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    Alignment Surveys Part 1

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    AFZAL KHAN
    The document discusses surveying methods for linear and curved portions of routes. It provides details on: 1) Different types of horizontal and vertical curves commonly used in route surveys, including simple circular, compound, reverse, and broken back curves. 2) Key terms used to describe different parts of simple circular curves like tangent length, long chord length, external distance, mid-ordinate, and length of curve. 3) Formulas to calculate values of these terms based on the radius and central angle of the curve. 4) How chainages are assigned along the curve based on its geometry.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Alignment Surveys Part 1

    Uploaded by

    AFZAL KHAN
    18 views34 pages
    The document discusses surveying methods for linear and curved portions of routes. It provides details on: 1) Different types of horizontal and vertical curves commonly used in route surveys, including simple circular, compound, reverse, and broken back curves. 2) Key terms used to describe different parts of simple circular curves like tangent length, long chord length, external distance, mid-ordinate, and length of curve. 3) Formulas to calculate values of these terms based on the radius and central angle of the curve. 4) How chainages are assigned along the curve based on its geometry.

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    Alignment surveys

    Original Title

    Alignment surveys Part 1

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses surveying methods for linear and curved portions of routes. It provides details on: 1) Different types of horizontal and vertical curves commonly used in route surveys, including simple circular, compound, reverse, and broken back curves. 2) Key terms used to describe different parts of simple circular curves like tangent length, long chord length, external distance, mid-ordinate, and length of curve. 3) Formulas to calculate values of these terms based on the radius and central angle of the curve. 4) How chainages are assigned along the curve based on its geometry.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views34 pages

    Alignment Surveys Part 1

    Uploaded by

    AFZAL KHAN
    The document discusses surveying methods for linear and curved portions of routes. It provides details on: 1) Different types of horizontal and vertical curves commonly used in route surveys, including simple circular, compound, reverse, and broken back curves. 2) Key terms used to describe different parts of simple circular curves like tangent length, long chord length, external distance, mid-ordinate, and length of curve. 3) Formulas to calculate values of these terms based on the radius and central angle of the curve. 4) How chainages are assigned along the curve based on its geometry.

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    You are on page 1of 34

    Route surveys

    Linear portion Curved portion


    - Plunging by ranging rod
    Depending on
    - Reversing by theodolite
    type of curve,
    - Rope
    different
    methods are
    employed
    Horizontal Curve
    Plan View

    Vertical Curve

    Profile View
    Change in horizontal alignment

    IN

    OUT

    Change in vertical
    alignment
    i. Simple circular curve

    ii. Compound Curve


    iii. Reverse curve

    iv. Broken back curve


    v. Spiral curve
    Deflection angle
    between back
    Point where tangent and fore
    back tangent tangent
    and fore
    tangent
    meets Where
    Where curve
    curve ends
    starts

    Radius of
    the curve
    The tangent The tangent
    line before line after the
    the beginning end of the
    of the curve curve is called
    is called the the forward
    Back tangent tangent
    Length of curve is the
    Distance from point B to
    curve distance from
    PI is External distance
    BC to EC
    Tangent length is the
    length from BC to PI

    The longest possible


    chord of the circular
    curve is long chord Longest distance from
    (LC). long chord to curve is
    mid-ordinate.

    Internal
    angle
    O

    Terms used in simple circular curve


    180° - 90° - (90° - Δ/2)
    180° - 90° - Δ/2
    180° = (90-Δ/2)+(90- Δ/2) + x
    x=Δ
    By Arc definition By chord definition

    𝑺 = 𝒓𝜽 𝟓𝟎
    𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒇𝒕 = 𝑹𝑫 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑫/𝟐 =
    𝑹
    𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
    𝑫=
    𝟐𝝅𝑹
    𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟖
    𝑫=
    𝑹
    1. Tangent length (T)

    𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑂 − 𝑃𝐼 − 𝐵𝐶,
    ∆ 𝑇
    𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
    2 𝑅
    ∆
    ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛
    2

    2. Length of Long Chord (LC)

    𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑂𝐵 − 𝐵𝐶,
    𝐿𝐶
    ∆
    𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 2
    2 𝑅
    ∆
    ⇒ 𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 𝑆𝑖𝑛
    2
    3. External distance/ordinate (E)

    𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑂 − 𝑃𝐼 − 𝐵𝐶,
    PI − O = R + E
    ∆ 𝑅
    Cos =
    2 𝑅+𝐸
    ⇒ E =RCos ∆/2 −1 − 𝑅
    ∆
    ⇒ 𝐸 = R 𝑆𝑒𝑐 −1
    2
    4. Mid ordinate (M)
    𝐼𝑛 ∆𝑂𝐵 − 𝑃𝐼,
    𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵𝑂 = 𝑅 − 𝑀
    ∆ 𝑅−𝑀
    𝐶𝑜𝑠 =
    2 𝑅
    ∆
    −𝑀 = 𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −𝑅
    2
    ∆
    𝑀 = 𝑅 1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠
    2
    5. Length of Curve (L)
    𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
    𝐿=𝑅∆
    2𝜋
    𝐿= 𝑅∆
    360°
    6. Chainages

    𝑃𝐼 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝑇 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐿
    𝑦 = 𝐷𝐴 = 𝐷𝑂 − 𝐴𝑂
    𝐼𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐶𝐷,
    𝑂𝐷 = 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2
    𝐼𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝑇1 ,
    𝐴𝑂 = 𝑅2 − 𝐿𝐶/2 2

    𝑦= 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑅2 − 𝐿𝐶/2 2 O
    x= Distance along the
    long chord (LC)
    having zero at LC/2.
    y= offset distance
    from LC to curve

    𝑦= 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑅2 − 𝐿𝐶/2 2
    𝑦 = 𝑅 − 𝐸𝑂
    And,
    𝐸𝑂 = 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2
    ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑅 − 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2

    𝑥2
    𝑦=𝑅− 𝑅2 − 𝑥 2 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑦= (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒)
    2𝑅
    half stations

    No. Chainage x (ft) Y (ft)


    half stations

    No. Chainage x (ft) Y (ft)


    INTERIM PD
    INTERIM PD

    BC EC

    BC
    𝑅
    Chord Length ≤
    20

    𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑇1 𝑎 = 𝑅 2𝛿 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠


    𝜋
    𝐶𝐿 = 2𝑅𝛿 × 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
    180°
    𝑂𝑅
    𝐶𝐿
    𝛿 = 28.65 ×
    𝑅
    No. CL Cumulative CL 𝛿 Cumulative 𝛿

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