ე.

ხინთიბიძე
„ვეფხისტყაოსნის“ იდეურ-მსოფლმხედველობითი
სამყარო

თბილისი 2009
„ქართველოლოგი“

gv. 338-347

qristianuli simbolikis reminiscencia vefxistyaosanSi

(`dRe hgvanda ar aRvsebisa” anu ,,dResaswauls ki is dRe ar
hgavda” )

vefxistyaosnis pirveli e. w. vaxtangiseuli gamocemis

mixedviT, tarieli amgvarad aRwers indoeTSi xvarazmSahis Zis
miRebis ceremonials (706, gv. Je):
"maedans davdgi karvebi wiTlisa atlasebisa.
movida siZe gardaÃda dRe gvanda ar aRvsebisa" (fme).
1966 wlis saiubileo gamocemaSi (716, gv. 110), romelsac
eTanxmeba amJamad moqmedi "vefxistyaosnis akademiuri teqstis
damdgeni komisia" (75, gv. 191; 718, gv. 88), damowmebuli pasaJi
amgvarad Sesworda:
`moedans davdgi karvebi wiTlisa atlasebisa.
movida siZe, gardaxda, dRe, hgvanda, ars aRvsebisa~ (555).
konieqtura `ar aRvsebisa//ars aRvsebisa~, romelsac mxars
ar uWers vefxistyaosnis Cvenamde moRweuli arc erTi
xelnaweri (652, gv. 363; 715, gv. 181), pirvelad ganxorcielda
poemis 1951 wlis gamocemaSi (712, gv. 122), gamomcemelTa (a.
baramiZe, k. kekeliZe, a. SaniZe) amgvar SeniSvnaze dafuZnebiT
(712, gv. 406): `konteqstis mixedviT azri naTelia. sazeimo dRe
tariels Seudarebia aRdgomisaTvis (saaRdgomo
dResaswaulisaTvis), magram es naTeli azri formis mixedviT
sworad ar aris gamoxatuli. Cvens gamocemaSi azri ase
Sesworda~.
es Sesworeba specialur samecniero literaturaSi
imTaviTve iqna uaryofili (k. WiWinaZe - 269), rasac
gamomcemelTa sapasuxo werili mohyva. aRiniSna gramatikuli
uzustoba rogorc xelnawerebiseuli wakiTxvisa (30), ise
konieqturisa (270).
kerZod, wakiTxvaSi `dRe hgvanda ar aRvsebisa~ dRe
sityvas Semasmenlad moudis hgvanda, romelic damatebad
Seiwyobs naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul saxels aRvsebisa, rac
gramatikulad miuRebelia. hgvanda zmnasTan damateba micemiT
brunvaSi iyo mosalodneli, ise rogorc poemis sxva
SemTxvevebSi gvxvdeba: `hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa, anu
zecad anafrensa~ (98). tradiciuli wakiTxvis sxvagvari gagebac
iqna SemoTavazebuli: fraza `dRe hgvanda ar aRvsebisa~
gulisxmobs gamotovebul sityvas `dResa~. ise rogorc sxva
SemTxvevebSi (323): `asmaT, Senca xar mowame Cemisa fer-
mixdilisa~ (gamotovebulia "saxisa"). meore mxriv, SeniSnul
iqna gramatikuli moulodneloba konieqturaSic `ars
aRvsebisa~: gansaxilvel strofSi Txroba warsul droSi xdeba.
amaze miuTiTebs yvela zmna konteqstisa: davdgi, movida,
gardaxda, hgvanda. konieqturis mixedviT ki warsulSi mdgom
`hgvandas~ daqvemdebarebulad mierTvis awmyos forma `ars~.
sazogadod ki poemaSi `hgvanda~ zmna arc erTxel araa
dakavSirebuli awmyosTan.
gasworeba `ars aRvsebisa~ gaimeora 1951 wlis Semdeg
ganxorcielebulma TiTqmis yvela gamocemam. tradiciuli
wakiTxva SeinarCuna mxolod p. ingoroyvas gamocemebma (ix. 650,
gv. 80).
konieqturis warmateba, vfiqrob, ganapiroba im
garemoebam, rom misi Semotana daukavSirda vefxistyaosnis
teqstSi qristianobis ritualuri elementebis gamovlenas. k.
kekeliZe, romlis saxelTanacaa dakavSirebuli arsebiTad am
pasaJis ganmarteba, gvTavazobda ra am gasworebas, miuTiTebda:
rusTvelma `icis agreTve qristianTa udidesi dResaswauli,
romelsac `aRdgoma~ an `aRvseba~, gina Tu `paseqi~ ewodeba, da
masTan dakavSirebuli sixaruli, romlis simbolod wiTeli
feri (saeklesio sagaloblebSi naTqvamia `pasqa wiTeli~, Sead.
agreTve aRdgomas kvercxis wiTlad SeRebvis Cveuleba) iyo
miRebuli~ (117, gv. 200). vefxistyaosnis 1951 wlis gamomcemlebic
polemikur werilSi, am konieqturasTan dakavSirebiT, TavianT
damsaxurebad termin aRvsebis namdvili mniSvnelobis
gamoCinebas Tvlidnen (30).
vefxistyaosnis moyvanil konteqstSi termini aRvseba
sworad ganmarta poemis pirvelive komentatorma vaxtang
meeqvsem: `aRvseba aRdgoma aris da qarTvelis kacis
gulisaTvis uTqvams da im qorwilobis rigebsac iswavleba~
(706, gv. tla). es swori ganmarteba vefxistyaosnis gamocemebze
darTul leqsikonebSi TandaTan gamrudda. ase magaliTad, @d.
kariWiSvili vefxistyaosnis 1920 wlis gamocemaSi poemiseul
aRvsebas ganmartavda rogorc aRdgomis winadReebs (708, gv.
267).
savsebiT swori iyo k. kekeliZis SeniSvna imis Taobaze,
rom aRdgomasTan erTad wiTeli feris gaxseneba poetis mier
qristianobis ritualuri praqtikis codnas miuTiTebs. magram,
vfiqrobT, poemis am pasaJis paralelebi qristianul
simbolikasTan ufro Sorsac midis.
aRdgomis dRes wiTeli feris gverdiT siZis mosvlaze
miTiTebam ar SeiZleba ar mogvagonos, rom siZe qristianuli
mistikiT qristes saxelia.
SeniSnulia, rom warmodgena RmerTisa da xalxis
qorwinebaze jer kidev Zveli aRTqmis teqstebSia Caqsovili
(ieremia, 31, 32). iudaisturi religiis uzenaesi RvTaeba - iahve
erTgulia Tavis siyvarulSi xalxisadmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
am ukanasknelma daarRvia meuRleobrivi kavSiri, rac
gamoixata siyvarulis aRTqmis darRveviT, ucxo RmerTebisaken
dabrunebiT. RmerTi _ qmari sjis Tavis urwmuno cols
imisaTvis, rom daibrunos (osia, 6, 4 _11; 8 -11; ieremia, 12, 7). igi
samudamod ki ar moekveTeba Tavis meuRles, aramed droebiT
ganSordeba, raTa Semdgom isev uCvenos Tavisi didi siyvaruli
(esaia, 49, 15; 50, 2; 54, 4 _ 8; 60, 15). solomonis `qebaTa
qebaTaSi~ xedaven meuRleobriv siyvaruls iahvesa da israel
xalxs Soris (481, gv. 554 _ 555).
axal aRTqmaSi es winamZRvrebi gadaizrdeba qristesa da
eklesias Soris qorwilis simbolikaSi (efes. 5, 21-33; ioane 3,
29). sazogadod qorwili, qristologiis Tanaxmad, aris qristes
mier damyarebuli kavSiri, misi eklesiasTan mimarTebis
analogiiT. amitomac igi didi saidumloebaa. qristes qorwili
morwmune kacobriobasTan qristianuli mistikis erTi
principuli elementia. igi esqatologiuri mniSvnelobisaa da
ukavSirdeba uflis mosvlas (parousia), roca misi RvTaebrivi
Zala da dideba sabolood da srulad gamovlindeba Tavisi
brwyinvalebiT (571, gv. 635). pavle mociquli erT-erT
epistoleSi (2 kor. 11, 2) korinTelTa mimarT warsdgeba
rogorc sulieri mama, romelic miacilebs korinTelebs,
rogorc Tavis qaliSvils, rogorc qalwul sarZlos,
qristesaken, sasiZosaken. misi mosvla ki gaazrebulia momavlis
konkretul aqtad, rodesac mas Cabardeba qalwuli sarZlo
(481, gv. 555). axali aRTqmis ukanasknel wignSi, `ioanes
gamocxadebaSi~, es mistikuri qorwili gaazrebulia qriste-
kravis da zeciuri Temis, sazogadoebis maradiul simbolur
qorwilad. es zeciuri Temi, rZali qristesi, sxva SemTxvevaSi
saxeldebulia winarearsebul wminda qalaq ierusalimad,
zeciur ierusalimad: `da qalaqi igi wmidaÁ ierusalemi axla
vixile, gardamomavali zeciT RmrTisagan, ganmzadebuli,
viTarca sZali Semkuli qmrisa mimarT TÂsisa~ (gamoc., 21, 2).
qristes saboloo mosvlis da misi mistikuri qorwilis
dasturi, Tanaxmad qristologiisa, saxarebaa: qristes aRdgoma,
rogorc pirveli gamarjveba sikvdilze, Tavdebia saboloo
gamarjvebisa, sazogado aRdgomisa (472, gv. 129). saxarebiseuli
gadmocemebiT, mesia ukve movida Zed RvTisa da morwmuneebs
SeuZliaT Seicnon igi misi aRdgomiseuli movlinebebiT,
amaRlebiT da suli wmidis mofeniT. am TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas qristologia mainc qristes
aRdgomiseul movlinebebs aniWebs (598, gv. 425-427).
amgvarad, axali aRTqmis mixedviT, saqorwilo samzadisi,
siZis mosvla, aRdgoma, mwyobri komponentebia im qristianuli
simbolikisa, romlis mixedviTac siZe aris qriste.
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT axali aRTqmis kidev oriode
pasaJze:
saxareba mogviTxrobs aTi qalwulis igavs (maTe, 25, 1--
12): `maSin emsgavsos sasufeveli caTaÁ aTTa qalwulTa,
romelTa aRixunes lamparni TÂsni da ganvides migebebad
siZisa~. xuTi qalwuli brZeni aRmoCnda. maT Tadarigi daiWires
da lamprisTvis zeTi moimarages. meore xuTi ki, maxareblis
TqmiT, iyvnen sulelni. maT amgvari Tadarigi ar daiWires. siZe
SuaRamisas movida, `sulel qalwulTa~ sanTlebi ukve qreboda
da isini iZulebulni iyvnen zeTis sayidlad wasuliyvnen. `da
viTarca warvidies igini sayidad, movida siZe igi, da
ganmzadebulni igi Sevides siZisa Tana qorwilsa mas da daeÃSa
kari~.
saqorwilo samzadisis Semdgom siZis mosvla
simbolurad qristes mosvlas miuTiTebs. swored es simbolika
rom gamokveTiliyo, am pasaJs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
teqstologiuri cvlileba ganucdia. saxarebis uZveles
redaqciebSi saubari yofila ara siZis, aramed siZisa da rZlis
Sesaxvedr samzadisze (`ganvides migebebad siZisa da sZlisa~--
saxarebis jruWisa da parxlis nusxebi). es Zveli viTareba
Semounaxavs saxarebis ara mxolod Zvel qarTul redaqciebs
(qarTul redaqciaTagan cvlileba pirvelad aisaxa giorgi
mTawmideliseul TargmanSi), aramed Zvel laTinur da siriul
Targmanebsac da uZveles berZnul recenziebsac (kantabrijis
kodeqss da kesariul redaqcias _ 824, gv.68). uZvelesi
redaqciis mixedviT, ufro gamokveTilia qorwilis analogiis
suraTi (siZisa da rZlis mosvla); xolo Secvlili redaqciis
mixedviT, ufro naTelia siZe-qristes simbolika (siZis mosvla
da qorwili). am cvlilebam rom qristesa da eklesiis
mistikuri mimarTeba gamokveTa, es jer kidev XI saukunis
qarTvel Teologs efrem mcires SeuniSnavs. man pirvelma
miaqcia yuradReba am teqstologiur sxvaobas saxarebis
qarTul redaqciaTa Soris, Seiswavla misi mimarTeba berZnul
originalTan da miuTiTa: `usrulesisa (qriste _ e. x.) mimarT
waremata (aRorZineba, winsvla _ e. x.) eklesiaÁ RmrTisaÁ
madliTave misiTa~ (291, gv. 178).
axali aRTqmiseul siZe-qristes simbolikaSi isic
SeiniSneba, rom siZis amqveyniuri yofna zeimis, sixarulis,
dResaswaulis ganmapirobebelia. qristem SekiTxvaze, ratom ar
icaven marxvas misi mowafeebi, amgvarad miugo: `Ãel-ewifebisa
ZeTa siZisaTa glovad, vidremde maT Tana ars siZe? movlenan
dReni, raJams amaRldes maTgan siZe igi, da maSin imarxviden~
(mT. 9, 15; paral: mrk. 2, 19. 20; lk. 5, 34).
vefxistyaosnis gansaxilvel epizodSi saubaria
xvarazmSahis Zisa da nestanis qorwilis samzadisze. zemoT
damowmebul strofSi ki qorwilisaTvis samzadiss uSualod
mosdevs siZis mosvla da simboluri wiTeli feriT Seqmnil
sazeimo ganwyobilebis saxeldebisaTvis aRdgomis gaxseneba.
eWvi ar aris, rom avtoris cnobierebaSi qristianuli
simbolikis dasaxelebul saxeTa reminiscencia xdeba.
sxva sakiTxia, rogor realizacias iRebs es saxe-
simboloebi xvarazmeli sasiZos mokvlis epizodSi. rusTveli
am ambavs tarielis piriT gadmoscems. misTvis ki Seqmnili
situacia ar aris sazeimo. piriqiT, tarielisTvis igi
Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg protestis aRmZvrelia, momavali
sisxvlisRvris momaswavebelia, tanjvis momgvrelia. aqedan
gamomdinare, Tu tarieli indoeTSi gamarTul qorwilis
samzadiss qristesTan kacobriobis momaval SeuRlebas
amsgavsebs, Tu xvarazmeli sasiZos mosvla msgavsebis niadagze
qristes movlinebis asociacias aRuZravs, Tu wiTeli karvebiT
morTuli moedani aRdgomis dResaswauls gaaxsenebs, maSin es
aRdgomac, qristes movlinebac da misi momavali mistikuri
qorwinebac rusTvelisaTvis zizRis, Zalmomreobis, uaryofiTi
emociebis aRmZvreli simboloebi unda iyos.
vefxistyaosnis zogadi religiuri foni, rusTvelis
mokrZalebuli da wrfeli mimarTeba qristianuli rwmenis
simboloebis, bibliuri wignebisa da zogadad qristianuli
moZRvrebisadmi zemogamoTqmuli SesaZleblobis daSvebas
ewinaaRmdegeba. zemogamovlenil asociaciebSi ar unda iyos
qristianuli simbolikisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba.
aqedan gamomdinare, erTaderTi swori gaazreba am
konteqstisa SeiZleba amokiTxul iqnas xelnawerebis
tradiciiT naanderZev wakiTxvaSi, romlis mixedviTac,
rusTveli tarielis piriT xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom es dRe
aRdgomas ar hgavda:
`moedans davdgi karvebi wiTlisa atlasebisa,
movida siZe gardaxda, dRe hgvanda ar aRvsebisa~.
tarielis gadmocemiT, iyo samzadisi qorwilisaTvis, iyo
wiTeli feric, movida siZec, magram es dResaswauli aRdgomas
ar hgavda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qorwili, romlisTvisac
emzadebodnen, ar hgavda kacobriobis momaval simbolur
qorwils; siZe, romelic movida, ar hgavda macxovars;
dReasaswauli, romlisTvisac wiTeli ferebiT morTuli
moedani mzaddeboda, ar iyo aRdgoma.
poeturi xati, romelic rusTvelis warmosaxvaSi iqmneba,
ufro Tanamedrove mxatvruli saxeebiT SeiZleba gaviazroT
galaktionis `meris~ analogiiT:
iyo jvriswera: `Sen jvars iwerdi im Rames meri!~ iyo
saqorwilo idumalebiT mosili sanTlebis simravle:
`afeTqebuli da mocaxcaxe iwoda naTel alTa krebuli~. iyo
sadResaswaulod morTuli taZari: `iwoda taZris gumbaTi,
kalTa! vardTa dioda neli surneli~. iyo saqorwilo
saidumloebis ficic: `mesmoda Seni ugono fici~. magram
lirikuli gmirisaTvis, romlis Tvalwin jvrisweris sazeimo
ceremoniali mTeli didebulebiT isaxeboda, es dRe ar iyo
dResaswauli:
`lodebTan viRac mwared godebda
da beWdebis Tvlebs qarSi kargavda...
iyo obloba da Secodeba,
dResaswauls ki es dRe ar hgavda~.
varaudis saxiT isic SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom
galaktionis `dResaswauls ki es dRe ar hgavda~ rusTvelis
`dRe hgvanda ar aRvsebisa~-s axleburi gaazrebaa. saqme isaa,
rom rodesac galaktionis `meri~ iwereboda (1915 w.),
vefxistyaosnis damowmebuli pasaJi poemis yvela gamocemasa
da xelnawerSi amgvarad ikiTxeboda. galaktionis poeturi
alRo sworad aRiqvams rusTveliseul mxatvrul saxes,
Seqmnils xvarazmeli sasiZosaTvis saqorwilo samzadissa da
tarielis ganwyobilebas Soris arsebuli kontrastis
safuZvelze.
vefxistyaosnis ganxiluli strofis konieqtura `dRe
hgvanda ars aRvsebisa~, romelsac mxars ar uWers poemis arc
erTi xelnaweri, miuRebelia. am konieqturiT tarielSi
uaryofiTi emociebis aRmZvreli faqtebi da movlenebi
(nestanis xvarazmSahis Zeze qorwinebisaTvis samzadisi,
xvarazmeli sasiZos mosvla, wiTeli karvebiT morTuli
moedani), msgavsebis niadagzea asocirebuli qristianuli
simbolikis ZiriTad elementebTan (kacobriobis simboluri
qorwili, qristes mosvla, aRdgoma).
sinamdvileSi ki, gmiris warmosaxvaSi asocireba
kontrastis safuZvelze xdeba. poemis xelnawerebiT moRweuli
teqstis mixedviT, xvarazmeli sasiZos mosvlasTan
dakavSirebul faqtebsa da movlenebs, romlebic tarielSi
mxolod uaryofiT da mtanjvel emociebs aRZraven, poeti
mijnavs qristianuli simbolikis ZiriTadi elementebisagan.
poetis warmosaxvaSi Cans qristianuli simbolikis
mwyobri sistema da, amave dros dasturdeba am simbolikisdmi
ara negatiuri, aramed pozitiuri damokidebuleba.
rodesac vefxistyaosnis ganxiluli pasaJis qristianul
simbolikasTan mimarTebaze vmsjelobT, kidev erT garemoebas
SeiZleba mieqces yuradReba. rogorc zemoT mivuTiTebdiT,
poeti cdilobs, rom ar moxdes asocireba msgavsebis niadagze
xvarazmSahis Zis qorwilisa qristes simbolur qorwilTan,
xvarazmSahis Zis _ siZis mosvlisa qriste-siZis mistikur
mosvlasTan. albaT amitomac poeti xvarazmel sasiZos arc am
epizodSi da sazogadod arsad ar uwodebs xvarazmSahis Zes. igi
yvela SemTxvevaSi saxeldebulia xvarazmSas Svilad:
`mefeman brZana: `xvarazmSa, xelmwife xvarazmelia,
Tu mogvcems Svilsa saCvenod, misebri ar-romeli
`dedofalman Tqva: `xvarazmSa mefea morWmiT mjdomeli,
maTsamca Svilsa sasiZod CvenTvis sxva sjobda
romeli~

(516).
`gagzavnes kaci xvarazmSas wina Svilisa mTxoeli~(517).

aSkaraa, rom poeti gaurbis xvarazmeli sasiZos

xvarazmSas Zed saxeldebas. es daskvna ufro TvalnaTlivi
gaxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Ze poetisaTvis miRebuli,
mowonebuli sityvaa vaJiSvilisa da memkvidris aRsaniSnavad. am
sityviTa da misi sxvadasxva modulaciiT xdeba poemaSi
ZiriTad personaJTa, upiratesad mefeTa da didgvarovanTa
Svilebis, warmodgena, moqmedebaSi Semoyvana, anu eqsponireba.
`avTandil iyo spaspeti Ze amir-spasalarisa~ (41).
_ am sityvebiT Semoiyvans rusTveli poemaSi Tavis
sayvarel personaJs. avTandilic aseve warudgens Tavis Tavs
tariels:
`me var yma rostan mefisa, moyme arabeTs zrdilobiT,
didi spaspeti, saxelad mixmoben avTandilobiT,
Ze didebulTa did-gvarTa, zrdili mefeTa
SvilobiT...~(992).
 Tavis mxriv tarielic SeniSnavs, rom mas mefe da
dedofali Zis darad epyrobian.
`maT sajdomTa axlos damsves, pativs mcemdes Zisa
darad~

(341).
xolo fridonTan mis damegobrebas mamisa da Zis
siyvaruls adarebs:
`Tana wamomyva, wavediT utkbosni mama-ZeTasa~ (600).
TinaTinic, memkvidre mefe rostevanisa, poemaSi Semodis
rogorc Ze:
`sxva Ze ar esva mefesa, marT oden martod asuli~ (34).
`Cemi Ze davsvaT xelmwifed, visgan mze sawunelia~(37).
indoeTis samefo karis mier nestanic saZeod aris
miCneuli:
`ars erTi qali saZeo, ar kide-gasaTxoeli~ (517).
ara marto mTavari personaJebi arian poemaSi
warmodgenili sityviT Ze aramed zRvaTa xelmwifis Svilic,
romlis sacoledac amzadeben nestans:
`sxva rame miTqs sasZlo Tqveni, SesarTavi Tqvenis Zisa~

(1169).
`RmerTman qmnas Sina movides Ze Cemi gamarjvebuli~
(1185).
ase rom, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos xvarazmSahis Svilis
Zed ar xseneba. rusTvelis sityvaTxmarebaSi raRac Canafiqria,
kanonzomierebaa. am garemoebas sxvadasxva mizezi SeiZleba
ganapirobebdes. isic savaraudoa, rom poeti gaurbis
xvarazmeli sasiZos Zed saxeldebas qristianuli simbolikis
zemogamovlenili reminiscenciis gamo. saqme is aris, rom `Ze~
qristianuli simbolikiT qristes upirvelesi saxelia: qriste
aris Ze RmerTi. poemaSi xvarazmeli sasiZo, romlis indoeTSi
miRebis saqorwilo ceremoniali isedac iwvevs asocirebas
qristianul simbolikasTan, Zed rom yofiliyo saxeldebuli,
msgavseba qristianul simbolikasTan ufro sagrZnobi iqneboda.
ramdenadac xvarazmeli sasiZos mosvla poemis ZiriTad
personaJTa uaryofiTi emociebis aRmZvrelia, ramdenadac
poemis ideuri xazi _ siyvarulis gamarjveba, amqveyniuri
bednierebisTvis brZola _ am sasiZos mokvlas moiTxovs, poeti
cdilobs xvarazmSas Zis siZed mosvlis saqorwilo samzadisis
msgavsebas qristianul mistikasTan gza mouWras. albaT am
mizniTac ar uwodebs xvarazmSas Svils Zes, xolo siZis
mosvlasTan dakavSirebiT gamarTuli saqorwilo samzadisis
asocirebas qristianul simbolikasTan kontrastis sferoSi
gadaitans da sagangebod gaxazavs: `dRe hgvanda ar aRvsebisa~.