Geocentric Theory and Heliocentric Theory

Geocentric Theory and Heliocentric Theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
 Heliocentric Model
 Helio means “sun” and centric means “center”
 Sun Centered
Johannes Kepler
 Polished the Heliocentric model

 Elliptical Motion
 Stated that the motion of the revolution of planets are elliptical meaning not revolving in a
perfect circle
Galileo Galilei
 Copernican Revolution
Age of the universe
 White Dwarfs– oldest stars

 12 or 13 billion years old
 Universe – 14 billion years old.
 HD 140283 discovered 190 light years away from the sun
 Discovered by Howard Bond and his team
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
4.6 billion years ago where our solar system was formed
Supernova
Collapsing of gas(Helium and Hydrogen) and dust(Carbon and Iron) made an explosion making all the
matter got pulled by gravity making the solar nebula
The heart of the nebula is a hydrogen gas making a powerful star which is the sun
99% of the mass of the solar system consists of the sun’s mass while the other 1% is the combined mass
of all the other planets
EXPLORING THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Sun
 The source of power in the solar system, which may look solid but is actualy made of gases held
together by the gravity
 Protostar – Early stage in the evolution of stars
 Nuclear fusion is a reaction by which lighter atomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus
 Light nuclei forms a heavier nuclei(process is called nuclear fusion)
STRUCTURE OF THE SUN
Core is the innermost layer of the sun that consists of plasma.
 27,000,000 degree Celcius
Radiative Zone- second layer
 7,000,000 degrees Celsius

 300,000 km thickness
 Make up the 45% of the sun
Convective Zone
 200,000 km thick
Photosphere- Consists of convection cells that give the sun its shiny appearance . Its temperature is
approximately 4,400 degree Celcius to 5,000 degrees Celcius.
Chromosphere- this layer is about 2000 km thick, which isvery thin turns red as it receives heat from
the phtotosphere. The temperature ranges from 4,000 to 10,000 degrees Celcius.
Corona- knows as sun’s halo´or crown. Its temperature is around 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 degrees
Celsius. It reaches millions of kilometers in space.
Surface of the sun
The surface of the sun sometimes has dark spots called sunspots.
Solar Flare- an enormous explosion in the sun’s atmosphere that is capable of emitting electricle
particles of the entire solar system.
The plasma of these charged particles is called solar wind, which can extend up to thousand
kilometers through space I a matter of minutes.
Solar Prominence is a large gaseous feature of the sun’s surface.
PLANETS
The term planets has been defined and refined to conform with the objects surriounding the sun.
As approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the 3 main definitions for an object
to be considered a true planet are as follows:
1. The object must be orbiting the sun,
2. It should be nearly spherical and;
3. It should be large enough to clear all matter from its orbital zone.
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
The first four planets nearest to the sun are known as the terrestrial planets because they are
similar to Earth.
The teerrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These planets are solid, dense
and rocky.
All these four terrestrial planets are much smaller compared with the other known planets. They
also have a lesser
Mercury- innermost planet, named after the Roman god of Merchandise and Merchants
Innermost and smallest

-Revolves around the sun in 88 days
-rotates on its axis once every 59 days
-Its temperature is extreme (427 c at noontime and -173 c at nighttime)
-Life is impossible
-No seasons, no atmosphere, no natural satellites, second densest planet
-46million km away when it closest to the sun)parihelion)
-70million km away when it is in its farthest orbit from the sun(aphelion)
Venus – named after the Roman goddes of Love and Beauty
 Only planet named after a female

 Veiled
 Densest planet consisting of 97% carbon dioxide
 Its surface is high enough to melt lead
 Evening star and morning star
 Mass size and density similar to Earth
 Sixth biggest planet
 Diameter: 12, 100km, approximately 644km smaller than that of Earth
 Revolution: 225 Earth Days
 Rotation: clockwise (224 Earth days)
Earth
 Only planet that can support ilfe

 Rotation: 24hrs on its aixs
 Revolution: 362.25 Earth Days and 6 hrs. or one year
 Temperature: 15c
 Ozone Layer
 Moon revolved around Earth for 29.5 Earth days
Mars
 Red planet/ Roman god of War

 2 satellites: Phobos and Deimos named after Roman god’s 2 sons
 One-half of the diameter of Earth
 Revolution: 687 Earth Days
 Rotation: 24 hrs. and 37 mins
 Temperature: -140 dgrees Celcius (Poles during winter) and 20 degrees Celsius at its equator
during summer
 Atmosphere consists of 95% carbon dioxide with small amount of nitrogen, oxygen, and water
vapor.
 White polar caps appear and disappear
 Can also support life
 Mariner flybys in 1960’s, showed no vegetation and canals
 Inactive volcanoes, canyos (Valles Marineris), plateaus, craters
 Olympus Mons
 Rust and Iron oxide
THE JOVIAN PLANETS

 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
 Gas Giant (Liquids and gases)
 H and He
 Several Natural satllites and planetary rings.
Jupiter: Biggest of the Gas Giant
 Roman God of Mythology (largest planet)

 Mass: 2.5times greater than that of all the planets and other objects in the solar system
 Circles the sun once every 12 Earth Years
 Rotation: 10 hours
 Helium, hydrogen, methan, ammonia, carbon, hydrogen and sulfide and water (atmosphere)
 Faint, Thing righ as seen by spacecraft Voyager 1 in its mission 1970’s
 The coldest part is found in its cloudy layer (-143 degrees Celsius)
 Middle part before reacehing the core (9700 degrees Celsius)
 Core is 30,000 degrees Celsius
 Dark colored belts (cool materials that sink and become warm) and light colored zones (warm
materials that rise then become cool)
 Shrinking 2cm every year
 Robert Hooke observed the large storm located in the equator known as the Great Red Spot
 67 moons. IO, Europa, Ganymede and Calisto (Galilean Moons)
Saturn: The planet with prominent rings
 Second largest planet

 Named after the Roman God of Agriculture who was the Father of Jupiter
 Revolution: 29 Earth Years
 62 Satellites with 9 of which still to be named
 Titan is the largest Saturn’s moon and the second largest satellite in the solar system
 Saturn’s rings consists of countless dust and ice particles
 Christian Huygens confirmed the earlier discovery by Galilei
 The rings were degignated form A to G, these rings were named based on their time of
discovery: hence, they are called rings D, C, B, A, F, G, and E from innermost to outermost.
 Their thickness is less than 1km and their diameter is around 250,000 km.
 Cassini Division is found between rings A and B.
 Roche Division is situated between A and F.
 Mass: 95 times more massive than Earth
 Saturn is less dense than water, which means that it can float in a body of water.
Uranus: The Sideways planet
 Named after the Greek god of the sky

 Called sideways planets because its axis is 97.77 degree tilted on its side, which is almost
parallel to the orbit.
 It has 13 rings and 27 moons around it.
 Oberon and Titania are moons named after the characters of in the plays written by William
Shakespeare.
 Coldest planet with -197 degree Celcius
Neptune: The Windy Planet
 Roman god of sea

 Windiest places in the solar system
 2400 km/hr and are stronger than that in any other planets
 13 satellites, Triton (retrograde) is the largest and the only one that is spherical while the
ramaining 12 are irregular shape
 Five named rings and the two appear red which indication of the presence of organice
compounds.
Uranus and Neptune are twin planets
 Same diameter, appear bluish because of the presence of methane in their atmosphere
 Very low surface temperatures
 Rotation: 84 Earth years (Uranus)
 165 Earth years (Neptune)
Asteroid – small rocky planet
- Mass extinction
- Orbit around the sun
- Mars and Jupiter (Asteroid Belts)
- Irreg Shapes
- Hit the Earth everyday
Small Heavenly Bodies
1. Asteroids
2. Comets
3. Meteorides
4. Dwarf Planets
-Massive Damage
-January 2022 (PC1) giant asteroids
-Water formation of moon
-Hitting the earth everyday
-Atmosphere (mesosphere)
-Shock waves (3km)
-Meteorites 30 km/s (3 sec)
-Trap of gas
-Block the sunlight
-Temp Drop
Comets – one of the most rarest objects in the solar system
Planet Earth is divided into different spheres that interact with each other to achieve a common goal,
that is, to support life on the planet.
This relationship that connects the whole of Earth is known as the Earth System
SPHERES OF THE EARTH
Earth, being the only planet to support life, depends on its four major spheres containing different
elements that interact to give off the suitable environment for every living
The four major spheres are the huydro, atmo, geo and biosphere. These different spheres got their
names from the Greek words that symbolize what they are made of: hydro for water, atmo for air, geo
for ground and bio for life.
Hydrosphere
 Made up of all the water found on Earth(surface, ground and in air)

 Rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, ground water, polar ice caps, glaciers, water vapor, clouds, and
any form of precipitation like rain and snow
 96% oceans and 4% glaciers, ice caps and liquid freshwater
Atmosphere
 Is the body of gas envelops Earth

 79% nitrogen and less than 21% ogygen; the rest is carbon dioxide and other gaseous elements
that surround Earth
Biosphere
 Made up of all the living organisms on the planet

 Pkants, animals, bacteria, and fungi
Geosphere
 From the Greek word ground, composed of rocks, minerals, and soil on the Earth.
 Mountains, continents, ocean floor, sand in the deserts, and bedrock but its also includes Earth’s
interior layers.
 Lithosphere- refers to the solid and rigid outer layer that includes the crust and uppermost part
of the mantle
 Asthenosphere – consists of the solid but mobile part of the mantle that can flow depending on
the heat deep within Earth.

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Geocentric Theory and Heliocentric Theory

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Geocentric Theory and Heliocentric Theory

 Polished the Heliocentric model

Age of the universe

 White Dwarfs– oldest stars

FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

EXPLORING THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Core is the innermost layer of the sun that consists of plasma.

 27,000,000 degree Celcius

Radiative Zone- second layer

 7,000,000 degrees Celsius

Surface of the sun

Solar Prominence is a large gaseous feature of the sun’s surface.

1. The object must be orbiting the sun,

2. It should be nearly spherical and;

Innermost and smallest

Venus – named after the Roman goddes of Love and Beauty

 Only planet named after a female

 Only planet that can support ilfe

 Red planet/ Roman god of War

THE JOVIAN PLANETS

Jupiter: Biggest of the Gas Giant

 Roman God of Mythology (largest planet)

Saturn: The planet with prominent rings

 Second largest planet

Uranus: The Sideways planet

 Named after the Greek god of the sky

Neptune: The Windy Planet

 Roman god of sea

Uranus and Neptune are twin planets

Small Heavenly Bodies

-January 2022 (PC1) giant asteroids

-Water formation of moon

-Hitting the earth everyday

-Shock waves (3km)

-Meteorites 30 km/s (3 sec)

-Block the sunlight

Comets – one of the most rarest objects in the solar system

SPHERES OF THE EARTH

 Made up of all the water found on Earth(surface, ground and in air)

 Is the body of gas envelops Earth

 Made up of all the living organisms on the planet

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