherent expressed in many topic/theme/issues;
and development presentation does incorrect in parts; Somewhat parts; very effective Style very effective
not always aid in limited; style and impactful in
of the topic
depicting the key communicating
issue

Lacks basic words; Ideas limited to Adequate style of Accurate use of

lack specificity; very inadequate words presentation; Basic grammar; Effective
many errors in and jargon; Lacks sentences are used; use of grammar and
Language use and words and specificity; Limited Control of basic vocabulary; High
vocabulary sentences range of grammar grammatical degree of fluency;
structures; Reliance Rich vocabulary
on practical
expressions;

Score awarded = ______ + ______ + ______ = ______

Name of Student: _________________________________

Name of Assessor: ________________________________

Time/Date of Assessment: __________________________

Written Report.

Summary on Child Abuse.

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Rihanna McLeod.

A child of any gender, race, religion, or socioeconomic status can suffer in a variety of ways

at the hands of their abusers because they have the self-justified notion or impulse to commit

child abuse. Child abuse and neglect are serious public health issues, as are adverse childhood

experiences, or ACEs, which are potentially traumatic childhood experiences. According to the

World Health Organization (W.H.O.), child abuse is "all forms of physical or emotional ill-

treatment, sexual abuse, neglect and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the

child’s health, development or dignity," especially when committed by a parent, caregiver, or

adult. Child abuse can be classified into four main types. They are as followed:

1. Neglect

This is an act of omission and undeniably the most common type of child abuse. This

occurs when a parent or caregiver consistently fails to meet a child's basic physical and

emotional needs.

E.g.: Inadequate food, funds, clothing, housing, education, attention to the child, etcetera.

2. Physical abuse.

This is the use of physical force with the intent to cause physical pain, injury, or death. In

most cases, CPA occurs at home and is committed by someone close to the victim, such as a

parent. Even when corporal punishment is warranted, most abusers constantly blow it out of

proportion and blur the lines between corporal punishment and outright abuse. This, in turn,

contributes to the development of betrayal trauma, emotional, psychological, or physical

problems as well as behavioral issues in the child.

E.g.: Beating, hitting with inanimate objects, fractures, burns, bruises, or other shows of

abusive force.

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Rihanna McLeod.

3. Psychological/Emotional abuse.

These verbal or symbolic behaviors and acts cause a child mental anguish and emotional

distress, as well as harm to their self-worth, emotional well-being, mental stability, and

emotional and mental development.

E.g.: Name-calling, rejection, threatening, humiliation, inconsistency with affection, etcetera.

4. Sexual abuse.

In this case, predatory abusers exploit young, vulnerable, and impressionable children to

engage in sexual acts that they did not fully comprehend or consent to.

E.g.: Fondling, penetration, self-exposure, sexually explicit materials or activities,

etcetera.

Child abuse leaves permanent scars, and the abuser's ignorance does not mitigate the

damage. Childhood should be a time of love, laughter, enjoyment, and being somewhat carefree,

not a nightmarish hell of pain, indifference, tears, sadness/unhappiness, and trauma caused by

someone's dark soul. Abuse manipulates and damages a child's natural sense of trust and love,

and there is no life to be found in violence, regardless of the reason. To conclude in the words of

Chris Hemsworth, “Child abuse is one of those issues that are very difficult to talk about because

it’s surrounded by guilt and shame and so on, but us avoiding that issue doesn’t help those kids

in need out there who need support.”

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Rihanna McLeod.

Scoring Rubric for Written Report

Name of Student: Rihanna McLeod.

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green.
Rating Scale
Facets of Tasks
1 2 3 4

Content Does not meet the The required number of Context in/from which the Contexts in/from which the
required number of stimuli has been stimuli are chosen are stimuli are chosen are

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Rihanna McLeod.

pieces selected but some of explicitly given. explicitly given.

issues are only implied.

Stimuli chosen are of There is evidence of the There is clear evidence of

little relevance or a Some tasks are noted procedure used in the procedure used in
weak attempt is made but generally there selecting the three stimuli selecting the three stimuli
to force relevance seems to be
inadequacy, and lack of
clarity.
Some of the issues Issues raised (in the stimuli)
Only one or two tasks associated with the stimuli are clearly defined and fully
attempted are not clearly stated explored
The report indicates an (more information needed)
understanding of tasks
but execution is
All relevant tasks
insufficient
There is indication of the (processes, procedures)
tasks to be done but some which should have been/are
aspects are left out to be, performed by group
members and described in
the reporting are noted and
defined.

Weak response to the Analysis focuses on Excellent response to the

tasks: (focus, summary, some key issues. task: (focus, summary,
analysis) analysis)

Good evidence of
Issues are not clearly research Analysis focuses on the key
identified issues

Good handing of
Inadequate evidence of documentation with the Findings of discussions and
research occasional error. research of the relevance
to the stimulus material
are clearly stated
Evidence of
Investigation
All sources of the various
stimuli are acknowledged
and documented.

Any comments on the

stimuli, apart from
students’ original
comments, are
appropriately
acknowledged and
documented

Language use The report: The report: The report:

and vocabulary

Good control of basic Very good control of Excellent use of Standard

grammar, mechanics. language (grammar and English in the appropriate
Competent sentence vocabulary) – errors do tone and register
structure but lacking in not suggest lack of
maturity of expression capacity

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Rihanna McLeod.

The vocabulary shows

excellent knowledge of
and interaction with the
issues and context.

Total marks for Written Report = 10 marks.

Score awarded = _______ + _______ + _______ = ______

Name of Student: Rihanna McLeod. Name of Assessor: ____________________

Reflection 1.

It completely perplexes me that so many people have the self-justified notion and impulse

to sexually, emotionally, neglectfully, or physically abuse a helpless child in a multitude of ways.

However, the unfortunate truth and fact are that in our everyday world, thousands of children

suffer at the hands of abusers, sometimes even losing their lives. After researching, gathering,

and analyzing multiple data, I finally discovered three pieces that best represent my sub-topic,

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Rihanna McLeod.

'Ways in Which Child Abuse Victims Can Suffer at the Hands of their Abusers.' They are as

follows:

Collin Raye's song "11th Commandment" is the first piece. It presented the perspective of

children who are abused by family members or at home. This made me realize that in many

cases, the senseless act of abuse against a child outweighs the sense of responsibility, security,

trust, and safety that a family member should provide for a child at home. The child's sense of

betrayal is deep and lasting, lasting well into adulthood and, in most cases, irreversible.

The second piece is an online article titled 'Child Abuse and Neglect' written by

StatPearls authors. They conducted extensive research throughout the article, which helped me

better understand the various forms and consequences of child abuse that the medical field is

responsible for every day. These include physical, psychological, and emotional scars suffered

by abuse victims.

The third and final pieces are a vlog accompanied by a blog titled 'Recognizing Child

Abuse and Neglect' by ProCPR and 'Identifying the Different Types of Child Abuse' by CASA

Child Advocates of Montgomery County, respectively. These provided me with a more in-depth

understanding of the difficulties and identification of child abuse. Unfortunately, many abusers

try to hide or justify the abuse of children. For a disturbing issue such as this, it is the

responsibility of anyone concerned, witnesses, or suffers from such abuse to tell someone they

trust or report it to the proper authorities to raise awareness, cease, and protection for the child

from further abuse.

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Rihanna McLeod.

Reflection 2.

The tone of the song '11th Commandment' is one of sympathy for the maltreatment of

children. There are four uses of language used in the song. The first use of language is the

narration in the third person, which is used extensively throughout verses 1, 2, and 3 to raise

awareness about various forms of child abuse. The second is an inquiry about God's

oversight/inquiring himself about God's oversight of the abuses seen in choruses 1 and 2

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Rihanna McLeod.

‘Did God overlook it

What ought have been written

The eleventh commandment

Honor thy children.'

The use of repetition by the songwriter in choruses 1 and 2 emphasizes his question and concern,

'Did God overlook it?' The final use of language in chorus 3,

‘God does not overlook it

What ought have been written

The eleventh commandment

Honor thy children

Honor thy children.’

shows resolve. His conviction is that God did not overlook it or anything and that the person

dishonoring a commandment will one day face God’s wrath and judgment.

The tones used in the online article 'Child Abuse and Neglect' are formal and informative.

The article employs EMS or medical terminology and acronyms such as "sentinel injury,"

"cognitive function," "TEN 4," "AHT," and "GERD" to extend their knowledge and perspective

to a well-read or mature targeted audience.

The vlog and accompanying blog 'Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect' and 'Identifying

the Different Types of Child Abuse' both use informal and informative tones without the use of

colloquialisms. Throughout the vlog, the vlogger maintains an imperative mood and tone to

emphasize the pertinent information about child abuse to the audience. The diction was also at a

level that I could easily understand, which led me to believe the vlogger was targeting people

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Rihanna McLeod.

with varying levels of education. The blog is similar to the online article used as it gives

information on the four major types of child abuse and the resulting injuries.

Reflection 3.

Because of the broad scope of my group's topic, "Child Abuse," I was able to increase my

awareness and knowledge throughout the research execution of this English S.B.A. During my

research on my chosen sub-topic, "Ways in which Child Abuse Victims can Suffer at the Hands

of their Abusers," I realized the importance of providing a stable and safe environment for

children, whether physically, emotionally, financially, or otherwise, given the numerous threats

and struggles they face at such a young and impressionable age. This, in turn, taught me how to
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Rihanna McLeod.

recognize the various types and signs of child abuse, as well as the appropriate steps to take to

assist someone who is experiencing such abuse. Completing this SBA also helped improve my

teamwork and cooperation skills and vocabulary, research, analytic, and comprehension abilities.

In my opinion, my topic and sub-topic are important knowledge for me to have.

Scoring Rubric for Reflections.

Name of Student: Rihanna McLeod.

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green.
Time/Date: _____________________________________

The assessment of these components will be based on the following:

 Theme factors – critical knowledge of the theme and how the material influenced
thinking.
 Language factors – language analysis and good organization.
 Process factors – personal value and benefits clearly identified.

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Rihanna McLeod.

Reflection on the topic, use of language, process, and its effects.

Final
Descriptors Marks
Score
Candidate procedures an excellent reflection comprising THREE entries which
● discusses how the THREE pieces of material have affected the candidate’s
thinking about the issue 5 marks /5
● examines the use of language in the three pieces
● discusses the process and its effect on the candidate
Candidate produces a very good reflection which
● integrates the treatment of the issue in the three pieces
● provides a very good examination of the use of language 4 marks /4
● discusses the process and its effect
Candidates produce a good reflection which
● addresses the treatment of the issue in the three pieces
● provides a good examination of the use of language 3 marks /3
● give little discussion of the process and its effects
Candidate produces a limited reflection which
● provides a limited treatment of the issue in the three pieces
● attempts to provide an examination of the use of language with limited success 2 marks /2
● give very little or no discussion of the process and its effect

Candidates produces a weak reflection which

● mentions the issue
● very weak examination of the use of language OR none provided 1 mark /1
● no discussion of the process and its effect.
5 marks /5

Name of Teacher: Mrs. Green. Time/Date: _____________________

Group Written Report.

At the commencing of the English SBA, our teacher, Mrs. Green began with an

explanation of the different sections of the SBA. Once that was completed and members grasped

the concepts, our teacher then placed us in groups in which our theme ‘Child Abuse’ was

selected. We then, in our groups, each member selected sub-topics pertaining to our theme. Once

this was done and reviewed by our teacher, we did our individual research for our artifacts.

The group made great use of the internet which was the main source of most of the

findings. The three (3) artifacts chosen for this report are ‘Recognizing Child Abuse’ from the

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Rihanna McLeod.

vlog ProCPR, ‘Different Types of Child Abuse’ by Crissy B Show, and ‘The Script’ by Abigail.

These artifacts show the different types of abuse in children, the recognition of abuse and neglect

in children as well as the consequences of child abuse and neglect.

Our group members met during the half sessions of English class as well as taking time

out of our lunchtime to ensure the work was progressing. This resulted in great progress for each

group member who was able to complete the English SBA on time.

At the end of the research, we had similar recurring ideas. With such, we created two

questions to be answered in the report. These questions are:

1. What is the most common form of child abuse seen today?

The group members all decided that ‘neglect’ was the most commonly seen.

2. Which form of child abuse has the most serious effects on children?

Although all forms of child abuse affect children badly, according to our research it is

mostly ‘neglect’ as it results in lifelong trauma and affects the child psychologically.

Group Members,

1. Rihanna McLeod.

2. Fantasia Donaldson

3. Sanecia Taylor.

4. Javier Tyson.

5. Kimani Kerr.

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Rihanna McLeod.

Appendix.

The Eleventh Commandment

Song by Collin Raye
Lyrics
[Verse 1]
She hears his heavy breathing in the dark
His footsteps coming closer down the hall
She's so ashamed, she's daddy's secret love
She wants to cry, she wants to die, but he can't get enough

[Verse 2]
The bruises on his face will go away
Mom keeps him home from school 'til they fade
She's sorry he was born and tells him so
He takes it in, he hangs his chin, he ducks another blow

[Chorus]
Did God overlook it
What ought have been written
The eleventh commandment
Honor thy children

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Rihanna McLeod.

[Verse 3]
He cries for hours, cries and never stops
He shakes so hard his little cradle rocks
He'll never have the chance to be brand new
He'll never walk, he'll never talk, he's addicted too

[Chorus]
Did God overlook it
What ought have been written
The eleventh commandment
Honor thy children

[Bridge]
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not steal
Thou shalt not take the Lord's name in vain
Thou shalt not cause thy children pain

[Chorus]
God does not overlook it
What ought have been written
The eleventh commandment
Honor thy children
Honor thy children

Songwriters: Karen Taylor-Good / Lisa Aschmann

Quotes about Child Abuse.

1) “What have the children done but to stay innocent and trusting even towards the most

undeserving? Child abuse is child abuse --- there is no excuse that can make it right.”

Chris Hemsworth (2014).

2) “Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness

of the soul.” Dave Pelzer (1993). ‘A Child Called It: One Child’s Courage to Survive,’ (p.

166).

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Rihanna McLeod.

3) “Abuse manipulates and twists a child's natural sense of trust and love. Her innocent

feelings are belittled or mocked and she learns to ignore her feelings. She can't afford to

feel the full range of feelings in her body while she's being abused-pain, outrage, hate,

vengeance, confusion, arousal. So she short-circuits them and goes numb. For many

children, any expression of feelings, even a single tear, is cause for more severe abuse.

Again, the only recourse is to shut down. Feelings go underground.” Laura Davies

(1991). ‘Allies in Healing: When the Person you Love is a Survivor of Child Sexual

Abuse.’

4) “It shouldn’t hurt to be a child.” Jan Hunt (2013). ‘The Natural Child: Parenting from the

Heart.’

5) “Abuse is never deserved, it is an exploitation of innocence and physical disadvantage,

which is perceived as an opportunity by the abuser.” Lorraine Nilon (2017). ‘Breaking

Free from the Chains of Silence: A Respectful Exploration into the Ramifications of

Abuse Hidden Behind Closed Doors.’

6) “Abuse is never contained to a present moment, it lingers across a person’s lifetime and

has pervasive long-term ramifications.” Lorraine Nilon (2017). ‘Breaking Free from the

Chains of Silence: A Respectful Exploration into the Ramifications of Abuse Hidden

Behind Closed Doors.’

7) “Child abuse does not go away, but 90 percent of child abuse is preventable and instead

of treating your child like how you were treated. Treat them with the same love and

attention you wanted from your parents while growing up.” Rtr. Shehan Sanka (2021).

8) “The best inheritance a parent can give his children is a few minutes of his time each

day.” Orlando Aloysius Battista (1957). ‘How to Enjoy Work and Get More Fun Out of

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Rihanna McLeod.

Life,’ (p.72).

9) “You have to love your children unselfishly. That is hard. But it is the only way.”

Barbara Bush (1994). ‘Barbara Bush: A Memoir.’

10) “Build a bridge over shame by teaching kids about sexual abuse. Give them a chance to

run to us should they encounter it. Be their hero.” Carolyn Byers Ruch.

11) “The rape of a child is a violent act of contempt, not an expression of sexuality or

affection.” Mike Lew (2000). ‘Gay Men and Childhood Sexual Trauma: Integrating the

Shattered Self.’

12) “My childhood ended around the time of my ninth birthday, shamed into sex, obedience

and fear.” Billy Childish (1996). ‘My Fault.’

13) “In order to escape accountability for his crimes, the perpetrator does everything in his

power to promote forgetting. Secrecy and silence are the perpetrator’s first line of

defense. If secrecy fails, the perpetrator attacks the credibility of his victim. If he cannot

silence her absolutely, he tries to make sure that no one listens. To this end, he marshals

an impressive array of arguments, from the most blatant denial to the most sophisticated

and elegant rationalization. After every atrocity one can expect to hear the same

predictable apologies: it never happened; the victim lies; the victim exaggerates; the

victim brought it upon herself; and in any case it is time to forget the past and move on.

The more powerful the perpetrator, the greater is his prerogative to name and define

reality, and the more completely his arguments prevail.” Judith Lewis Herman (1992).

‘Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political

Terror.’

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Rihanna McLeod.

14) “Many abused children cling to the hope that growing up will bring escape and freedom.

But the personality formed in the environment of coercive control is not well adapted to

adult life. The survivor is left with fundamental problems in basic trust, autonomy, and

initiative. She approaches the task of early adulthood――establishing independence and

intimacy――burdened by major impairments in self-care, in cognition and in memory, in

identity, and in the capacity to form stable relationships. She is still a prisoner of her

childhood; attempting to create a new life, she reencounters the trauma.” Judith Lewis

Herman (1992). ‘Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic

Abuse to Political Terror.’

Bibliography.

CASA: Court appointed special advocates for children | CASA: Child advocates of

Montgomery County (2023). News & Events >> Identifying the different types of child abuse.

Retrieved from https://casaspeaks4kids.com/identifying-different-types-child-abuse/

Gonzalez, D., Mirabal, A.B., & McCall, J. D. (2022, 7 Apr.) Child abuse and neglect. Retrieved

from https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/26823

Goodreads (2023). Child abuse quotes. Retrieved from

https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/child-abuse

ProTrainings: Because life matters | ProCPR (2022, 8 Jun.). Child abuse and neglect:

Recognizing child abuse and neglect. Retrieved from

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Rihanna McLeod.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=CBBVd6zoYtA&list=PLuyUMRCwjIKPdnpV93fGtjAGmhI-nMwvy&index=10

Raye, C. (1998). 11th Commandment. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=yY8B0twtbZM

https://genius.com/Collin-raye-the-eleventh-commandment-lyrics

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